Field of the invention

The invention relates to a genetically modified bacterial cell capable of improved iron-sulfur cluster delivery, characterized by a modified gene encoding a mutant Iron Sulfur Cluster Regulator (IscR) as well as one or more transgenes encoding polypeptides that enhance the biosynthesis of either biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine. The invention further relates to a method for producing either biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine using the genetically modified bacterium of the invention; as well as the use of the genetically modified bacterial cell for either biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine production.

Background of the Invention

Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H), and thiamine (also known as vitamin Bl), are essential dietary vitamins for humans, because in common with other metazoans, they cannot produce biotin or thiamine. Lipoic acid (LA) is a sulfur-containing, vitamin-like antioxidant and is synthesized in small amounts in bacteria, plants and animals. All three are widely used as dietary supplements. The production of these vitamin or vitamin-like compounds currently relies on chemical synthesis, which is costly. Biosynthetic methods for their manufacture would provide an alternative, more cost effective means for meeting current and future needs.

Biotin is an essential cofactor for enzymes catalyzing certain carboxylation reactions, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). ACC, which is present in all life forms, produces malonyl-CoA, a key building block for fatty acid biosynthesis. In nature, biotin is synthesized by a linear pathway involving the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. The initial substrate of biotin synthesis in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is malonyl-ACP, which is also the starting metabolite for fatty acid synthesis. Prior to entering the fatty acid cycle, malonyl-ACP is masked by the SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)-dependent methyltransferase, BioC, thereby generating a malonyl-ACP methyl ester. Subsequently, two rounds of fatty acid chain elongation yields the molecule pimeloyl-ester-ACP. Hydrolysis of the O-methyl group of the pimeloyl-ester-ACP by a dedicated esterase, BioH, allows this molecule to exit the fatty acid elongation cycle. Subsequently, the intermediate, pimeloyl-ester-ACP, is converted to biotin via a biotin-specific pathway (figure 1A). In this pathway, BioF catalyzes the PLP- dependent decarboxylative aldol condensation of pimeloyl-ACP with alanine to yield KAPA (8-Amino-7-oxononanoate). BioA (and BioK) catalyzes the PLP- dependent transamination of KAPA to yield DAPA (7,8-diaminopelargonate), where the donor is SAM; with the by-product S-adenosyl-oxomethionine. BioD catalyzes the ATP-driven carboxylation and ring closure of DAPA to form the thiophane ring in desthiobiotin (DTB). The final step in the biotin synthesis pathway is one of the most complex reactions known, since it involves the introduction of a sulfur bridge between two hydrocarbons by BioB (biotin synthase), to yield biotin. BioB is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM or AdoMet) radical enzyme, which is found as a dimer; and comprises two iron- sulfur clusters: [2Fe-2S] ²⁺ and [4Fe-4S] ²⁺ in its active site. The sulfur atom, needed to create the thiophane ring in DTB, is believed to be recruited from the [2Fe-2S] ²⁺ cluster in BioB. As a consequence, the iron-sulfur cluster in the BioB dimer consumed in DTB synthesis is thought to be regenerated after each round of catalysis.

Lipoic acid (LA), in addition to being a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and thus an important anti-oxidant, is also a co-factor for a-keto acid dehydrogenases. LA is synthesized de novo from an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism (figure 2). Three enzymes participating in LA synthesis in E. coli are LplA (lipoate-protein ligase), LipB (octanoyi protein ACP carrier protein : protein transferase), and LipA (lipoic acid synthase). LplA, encoded by the IplA gene, can catalyze the conjugation of exogenous octanoic acid to the unlipoylated-apo-lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of a target enzyme in an ATP-dependent manner. LipB, encoded by the HpB gene, can catalyze the transfer of an octanoyi residue from ACP to the apo-lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of a target enzyme. An AceF gene, encodes the lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. LipA, encoded by the HpA gene, is responsible for the formation of two C-S bonds. The LipA-driven reaction requires iron-sulfur clusters (4Fe-4S) and SAM (produced by the metK gene) in order to perform its function. Lipoic acid is mainly found in the cell as a protein-bound lipoamide moiety in a number of multi-enzyme complexes. Thiamine biosynthesis has been characterized in bacteria, some protozoans, plants, and fungi. The thiazole and pyrimidine moieties of thiamine are synthesized separately (figure 3). The pyrimidine moiety, 4-amino-5- hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP- P), is derived from 5- aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR), an intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. In Gram-negative bacteria, conversion of AIR to HMP-P is catalyzed in a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent reaction by the thiC gene product, HMP-P synthase, which binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. HMP-P is then phosphorylated to HMP-PP by ThiD kinase prior to coupling with the thiazole unit. The thiazole moiety, 5- (2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole phosphate (HET-P), is derived from L-tyrosine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate (DXP) and cysteine; where the sulfur atom likely derives from L- cysteine. Tyrosine lyase, encoded by the thiH gene, binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit, and catalyzes the radical-mediated cleavage of tyrosine to 2- iminoacetate and 4-cresol. Synthesis of the thiazole moiety requires expression of at least five genes thiF, this, thiG, thiH and thil.

The pyrimidine and thiazole moieties are then combined to form TMP by the action of thiamine-phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.3) encoded by thiE. Thus TMP is the first product of all known thiamine biosynthetic pathways. In E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, TMP may be phosphorylated to the cofactor TPP by a thiamine-phosphate kinase (EC 2.7.4.16) encoded by thiL in the presence of ATP. Bacterial strains comprising a transgene expressing a thiamine mono-phosphate phosphatase (E.C 3.1.3.-) can convert TMP to thiamine and thereby enhance thiamine production.

The use of bacterial-based cell factories is a potential route for the biosynthetic production of biotin, lipoic acid and thiamine. The advantages of recombinant E. coli as a cell factory for production of bio-products are widely recognized due to the fact that: (i) it has unparalleled fast growth kinetics; with a doubling time of about 20 minutes when cultivated in glucose-salts media and under optimal environmental conditions, (ii) it easily achieves a high cell density; where the theoretical density limit of an E. coli liquid culture is estimated to be about 200 g dry cell weight/I or roughly 1 x 10 ¹³ viable bacteria/mL. Additionally, there are many molecular tools and protocols at hand for genetic modification of E. coli; as well as being an organism that is amenable to the expression of heterologous proteins; both of which may be essential for obtaining high-level production of desired bio-products. In E. coli, the biotin operon structure is split into bioA and bioBFCD under the control of overlapping promoters on opposite strands (bioO locus), while bioH is located elsewhere on the E. coli chromosome. Expression of the biotin operon is down-regulated by a biotin-bound repressor (BirA); which binds to an operator in the biotin operon. BirA also functions as a biotin ligase, transferring biotin to cellular carboxylases. The switch in BirA function from biotin ligase to transcriptional repressor is regulated by the respective intracellular biotin and apo-carboxylase pools. Over-expression of the biotin operon (bioA and bioBFCD) in E. coli was reported to be inhibitory for growth (Ifuku, 0. et al., 1995). Since the cause of this inhibition was unknown, this creates a stumbling block to enhancing biotin synthesis.

In general, there exists a need to identify the bottlenecks in these complex biosynthetic pathways such as to facilitate the production of biotin, lipoic acid and thiamine in bacterial-based cell factories (e.g. E. coli), that are tailor- made to overcome the diversity of factors that may limit their ability to both grow and produce elevated levels of their respective pathway enzymes.

Summary of the invention

According to a first embodiment, the invention provides a genetically modified bacterium for enhanced production of any one of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine; wherein said bacterium comprises:

• a genetically modified endogenous iscR gene encoding a mutant IscR

polypeptide, wherein the amino acid sequence of said mutant IscR polypeptide has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least one amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of: o L15X, C92X, C98X, C104X, and H 107X; wherein X is any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid residue in SEQ ID No 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, and

• at least one transgene encoding a polypeptide selected from among : o a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6) for enhanced biotin production, o a polypeptide having lipoic acid synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.8) for enhanced lipoic acid production, o a polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity (EC 4.1.99.17) for

enhanced thiamine production, and o a polypeptide having tyrosine lyase activity (EC 4.1.99.19) for

enhanced thiamine production.

Preferably, the at least one amino acid substitution in said mutant IscR polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of:

o L15X, wherein X is any one of F, Y, M and W;

o C92X, wherein X is any one of Y, A, V, I, G, L, M, F and W;

o C98X, wherein X is any one of A, V, I, G, L, F and W;

o C104X, wherein X is any one of A V, I, G, L, F and W; and

o H 107X; wherein X, is any one of A, Y, M, F, W, V, I, G, and L.

The genetically modified bacterium for enhanced production of biotin according to the invention that comprises one transgene encoding a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6) may further comprise additional transgenes encoding one or more polypeptides selected from the group consisting of:

o a polypeptide having SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)-dependent

methyltransferase activity (BioC; EC 2.1.1.197);

o a polypeptide having 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) synthase activity (BioF; EC 2.3.1.47); o a polypeptide having 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid (DAPA) Synthase activity (BioA; EC: 2.6.1.62) or having L-lysine: 8-amino-7- oxononanoate aminotransferase activity (BioK: EC: 2.6.1.105); o a polypeptide having Dethiobiotin (DTB) Synthetase activity (BioD; EC 6.3.3.3), and

o a polypeptide having Pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester

esterase activity (BioH; EC 3.1.1.85) or a polypeptide having 6- carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity (BioW; EC 6.2.1.14). Preferably, the genetically modified bacterium for enhanced production of biotin according to the invention that comprises one transgene encoding a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6) further comprises additional transgenes encoding polypeptides having SAM (S- adenosylmethionine)-dependent methyltransferase activity (BioC; EC 2.1.1.197); 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) synthase activity (BioF; EC 2.3.1.47); and 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid (DAPA) Synthase activity (BioA; EC: 2.6.1.62).

The genetically modified bacterium for enhanced production of lipoic acid according to the invention that comprises one transgene encoding a polypeptide having lipoic acid synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.8) may further comprise additional transgenes encoding one or more polypeptides selected from the group consisting of:

o a polypeptide having octanoyltransferase activity (EC 2.3.1.181), and o a polypeptide comprising the dihydrolipoyllysine-residue

acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (EC 2.3.1.12), and

o a polypeptide having lipoate-protein ligase A (LplA; EC: 6.3.1.20). The genetically modified bacterium for enhanced production of thiamine according to the invention that comprises one transgene encoding a ThiC polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity (EC 4.1.99.17), and/or one transgene encoding a ThiH polypeptide having tyrosine lyase activity (EC 4.1.99.19), may further comprise additional transgenes encoding one or more polypeptides selected from the group consisting of: o a ThiF polypeptide having ThiS adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.73) activity;

o a ThiE polypeptide having thiamine phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.3) activity;

o a ThiG polypeptide having thiazole synthase (E.C.2.8.1.10) activity; o a ThiD polypeptide having phosphohydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase (EC 2.7.4.7) activity;

o a ThiS polypeptide having sulfur-carrier protein activity;

o a polypeptide having thiamine mono-phosphate phosphatase (E.C.

3.1.3.-) activity; and

o a ThiO polypeptide having glycine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.19) activity; and optionally, an additional transgene encoding :

o a ThiM polypeptide having hydroxyethylthiazole kinase activity

(2.7.1.50).

Preferably, the genetically modified bacterial cell comprises transgenes encoding the polypeptides: ThiC (encoded by a thiC gene); ThiD (encoded by a thiD gene), ThiE (encoded by a thiE gene), ThiF (encoded by a thiF gene), sulfur-carrier protein (encoded by a this gene), ThiG (encoded by a thiG gene), TMP phophatase (encoded by a TMP phosphatase gene); and either ThiH (encoded by a thiH gene) or ThiO (encoded by a thiO gene). According to the embodiment, the cells may further comprise a transgene encoding the enzyme ThiM ((encoded by a thiM gene).

Preferably each of the at least one transgene and the one or more additional transgenes in the genetically modified bacterium of the invention is operably linked to a constitutive promoter (where the promoter may be operably linked to an operon comprising the transgenes).

The genetically modified bacterium of the invention is preferably a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Burkholderia, Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, Serratia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Acinetobacter, Acetobacter and Pseudomonas; more preferably a species of Escherichia or Corynebacterium; for example Escherichia coli or Corynebacterium glutamicum. According to a second embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing biotin, comprising the steps of:

o introducing a genetically modified bacterium comprising a transgene encoding a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6) according to the invention into a growth medium to produce a culture; o cultivating the culture; and

o recovering biotin produced by said culture, and optionally purifying the recovered biotin. According to a third embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing lipoic acid comprising the steps of:

o introducing a genetically modified bacterium comprising one transgene encoding a polypeptide having lipoic acid synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.8) according to the invention into a growth medium to produce a culture; o cultivating the culture; and

o recovering lipoic acid produced by said culture, and optionally purifying the recovered lipoic acid.

According to a fourth embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing thiamine comprising the steps of:

o introducing a genetically modified bacterium a transgene encoding a polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity (EC 4.1.99.17), and/or a transgene encoding a polypeptide having tyrosine lyase activity (EC 4.1.99.19) according to the invention into a growth medium to produce a culture;

o cultivating the culture; and

o recovering thiamine produced by said culture, and optionally purifying the recovered thiamine. Preferably the growth medium used in the method for producing any one of biotin, lipoic acid and thiamine, comprises a carbon source selected from glucose, maltose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, mannose, lactose, or any combination thereof. According to a fourth embodiment, the invention provides for the use of a genetically modified gene encoding a mutant iscR polypeptide to enhance biotin production in a bacterial cell expressing a transgene encoding a biotin synthase, wherein the amino acid sequence of the a mutant iscR polypeptide has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14; and wherein the amino acid sequence has at least one amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of: L15X, Cys92X, Cys98X, Cysl04X, and Hisl07X; wherein X is any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid residue in SEQ ID No. : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14.

According to a fourth embodiment, the invention provides for the use of a genetically modified gene encoding a mutant iscR polypeptide to enhance production of any one of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine in a bacterium, wherein said bacterium comprises and expresses at least one transgene encoding a polypeptide selected from among :

• a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6),

• a polypeptide having lipoic acid synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.8),

• a polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity (EC 4.1.99.17), and a polypeptide having tyrosine lyase activity (EC 4.1.99.19),

wherein said genetically modified gene is an endogenous iscR gene encoding a mutant IscR polypeptide, wherein the amino acid sequence of said mutant IscR polypeptide has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, and

wherein the amino acid sequence has at least one amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of: L15X, Cys92X, Cys98X, Cysl04X, and Hisl07X; wherein X is any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid residue in SEQ ID No 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14.

According to a fifth embodiment, the invention provides for the use of a genetically modified bacterium according to the invention for enhanced production of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine.

According to a sixth embodiment, the invention provides a genetically modified bacterium according to the invention for enhanced production of any one of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine, wherein the bacterium further comprises one or more genes encoding polypeptides capable of mediating enhanced electron transfer from the electron donor NADPH to a [4Fe-4S] ²⁺ cluster of a SAM-radical iron-sulfur cluster enzyme; for example polypeptides of a flavodoxin/ferredoxin reductase and flavodoxin reduction system or a Pyruvate-flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase system.

Brief description of the drawings

Figure 1 Cartoon showing A) intermediates of the biotin pathway in bacteria and the respective enzymatic steps leading to synthesis of biotin. SAM : S- adenosyl-L -methionine, SAH : S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine, CoA: coenzyme A, ACP: Acyl Carrier Protein, KAPA: 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid, AMTOD: S- adenosyl-2-oxo-4-thiomethylbutyrate, DAPA: 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid, DTB: desthiobiotin, 5'DOA: 5'-deoxyadenosine. B) / ^' sc-operon structure and role in Fe-S-cluster formation as well as the regulatory mechanism of IscR. The isc operon comprises an iscR gene encoding the IscR that regulates expression of the genes: iscS (cysteine desulphurase), iscU (scaffold), iscA (A-type protein), HscB (Dnaj-like co-chaperone), HscA (DnaK-like chaperone), and fdx (ferredoxin). IscR also regulates > 40 genes including the genes hyaA, ydiU, erpA, and sufA. Figure 2 Cartoon showing intermediates of the lipoic acid pathway in bacteria and the respective enzymatic steps leading to lipoylated lipoyi domains (lipoic acid synthesis). The key enzymes in the pathway include LipA (lipoic acid synthase) and LipB (octanoyi protein ACP carrier protein : protein transferase), as well as the substrate SAM : S-adenosyl-L -methionine. LplA is a lipoate- protein ligase A; EC: 6.3.1.20.

Figure 3 Cartoon showing intermediates of the thiamine pathway in bacteria and the respective enzymatic steps leading to synthesis of thiamine (THI); thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine diphosphate (TPP). Abbreviation of intermediates: 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), 4-amino-2-methyl- 5-(phosphooxymethyl)pyrimidine (HMP-P), 4-amino-2-methyl-5-

(diphosphomethyl) pyrimidine (HMP-PP), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), dehydroglycine (DHG), 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphooxyethyl)thiazole (THZ- P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), S- adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), reduced ferredoxin (Fdx red), oxidized ferredoxin (Fdx ox). Figure 4 Graphical presentation of the cell density (measured at OD ₆₀₀ ), measured over time, of a (E. coli BW25113) AbioB strain comprising an IPTG inducible bioB expression plasmid (right panel); and the reference (E. coli BW25113) strain comprising an IPTG inducible frameshifted bioB (premature stop codon) expression plasmid (left panel). OD ₆₂₀ was measured using a Multiskan and converted to OD ₆ oo, for 4 biological strain replicates grown in 200 μΙ_ mMOPS with 0.1 g/L DTB, 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 0 (dots) 0.01 (triangles) or 0.1 (squares) mM IPTG. Respective exponential growth rate values are shown in the adjacent boxes.

Figure 5 Graphical presentation of a scatter plot showing the final cell density (measured at OD ₆ oo) of cultures of E. coli BS1011 comprising plasmid pBS451 grown on 150 μΙ_ mMOPS medium with 40 μg/ml zeocin supplemented with zero or increasing concentrations of biotin, ranging up to 0.244 μg biotin/mL after incubation for 20 hours at 37°C with 275 rpm shake (as described under method for quantifying biotin). The stippled vertical grey lines identify an optimal concentration range of between 0.024 to 0.24 μg biotin/L for the biotin bioassay.

Figure 6 Bar diagram showing biotin production of 3 different iscR mutant strains expressing mutant IscR having amino acid mutations (BS1377, L15F), (BS1375, C92Y) and (BS1353, H 107Y) and an E. coli BW25113 bioB strain (BS1011, Ref) (see Table 1 for strains) in 4 biological replicates each comprising an IPTG-inducible bioB expression plasmid (pBS412). Strains were grown in 400 μΙ_ mMOPS with 0.1 g/l DTB and 50 μg/mL kanamycin for 24 H at 37°C with 275 rpm shake. Bars illustrate the mean biotin production value (height) and IPTG induction level (gray shade), black dots show biotin production from individual replicate cultures and the horizontal stippled line indicates the maximum biotin production from a reference wild type strain. Note that none of the strains produced detectable levels of biotin when cultured in the absence of IPTG. Figure 7 Graphical presentation of the cell density and biotin production of the iscR mutant strain expressing the mutant IscR (BS1353, H 107Y), and an E. coli BW25113 AbioB strain (BS1011, Ref), wherein each stain comprises an IPTG-inducible bioB gene expression plasmid (pBS412). The data represents the average measured OD ₆ oo of three biological replicates each of the iscR H 107Y mutant strain (solid dark line) and the reference strain, E. coli BW25113 AbioB strain (stippled light grey) and biotin production by the respective iscR H 107Y mutant strain (solid dark dots) and the reference strain, E. coli BW25113 AbioB strain (light gray dots) monitored over a period of 25 H. The strains were grown in 50 mL mMOPS with 0.1 g/l DTB, 0.01 (A) or 0.5 mM IPTG (B) and 50 μg/mL kanamycin in a 250 mL baffled shake flask at 37°C with 275 rpm shaking. Growth rates are shown in the black box.

Figure 8 Cartoon showing the IscR coding sequence annotated to show the location of the nucleotide and amino acid sequence mutations in the iscR genes of the identified mutant strains.

Figure 9 Cartoon showing the crystal structure (PDB entry 4HF1) of IscR dimer (grey) bound to hya DNA binding site (black) with L15F and H 107Y iscR mutants indicated as sticks (WT amino acid in grey and mutant amino acid in black); and an expanded image highlighting the mutated residues. Figure 10 Bar diagram showing biotin production of an E. coli strain comprising an IPTG-inducible bioB expression plasmid and either a plasmid comprising an / ^' sc-operon (iscSUA-hscBA-fdx, corresponding to a native E. coli isc operon structure lacking iscR gene) or the E. coli suf- operon (sufABCDSE) operably linked to a strong ribosomal binding site (RBS) and a T5 LacO repressed promoter from a medium copy number plasmid (pl5A ori) or a control plasmid. The control plasmid comprised an IPTG- inducible gene encoding GFP instead of the suf- or / ^' sc-operon. Biological triplicates of each strain were cultured in mMOPS with 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 50 μg/mL spectinomycin under low (0.01 mM IPTG) and high (0.1 mM IPTG) induction and providing 0.1 g/L (DTB) as substrate. The strains were grown in deep well plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with 275 rpm, after which biotin production was evaluated using a growth based bioassay. Bars illustrate the mean biotin production value (height) and IPTG induction level (gray shade), black dots shows biotin prod uction from individual replicates and the crosses show end-point (end) cell density of each strain, measured as OD ₆ oo- Note that none of the strains produced detectable levels of biotin when induced with 0.01 mM IPTG. Figure 11 Graphical presentation of the correlation between BioB protein expression levels and biotin production in 4 different samples performed in triplicate. The strains are BS 1013 (E. coli BW25113, background strain) with pBS430 (bioB frameshift IPTG inducible plasmid), BS lO l l (BS1013 with ΔΰϊοΒ) with pBS412 (bioB IPTG inducible plasmid), BS1353 (BS lO l l with iscR H107Y mutation) with pBS412. Strains were grown in mMOPS with 0.1 g/l DTB and IPTG as indicated in the graph.

Figure 12 Bar diagram showing biotin production of E. coli AbioB strains comprising an IPTG-inducible bioB expression plasmid and either of the following genomic variants of iscR : wild type (iscR WT), knock-out mutant encoding E22* glutamic acid mutated to a stop codon on position 22 (iscR KO), mutant (iscR C92Y) encoding a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at position 92. Bars illustrate the mean biotin production value (height) at given levels of IPTG induction (shade of gray), dots show biotin production from individual replicates. Biolog ical triplicates of each strain were cultured in mMOPS with 100 ig/mL ampicillin under no (0 mM IPTG), low (0.01 mM IPTG) and high (0.1 mM IPTG) induction and providing 0.1 g/L DTB as substrate. Each strain was grown in a deep well plate for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with 275 rpm, after which biotin production was evaluated using a growth-based bioassay. Figure 13 Bar diagram showing biotin production by an E. coli AbioA AbioBFCD strain comprising a biotin-operon plasmid and either of the following genomic variants of iscR : wild type (iscR WT), mutant iscR H 107Y (encoding a histidine to tyrosine substitution at position 107) or mutant (iscR C92Y) encoding a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at position 92. Biological quadruplicates of each strain were cultured in mMOPS with 10 μg/mL tetracycline with and without providing 0.1 g/L desthiobiotin (DTB) as substrate. The strains were grown in deep well plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with 275 rpm, after which biotin production was evaluated using a growth based bioassay. Bars illustrate the mean biotin production value (height) and whether DTB was fed or not (shade of gray), black dots shows biotin production from individual replicates.

Figure 14 Bar diagram showing lipoic acid production (grey bars) and End (final) OD ₆₀₀ after 24 hours of production (crosses) of two different iscR mutant strains expressing mutant IscR having amino acid mutations (BS1375, C92Y) and (BS1353, H 107Y) and a control strain (BS1011, IscR WT) (see Table 1 for strains) in 3 biological replicates each comprising a plasmid expressing IPTG inducible lipA (pBS993, see Table 4). Strains were grown in 400 μΙ_ mMOPS with 100 g/mL ampicillin, 0.1 mM biotin, 0.6 g/l octanoic acid and 0.01 mM IPTG for 24 hours at 37°C with 275 rpm shake. Bars illustrate the mean lipoic acid production value (height), black dots show lipoic acid production from individual replicate cultures. The average lipoic acid production can be seen to increase 1.79-fold even though the end OD ₆ oo stays the same.

Figure 15 Graphical presentation of the cell density (measured at OD ₆₂₀ ), measured over time, of the reference strain (E. coli BW25113) ΔΙίρΑ (WT, triangles); and the ΔΙίρΑ strain with a mutant iscR (C92Y) (C92Y, squares) both comprising an IPTG inducible lipA expression plasmid (pBS1037). OD ₆₂₀ was measured using a Multiskan, for 6 biological strain replicates grown in 200 μΙ_ mMOPS with 0.6 g/L octanoic acid, 100 g/mL ampicillin and 0 to 0.04 mM IPTG (increasing darkness of grey shade). Respective growth rates (GR) are shown to the right.

Figure 16 Bar diagram showing thiamine production of two different iscR mutant strains expressing mutant IscR having amino acid mutations (BS2019, C92Y) and (BS2020, H 107Y) and an E. coli BW25113 MhiP, thiL* strain (BS750, Ref) (see Table 5 for strains) in 4 biological replicates each comprising a plasmid expressing the entire thiamine pathway genes, thiCEFSGHMD (pBS140). Strains were grown in 400 μΙ_ mMOPS with 50 ig/mL kanamycin for 24 hours at 37°C with 275 rpm shake. Bars illustrate the mean thiamine production value (height) in the supernatant as measured by thiochrome assay (including thiamine, TMP and TPP) corrected for end OD ₆ oo, black dots show thiamine production from individual replicate cultures. The OD normalized titer, can be seen to be improved 1.43-fold in mutant strains (BS2019 and BS2020) compared to the reference strain (BS750).

Figure 17 Bar diagram showing biotin production by E. coli AbioABFCD iscR H 107Y (encoding a histidine to tyrosine substitution at position 107) strains comprising IPTG-inducible BioB overexpression plasmid pBS679 alone (BS1937) or in addition pBS1112 (BS2185) with constitutive overexpression of FldA-Fpr or pBS1054 (BS2707) with constitutive overexpression of GFP. Each strain was cultured in mMOPS withl00μg/ml ampicillin, 0.1 g/L desthiobiotin (DTB) as substrate and either 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 or O. lmM IPTG. The medium for BS2185 and BS2707 was identical except for the inclusion of 50μg/ml kanamycin. The strains were grown in deep well plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with 275 rpm, after which biotin production was evaluated using a growth based bioassay. Bars illustrate biotin production value (height) by the respective strains: BS1937 (black bars); BS2185 (grey bars); and BS2707 (checkered grey bars).

Figure 18 Bar diagram showing biotin production by E. coli AbioABFCD iscR H 107Y (encoding a histidine to tyrosine substitution at position 107) strains comprising IPTG-inducible BioB overexpression plasmid pBS679. BS2185 comprises in addition pBS1112 with constitutive overexpression of FldA-Fpr. BS1937 was cultured in mMOPS with 100μg/ml ampicillin, 0.1 g/L desthiobiotin (DTB) as substrate and 0.025mM IPTG induction. The medium for BS2185 was identical, but included in addition 50μg/ml kanamycin. The strains were grown in deep well plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C with 275 rpm, after which biotin production was evaluated using a growth based bioassay. Dark grey bars illustrate the mean biotin production value (height) (BS1937 n = 6 and BS2185 n = 8) and light grey bars illustrate end OD ₆ oo- Black dots show biotin production and end OD ₆ oo from individual replicates.

Definitions:

Amino acid sequence identity: The term "sequence identity" as used herein, indicates a quantitative measure of the degree of homology between two amino acid sequences of substantially equal length. The two sequences to be compared must be aligned to give a best possible fit, by means of the insertion of gaps or alternatively, truncation at the ends of the protein sequences. The sequence identity can be calculated as ((Nref- Ndif) 100)/(Nref), wherein Ndif is the total number of non-identical residues in the two sequences when aligned and wherein Nref is the number of residues in one of the sequences. Sequence identity calculations are preferably automated using the BLAST program e.g. the BLASTP program (Pearson W.R and DJ. Lipman (1988)) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/BLAST). Multiple sequence alignment is performed with the sequence alignment method ClustalW with default parameters as described by Thompson J., et al 1994, available at http://www2.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/.

Preferably, the numbers of substitutions, insertions, additions or deletions of one or more amino acid residues in the polypeptide as compared to its comparator polypeptide is limited, i.e. no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 substitutions, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 additions, and no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 deletions. Preferably the substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions: limited to exchanges within members of group 1 : Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine; group 2: Serine, Cysteine, Selenocysteine, Threonine, Methionine; group 3 : proline; group 4: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan; Group 5: Aspartate, Glutamate, Asparagine, Glutamine.

Amino acid abbreviations: Leucine (L), Cysteine (C), and Histidine (H).

Endogenous gene: is a gene in a bacterial cell genome that is homologous in origin to a host bacterium (i.e. a native gene of the host bacterium). The endogenous gene may be genetically modified using tools known in the art whereby the genetically modified endogenous gene encodes a mutant polypeptide whose amino acid sequence differs at one or more position from the polypeptide encoded by the parent endogenous gene from which it was derived.

Genome: is the genetic material present in a cell or organism; said genome comprising all of the information needed to build and maintain that cell or organism; and includes the genetic material in both chromosome(s) and plasmid(s) present within the cell or organism. GFP: Green Fluorescent Protein. gi number: (genlnfo identifier) is a unique integer which identifies a particular sequence, independent of the database source, which is assigned by NCBI to all sequences processed into Entrez, including nucleotide sequences from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank, protein sequences from SWISS-PROT, PIR and many others.

Isc pathway: iron sulphur cluster pathway; encoded by the isc operon including the iscR gene.

Multiskan : filter-based microplate photometer; for measuring absorbance from 96 or 384-well plate formats in the wavelength range of 340 to 850 nm, including 600 - 620nm. Plates are incubated in the photometer at the selected temperature, of up to 50°C. The photometer is supplied by Thermo Scientific.

Native gene: endogenous gene in a bacterial cell genome, homologous to host bacterium.

Non-native promoter: in the context of a genetically modified bacterium of the present invention, is a promoter that is operably-linked to a gene or transgene in said cell, where said promoter would not be found operably- linked to said gene or transgene in a bacterial cell found in nature.

OD: Optical Density

Transgene: is an exogenous gene that has been introduced into the genome of a bacterium by means of genetic engineering. In the context of the present invention, said genome includes both chromosomal and episomal genetic elements.

Detailed description of the invention

A common feature of the biosynthetic pathways for the synthesis of biotin, lipoic acid and thiamine, is the requirement for one or more SAM or AdoMet radical enzymes to catalyze complex radical-mediated molecular rearrangements. Biotin synthase, lipoic acid synthase, HMP-P synthase, and tyrosine lyase are the respective enzymes known to catalyze these essential steps in these pathways. The failure of earlier attempts to elevate biotin biosynthesis in E. coli by overexpression of the biotin operon, or even by using a mutant biotin operon insusceptible to feedback regulation by the BirA repressor, was due to a strong inhibition of growth (Ifuku, 0. et al., 1995). In the absence of any evidence-based explanation for the observed growth inhibition; alternative approaches were needed to identify the cellular factors that may account for the toxicity of biotin synthase over-expression.

The solution to this problem, provided by the present invention, is shown to be equally applicable for enhancing the expression of biotin synthase, lipoic acid synthase, HMP-P synthase and tyrosine lyase in cells of a bacterial cell factory (for example E. coli). The approach pursued to solve this problem was to generate libraries of E. coli cells having evolved genomic diversity due to the accumulation of background mutations generated by imperfect error- correcting polymerases. Cells of such libraries were transformed with a plasmid comprising an IPTG-inducible bioB gene expression cassette. Candidate mutants were those cells in a library that were capable of growth in the presence of IPTG at a concentration sufficient to induce BioB expression toxicity in the parent E.coli strain from which the mutant cells were derived. The genetic basis for the growth of the selected BioB-expressing mutant strains was established by whole genome sequencing. Surprisingly three of the strains were found to have mutations in the native Iron Sulfur Cluster Regulator gene (iscR); which encodes a pleiotropic transcription factor (IscR) [SEQ ID No. : 2] . Fe-S clusters are co-factors of many proteins and essential enzymes, endowing them with diverse biochemical abilities that are not solely required for the synthesis of S-containing compounds such as biotin, but also as sensors for redox- or iron-related stress conditions.

IscR exists in two states, either as an Fe-S cluster holo-protein, or as the apoprotein without the Fe-S cluster. Assembly of the Fe-S cluster of IscR is catalyzed by the Isc pathway encoded by the isc operon. The isc operon encodes firstly the regulator (IscR), followed by a cysteine desulphurase (IscS), a scaffold (IscU), an A-type protein (IscA), a Dnaj-like co-chaperone (HscB), a DnaK-like chaperone (HscA) and a ferredoxin (Fdx). In addition to being essential for the assembly of the IscR holoenzyme, the Isc pathway is the primary pathway for Fe-S cluster biogenesis in E. coli (Figure IB).

The ratio between the two forms of IscR is determined by the cellular level of [2Fe-2S] clusters, which in turn is influenced by several factors including iron- and oxygen levels (Py, B. & Barras, 2010). Under iron-rich conditions, IscR exists mainly as the holoenzyme, which then acts as a transcriptional repressor of the isc operon. However, under iron-low conditions (low level of [2Fe-2S] clusters), IscR returns to its apo-protein state, allowing transcription of the isc operon. In its apo-protein state, IscR serves as an activator of the sufABCDSE operon, which catalyzes Fe-S cluster biogenesis under oxidative stress.

In addition to regulating expression of the two Fe-S-cluster assembly systems in E. coli, IscR regulates >40 genes involved in diverse mechanisms of action such as oxidative stress mechanisms (e.g. sodA), specific and global regulators (e.g. yqjl and soxS), amino acid biosynthesis (e.g argE) and a range of genes with unknown functions. The role of IscR is further complicated by the fact that the IscR regulatory landscape changes between aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Martin, and Imlay, 2012; Giel et al., 2006).

In view of the homeostatic role of IscR; and its role in global gene regulation; the consequences of any modification of its regulatory properties are unpredictable and probably profound for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, cellular conditions where Fe-S cluster biogenesis is increased, due to elevated expression of both the sulfur formation (suf) and isc pathways creates the risk that the accumulated Fe-S clusters generate peroxide radicals by fenton reactions.

In this light, it was highly unexpected that IscR should be found so important for the activity and toxicity of cellular BioB, as demonstrated by the three isolated individual mutants. Furthermore, the impact of the mutant IscR protein on biotin biosynthesis was unexpected, since over-expression of the isc operon or suf operons giving an increased capacity to synthesize and assemble Fe-S clusters was not found to enhance biotin production in cells over-expressing bioB (see example 1, Figure 10). Further, removal of cellular iscR regulation by knock-out of the iscR gene also failed to enhance biotin production in the cell (see example 1, figure 12).

The three different mutations in the IscR protein that eliminated the toxicity of BioB expression in the mutant cells, were single amino acid substitutions of the amino acids L15 [SEQ ID No. : 16], C92 [SEQ ID No. : 18] and H 107 [SEQ ID No. : 20] (figure 8). Two of the three mutations correspond precisely to those residues in IscR, each of which is known to be essential for the formation of the IscR holo-protein. IscR, as seen in E. coli, has an unusual Fe- S cluster ligation mechanism, whereby the residues essential for Fe-S cluster ligation are C92, C98, and C104, as well as H 107. This atypical ligation may confer a lower stability of holoenzyme state of IscR relative to other Fe-S proteins that in turn accounts for the switch to the apo-protein state during low Fe-S conditions (Fleischhacker et al., 2012).

While not wishing to be bound by theory, this suggests that homeostatic control of Fe-S cluster biogenesis and global gene regulation required for cell growth are uniquely preserved in cells expressing a mutant iscR gene of the invention, while facilitating the assembly of iron-sulfur cluster containing enzymes (biotin synthase, lipoic acid synthase, HMP-P synthase and tyrosine lyase) even during their over-expression. In summary, the inventors have identified a mutant iscR gene encoding a mutant IscR protein, characterized by the lack of one or more of amino acid residues required for ligation of Fe-S clusters, such that the expressed mutant IscR protein exists solely in the apo-protein form. Synthesis of iron-sulfur cluster containing enzymes is shown to constitute a significant bottleneck in efforts to enhance production of either biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine in bacteria. The solution to this problem, as provided by the present invention, is facilitated by over-expression of these enzymes in a cell factory comprising a gene encoding a mutant IscR protein that exists in the apo-protein state. The various embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below. I A genetically modified bacterial cell for production of biotin

The present invention provides a genetically modified bacterial cell capable of producing enhanced levels of biotin. The bacterial cell is genetically modified to express a mutant IscR in substitution for a wild type IscR, as well as comprising a transgene encoding a biotin synthase (biotin synthase having EC 2.8.1.6). Optionally, the genetically modified bacterial cell may further comprise one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the biotin pathway (figure 1A). An increase in the levels of those polypeptides that catalyze steps in the biotin pathway enhances the synthesis of both intermediates in the biotin pathway, and the end product of the pathway (biotin) in the bacterial cell.

The mutant IscR polypeptide, expressed by the genetically modified bacterial cell, is derived from a wild-type member of a family of IscR polypeptides characterized by a polypeptide backbone (apo-protein). The amino acid sequence of a wild-type member of a family of IscR polypeptides has at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 98, 100% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. The amino acid sequence of the mutant IscR polypeptide according to the invention differs from the amino acid sequence of the corresponding wild-type IscR polypeptide from which it was derived by at least one amino acid substitution; wherein said substitution is selected from L15X, C92X, C98X, C104X, and H 107X; wherein X, the substituting amino acid, is any amino acid other than the amino acid found at the corresponding position in the wild type IscR from which the mutant was derived.

In alternative embodiments, the amino acid substitution in the mutant IscR is selected from either L15X, wherein X is any amino acid other than L, more preferably X is selected from phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), methionine (M) and tryptophan (W); C92X, wherein X is any amino acid other than C, more preferably X is selected from tyrosine (Y), alanine (A), methionine (M), phenylalanine (F) and tryptophan (W); C98X, wherein X is any amino acid other than C, more preferably X is selected from alanine (A), valine (V), isoleucine (I), leucine (L), phenylalanine (F) and tryptophan (W); Cysl04X, wherein X is any amino acid other than C, more preferably X is selected from alanine (A), valine (V), isoleucine (I), leucine (L), phenylalanine (F), and tryptophan (W); and Hisl07X, wherein X is any amino acid other than H, more preferably X is selected from alanine (A), tyrosine (Y), valine (V), isoleucine (I), and leucine (L). For example, the amino acid substitution in the mutant IscR may be selected from among L15F, C92Y, C92A, C98A, Cysl04A, H 107Y, and H 107A.

The mutant IscR expressed by the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention (instead of a wild type IscR), is encoded by a genetically modified gene, located in the genome of the bacterial cell, either on the chromosome or on a self-replicating plasmid. The genetically modified iscR gene in the chromosome can be located in the genome at the same position of the wild- type iscR gene in the native genome. The genome of the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention lacks a native wild type iscR gene, since the native wild type iscR gene is either deleted or directly substituted by the genetically modified iscR gene. The promoter driving expression of the genetically modified iscR gene may be the native promoter of the wild type iscR gene from which the genetically modified iscR gene was derived or replaced by. Alternatively, the promoter may be a heterologous constitutive or inducible promoter. When the promoter is a heterologous constitutive promoter, then a suitable promoter includes: apFab family [SEQ ID Nos. : 230- 232] while a suitable inducible promoter includes: pBad (arabinose inducible [SEQ ID No. : 233] and Lad [SEQ ID No. : 234] . Suitable terminators include members of the apFAB terminator family including [SEQ ID No. : 235-237] .

A polypeptide having biotin synthase activity (EC 2.8.1.6) according to the invention is a polypeptide having biotin synthase activity catalyzing the conversion of desthiobiotin (DTB) into biotin. The members of this family of biotin synthases are encoded by genes found in bacteria belonging to a wide range of genera. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having biotin synthase activity has at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 98, 100% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 22 (origin : Escherichia coli); SEQ ID No. : 27 (origin : Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum B); SEQ ID No. : 29 (origin : Streptomyces lydicus); SEQ ID No. : 31 (origin : Paracoccus denitrificans); SEQ ID No. : 33 (origin : Paracoccus denitrificans PD1222); SEQ ID No. : 35 (origin : Agrobacterium vitis); SEQ ID No. : 37 (origin : Ruegeria pomeroyi); SEQ ID No. : 39 (origin : Agrobacterium fabrum); SEQ ID No. : 41 (origin : Wolbachia endosymbiont of Cimex lectularius); SEQ ID No. : 43 (origin : Sphingomonas paucimobilis); SEQ ID No. : 45 (origin : Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans); SEQ ID No. : 47 (origin : Gallionella capsiferriformans); SEQ ID No. : 49 (origin : Ralstonia eutropha); SEQ ID No. : 51 (origin : Bordetella parapertussis); SEQ ID No. : 53 (origin : Pusillimonas sp.); SEQ ID No. : 55 (origin : Cenarchaeum symbiosum sp. ); SEQ ID No. : 57 (origin : Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius sp.); SEQ ID No. : 59 (origin : Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius); SEQ ID No. : 61 (origin : Bacillus subtilis); SEQ ID No. : 63 (origin : Lysinibacillus sphaericus); SEQ ID No. : 65 (origin : Methylococcus capsulatus); SEQ ID No. : 67 (origin : Leclercia adecarboxylata); SEQ ID No. : 69 (origin : Chromohalobacter salexigens); SEQ ID No. : 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 (origin : Pseudomonas spp).

The polypeptides that are encoded by the additional transgenes in the genetically modified bacterial cell, and whose activity serves to enhance the synthesis of both intermediates and products of the biotin pathway, are as follows: a) a polypeptide having SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)-dependent methyltransferase activity (BioC; EC 2.1.1.197); such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 89; b) a polypeptide having 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) synthase activity (BioF; EC 2.3.1.47), such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 91 ; c) a polypeptide having 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid (DAPA) Synthase activity (BioA; EC: 2.6.1.62) such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 93; or L- lysine: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate aminotransferase (BioK; EC: 2.6.1.105) such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 97; d) a polypeptide having Desthiobiotin (DTB) Synthetase activity (BioD; E.C 6.3.3.3) , such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. :95; and optionally f) a polypeptide having Pimeloyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester esterase (BioH; EC: 3.1.1.85) such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. :99; or g) a polypeptide having 6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity (BioW; EC 6.2.1.14); such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85,

90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 101;

The transgene encoding BioB together with one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the biotin pathway, are located in the genome of the genetically modified bacterial cell, either integrated into the bacterial cell chromosome or on a self-replicating plasmid. The transgenes encoding BioB and one or more enzymes in the biotin pathway enzymes (BioABFCD and H or W) may be present in the genome within one or more operon.

The promoter driving expression of the transgene encoding BioB together with one or more additional transgenes is preferably a non-native promoter, which may be a heterologous constitutive-promoter or an inducible-promoter. When the promoter is a heterologous constitutive promoter, then a suitable promoter includes apFab family [SEQ ID Nos. : 230-232] while a suitable inducible promoter includes: pBad (arabinose inducible [SEQ ID No. : 233] and Lacl [SEQ ID No. : 234] . Suitable terminators include members of the apFAB terminator family including [SEQ ID No. : 235-237] . The selected promoter and terminator may be operably linked to the coding sequence for BioB; and to the coding sequences of the one or more coding sequences for the BioC, BioD, BioA, BioF, and either BioW or BioH polypeptides or may be operably linked to the one or more operon encoding the selected Bio polypeptides.

II A method for producing and detecting biotin using a genetically modified bacterium according to the invention

Biotin can be produced and exported using genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention (e.g. genetically modified E. coli cells) by introducing the cells into a culture medium suitable for supporting growth as well as comprising a carbon source suitable for the biosynthesis of biotin; and finally recovering the biotin produced by the culture, as illustrated in the Examples.

The genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention comprising a transgene encoding a biotin synthase (BioB) will produce enhanced levels of biotin when the supplied carbon source includes desthiobiotin (DTB). When the genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention additionally comprise transgenes encoding each of BioA, BioF, BioC, BioD, and BioH or BioW they will produce biotin when the supplied carbon source is selected from among glucose, maltose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, mannose, and lactose (example 1, figure 13).

A method for quantifying extracellular biotin produced by a genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention is described in example 1.5. The method is a bioassay, based on measuring the growth of a biotin-starved overnight culture of BS1011 comprising plasmid pBS451 in a biotin-deficient growth medium that is supplemented with the extracellular growth medium derived from culturing cells of the invention. A biotin bioassay calibration curve is prepared by measuring the growth of the biotin-starved overnight culture, when supplemented with a known concentration range of biotin standards, as shown in figure 5. III A genetically modified bacterial cell for production of lipoic acid

The present invention provides a genetically modified bacterial cell capable of producing enhanced levels of lipoic acid. The bacterial cell is genetically modified to express a mutant IscR, according to the invention (see Section I), in substitution for a wild type IscR, as well as comprising a transgene encoding a lipoic acid synthase (EC 2.8.1.8). LipA catalyzes the conversion of covalently attached octanoyl-domains to lipoyl domains by facilitating the formation of two sulfur bonds. Optionally, the genetically modified bacterial cell may further comprise one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the lipoic acid synthesis pathway (figure 2), more specifically the encoded polypeptide LipB; EC: 2.3.1.181 of for example the HpB gene, and the encoded polypeptide E2; EC:2.3.1.12 of for example the aceF gene. An increase in the levels of those polypeptides that catalyze steps in the lipoic acid pathway enhances the synthesis of both intermediates in the pathway, and the end product of the pathway in the bacterial cell. An additional transgene encoding LplA, a lipoate-protein ligase A; EC: 6.3.1.20, serves to facilitate synthesis of lipoic acid in cells fed with octanoic acid; by catalysing the transfer of an octanoyl moiety onto an activated lipoyl domain.

The lipoic acid synthases are encoded by genes found in a wide range of bacteria and fungi belonging to a wide range of genera. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having lipoic synthase activity has at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 98, 100% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 103 (origin : Escherichia coli); SEQ ID No. : 105 (origin : Bacillus subtilis); SEQ ID No. : 107 (origin : Saccharomyces cerevisiae); SEQ ID No. : 109 (origin : Pseudomonas putida); SEQ ID No. : I l l (origin : Bacteroides fragilis); and SEQ ID No. : 113 (origin : Streptomyces coelicolor) . The polypeptides that are encoded by the additional transgenes in the genetically modified bacterial cell, and whose activity serves to enhance the synthesis of both intermediates and products of the lipoic acid pathway, are as follows: a) a polypeptide having octanoyltransferase activity (for transfer of an octanoyl residue from ACP to the apo-lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of a target enzyme activity; LipB; EC: 2.3.1.181, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 115 (origin : Escherichia coli) or SEQ ID No. : 117 (origin : Shigella flexneri); b) a polypeptide comprising the dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E2; EC: 2.3.1.12), such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 119 (origin : Escherichia coli), or SEQ ID No. : 121 (origin : Klebsiella oxytoca) or SEQ ID No. : 239 (hybrid sequence). c) a polypeptide having lipoate-protein ligase A (LplA; EC: 6.3.1.20) activity, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 123 (origin : Escherichia coli) or SEQ ID No. : 125 (origin : Klebsiella oxytoca).

The transgene encoding lipoic acid synthase together with one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the lipoic acid pathway, are located in the genome of the genetically modified bacterial cell, either integrated into the bacterial cell chromosome or on a self- replicating plasmid. The transgene encoding LipA and one or more of the transgenes (IpB, IplA, and AceF encoding enzymes in the lipoic acid pathway enzymes may be present in the genome within one or more operon. The promoter driving expression of the transgene encoding LipA and one or more additional transgenes is preferably a non-native promoter, which may be a heterologous constitutive-promoter or an inducible-promoter. When the promoter is a heterologous constitutive promoter, then a suitable promoter includes the apFab family [SEQ ID Nos. : 230-232], while a suitable inducible promoter includes: pBad (arabinose inducible [SEQ ID No. : 233] and Lacl [SEQ ID No. : 234] . Suitable terminators include members of the apFAB terminator family including [SEQ ID No. : 235-237] . The selected promoter and terminator may be operably linked to the respective gene, either to provide individual gene regulation or for regulation of an operon.

IV A method for producing and detecting lipoic acid using a

genetically modified bacterium to the invention

Lipoic acid can be produced using genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention (e.g. genetically modified E. coli cells) by introducing the cells into a suitable culture medium; and finally recovering the lipoic acid produced by the cells, as illustrated in the example 2 and figure 14).

The genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention comprising a transgene encoding a lipoic acid synthase (LipA) will produce lipoic acid when the supplied carbon source includes Octanoic Acid (OA). The cells will produce lipoic acid when supplied with a suitable carbon source for example a source selected from among glucose, maltose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, mannose, and lactose. A method for quantifying cellular lipoic acid produced by a genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention is described in example 2. The method is a bioassay, based on measuring the growth of a lipoic acid-dependent auxotrophic E. coli strain on a minimal medium supplemented with the lipoic acid extracted from cells of the invention.

V A genetically modified bacterial cell for production of thiamine

The present invention provides a genetically modified bacterial cell capable of producing enhanced levels of thiamine. The bacterial cell is genetically modified to express a mutant IscR, according to the invention (see section I), in substitution for a wild type IscR, as well as comprising a transgene encoding a phosphomethylpyrimidine synthase, also called HMP-P synthase (EC 4.1.99.17), encoded by thiC; or a tyrosine lyase (also called 2- iminoacetate synthase (EC 4.1.99.19) encoded by thiH.

The genetically modified bacterial cell may further comprise one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the thiamine synthesis pathway (figure 3). An increase in the levels of those polypeptides that catalyze steps in the thiamine pathway enhances the synthesis of both intermediates in the pathway, and the end product of the pathway in the bacterial cell. For example the bacterial cell may further comprise one or more transgenes encoding : ThiE thiamine phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.3); a [ThiS] adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.73) (encoded e.g. by the thiF gene); a ThiG thiazole synthase (E.C.2.8.1.10); ThiS sulfur- carrier protein; a ThiD phosphohydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase (EC 2.7.4.7) and a thiamine mono-phosphate phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.-); a ThiO glycine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.19); and a ThiM hydroxyethylthiazole kinase (2.7.1.50).

HMP-P synthases are found in a wide range of bacteria and fungi belonging to a wide range of genera. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity has at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 98, 100% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 201 (origin : Escherichia coli); SEQ ID No. : 203 (origin : Synechococcus_elongatus); SEQ ID No. : 205 (origin : Corynebacterium glutamicum); SEQ ID No. : 207 (origin Candidatus Baumannia cicadellinicola). Tyrosine lyases are also called 2-iminoacetate synthase (EC 4.1.99.19). The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having HMP-P synthase activity has at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 98, 100% amino acid sequence identity to the sequence of: SEQ ID No. : 217. The polypeptides that are encoded by the one or more additional transgenes in the genetically modified bacterial cell, and whose activity serves to enhance the synthesis of both intermediates and products of the thiamine pathway, are as follows: a) a polypeptide having [ThiS] adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.73) activity, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or

100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 211; b) a polypeptide having thiamine phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.3) activity, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 209; c) a polypeptide having thiazole synthase (E.C.2.8.1.10) activity, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 215; d) a polypeptide having phosphohydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase (EC 2.7.4.7) activity, such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 225; e) a polypeptide having glycine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.19) activity; such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from among SEQ ID No. : 219, 221, and 223; f) a polypeptide having ThiS sulfur-carrier activity such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 213; g) a polypeptide having thiamine mono-phosphate phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.-) activity; such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID No. : 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199; and h) a polypeptide having ThiM hydroxyethylthiazole kinase activity (2.7.1.50), such as a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. : 227.

Preferably, the genetically modified bacterial cell comprises transgenes encoding the enzymes: ThiC (encoded by a thiC gene); ThiD (encoded by a thiD gene), ThiE (encoded by a thiE gene), ThiF (encoded by a thiF gene), sulfur-carrier protein (encoded by a this gene), ThiG (encoded by a thiG gene), TMP phosphatase (encoded by a TMP phosphatase gene); and either ThiH (encoded by a thiH gene) or ThiO (encoded by a thiO gene). According to the embodiment, the cells may further comprise a transgene encoding the enzyme ThiM ((encoded by a thiM gene). Thiamine synthesis levels in the genetically modified bacterium of the invention may be further enhanced by mutation of the endogenous thiL gene that encodes thiamine-phosphate kinase. The mutant thiL gene has nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No. : 228 and compared to the parent wild-type gene has a mutation at nucleotides 133-135 (GGT to GAC) that encodes a polypeptide having a G133D substitution [SEQ ID No. : 229] .

The transgene encoding encoding HMP-P synthase (EC 4.1.99.17), encoded by thiC; or tyrosine lyase (EC 4.1.99.19) encoded by thiH, together with one or more additional transgenes encoding polypeptides that catalyze additional steps in the thiamine pathway, are located in the genome of the genetically modified bacterial cell, either integrated into the bacterial cell chromosome or on a self-replicating plasmid. The thiC or thiH transgene and one or more of the transgenes encoding enzymes in the thiamine pathway enzymes may be present in the genome within one or more operon.

The promoter driving expression of the thiC or thiH transgene and one or more additional transgenes is preferably a non-native promoter, which may be a heterologous constitutive- promoter or an inducible-promoter. When the promoter is a heterologous constitutive promoter, then a suitable promoter includes apFab family [SEQ ID Nos. : 230-232] while a suitable inducible promoter includes: pBad (arabinose inducible [SEQ ID No. : 233] and Lacl [SEQ ID No. : 234] . Suitable terminators include members of the apFAB terminator family including [SEQ ID No. : 235-237] . The selected promoter and terminator may be operably linked to the respective gene, either to provide individual gene regulation or for regulation of an operon.

VI A method for producing and detecting thiamine using a genetically modified bacterium according to the invention

Thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine diphosphate (TPP) can be produced using genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention (e.g. genetically modified E. coli cells) by introducing the cells into a suitable culture medium; and finally recovering the thiamine, and additionally TPP and TMP produced by the cells, as illustrated in the Example 3 and figure 16.

The genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention comprising a transgene encoding a HMP-P synthase will produce thiamine, TPP and TMP when the supplied carbon source is selected from among glucose, maltose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, mannose, and lactose.

A method for quantifying thiamine produced by a genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention is described in example 3; and may include the use of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, relative to a thiamine standard.

VII Methods for engineering a genetically modified bacterial cell for production of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine

Integration and self-replicating vectors suitable for cloning and introducing one or more transgene encoding one or more a polypeptide having an enzymatic activity associated with the synthesis of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine in a bacterial cell of the invention are commercially available and known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). Bacterial cells are genetically engineered by the introduction into the cells of heterologous DNA. Heterologous expression of genes encoding one or more polypeptide having an enzymatic activity associated with biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine synthesis in a bacterial cell of the invention is demonstrated in Example 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

A nucleic acid molecule, that encodes one or more polypeptide having an enzymatic activity associated with biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine synthesis according to the invention, can be introduced into a host cell by means of a self-replicating vector or optionally integrated into the host cell genome using methods and techniques that are standard in the art. For example, nucleic acid molecules can be introduced by standard protocols such as transformation including chemical transformation and electroporation, transduction, particle bombardment, etc. Expressing the nucleic acid molecule encoding the enzymes of the claimed invention also may be accomplished by integrating the nucleic acid molecule into the genome.

Genetic modification of the native endogenous iscR gene in a bacterial cell of the invention can be performed by deletion (knockout) of the endogenous iscR gene and insertion/substitution with a transgene encoding a mutant IscR polypeptide as defined in section I, by applying standard recombineering methods to suitable parent bacterial cell (Datsenko KA, et al. ; 2000).

The genetically modified bacterial cell according to the invention, for the production of biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine may be a bacterium, a non- exhaustive list of suitable bacteria is given as follows: a species belonging to the genus selected from the group consisting of: Escherichia, Brevibacterium, Burkholderia, Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Acetobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, etc.

Preferred bacterial species of the invention are Escherichia coll, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens and Corynebacterium glutamicum.

VIII Biotin production capacity of genetically modified bacterial cells of the invention is enhanced by increased electron transfer.

SAM-radical iron-sulfur cluster enzymes containing an oxidized [4Fe-4S] ²⁺ cluster, e.g. BioB, ThiC and LipA, need electron transfer for reduction to a [4Fe-4S] ⁺ cluster. Only the reduced [4Fe-4S] ⁺ cluster is able generate the SAM-radical needed for catalysis. The electron transfer from the electron donor NADPH to the [4Fe-4S] ²⁺ cluster can be mediated by a flavodoxin/ferredoxin reductase (Fpr) and flavodoxin (FldA) reduction system or by a Pyruvate-flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase system.

In a further embodiment, the genetically modified bacterial cell according to the present invention, that is capable of producing either biotin, lipoic acid or thiamine, further comprises one or more genes selected from the group: a gene encoding a flavodoxin/ferredoxin-NADP reductase (EC: 1.18.1.2 and EC 1.19.1.1); a gene encoding a pyruvate-flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7); a gene encoding a flavodoxin; a gene encoding a ferredoxin; a gene encoding a flavodoxin and a ferredoxin-NADP reductase. Promoter(s), operably-linked to each of said one or more genes are capable of enhancing expression of said one or more genes in said bacterium; wherein each said one or more genes may be a native gene or a transgene. Preferably, the operably-linked promoter, enhances expression of said one or more genes in said bacterium to a level greater than in the parent bacterium from which the genetically-modified bacterium of the invention was derived. Preferably, the genetically modified bacterial cell according to the present invention comprises a gene encoding a flavodoxin/ferredoxin-NADP reductase (EC: 1.18.1.2 and EC 1.19.1.1) and a gene encoding a flavodoxin; or a single gene comprising coding sequences for both a flavodoxin and a ferredoxin- NADP reductase. Additionally said genetically modified bacterial cell may further comprise a gene encoding a ferredoxin.

Overexpression of genes expressing components of the electron transfer pathway in genetically modified bacterial cells of the present invention, enhances the cellular activity of their SAM-radical iron-sulfur cluster enzymes (as illustrated in Example 4 for biotin-producing cells of the invention).

Preferably, when the polypeptide encoded by a native gene or transgene in the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention has flavodoxin/ferredoxin reductase activity (EC: 1.18.1.2 and EC 1.19.1.1), it has an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 241 (origin : fpr gene from E. coli); SEQ ID No. : 243 (origin : yumC gene from Bacillus subtilis 168); SEQ ID No. : 245 (origin : fpr-I gene from Pseudomonas putida KT2440); SEQ ID No. : 247 (origin : SVEN_0113 gene from Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712 -); SEQ ID No. : 249 (origin : Cgl2384 gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATTCC 13032), and SEQ ID No. : 251 (origin : SJN 15614.1 gene from Sphingobacterium sp. JB170.

Preferably, when the polypeptide encoded by a native gene or transgene in the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention has pyruvate- flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity (EC 1.2.7), it has an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 253 (origin : YdbK gene from E. coli K12 MG1655); SEQ ID No. : 255 (origin : por gene from Geobacter sulfurreducens AM-1); SEQ ID No. : 257 (origin : Sfla_2592 gene from Streptomyces pratensis ATCC 33331 ; SEQ ID No. : 259 (origin : RM25_0186 gene from Propionibacterium freudenreichit DSM 20271); SEQ ID No. : 261 (origin : nifJ gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803)

Preferably, when the polypeptide encoded by a native gene or transgene in the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention is a flavodoxin, it has an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 263 (origin : fldA gene from Escherichia coli K12 MG1655); SEQ ID No. : 265 (origin : fldB gene from Escherichia coli K12 MG1655); SEQ ID No. : 267 (origin : ykuN gene from Bacillus subtilis 168); SEQ ID No. : 269 (origin : isiB gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803; SEQ ID No. : 271 (origin : wrbA gene from Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712); SEQ ID No. : 273 (origin : PRK06242 gene from Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3).

Preferably, when the polypeptide encoded by a native gene or transgene in the genetically modified bacterial cell of the invention is a ferredoxin, it has an amino acid sequence having 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% sequence identity to a sequence selected from any one of: SEQ ID No. : 275 (origin : fdx gene from E. coli); SEQ ID No. : 277 (origin : fer gene from Bacillus subtilis 168); SEQ ID No. : 279 (origin : fdxB gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATTCC 13032); SEQ ID No. : 281 (origin : fdx gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803); SEQ ID No. : 283 (origin : SVEN_7039 gene from Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712); SEQ ID No. : 285 (origin : fdx gene from Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai-3). A promoter(s) that is capable of enhancing gene expression when operably- linked of a native gene or to a transgene encoding polypeptides of the electron transport pathway in said bacterium is preferably a non-native promoter. Said promoter may be a member of the constitutive apFAB309 promoter family [SEQ ID Nos. : 230-232] . Preferably said non-native promoter, when operably-linked to said native gene or transgene enhances expression of said encoded polypeptide(s) in said genetically modified bacterium to a level greater than the parent bacterium from which it was derived. Suitable terminators that may be operably-linked to said native gene or transgene includes the apFAB378 terminator family [SEQ ID No. : 235-237] .

Examples

Example 1: Identification and characterization of genetically modified E. coli strains capable of enhanced biotin production

1 Methods

1. 1 : The following strains of Escherichia coli used in the examples are listed below.

Table 1 : Strains

Name Description

BS1013 E. coli K-12 BW25113 parent strain having genotype:

rrnB3 AlacZ4787 hsdR514 AfaraBAD]567 A(rhaBAD)568 rph-1

BS1011 AbioB HJW0758-1] derived from E coli K-12 BW25113

BS1353 BS1011 derivative comprising a H107Y mutation in iscR

BS1113 BS1011 derivative comprising pBS412 plasmid giving IPTG - inducible

BioB expression

BS1375 BS1011 derivative comprising a C92Y mutation in iscR

BS1377 BS1011 derivative comprising a L15F mutation in iscR

¹ Nucleotide sequence of AbioB gene prior to deletion was SEQ ID No. 21

1.2 : The following plasmids used in the examples are listed below.

Table 2 : Plasmids

Name Description

pBS412 BioB [SEQ ID No: 22] overexpression plasmid (kanR, SC101) from a T5 lacO repressed promoter

pBS430 pBS412 with frame shift mutation early in bioB ^! fkanR, SC101) from a

T5 lacO repressed promoter [SEQ ID No.: 25]

pBS451 Constitutively expressed GFP [SEQ ID No.: 2871 fzeoR, pl5A) pBS281 E. coli isc operon (iscSUA-hscBA-fdx) from an IPTG inducible T5

promoter cloned in a medium copy number plasmid (pl5A ori) pBS282 E. coli suf operon [sufABCDSE) from an IPTG inducible T5 promoter cloned in a medium copy number plasmid (pl5A ori)

pBS231 A medium copy number plasmid (pl5A ori) expressing a gene encoding a sfGFP protein from an IPTG inducible T5 promoter pBS936 Native biotin-operon from E coli with "type 9" mutation in bio operator site (Ifuku et al., 1993

¹ : Nucleotide sequence of bioB frameshift gene has SEQ ID No. 23

1.3 Media and additives:

The growth media (mMOPS) used in each example had the following composition : 1.32 mM K2HP04; 2 g/l D-glucose; 0.0476 mg/l calcium pantothenate; 0.0138 mg/l p-aminobenzoic acid; 0.0138 mg/l p- hydroxybenzoic acid; 0.0154 mg/l 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and lx modified MOPS buffer.

10 x modified MOPS comprises 0.4 M MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propane sulfonic acid); 0.04 M Tricine; 0.1 mM FeS0 ₄ »7H ₂ 0; 95 mM NH ₄ CI; 2.76 mM K ₂ S0 ₄ ; 5 μΜ CaCI ₂ »2H ₂ 0; 5.25 mM MgCI ₂ ; 0.5 M NaCI; and 5000x dilution of micronutrient stock solution.

Micronutrient stock solution:

The following antibiotic stocks were employed : ampicillin (amp, 100 mg/mL), kanamycin (kan, 50 mg/mL), zeocin (zeo, 40 mg/mL); that were added to growth media as indicated to obtain a lOOOx dilution.

1.4 Establishing of E. coli strain libraries:

E. coli libraries having evolved genomic diversity were derived from cells of E. coli strain BSlOl l comprising plasmid pBS412 by subjecting the cells to stationary overnight culture in mMOPS medium supplemented with kan (MOPS-kan), preparing a 100 x dilution of resulting culture in mMOPS-kan and repeating the consecutive steps of overnight culture and dilution 5 times. This procedure creates genetic diversity by allowing the accumulation of background mutation generated by imperfect error-correcting polymerases. After each round of culture and dilution a sample of the cell culture was plated on mMOPS plates with IPTG (see below), to detect the evolution of cells adapted to tolerate enhanced BioB expression. Cells of each library were then transformed with the BioB over-expression plasmid, pBS412.

1.5 Selection of mutant strains

A selection assay was developed by plating respectively 10 ⁴ , 10 ⁵ , 10 ⁶ and 10 ⁷ cells, derived from an o/n culture in mMOPS-kan of BS1011 comprising pBS412, on a series of 1.5 % agar plates comprising mMOPS (0=9cm) comprising IPTG concentrations of either 0, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for up to 36 hours and cell growth was evaluated at intervals. Under these conditions, induction of BioB expression from pBS412 with 0.1 mM IPTG was found to prevent growth of up to 10 ^Λ 5 cells, while induction with 1 mM IPTG prevented growth of at least 10 ^Λ 7 cells when plated on a single petri dish. A selection pressure comprising induction with ImM IPTG for a cell population of 10 ^Λ 5 cells was found optimal for identifying strains with higher robustness towards BioB expression; and accordingly was implemented as follows:

1) Approximately 10 ⁵ cells from each library, as described in section 1.4, were plated on each mMOPS-kan -1 mM IPTG agar plate, and incubated at 37°C for maximum 24 hours.

2) Single colonies were grown in mMOPS-kan liquid medium to produce pre- cultures, that were then evaluated for their biotin production by means of a biotin bioassay (as described in section 1.6 below) that was performed in mMOPS-kan supplemented with either 0.00, 0.01 or 0.1 mM IPTG. Cells of each pre-culture were preserved as glycerol stocks in 20% glycerol.

3) Colonies producing more than 1.5 mg biotin/l (detected as extracellular biotin) were re-streaked on mMOPS-kan agar plates, incubated at 37°C for up to 24 hours, and then re-bioassayed for biotin production in biological replicates (as detailed in section 1.6 below).

4) Cells of the selected biotin over-producing strains were evaluated as follows: a) Whole genome sequencing to identify genetic mutations in the genome of cells of selected strains as compared to the genome of the parent strain BS1011 was performed on DNA isolated from cells of the selected strain as follows: Selected cells were grown in 5-10 ml_ mMOPS-kan and the cells were subsequently harvested; genomic DNA was isolated from the harvested cells using Invitrogen Purelink genomic DNA extraction kit:

(https://www.thermofisher.com/order/cataloq/product/K1820 01 ^' ) : the extracted DNA was subjected to whole genome sequencing. b) Curing cells of the selected strains of their pBS412 plasmid; then re- transforming the cells of the cured strain with the pBS412 plasmid; and finally redoing bioassay of cultures of cells of the transformed strains for biotin production. The steps of curing cells of their pBS412 plasmid were performed by growing the cells in rich, Luria Broth (LB) media with 1 mM IPTG without antibiotics overnight at 37 °C; streaking out cells of the resulting culture on LB agar plates and incubating overnight at 37 °C. Single colonies from the agar plates were diluted in 50 μΙ LB media and 5 μΙ were used to spot on LB and LB-amp agar plates, which were incubated overnight at 37 °C. Those single colonies that grew on LB plates, but not on LB-amp plates, were re-streaked on

LB plates to obtain single colonies, which were used as cured strain for re-transformation.

Biotin production by cells of the transformed strains where measured in biological replicates (as detailed in section 1.6 below). Briefly, biotin production re-evaluated for biological replicates in mMOPS-kan supplemented with 0.00, 0.01 or 0.1 mM IPTG. In parallel, the growth rates of the cells of each transformed strain were measured in 200μί mMOPS-kan medium in a microtiter plate sealed with transparent breathable seal at 37°C with "fast shaking" for aerobic growth, for a period of 24 hours in a Multiskan FC. Cell growth was monitored by measuring OD620 every 30 minutes. Bioassay for quantifying biotin production Pre-cultures were each prepared from a selected single cell colony in 400 μΙ_ mMOPS-kan in a 96 deep-well plate, incubated at 37°C with shake at 275 rpm for 16-18 hours. Production cultures were produced by inoculating 400 μΙ_ mMOPS-kan, supplemented with 0.1 g/L desthiobiotin (DTB), and optionally comprising IPTG at a final concentration of up to 1 mM, in a 96 deep-well plate, with 4 μΙ_ of the pre-culture sufficient to provide an initial OD600 of ~0.03. Cultures were then grown at 37°C with 275 rpm shake for 24 hours. Cells in the 96 deep-well plate were pelleted by centrifuging at 4000 G for 8 minutes after measuring OD ₆ oo of the cultures. The supernatant from each culture supernatant was diluted to a concentration range of 0.05 nM to 0.50 nM biotin in ultrapure (Milli-Q) water. In parallel, >5 biotin standards in the concentration range of 0.1 nM (0. 024 μg biotin/L) to 1 nM (0.24 μg biotin/L), were prepared in Milli-Q water. 15 μΙ_ of each diluted supernatant and each of the biotin standards was then added to a well of a microtiter plate; wherein each well comprised 135 μΙ_ of a biotin-starved overnight culture of BS1011 comprising plasmid pBS451 ; and where the overnight culture was diluted to an initial OD ₆ 2o of 0.01 in mMOPS supplemented with zeocin. The plate was sealed with a breathable seal and incubated at 37°C with 275 rpm shaking for 20 hours before OD ₆ oo was measured. A biotin bioassay calibration curve obtained with this bioassay, using a range of biotin standards, is shown in figure 5.

1.7 Identification of genomic mutations

For all Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data, CLC genomic workbench version 9.5.3 (supplied by Qiagen) was used to identify mutations in the genome of cells of selected strains as compared to the parent strain genome (single or a few substitutions, deletions or insertions by Variant Detection and bigger insertions/deletions by InDels and Structural Variants). A cut-off of 85% were used to define "significant mutations" meaning that a mutation should be present in more than 85% of the population of DNA molecules (genomes) isolated from cells of a given bacterial strain, in order to distinguish genome mutations from erroneous nucleotides introduced by the sequencing procedure. The genome accession number CP009273 from NCBI was used as the reference sequence, while taking account of the Keio AbioB scar mutation whose sequence was confirmed by sequencing.

1.8 Characterizing proteomics landscape of iscR mutant Protein content of BS1013 + pBS430, BS1011 + pBS412 and BS1353 + pBS412 at 0.025 mM IPTG induction levels as well as BS1353 + pBS412 at 1 mM IPTG induction were determined by a recently developed approach combining LC-MS and efficient protein extraction (Schmidt et al, 2015). 3 peptides were chosen as minimum number of identified peptides for analysis along with a peptide threshold of 2.0 % FDR. Significant changes in protein expression are reported with a 0.5% confidence interval based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing using a Scaffold Viewer 4.7.5.

Strains were grown in mMOPS with IPTG induction for approximately 10 generations, until OD ₆₀₀ of 0.5 were reached (exponential phase). 10 ⁸ cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4°C at maximum speed; washed once in ice-cold PBS buffer; re-pelleted by centrifugation at 4°C at maximum speed and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, after removing PBS buffer.

2. Results 2.1 Overexpression of BioB is toxic

E. coli retaining its native biotin synthase gene (bioB) but expressing an IPTG- inducible frameshifted E. coli bioB gene (encoding non-functional biotin synthase due to a premature stop codon) from a low-copy plasmid (SclOl origin of replication) is able to grow aerobically in mMOPS-kan medium with or without IPTG. This is illustrated in Figure 4 (left panel), showing the exponential growth curve of the E. coli BW25113, BioB frameshift mutant. In contrast, over-expression of a functional biotin synthase gene (bioB) in the E. coli knock-out strain AbioB, is toxic for growth, causing a very significant extension in the lag phase. This is illustrated in Figure 4 (right panel), that shows the growth of E. coli knock-out strain AbioB expressing an E. coli bioB gene from an IPTG-inducible T5 promoter on a low-copy plasmid (SclOl origin of replication). As seen in figure 4, induction of increasing bioB expression in response to increasing IPTG levels (darkness of grey) significantly affects the lag-phase while the growth rate is affected slightly (black boxes).

2.2 Isolation of iscR mutant strains having enhanced biotin production titers

E. coli libraries having evolved genomic diversity (see sections 1.4 and 1.5) were screened for strains with improved tolerance for bioB gene expression and increased biotin production. Whole genome sequencing of the selected strains led to the identification of three unique mutants each comprising an Iron-sulfur cluster regulator (iscR) gene encoding an iscR polypeptide having one of the amino acid substitutions: L15F, C92Y and H 107Y, and where the amino acid sequence of the encoded regulators is SEQ ID No. : 16, 18 and 20 respectively. Biotin production levels were measured using a bioassay, as described in section 1.6 (and figure 5). The biotin production titers for each of the iscR mutant strains as well as the E. coli BW25113 AbioB reference strain are shown in figure 6 for 4 biological replicates (black dots) grown in mMOPS supplemented with 0.1 g/l DTB in the absence or presence of two different IPTG concentration levels (increasing IPTG with darker grey). Biotin production in the reference strain was inhibited at IPTG levels of above 0.01 mM, which corresponds to IPTG levels that are toxic for growth of the reference strain (see figure 4), while the iscR mutant strains both grew and produced biotin at IPTG levels of 0.01 - O. lmM IPTG. All three iscR mutant strains produce approximately 1.5 fold more biotin than the reference strain (stippled line) at an IPTG concentration of 0.01 mM. The iscR mutant strains produce up to 2-fold more (~3.2 mg biotin/l) at an IPTG concentration of 0.1 mM, than the highest production titer from the reference strain (~ 1.5 mg biotin/l).

2.3 Biotin production and growth in an IscR H 107Y mutant strain

The growth profile and biotin production titer of the iscR (H 107Y) mutant strain was characterized in 50 ml_ mMOPS supplemented with 0.1 g/l DTB in a 250 mL shake-flask experiment at two different IPTG induction levels (0.01 mM in figure 7A) and 0.5 mM (figure 7B). At low IPTG levels (figure 7A), the IscR mutant strain (dark grey) and the reference strain (light grey) were similar with respect to growth and biotin production titers, with a final titer of ~ 1.1 mg biotin/l. However, at high IPTG induction levels (0.5 mM in figure 7B) growth of the reference strain (light grey) was severely inhibited, while the IscR mutant strain retained the same growth profile as at low IPTG induction levels. Furthermore, the biotin production titers of the IscR mutant strain increased around 2-fold, up to ~2.2 mg biotin/l after 25 hours of growth.

2.4 Mechanism of action of IscR mutations

An enhanced biotin tolerance phenotype was clearly demonstrated for all three of the identified IscR mutant strains, as seen in figure 6. The ability of the C92 mutation (C92Y) to enhance biotin tolerance is suggested to be due to a role for C92 in the [Fe-S] cluster binding properties of IscR. Loss of [Fe- S] cluster binding properties due to the C92Y mutation is proposed to inactivate the Isc-operon repression behavior of IscR. At the same time, it is proposed that the promoter function of IscR remains intact in the C92Y mutant IscR, such that it retains its function in activating other pathways essential for multiple cellular processes. A similar essential role in providing the [Fe-S] cluster binding properties of IscR is attributed to H 107; where the H 107Y mutation is similarly able to enhance biotin tolerance in E. coli. The L15F in IscR is also proposed to disrupt iron-sulfur cluster binding and thereby partially overcome iron-sulfur cluster depletion. Figure 9 shows the position of the L15 and H 107 in IscR when bound to DNA (binding site of hya, PDB entry 4HF1), and it can be seen that L15 is positioned at the inside of each of the IscR subunits. Phenylalanine is a significantly larger amino acid than leucine, and may interfere with the three-dimensional folding of the protein.

2.5 Overexpression of the /sc-operon or suf operon in E. coli strains alone is not sufficient to enhance biotin production

In order to determine the direct effect of overexpressing the /sc-operon (iscSUA-hscBA-fdx, corresponding to the native E. coli operon structure minus the iscR gene) or the suf-operon (sufABCDSE corresponding to the native E. coli operon structure) on biotin production in E. coli, each operon was cloned into a medium copy number plasmid (pl5A ori) placed under the control of a strong RBS and an IPTG inducible T5 promoter. A plasmid, comprising a gene encoding a super folder Green Fluorescent Protein (sfGFP) in substitution for the isc- or suf-operon, was employed as a control. The respective plasmids were transformed into cells of an E. coli strain comprising an IPTG-inducible bioB expression plasmid. Biological triplicate colonies comprising one of: 1) IPTG-inducible /sc-operon, 2) IPTG-inducible suf-operon or 3) IPTG-inducible GFP (control) in addition to the IPTG-inducible bioB expression plasmid were assayed for biotin production (as described in section 1.5) following cultivation in 400 L mMOPS with 100 μg/mL ampicillin and 50 μg/mL spectinomycin under low (0.01 mM IPTG) and high (0.1 mM IPTG) induction. From the graph (figure 10) it can be seen that although biotin production was IPTG-inducible in all strains; the IPTG concentration needed to reach detectable biotin production levels was increased from 0.01 mM IPTG to 0.1 mM IPTG, when compared to the reference and mutant iscR strains shown in figure 6. Furthermore, biotin production titers were significantly decreased by the overexpression of isc- or suf-operons, when compared to both the sfGFP strain in figure 10. Additionally, overexpression of /sc-operon depressed biotin production even more than overexpression of suf-operon. Taken together with the observed increase in biotin production seen in mutant strains having a single point mutation in iscR (figure 6), it is unlikely that the resulting de- repression of /sc-operon in these strains is the only/main reason for improved biotin production in those strains.

2.6 BioB protein contents correlates with biotin production To investigate the molecular effects of BioB overexpression in wild type and mutant background strains, proteomics measurements were carried out for a wild type background strain : BS1013 holding pBS430; a wild type iscR strain with a bioB production plasmid : BS1011 holding pBS412; and a mutant iscR strain with a bioB production plasmid : BS1353 holding pBS412. All strains were grown in mMOPS with 0.1 g/L DTB and 0.025 mM IPTG. The latter strain was additionally grown at 1 mM IPTG induction. Cells were harvested for proteomics analysis in exponential phase, while the remaining cell culture were kept incubating for 24 hours in total, before biotin production were measured using the bioassay described elsewhere. From the graph (figure 11) the measured BioB protein level strongly correlates with the biotin production (R ² value of 0.96). The linear correlation shows that facilitating enhanced BioB expression is a key to improve biotin production in IscR mutant cell factories. The ANOVA analysis of the proteomics data revealed a significant increase in expression (95% confidence interval, p-value of 0.00166) in additional 29 proteins. Among these are members of the /sc-operon (IscA and IscS) and suf-operon (SufB and SufS).

2.7 Biotin production is not enhanced in iscR knockout mutants

A translational knockout of the iscR gene was introduced into a BW25113 AbioB strain by MAGE, by converting the codon encoding glutamic acid on position 22 in iscR (E, GAA) into a stopcodon (*, TGA). Successful conversion of the codon was verified by PCR amplification of the region followed by Sanger sequencing. Strains with genes encoding wild type iscR, iscR knockout (E22*), and mutant iscR (C92Y) were transformed with IPTG-inducible bioB plasmid pBS412, and tested for biotin production in biological replicates (n = 3) grown in mMOPS supplemented with 0.1 g/l DTB and 50 g/I kanamycin at three different IPTG induction levels (0, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) as described above.

No significant differences in biotin production were observed between the iscR knockout (iscR KO) and the wild type iscR (iscR WT) strains when inducing bioB expression by IPTG induction. This provides evidence that knocking out iscR does not improve biotin production. Significant improvement in biotin production was again observed for the mutant iscR encoding IscR C92Y substitution as compared to both iscR WT and iscR KO strains.

2.8 De-novo biotin production is enhanced in iscR mutant strains of the invention

A BW25113 E. coli strain from which both the bioA gene and the entire biotin- operon ( bioB-bioD) were deleted and comprising either iscR WT, iscR H 107Y mutant or iscR C92Y mutant genes, were transformed with a tetracycline resistant plasmid, constitutively overexpressing the native E. coli bioA and biotin-operon, with a single point mutation in the bioO operator site (Type 9 mutation, Ifuku et al., 1993). Biotin production was evaluated for the three different strains in biological replicates (n = 4) in mMOPS (2 g glucose/1) with 10 μg/ml tetracycline with and without the addition of 0.1 g/l DTB as described above (figure 13).

A significant increase in biotin titers were observed for all three strains when the substrate, DTB, was added to the growth medium, indicating that the bioB enzyme reaction itself, converting DTB to biotin, is no longer a bottleneck for biotin production in these strains (figure 13). Furthermore, a significant increase in de-novo production of biotin from glucose was observed for both iscR mutant strains as compared to the iscR WT strain. On view of these results it may deduced that the mutant iscR strains of the invention all support enhanced biotin production from both the direct precursor, DTB, and from glucose.

Example 2: Engineering and characterization of genetically modified E. coli strains capable of enhanced lipoic acid production

The following strains of Escherichia coli used in the example are listed below. Table 3 : Strains

An IPTG-inducible transgene encoding LipA [SEQ ID No. : 103], cloned on plasmid pBS1037, was introduced into an E. coli host strain comprising the native iscR gene or into an E. coli host strain in which the native iscR gene was substituted by a mutant iscR gene encoding an IscR protein having an C92Y or H 107Y substitution, as described in Example 1; the two strains further comprising a knock-out of the bioB or HpA. The strains were cultured in mMOPS medium (as described in section 1.3) supplemented with 0.1 mM biotin (for AbioB strains), IPTG for induction of HpA expression and 0.6 g/l octanoic acid as substrate, for 24 hours at 37°C, before measuring of free lipoic acid in the supernatant. For NipA strains (BS1912 and BS2114, Table 3) growth was followed during the 24 hours of growth at 37°C.

Lipoic acid, produced by cultured cells of the described strains, was measured from the supernatant by means of a bioassay similar to the one described in section 1.6 using BS1912 comprising pBS451. The growth-based bioassay, for quantification of lipoic acid, was performed using an auxotrophic E. coli single ΔΓιρΑ mutant strain that is incapable of synthesizing lipoic acid (Herbert and Guest, 1975) (BS1912 comprising pBS451). Free lipoic acid concentrations in the supernatant were determined by measuring the growth of the lipoic acid auxotroph strain in a minimal media with 50 nN na-succinate as carbon source, supplemented with lipoic acid recovered from production strains, as the sole source of lipoic acid. A lipoic acid bioassay calibration curve was performed in parallel, where the auxotrophic stain was grown on minimal media, supplemented with a known concentration range of lipoic acid standards. The tests demonstrate that over-expression of a HpA gene in an E. coli strain comprising a gene encoding a mutant form of the IscR protein (IscR protein having an C92Y or H 107Y substitution) leads to both a more stable production and an 80% increase in the lipoic acid titer as compared to over-expression of the HpA gene in a parent E. coli strain comprising a gene encoding the native form of the IscR protein (Figure 14). Thus the standard deviation in the production titers of the iscR WT strain (BS1011 with pBS993) is 2.73, whereas it is 1.42 for iscR C92Y (BS1375 with pBS993) and as low as 0.11 for iscR H 107Y (BS1353 with pBS993) (see Table 1 for strain references). Based on the average production titers of the individual strains, lipoic acid production is improved l.79-fold in mutant strains compared to WT strain (see Figure 14). Overexpression of LipA showed a clear tendency to reduce the growth rate in response to increased induction of LipA by IPTG (darker shaded grey, figure 15) for both WT iscR strain (triangles, BS 1912 comprising pBS 1037) and iscR mutant strain (squares, BS2114 comprising pBS1037) . However, the growth rate for the WT iscR strain was more severely reduced as compared to the mutant iscR strain for all IPTG induction levels tested between 0.01 mM and 0.03 mM (see Figure 15). Example 3 Engineering and characterization of genetically modified E. coli strains capable of enhanced thiamine production

The following strains of Escherichia coli used in the example are listed below.

The thiamine pathway genes thiCEFSGHMD cloned on plasmid pBS 140, were introduced into an E. coli host strain (BS750) comprising the native iscR gene (as reference strain); as well as into derivatives of this reference strain in which the native iscR gene is substituted by a mutant iscR gene encoding an IscR protein having an C92Y or H 107Y substitution respectively (BS2019 and BS2020), as described in Example 1. The strains were cultured in mMOPS medium (as described in section 1.3) for 24 hours at 37°C in individual wells of a deep culture plate.

Extracellular and intracellular thiamine, TMP and TPP produced by the cultured cells of the described strains, was recovered and extracted as follows: 0.4ml_ of each culture were harvested at 4°C by centrifugation in the cultivation plate at 4000 x g for 5 minutes. All remaining steps are performed on ice. 40 μΙ_ of supernatant was gently removed for analysis of extracellular TPP, TMP and thiamine. After decanting the remaining supernatant; the culture plate was inverted to remove residual medium and then vortexed. ΙΟΟμί ice-cold HPLC grade methanol was added to each well of the culture plate; and the cells were vortexed again. After incubation on ice for a minimum of 20 minutes cell debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 4000 x g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was used as intracellular extract for further analysis. In order to detect TPP, TMP and thiamine using a fluorescence detector, the thiamine compounds produced by each culture were derivatized into thiochromes, which are strongly fluorescent. All steps were performed at room temperature. 40μΙ volumes of the extracellular and intracellular extracts was added to 80μΙ of 4M potassium acetate and mixed by pipetting. 40μΙ of freshly prepared 3.8mM potassium ferricyanide in 7M NaOH was added and mixed. The reaction was quenched by addition of 40μΙ freshly prepared 0.06% H ₂ 0 ₂ in saturated KH ₂ P0 ₄ . The extracts were neutralized by addition of 47μΙ_ 6M HCI and then analyzed by HPLC or direct fluorescence measurement using a Multiskan. All derivatized compounds were quantified using fluorescence standard curves of freshly prepared of TPP, TMP and thiamine standards that are derivatized to thiochromes in parallel with the analyzed extracts.

The tests demonstrate that over-expression of the thiamine pathway genes, which comprise the thiC gene and the thiH gene in combination with a TMP phosphatase gene (At5g32470), in host E. coli strains (BS2019 and BS2020) comprising a gene encoding a mutant form of the IscR protein (IscR protein having an C92Y or H 107Y substitution) leads to enhanced biosynthesis of thiamine, TMP and TPP, in particular thiamine, as compared to over- expression in host E. coli strain (BS750) comprising a gene encoding the native form of the IscR protein.

More specifically, the tests showed an increase of 1.43 fold in OD-normalized extracellular production of thiamines (thiamine, TMP and TPP) between a strain with WT iscR (BS750) and a strain encoding an iscR mutant (BS2020, H 107Y or BS2019, C92Y) when using pBS140 (figure 16).

Example 4 Overexpression of a flavodoxin/ferredoxin reductase (Fpr) and flavodoxin (FldA) reduction system to increase productivity of genetically modified E. coli strains capable of producing biotin

1 Methods

1.1 : The following strains of Escherichia coli used in the examples are listed below.

Table 7 : Strains

Name Description

BS1013 E. coli K-12 BW25113 parent strain having genotype: rrnB3 AlacZ4787 hsdR514 A(araBAD)567 A(rhaBAD)568 rph-1

BS1011 AbioB (JW0758-1) derived from E. coli K-12 BW25113

BS1353 BS1011 derivative comprising a H107Y mutation in iscR

BS1615 BS1011 derivative with additional deletion of AbioAFCD

BS1937 BS1615 derivative comprising pBS679 plasmid giving IPTG - inducible

BioB expression

BS2185 BS1615 derivative comprising pBS679 plasmid giving IPTG - inducible

BioB expression and pBS1112 giving constitutive FldA-Fpr expression

BS2707 BS1615 derivative comprising pBS679 plasmid giving IPTG - inducible

BioB expression and pBS1054 giving constitutive GFP expression The following plasmids used in the example are listed below.

Table 8 : Plasmids

An IPTG-inducible transgene encoding BioB was cloned on plasmid pBS679; a constitutively-regulated transgene encoding GFP was cloned on plasmid pBS1054; and a constitutively-regulated transgene comprising a synthetic operon encoding FldA-Fpr was cloned on plasmid pBS1112. pBS679 was introduced into an E. coli host strain (BS1615) in which the native iscR gene was substituted by a mutant iscR gene encoding an IscR protein having an H 107Y substitution, as described in Example 1, and further comprising a knock-out of the bioAFCD genes resulting in the strain BS1937. The strain BS1937 was then further transformed with either plasmid pBS1054 or pBS1112 resulting in the strains BS2707 (control strain) and BS2185, respectively.

The strains were cultured in mMOPS medium (as described in example 1.3) with appropriate antibiotic(s), O. lg/L DTB as substrate for BioB-mediated catalysis, and supplemented with either 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 or 0.1 mM IPTG for inducing expression of the BioB gene. The cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees C in individual wells of a deep well culture plate. End ODs were estimated, supernatants were harvested by centrifugation and biotin quantified from the supernatants by a biotin bioassay carried out as described in example 1.6.

As shown in figure 12 and figure 17 for strain BS1937, when BioB gene expression in E. coli cells comprising a genetically modified endogenous iscR gene, are induced with increasing concentrations of IPTG, the cells show a corresponding progressive increase in biotin production. Biotin production in these genetically modified cells is further enhanced by the co-expression of a transgene encoding FldA-Fpr (strain BS2185) when compared with its parent strain BS1937, and with a control strain expressing a transgene encoding GFP instead of FldA-Fpr.

Biotin production of of strain BS2185 comprising a gene encoding a mutant form of the IscR protein (IscR protein having an H 107Y substitution) and a plasmid for overexpression of BioB (pBS679) and FldA-Fpr genes (pBS1112) is 2.12-fold enhanced compared to the control strain BS1937 (no overexpression of FldA-Fpr genes) (figure 18).

References

Datsenko KA, Wanner BL. (2000) One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. ;97(12) : 6640-5.

Fleischhacker, A. S. et a/. (2012) Characterization of the [2Fe-2S] cluster of Escherichia coli transcription factor IscR. Biochemistry 51 : 4453-4462.

Giel, J. L., Rodionov, D., Liu, M., Blattner, F. R. & Kiley, P. J. (2006) IscR-dependent gene expression links iron-sulphur cluster assembly to the control of 02-regulated genes in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 60, 1058- 1075.

Herbert AA, Guest JR. ( 1975) Lipoic acid content of Escherichia coli and other microorganisms. Arch Microbiol. ; 106(3) :259-66. Epub 1975/12/31. pmid : 814874

Ifuku, O. et al. Sequencing analysis of mutation points in the biotin operon of biotin-overproducing Escherichia coli mutants. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57, 760-765 (1993).

Ifuku, O. et a/., (1995) "Molecular analysis of growth inhibition caused by overexpression of the biotin operon in Escherichia coli." Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 59(2) : 184-189.

Martin, J. E. & Imlay, J. A. (2012) Replication during periods of iron starvation. 80, 319-334. Py, B. & Barras, F. (2010) Building Fe-S proteins: bacterial strategies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 436-446.

Schmitt, A, Kochanowski K., Vedelaar S., Ahrne E., Volkmer B., Callipo L., Knoops K., Bauer M., Aebersold R., & Heinemann M., (2015) The quantitative and condition-dependent Escherichia coli proteome. Nature Biotechnology 2015; doi : 10.1038