CELL DESELECTION FOE NEW MADIO - UNLICENSED

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to ITS. Provisional Application No,62/874,796 hied July 16, 2019 and entitled METHODS OF TWO-STEP CELL RF-SELECTfON FOR NR-U. The disclosure of said application is hereby incorporated by reference m its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] The present application relates to wireless communication systems includingapparatuses, systems, atui methods for cell reflection in Mew Radio - Unlicensed (NR-U) systems. BACKGROUND

[0003] Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio -

Unlicensed (NR~U) targets efficient spectrum sharing between 5G Mew Radio (NR} and legacy wireless local area networks that Operate in unlicensed bands. For NR-U, when a primary ceil (PCeil) is operating in an unlicensed hand, a user equipment (U.E) in an idle or inactive stats may : need to perform a sell reseieerion in the «.«licensed hand.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0004] A better understanding of the present subject matter can he obtained when the following detailed description of various embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings.

[0005] Figure 1 Illustrates network. devils in accordance with some embodiments.

[0006] Figure 2 an operation ilow/algorithmic structure in accordance with some embodiments,

[0007] Figure 3 Illustrates an operation fiowMgoriihmic structure in accordance with some embodiments,

[0008] Figure 4 illustrates an operation fiow/a!gorithmic structure in accordance with some embodiments.

[0009] Figure 5 illustrates an opemtion flow /algorithmic structure in accordance with some embodfments.

[0010] Figure 6 illustrates an operation flow/algorithmk structure in accordance wife some embodiments.

[0011] Figure 7 illustrates an example arc!iifecitsre of a system in accordance with seine embodiments.

[0012] Figure 8 illustrates m example of a platform (or“device”) in accordance with some embodiments.

[0013] Figure 9 illustrates example components of a baseband circuitry aad radio frequency from end modules io abcordanee with some embodiments.

[0014] Figure 10 is a bioek diagram illustrating components able to read instructions from a tnuehlne-feadahle or computer-readable medium and perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein in accordance with some embodiments.

[0015] While the features described herein may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in fee drawings and are herein described in detail It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within She spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The following detailed: description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify fee same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth Such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of fee various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details, in certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods arc omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments wife unnecessary detail. For the purposes of fee present document, the phrase“A or ffr means (A), (B), or (A and B). [0017] The following is a glossary of terms that may be wsed in this disclosure:

[0018] The term“circuitry” as used herein refers to, is pari of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific integrated Circuit (ASIC), a fieid-programrnable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), :a complex FLB (CFLD), a high-capacity PLD (MCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoCb digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or: firmware programs to provide at least: some of the described funehonality The term“circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or mops- hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code in these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry,

[0019] The term“processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part oil or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or according, storing, and/or transferring digital data, The tens“processor circuitry” may refer to one or more applleatron processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. The terms application circuitry” andror“baseband circuitry” may he considered synonymous to, astd may he referred to as,“processor circuitry.”

[0020] The term“interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part ofi or includes circuitry that enables die exchange of information between two or more components or devices, The term“interface eircoihy” may refer to One or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interlace cards, and/or the like

[0021] The tern!“'user equipment” or“UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio eomraunfeafiors capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a comraimfeadons network. The term“user equipment” or“UE” may he considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal _; user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reeonflgnrable radio equipment, reconfigorable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term“uspr equipment” or“UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including: a wireless communications interface.

[0022] The term“network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualised equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless eommunieatfen network services. The term“network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtuaBaed VNF, NFVi, and/or the like,

[0023] The term“computer system” as used Sterein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term "‘computer system” and/or“system” may refer to various components of a: computer that am communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term“computer System'’ and/0r '"system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with oue another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources,

[0024] The term‘appliance,”“computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (c,g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource, A“virtual applianee” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualises or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource,

[0025] The term“resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component, within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, pmcessor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input-output operations, ports or network sockets, ehasmel/hnk allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like, A“hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element^), A“virtualised resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc, The term“network resource” or“communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systoms via a communications network, The terra“system resources”«say refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, ami may include confuting and/or network resources, System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions,aetwork data objects or services, accessible through a server where snch system resoumes resideon a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

[0026] The terra“ehannef* as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or mtengible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term banner may be synohyntous with and/or eqoivaientto '‘communications channel/ ^’ ’“data communications channel/’“transmission diannel/’“data transmission channell “access channel,”“data access channel/’“link/'“data link/’“carrier,”“radioirequeney carrier’ and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is eommtmicated. Additionally, the term“link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices thmogh a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information,

[0027] The terms“instantiate/’“instantiation/ ^· and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An“instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

[0028] The terms“coupled,”“communicatively coupled/’ along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term“coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two of more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term“directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one Another, The term“communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more dements may be in contact with one another By a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like,

[0029] Tbn term“information element” refers to a structural clement containing due or more fields. The terra“field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content,

Figure I Illustrates a network environment 100 in accordance with some embodiments. The network environment 100 may include a HE 104 and a plurality of access nodes (ANs), for example, AN 108, AN 112, and AN 1 16, [0031] Each AN may provide one more serving ceils to provide cellular service to connected UEs For example, AN 108 may provide serving cell 110, AN 112 may provide serving cell 114, and AN 116 may provide serving cell 1 18, While one serving cell is shown per AN, in various embodiments each AN may provide a plurality of serving cells including a primary cell (PCeSl) and one or more secondary cells (SCelis), In some embodiments, the serving cells may have carrier frequencies located in an unlicensed portion of the spectrum and the network environment may operate, at least partially, in an NR-U system.

[0032] The UE 104 may include a radio resource control (RRC) state machine that performs operations related to a variety of ERC procedures including, for example, paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection reconfiguration, and RRC connection release. The ERC state machine may be implemented by protocol processing circuitry, see, for example, baseband circuitry 710 and 810 of Figures 7 and 8.

[0033] The .RRC slate machine may transition the UE into one of a number of RRC states

(or“modes*’} including, for example, a connected state (RRC connected), an inactive state (RRC inactive), and an idle state (RRC idle). The UE 104 may start in RRC idle when it first camps on a 5G cell, for example, cell 110. This may be after the HE 104 has been switched on or after an inter-system cell reselection from a Long Term Evolution (LTE) cell.

[0034] To engage in active communications, the RRC state machine may transition the UE 104 from RRC idle to RRC connected by performing an RRC setup procedure to establish a logical connection 120, for example, an RRC connection 120, with the AN 108. In RRC connected, the UE 108 may be configured with at least one signaling radio hearer (SRB) for signaling (for example, control messages) with the AN 108; and one or more data radio bearers (DRBs) for data transmission.

[0035] When the UE is less actively engaged in network communications, the RRC state machine may transition the UE 104 from RRC connected to RRC inactive using an RRC release procedure. The RRC inactive state may allow the UE 104 to reduce power consumption as compared to RRC connected, but wifi still allow the UE 104 to quickly transition back to RRC connected to transfer application data or signaling messages.

[0036] While in RRC idle or RR.C inactive, the RRC state machine may manage mobility by performing a cell reselection in the event signal metrics from the serving cell 1 10 fell below predetermined thresholds. I» general, the U E 104 may measure signal metrics from a plurality of neighbor cells and select one or more of the neighbor cells as candidates for the reselection. Candidates of equal priority may be ranked based on signal metrics such as, tor example, reference signal receive power (RSP) reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-iBierforence plus noise ratio (S1NR), etc. The UE 104 may select one of the candidate cells, for example, cell 1 14 or 116, as a target eel! for cell reselection. If one or more signal metrics from the target cell are over a predetermined threshold for a predetermined; period of time, the UE 104 may complete the cell reselcetion,

[0037] For MR-th when the FCell Is operating In an unlicensed band, the cell reseleetsuo from RRC idle or ERG inactive may he applied by the UE 104 in the unlicensed band. In some instances, the neighbor cells operating in the unlicensed hand may he ffexu different operatorsbelonging to different public land mobile networks (PLMNs), This may present a challenge for the UE 104 to have robust cell reselection iu unlicensed bands. For example, if the UE 104 rcselccts to a cel! that belongs to a different PLMN in which the HE 104 is not registered, fee cell reselcetion would fell. Accordingly, various embodiments describe techniques to improve success rates fot cell reselection in NR--U.

[0038] In some embodiments, the UE 104 may engage in a two-step (or '‘stage' } ceil reselcetion procedure for NR-U. As will be described in more detail below, the second stage, which is optional in some embodiments, may invol ve checking the PEMN associated willy target cell before performing a resdeetion to the target cell These embodiments may improve a success rate far Ulfeai.de cell re-seiection in an unlicensed band, even in the presence of uncoordinated neighboring cells belonging to different PLMHs being in within that baud.

[0039] Aspects of the embodi ments deseri bed herein may be implemented through devices or components performing openftion ffewsMgoriihmie structures. Figures 2 - 6 illustrate some operation flows/algorithmic structures in accordance with some embodiments. Some or all of the details pf Figures 2 - 6 may be performed by a UE, for example, UE 104 of Figure 1 or UEs 701 a or 701 h of Figure ?; components, for example, baseband circuitry 810/910 of Figures 8/9, or radio front end modules 815/915 of Figures 8/9; or processors 1012/1014 and roemory/storage devices 1050 of Figure 10.

[0040] Figure 2 illustrates an operation flow/algorithrnic structure 200 for a two-stage cell reselection to improve cell resefeetion performance In accordance some embodiments. [0041] The operation ffow/a!ftorithmle structure 200 includes a fast stage 204 and a secant! stage 208, Generally, the first stage 204 involves selection of a target cell while the second stage 2Q8 involves a pro- check of the PLMN information of the target cell,

[0042] in the first stage 204, at 208, the Operation ilowfolgorithmic structure 200 may include detecting and measuring a set of neighboring cell candidates. in various embodiments, the tiE may rhea sore or otherwise obtain measurament quality metrics for assessing neighbor ceils for cdi reselection, These measurement quality metrics may include any combination of, ibr example, RSRP, RSRQ, Si NR, etc,

[0043] in some embodiments, tire RRC layer may direst lower layers to _. perform the detecting and measuring of tire neighbor eel! candidates. For example, a Layer 1 (LI ) of the UE 104 may perform Li measurements on synchtouixaiion signal/phy steal broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blocks of neighbor cells Because reselection is to change a serving ceil, the Li measurements may he cell-level measurements, rather than beam-level measurements.

[0044] The cell-level measurements may he, derived Ifom one or more beam level measurements based on parameters hmadcast within a system information block (SIB) 2 or SIB 4 of source ceil for purposes of cdi reselection. These parameters may include a number of $$- blocks to average, ttm0$~8locksToAvemge, which may range ftom 2 ~ I d, for example, and absolute threshold SS-blqeks consolidation, absIhreshSS-BtoehC^moHdatum, which may be a value range from O - 127 snapped onto an RSRP or RSRQ value. The cell level measurement may _, he defined as a linear average of up xm/SS-BfoeksToAventge beams that have the strongest measurement results that exceed ihf -absTkfeahSS-B!oekiCQnsolidaUon threshold. If less than nr0fi$S~&l(wksToAvemgeb®&iXi$ exceed the absThreshSS _' BhcksCms&Maikm threshold, only the beams that exceed the threshold utay be averaged. If no beams exceed the threshold, the cell level result may be set equal fo She strongest beam level result,

[0045] In some embodiments. If the UE 104 is not configured with nmfSS-

SlackslhAverage and ahsThreshSS-BlocbCmsoBdaibn parameters, the !J E 104 may use tho measurement from the strongest beam as the ceil level measurement

[0046] The first stage 204 may also include, at 216, preselecting foe target ceil based on the measurement metrics. In various embodiments, the preselection of the target cell may include a preliminary deeisfon of determining that reselection from the etmohfsemng ceil is to occur and further deterommg which of a number of candidate neighbor cells will be die target of the cell rese!ection process {hereinafter "target cel ),

[0047] in some embodiments, the eelHevei LI measurements collected in 212 may be filtered at Layer 3 {1,3} to detect one or moi'e events related: to comparing serving or target cell measurements to various thresholds. These events may include an A2 event, which may fee triggered when the serving ceil becomes worse than a threshold ^* an A3 event, which may fee triggered when a neighboring cell becomes better titan a special cell (for example, the FCell of a master cell group or a secondary cell group) by an offset; or an,A4 event, which may bo triggered when a neighboring cell becomes better than a threshold,

[0048] The second stage 208 may Include, at 220, decoding a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB) 1 of the target cell and extracting Pi, Mbs information of the target cell. The target cell may broadcast system information using the MIB and a series of SlBs. Minimum system information (MSI) may be transmitted in the MIB and the SIB 1 , with the SIB I. specifically carrying remaining minimum system information (RMSi), The remaining SIB s, for example SIBs 2 - 9, may carry other system information (OSI)

[0049] The MIB may he transmitied using the BCCB logical channel, BCM transport ehatme!, and PBCH physical channel. The SIB 1 may he transmitted using the BCCH logical ehanne, the DL-SCH transport chasm e!, and the FDSCH physical channel,

[0050] The BE 104 may acquire the MIB based on information provided by current serving cell (in, for example, a S!B4 transmission) regarding global synchronization ehanne! numbers (GSCN) of neighbor cells. In embodiments in which the UE 104 does not have a current serving cell !he MIB may be acquired by scanning a set of GSCNs and discovering an SS/PBCB block. The MIB may be found directly on the PBCH without relying on any resource allocations on the PDCCH, The UE 194 may decode foe MIB to discover information regarding a control resource set (CORBSET) and search space used by the PDCCH when making: a resource allocation for the SIB ! in the FDSCH, In this manner, the UE 104 may determine the signaling parameters (for example, time offset, frequency (for example, component earner), transmission mode, etc,) for receiving the SIB I,

[0051] Upon receiving and decoding the SIB I , the UE 104 may extract the PLMN information from the decoded SIB ! bits. The PLMN information may be included in a eel! access related mfbrm&llon, ceiMccessliehfedlnfb^ information element (IE) in the SIB 1 , The ceilAccessRiilaiedinfb IE may Include FLMN identities associated with the broadcasting cell. Each FLMN identity may he defined by its mobile coosty code (MCC) and mobile network code (MNC). individual FLMN identities may be associated wh!h a tracking arw code (TAC). RAN area code (RANAC), eel! identity. and: dag to indicate whether or not the cell is reserved for operator use.

[0052] The UE 1.04 may compare die FLMN information from the SIB ! of the target cell to PLAIN information associated with the serving cell. In some embodiments, the FLMN associated with the serving cell may have been previously acquired from a S1B.1 transmitted by The serving gNB.

[0053] ifithe UB 104 determines, at 228, that a FLMN identity from thoPLMN information of the target eel! matches, for example, is identical to, & FLMN identity from the FLMN information of the source cell, the operation fiow/algonthmic structure 2:00 may advance to applying a ceil reseieetiPrrto the target cell at 232. hi sonie embodlnienift, this may include, among oilier things, the HE transmitting a random access channel to the: gNB of the target cell to access the target cell and establish an RRC connection,

[0054] lfthe UE 104 determines, at 228, that a FLMN identity from the FLMN information of the target cell does not match, for example, is not identical to, a FLMN identity from the FLMN information of the soured cell, The operation f!ow/aigoriilnntc structure 200 may revert to the first stage 204, for example, detecting: and measuring a set of neighboring cell candidates at 212, In seme embodiments, if the measurement metrics obtained at 212 have not expired, the operation flow/aigotiihmle structure 200 may revert back to preselecting another target cell at 216 based on the previously obtained information.

[0055] Figure 3 illustrates an operation i!ovNalgoriihmic structure 300 for a one- or twestage cell reselection to improve cell reselection m accordance with some embodiments.

[0056] The operation fiow/algorithmk structure 3QQ may include a first stage 304 and a second stage 308, The second stage 308 may be an option that will be performed In some scenarios.

[0057] Similar to like-named operations of the first stage 204, the first stage 304 may

Include detecting and measuring a set of neighboring cell candidates at 312 and preselecting the target cel! based on the measurement metrics at 316. [0058] Following the first stage 304, the operation flow/aigorithmic structure 300 may include, at 31 $, decoding the M1B of the target cell and extracting SJB1 configuration. As discussed above, the MIB may include information related to the SIB I configuration including, tor example, timing and other location information of the SIB! transmissions.

[0059] At 322, the operation flow/aigorithmic structure 322 may include determining whether the SlB l is co-locafed with a DRS of the target cell. The DRS may correspond to the SS/PBCH blocks that the UB 104 processes for the purposes oh tor example, acquiring the ,M IB, performing cell measurements and discovery, etc. If the SlB l is colocated with the DRS, for example, m the DRS block: or within a predefined time interval front the DRS block, the UE 104 may also proceed with SIB 1 decoding quickly slier having received the DRS from the associated candidate cell. Thus, if it is determined af 322, that the SIB! is codocated wills the DRS of the target ceil, the operation Row/atgoriihmk structure 300 may proceed to the second stags 308,

[0060] The second stage 308 may include decoding the SlBl of the target eel! and extracting FLMN mlrirmaiion of the target cell, at 320, and comparing: the extracted FLMN information of the target cell with the FLMN information of the source: cell at 324, Following extraction ofthe PLMN information, the UE may determine whether a FLMN ID associated with target ceil Is the same as: FLMN ID associated with the source cell at 328 and either advance to applying the cell reseiectfon at 332 or loop back to operations of the first stage 304. The operations at 320, 324, and 328 may be similar to respective operations described in 220, 224, and 228 of Figure 2,

[0061] If the SIB! is not co-loeared with the DRS of the target cell, for example, if the

SlBl allocation is further than a predefined timing threshold from the DF$ block, if may be that the added assurance of She pre-selection FLMN cheek may not be worth the extra time: needed to also decode the SSBL Thus, in some embodiments, if it is determined, at 322, that the SlBl Is not eo-loeated with the DRS of the target cell, the operation flow/aigorithmic structure 300 may skip the second stage 308 to bypass the extm time needed to decode the S!B l and proceed directly to applying the reseiection at 332. In the event that the target cell Is not associated with a compatible FLMN, the resdection may fail after the target cell does not respond to the UB ^' s random access channel transmission. After which, the UE may attempt reseleefion with another candidate ceil,

[0062] Figure 4 illustrates an operation flow/aigorithmic structure 400 lor a two-stage cell reseiection in accordance with some embodiments, [0063] The operation fiow/aigomkmic struclure 400 may include, at 404, measuring oneø* more qualify metrics for a set of candidate cells that are candidates for eel! re-selection in oae or more unlicensed bands of an NR-U network. The one or more qualify metrics, as discussed above, may include, for example, one or more of an RSRP, an R8RQ, or an SiNR.

[0064] The operation ftow/aigorithone structure 400 may further include, at 408, selecting a first candidate ceil of the set of candidate cells based on foe measured one or mom quality metrics. For example, the candidate cell with the quality metrics that indicate the highest quality among the set of candidate cells may be selected,

[0065] The operation fiow/a!gonforok structure 400 may further include, at 412:, determining a first PLMN associated with the first candidate cell. The first PLMN may be determined by decoding SIR ! of the first candidate cell to extract PLMN Information in some embodiments, the !JB may decode an MΪB of the first candidate cell, and may decode: the SIR bused ort information in the MIR as discussed above,

[0066] The operation ffow/aigoriihrnie structure 400 may forther include, at 416, comparing the first PLMN a current PLMN of a source ceil in some embodiments, the target or source cell may be associated with more than one PLMN, For example, a cell may be associated with a plurality of PLIvINs and the cell may broadcast a list of the IDs of the PLMNs in Us S IS I transmissions. In these embodiments, foe comparing at 416 may include determining whether any PLMNs associated with foe first candidate cell is also associated with the source cell

[0067] The operation fiow/algoritbmie structure 400 may further include, at 420, determining whether to perform eel! re-selection from the source ceil to the first candidate cell based on the comparison at 4 lb. For example, cell re-selection may be perfonned If the first PLMN is foe same as the current FLMN (or if a PtMN associated with the first candidate cell is also associated with the source cell), if the first PtMN k different .from foe current PLMN for if a PtMN associated with the first candidate ceil is not also associated with the source cell), the cell re-selection to the first candidate cell may not be perforated, instead, the UB may select a second candidate ceil from foe set of candidate cells (lor example, based on the measured one or more quality metrics and/or updated measurements of the one or mom quality metrics). The UE 104 may then repeat the operations of 412, 416, and 420 for the second candidate ceil.

[0068] Figure 5 illustrates an operation fiow/algontemie structure 500 in accordance wi th some embodmients.

[0069] lift some embodiments, the operation flow/ algorithmic structure $#0 may be initiated upon an Initial determination Awarding the stains: of a current serving cell For example, if a quality of the current serving cell as measured by one or more quality metrics, fails below a predetermined threshold for a predetermined period of time, some or ail die operation flow/algon&mlc structure may be implemented by a UE.

[0070] Once initiated, die operation ilow/algornhmk structure 50b may Include, at 504. selecting a target eel! front one or more candidate cells based on a measured quality metric. As discussed above, the UE may measure signals, for example, SS/PBCiH signals, from various neighbor ceils to determine qual ity metrics related to, or otherwise based on, R.SE.P, RSRP, SINR, etc. Eased ou these metrics, the UE may select one target cell from one or more candidate cells for cell reseleetion.

[0071] The operation ilow/slgoritboue structure 500 may further include, at $08, decoding a MJB to extract SIB I information related to die target cell, The MIB, which may be transmitted in the FBCH of the target cell, may provide information related to configuration of the SIB (1st example, the time/ffequeocy resources on which the SIB I is transmitted),

[0072] The operation dow/aigorifbroie structure 500 may further include, at 512, determining whether to perform a cell reseleetion from (he source cell to the target call based on the SIB I information.

[0073] In some embodiments, the SIB I information may simply be location information

(for example, time allocation information) of ^’ die SIBl . This location information may allow the UE to determine whether or not the B!Bl is co~ioeated with a DBS (or SS/P8CM) of the target coll. To sletermiue whether the SIBl is co-Ioeated with the DBS, the UE may compare Che SIB 1 time allocation information with the DBS time allocation information, if a difference between the two time allocations is below a predefined threshold, the SIB! may be considered to be oo-locafed with the 1>R.S. The UE may either pre-check PLMN information or proceed directly to eel! reselection based on the determination of whether the SIB! is co-located with the DBS, This may be similar to That described above with respect to operation 322 of Figure 3,

[0074] In other embodiments, the SIB ? information upon which the UE bases determination at 512 may include additional/altersstive ίhίohhMίoh snob as, but not limited to, FLMN information extracted from the $181. transmission itself. This may he the ease if fee UE performs a two-stage cell reselection procedure (as shown in Figure 2, for example) or determines that tire SIB] is eo-loeaied wife the DBS (or SS/PBCH) in the optional two-stage cell reselection procefenc (as shown in Figure 3, for example).

[0075] Thus, in some embodiments, if the LIB detects a first condition (tor example, SIBI not co-Ioeated wife DBS or both fee target and source cells are associated wife common PLMN) it may proceed to apply preselection to fee target cell. If the first condition relates to the co-ioeation of fee SIBI /DBS and is not 1st some cases, if fee first condition is not presenfeased on system information, feat a first condition is (for example, th. The first conditio» may be t and may apply a reselection to a target cell

[0076] Figure 6 illustrates an operation fiow/algorifemie structure 600 in accordance with some embodiments.

[0077] The operation liow/aigorithmic: structure 600 may include, at 604, initiating a cell reselection procedure. I n some embodiments, the procedure may be initiated, ifafe an RRC idle or RRC inactive state, when the UB detects that one or more quality metrics associated wife a serving cell are below a predetermined threshold, in some embodiments, fee metrics may also need to be below the threshold for a predetermined period of lime for the LB to initiate fee ceil reseleetion procedure·.

[0078] The operation flow/algofitftmic strtseture 600 may further include, at 600, selecting a target cell for reseiection. The selection of the target cell may be done in a manner similar to the operations described above with respect to 216 of Figure 2, for example.

[0079] The operation ftow/aigorithmie structure 600 stay further include, at 612, acquiring system information related to the target cell in some embodiments, the system information acquired in this operation may Include SIBI time allocation in&rmafiosr acquired from the MIB or BLMN information acquired from the SIB I ,

[0080] The operation ilow/s!gorithmic structure 609 may further Include, at 616, detecting a .network condition based on fee acqfered system information. The network condition detected at 616 may be the son-codocafiowof the SIBI and a DRS of fee target cell. In other embodiments, the network condition detected at 616 may be that both the source cell and fee target cell are associated wife a common FLMN. This may be detected by comparing target cell FLMN information (acquired from the SIB 1) wife source ceil PLMN information.

[0081] The operation tlow/algorlihynie slriteiurc 600 may further include, at 620, applying the cell reseleciion based on the defected network doMMon. Application of fee cell teselection si 332 may be similar to operations described above wife respect to 332 of Figure 3.

[0082] Turning now to Figure 7, so example architecture of a system 700 of a network is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system 700 that operates in conjunction with 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications, for example. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard, and the described embodiments rosy apply to other networks feat benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g,, Sixth Generation (6G>) systems or other wireless networks.

[0083] As shown by Figure 7, fee system 700 includes UB 701 a and UB 70 lb (collectively referred to as‘UEs 70G’), In this example, IJEs 701 are illustrated as smartphones (e,g, _< handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to orse or more cellular networks) but may also comprise my mobile or nwwnohile computiug device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsels, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (WI), in-ear entertainment (ICE) devices, an: instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), eleetronic/engine control units (ECUs), eleeirsoie/engine control modules (BCMs), embedded systems, mteroeontoa!iers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or“smarfe appliances, MTC devices, M2M, loT devices, and/or the like,

[0084] in some embodiments, any of fee UEs 701 may be internet of Things (loT) UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power loT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections, An loT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data wife an MTC server or device via a PEfyfN, ProSe or D2D comtmmiearion, sensor networks, or loT networks, lire M2M or MTC exchange of data may he a machine-initiated exchange of data. An !oT network describes: interconnecting loT UEs, which may include uniquely identlSable embedded computing devices (within the Internet mfrastraeture), whit short-lived connections. Tire loT UEs may execute background applications (for example, keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the loT network,

[0085] The UEs 701 aiay be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with a Radio Access Network (RAN) 710. in embodiments, the RAN 710 may be an NG RAN or a 3G RAN, As used herein, the term“NG RAN or the like may refer to a RAN ^" 10 that operates in m NR or SG system 700, The UHs 701 otiiiae connections (or channels) 703 and ?04 respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications fnferiaec or layer,

[0086] In this example, the connections 703 and 704 are illustrated as an air interface to enable eonimumeafive coupling, and cars he consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a 3GPP 5<¾NR protocol or any of the other communications protocols discussed hereto. In embodimen!s, the UEs 701 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 705. The ProSe interlace 705 may alternatively he referred to as a sidelink ($L) interlace 705.

[0087] The UE 70 lb is shown in be configured! to access an access point (AP) 706 (also referred to as“WLAN node 7Q6,”“WLAN 706 *“WLAN Termination 706,” WT 706” or the like) vis connection 707. The connection 707 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802, 1 1 protocol, wherein the AP 706 would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi#) router. In this example, the AP 706 is shown to be connected to the Interact without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in farther detail below ¹ ). In various embodiments, the UE 70 lb, RAN 710, and AT 706 may he configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWiP operation.

[0088] The RAN 710 can include oseor more access nodes (Aids) orRAN nodes 71 la and

711 b (collectively referred to as“RAN nodes 71 1”) that enable ihe connections 703 and 704. As used herein, the terms“access node,”“access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions lor data and/or voice eanueoiivrty between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can he referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, oNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TfixFs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e,g,, terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e,g„ a ceil ⁾ . As used herein, the term“NG RAN node” or the tike may refer to a RAH node 71 1 that Operates in ad NR or 5G system 700 (for example a gNB), and the term“E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a

RAN node 711 that operates in an I..TE or 4G system (e.g„ an eNB). Aecordmg to various embodiments, tbe RAN nodes 71 1 may be implemented as one or swore of a dedicated physical device sueh as a macroedl base stahon, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing ferntoee!Is, picocelis ©f other like cells .having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared t© macrocells,

In vehicle-to-everything (Y2X) scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes 71 1 may he or set as a road-side unit (RSU l An RSU may refer t© arty transportation infrastructure entity used for V23£ communications, An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UB, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a“UE-type RSUT an RSU implemented in orby as eNB may be referred to as an "WB-type RSUT an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a ^gNB-type RSU,’' and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle _: UEs 70S (vU.Es), The RSU may also include internal data storage ehcuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian Raffle. The RSU may operate on the 5,9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required lor high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the ESU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services, Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing deviee(s _.) and some or all of the radioffequency eircoitty of the RSU may he packaged in a weatherproof enc losure sui table for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection :{c,g. _» Ethernet) to a: traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network

[0090] Any of fee RAN nodes ?! 1 can terminate: the air interface protocol and can be fee first point of contact for the UEs ?0!. in some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 71 I can fulfill various logical functions fer the RAN 710 including, but not limited: to, radio network controller CRNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management: and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

[0091] In embodiments, the UEs 701 can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or wife any of the RAN nodes 71 1 over a mnlticarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (c.g., for downlink communications) or a SC- FDMA communication technique (e,g,, for uplink and FroSe of sideiink comnumiciitfons), although foe: scope of the embodiment is not limited in this respect. The OFDM; signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcamers.

[0092] In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid ears be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 73 1 to foe IJEs 701 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can he a iime-lrequency grid, called a resource grid or iime- frequeney resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot Such a time- frequency plane representation is a common practice for orthogonal frequency division mtdfrpfox {OFDM} systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation, Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest hme~freque«cy unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can he allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks,

[0093] According to various embodiments, the UEs 701 and the RAN nodes 711 communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium {also referred to as the "licensed spectrum and/or the ""licensed band") and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the ""unlicensed spectrum"' and/or the‘"unlicensed band”).

[0094] To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, for example, in NR-IJ systems, the UEs 701 and foe RAN nodes 711 may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or leLAA mechanisms, lu these implementations, the UEs 701 and the RAN nodes 711 may perform, one or mom known medium- sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prfor to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/oamer sensing operations may be performed according to a listsn-before-ialk (LSI ^' ) protocol,

[0095] As discussed above, LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs 7(11 RAN nodes: 71 1 , etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel of earner frequency) and transmits when ihe medium is sensed to be idle (dr when a specific channel, in the medium is sensed to be Unoceupied), The medium sesteing operation may include clear channel assessment (CCA), which uuitees at least energy detection (ED) to determine the presence or absence of other signals OH a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear, This LET mechanism allows cellnlar/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configurer! threshold.

[0096] The RAM nodes 71 1 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 712, The interface 712 may be an Xn interface 712 The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 7 P (e,g., two or more, gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC 720, between a RAN node ? ! I (e.g., a gNB) connecting io 5CJC 720 and an oNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to SOC 720 In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xu user ptene: (Xn~U) interface and an Xn control plane {Xn-C} interface·; The Xn-U may provide non-- guarartteed delivery of user plane PDiJs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support lor UE 701 in a connected mode (e.g,, CM- CQNXECTED} including functional! iy to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 71 1 , The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAM node 71 i to new (target) serving RAN node 71 1; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 71 1 to new (target) serving RAN node 70, A protocol stack of the Xn-li may include a transport network layer built on internet Protocol (IF) transport layer, and a OTP-U layer os top of a UDF and/or IF layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack stay include as application layer signaling protocol (referred io as X» Application Protocol (Xn-AP)} and -a transport network layer that is built on SCTF. The SCTP may be os top of an IF layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. hi the transport IF layer, point- io-polnt transmission Is used to deliver foe signaling FBlls. to other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane atid/or control plane protocol staek(s) shown and described herein,

[0097] The RAM 710 is shown to he communicatively Coupled to a core network- -in this embodiment, core network (CM) 720, The CM 720 may comprise a plurality of network elements 722, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to eustomers/subserihers (e,g., users of UEs 701 ) who ere connected to the CN 720 via foe RAM 710, The components of the CN 720 may be implemented in me physical node or separate physical nodes including compooenla to read and execute: iostmciions fiom a msdfete-reaiiabje or computer readable medium (e.g,, a nonAransitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, network function virtualization (NPV) may pc utilised to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable mstnsetkms stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CM 720 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 720 may be referred· to as a network suh-sllee, NFV architectures and inirastrnetnffis may be used to virtualise one or «tore network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or .^configurable implementations of one or more EPC eompanems/furseiions.

[0098] Generally, the application server 730 may be an element offering applications feat use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc. f The application server 720 can also be configured to support one or mote communication services (e.g,, VoIP sessions, PIT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UBs 701 via the CN 720.

[0099] In embodiments, the CN 720 may be a 5GC (referred to as“5GC 720” or fee like), and the RAN 7 JO may be connected wife the CN 720 via an NQ interface 713, In embodiments, the NG interfeee 713 may he split Into two parts, an NO user plane (NG-U) interface 714, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 71 1 and a OFF, and the S I control plane (NG-C) interface 715, which is a signaling Interlace between fee RAN nodes 71 1 and AMPs,

[00100] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a piatfbnn SCO (or "‘device 80(T) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform 800 may be suitable for use as UEs 701 and/or any other elemeoFdeviee discussed herein. The platform 800 may include any combinations of the components shown in the: example. The components of platform 800 may be implemented as integrated circuits (iCs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 800, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of Figure B is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 800. However, some of the components shown may he omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components iwo may occur in oilier n»jpleme»tatlo»s.

[00101] Application eireoifey 80S includes eimuilry such as, bt® uot limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory,. and one or more of L!X>s, interrupt controllers, serial interlaces, universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, UbKa'-eounters: includinginterval and watchdog timers, general purpose !/(>, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MiPI® interfaces, aneUTAG test access ports. The processors (or coses) of the application circuitry 805 may be coupled with or stay include rnenmry/stomge elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored m the memoryMorage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system Processors of the application circuitry XSi0S/XS2£iS and processors of the baseband circuitry 810 may be used to execute elements of one or more Instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 010, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 8, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the appS icatksii eirrnltry 804 may utilise data (e,g. packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 hmetsonabiy (e.g,, TCP and UDP layers), As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a ERC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprisea MAC layer, a» RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a OE/EAN node, described in further detail below.

[00102] In some implementations, the memory/storoge elements may be on-chip memory ctrenifey, which may Include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, BBPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein

[00103] The pspcesspr(s) of application circuitry 80S may include, tor example, one or mere processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more graphic processing units (OPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computer (RISC) poeessors, one or more Arm processors, one or more complex instruction set computer (CISC) processors, one or more DSPs, one or more ikld-ptogrammabk gate arrays (FPGAs), one dr more PLDs, one or shore ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra -low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof In some embodiments, the application circuitry 805 may comprise, or may he, a special-purpose proeessorfeantrolter to operate according to the various embodiments herein. [00104] As examples, the processor^) of application circuitry SOS may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, suck as a Quark™, an Atotu™, an i3, an IS, an 17, or an MCli-class processor, or another suck processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, The processors of the application circuitry 805 may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices f AMD) Ryzen® processors} or Accelerated Processing Units ⁽ APUs); A5-A9 processor{s) fom Apple® Inc,, Snapdragon™ proeessof(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc,, Texas Instruments, Inc ® Open Multimedia Applications Platform. (OMAR)™ proeessor(s); a MI PS -based design from MIPS Teehuologies, Inc, such as MIPS Warrior M-elass, Warrior i-c!ass. and Warrior F-elass processors; an Arm-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex ~M family of processors; or the like, in some implementations, the application circuitry 805 may be a pari Of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry S05 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation.

[00105] Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 895 may include circuitry such as, but not limi ted to, one or more FPDs sucli as FPO As and the like; FLDs such as complex PLDs

(CPLDs;, high-capacity PLDs (HCPLPsk and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs iPSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may he programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, dorsetions, £tc. -of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may inclode nteroory cells soeh as EPROM, EBP.ROM, flash memory, s!atic memory (e g,, SRAM, anifrfoses, etc,)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in LUTs and the like,

[00106] The baseband circuitry 810 may be implemented, for example, m a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit hoard or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits,

[00107] The RFEM 815, which may also be referred to as“radio front end circuitry™ may comprise a mtnWavo RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave RFICs In some implementations, the cue or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from dm mmWsve RFEM. The RFICs tmy include connections to one or mom antennas or antenna arrays, and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be Implemented in the same: physical jRFBM 815, which incorporates both ffiffiWave antennas and sub-roraWave,

[00108] The memory chtuitry 820 may include any pumb&t and type of memory devices used to provide for a. given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry $20 may include one or more of volatile memory including RAM, DRAM, and/or SDRAM, and NVM including high-speed electrically erasable- memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), PRAM, MRAM, etc. The memory circuitry 820 may be developed io accordance with a JEDBC LPDDR -based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like, Memory circuitry 820 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SOP), DDF or Q17P, socketed memory modules, DlMMs including mieroDIMMs or MlmDlMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BOA), In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 820 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 805. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 820 may Include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter aha, a SSDD, HDD, a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among Others; For example, the computer platform 800 may incorporate the XPCIINT memories Dorn Intel® and Micron®,

[00109] Removable memory circuitry 823 may include devices, circuitry, eoelosums/honsings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable date storage devices with the platform 800. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., SD cards, mieroSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

[00110] The platform 8(10 may also include Interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 800. The external devices connected to the platform 800 via the; interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 821 and electro-mechanical components (BMCs) 822, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 823.

[00111] The sensor circuitry 821 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information ( sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors Include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMlis) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or Magnetometers; micmelectmmeebaBiciil systems (MEMS) or B moeieetmffieehanicai systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers. 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors {e.g,, thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g,, cameras or fensfess apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g,, infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc.

[00112] EMCs 822 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform 800 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs 822 may be configured to generate and send messagssGignahng to other components of the platform 800 to indicate a current state ofthe EMCs 822. Examples of the EMCs 822 include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), aeMators (e.g., valve actuators, etc,), au audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, books, and/or other like electrcmuecbaroe&! components in embodiments platform 800 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 822 based on one or more capturpd events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients,

[00113] In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 800 with positioning circuitry 845. The positioning circuitry 845 Indudes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitied/broadcaslcd by a positioning network of a GNS$. Examples of navigationsatellite; constellations (or GN5S) include United: S miss ^: GPS, Russia's GLONASS, the European Union's Galileo system, China's BesDou Navigation Satellite- System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g,, NAVIC), Japan's QZ8S, France’s DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 845 comprises various hardware elements (e.g„ including hardware devices sock as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like: to facilitate OTA communications} to communicate whh components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 845 may include a Micro-PNT 1C that uses a master timmg clock to perform position traekiug/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning drcuiiry 845 may also be pari of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 810 and/or RFEMs 815 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The; positioning circuitry 845 xmy also provide position data aml/or time data to the application circuitry 805, which may use the data to synehronixe operations wits various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for tum-by-turn navigation applications, or the like

[00114] in seme implementations, mterfoee dreuihy may connect the platform 800 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry 840. NFC circuitry 840 is eonfigumd to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (EPiD) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication : between NFC circuitry 840 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 800 (e.g„ an“NFC iouchpoinF ⁵ ). NFC circuitry 840 comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC cireuihy 840 by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The MFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals, The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e,g,, a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry 740, or instkfe data transfer between the NFC circuitry 740 and another active NFC device (e.g„ a smartphone or an NFC- enabled PUS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 800,

[00115] The driver circuitry 846 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 800, attached to the platform 800, or otherwise communicatively coopted with the platform 800, The dri ver eircu itry 840 may md ude individual drivers showing other components of the platform 800 to internet with: or control various inpui/putput (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 800, For example, driver circuitry 846 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 800, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 821 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 821, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMUs 832 andfor control and allow access to the EMCs 822, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

[00116] The FMIC 825 (also referred to as '‘power management circuitry 825”)tnay manage power provided to various components of the platform 80 b. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 810, foe PM1C 825 may control power-source selection, voltage sealing, battery charging, or DC-iodDC conversion. The PMIC S2S may often be included when the platform 800 Is capable of being powered by a battery 830, for example, when the device is included in a UB 701.

[00117] in some embodiments _» ; (he PMIC 825 stay control, or otherwise be part of various power saving mechanisms of (he platform 800, For example, if the platform 800 is is an RRCT Connected state, where it is still connected to foe RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, ihea it may enter a state known as DRX after a period of inactivity, Doting tins state, the platform 800 may power down for brief intervals; of time raid thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 800 may transition off to an RRC Jdle state, where it disconnects fmm the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 800 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again if periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The pl atform 800 may not recei ve data in this state; in order to receive data; it must transition hack to RRC fofonnected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to foe network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a fow horns) During this time, the device is totally unreachable to foe network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

[00118] A battery 836 may power the platform 800, although in some examples the platform 800 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid _* The battery 830 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an alumimnn-air battery, a ! ithiism-air battery, and foe like in some implementations, such as in V2X applications, foe battery 830 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery,

[00119] In some implementations, the battery 830 may be a“smart battery;; which includes or is coupled with a BMS or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 800 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 830. The BMS may be used tomonitor other parameters of tire battery 830 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (Soil) and the state of function (SoR) of the battery 830. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery S30 to the application circuitry 805 or other components of the platform 800. The BMS may also include an aoalogdo-digital (ABC) convertor that allows the application circuitry 80S to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 830 or the current flow from foe battery §30. The battery parameters may be used to dsfernhne actions that the platform BOO may perform _: , such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like,

[00120] A power block* or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 830. In some examples, the power block may he replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in tire computer platform B00, In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS, The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size: of the battery B30, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfee! standard promulgated by the Airfoel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by" the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

User interlace circus fry §50 includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, foe platform 800, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 800 and/dr peripheral component Interfaces designed: to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 800 The user interlace circuitry §50 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtualbuttons (e,g„ a reset button}, a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator posiboofs), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations: of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outpuis/mdicafors (e.g,, binary status indicators (e,g , light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g,. Liquid Chrysta! Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc,), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform S00. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or ofoeraudio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like, lit some embodiments, the sensor elreeiisy 821 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the l ike) and one or more EMCs may he used as the output device circui try (e.g , an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NEC circuitry comprising an MFC’ controller coupled with as antenna element aod _; a processing; device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral comporteni interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interlace, etc.

Although sot shown, the components of platform 800 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, RCL FCIx, PCle, a Time-Trigger IXotocof (TIP) system, a FlexRay system, or any nuniher of other technologies. The bos/iX may be a proprietary bits/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/I X systems may be included, such as an I2C interface, an SPf interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others,

[00123] Figure 9 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 910 and radio Font end modules (RFEM) 915 in aceofoanee with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry 910 corresponds to the baseband circuitry 810 of Figttre 8 The RFEM 915 corresponds to the RFEM 815 of Figure 8, As shown, the RFEMs 915 may include Radio Fmcjueney (RF) circuitry 906, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 908, antenna array 91 1 coupled together at least as shown,

[00124] The baseband circuitry 910 includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 900, The radio control functions may include, hut are not limited to, signal moduktion/domodu!ation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, SoddtdatiouMemodttlaiion circuitry of tbs baseband circuitry 910 may include FasFFomler Transform (FFT), preooding, or eousteilatiou mapping/demapping: Esncdonahty. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding eireuhry of the baseband circuitry 910 may include convoinnon, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viierbi, or Low Density Parity Cheek (LDPC) encoder/decoder EsuciionaUty. Embodiments of modtslation/demoduiaiion and encodeodeeoder funcftonahfy are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry 910 is configured to process baseband signals received ifom a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 906 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF chautry 90b, The baseband circuitry 910 Is configured to interface with application circuitry 805 of Figure 8 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 906 The baseband circuitry 910 may handle various radio control functions. [00125] The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry 910 may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors rosy include a 3G baseband processor 904A, e 4G/LTB baseband processor 9048, a SG/NR baseband processor 904C, or some oiher baseband proeessor{s} 904D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (60), etc }. In oilier embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 904A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 904G and executed via a CPU 904E, In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 904 A-D may be provided ashardware accelerators (e,g, _: , FPGAs, ASICs, etc. ) loaded with the appropriate hit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells in various embodiments, the memory 904G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU 904E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU 904E (os' other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 910, schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided Say Enea®, Nucleus: RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive fVRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThteadX™ provided by Express Logie®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or arty other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein in addition, the baseband circuitry 910 includes one or more audio DSPs 904F, The audio DSP(s) 904F include elements for eompressforLdecompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements is other embodiments.

[00126] In some embodiments, each of the processors 904A - 904F include respective memory interfaces _: to seod/reeeive data to/from the memory 904G. The baseband circuitry 910 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/reecivc data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 910; art application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the sppUcatlou circuitry 805 of Figure 8); a« RF circuitry interlace to ssnd/reeeive data to/from RF cirenipy 906; a wireless hardware connectivity interlace to send/rceelve data to/ffom one or more wireless hardware elements (e,g,, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/ Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from: the FM!C 825.

[00127] In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments j, baseband circuitry 910 comprises one or more digital baseband systems, wh ich ate coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem- The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interlace and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, pointete-peint connections, network -on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, suc-has those discussed Iterein- The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as anu!og-io-digiiai and digitahto-apafog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of ampli hers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 930 may include protocol processing eireuihy with one or more ^" Instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control Emotions for the digital ^" baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (eg., the radio iron? end modules 915),

[00128] A {though sot sho wo by Figure 9, in seme embodiments, the baseband circuitry 910 includes individual processing device(s) to operate owe or more wireless communication protocols (teg., a“multi-protocol baseband processor” or ''protocol processing circuitry”) end individual processing devfeefs) to implement PHY layer functions, in these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/enfities of one or mote wirelessCommunication protocols In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or SG/HR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry 910 and/or RP circuitry 906 are part of msftWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, tire protocol processing circuitry would operate, MAC, RFC, PDCP, SOAP, RRC, and HAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry 910 and/or RF circuitry 906 am part of a Wi-Fi communication: system ip the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LL€) innetjona. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (for example, memory 904G) to store program code and date for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 910 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol [00129] The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 910 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate mefadlng one or more integrated eircmts (ICs), a single packaged 1C soldered to a main circuit board or a rne!ti-ohig module containing two or more 1Cs. la one example, the components of the baseband circuitry 910 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board, in another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 910 and RF circuitry 90b may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or %siem-iu-Fackage (SiP) In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 910 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry 906 (or misStlple instances of RF circuitry 906), In yet another example, some of all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 910 and Che application circuitry may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to s same circuit board (for example, a“multi-chip package”).

[00130] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 910 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies, For example, in someembodiments, the baseband Circuitry 910 may support communication with an F3G-RAN _* E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN, Embodiments: in which the baseband circuitry 910 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[00131] RF circuitry 906 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid tsedium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 906 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 908 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 910. RF circuitry 906 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband csrcuhry 910 and provide RF output signals to the FEM eireaihy 908 for transmission.

[00132] In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 906 may include mixer circuitry 906a, amplifier circuitry ,906b and filter circuitry 906c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 906 may Include filter cireuitry 906c and mixer circuitry 906a, RF circuitry 906 utay also include synthesizer circuitry 906d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer cireultry 906a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906a of the receive signal path may be configured to down- cohvert RF signals received from the PPM circuitry 90S based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 996d. The amplifier circuitry 906b may he configured to amplify the demm-eouvmed signals and the filter circuitry 906c may be a low-pass filter {LPP) or bandpass filter (BPF) eon figured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 910 for further processing, In some embodiments, the output baseband: signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is sot a requirement. In some embodiments, miser circuitry 906a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the- scope of the embodiments is not limited In this respect,

[00133] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906s of (he transmit signal path may be configured its up -convert input baseband signals based on (he synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 9Q6d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 908. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband Circuitry 910 and may be filtered by filter circuihy 906c.

[00134] I» some embodiments, the miser circuitry 906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 906a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature dowoeonversiou and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the miser circuitry 906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 906a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image r¾ecupn (e.g;, Hartley image rejection) in some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 906a of the transmit signal path may he arranged tor direct downconvemon and direct upconvcrsiosi, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 906a of the transmit signal path may be configured for superheterodyne operation ,

[00135] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect, in some alternate embodiments, th e output baseband signals and the input baseband si goals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include analog-io-digital converter (ADC) and digiiai-to-aoa!og converter (DAC) circuihy and the baseband circuitry 910 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RFeireustry 906 [00136] If! some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio 1C circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limbed in ibis respect

[00137] in some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 906d may be a fractional--» synthesizer or a fractional N/N r 1 synthesizer, although the scope o f she embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 906d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[00138] The synfoeslzer chcniiry 906d may he configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 906a of the RF circuitry 906 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 906d may be a fractional N/NΉ synthesizer.

[00139] in some embodiments, frequency ipput may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may he provided by either the baseband circuitry 910 or foe application circuitry XSI0S/XS205 depending on foe desired otsipdl frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g,, N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by foe appifeahon eircoirry,

[00140] Synthesizer circuitry 906d of the RF eifeuitry 906 may include a divider, a delay- locked loop (DLL), a uufoipiexer and U phase accumulator, in some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMB) and the phase accumulator may ho a digital phase accumulator (DP A). in some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or hHT (e,g,, based on a carry oat) to provide a; ffactionaS division ratio, in some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tuna ble, delay demen ts, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type Hip-Hop, in these embodiments, the delay elements may bc _: configured to breafe a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is tlm number of delay dements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle,

[00141] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 906d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, foe output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, tour times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction; with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at foe carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. l.n some embodiments., the output frequency may fee a LO frequency In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include m IQ/polar converter.

[00142] FEM circuitry 90S may include a receive signal path, which _: may include circuitry configured to operate on HP signals received irons antenna array 91 1 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the recei ved signals to the RF circuitry 906 for further processing, FEM eircuilrv 90S may also include a transmit signal path, which may include eircnhry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 906 for transmission by one or more of ssuenna elements of antenna array 911. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths· may fee done solely in the RP circuitry 906, solely in the FEM circuitry 90S, or in both the RF circuitry 906 and the FEM circuitry 908.

[00143] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 90S may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 90S may include a recei ve signal path and a transmit signal path, The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 908 may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g,, to the RF circuitry 906). The transmit signal path of the FEM eirethfry 908 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 906), and one or more filters So generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 91 1 ,

[00144] The antenss array 91 1 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals pmvided by the baseband circuitry 910 is converted info analog RF signals {«.¾,, modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via Ihe antenna elements of foe antenna array 91 1 including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may fee omnidirectional ₅ direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed In a natltimde of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 911 may comprise mierostrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards, The uniemm array 91 1 may be formed in as a patch of metal foil ie.g , a patch antenna) m a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 906 and/or FEM eircuitry 908 using metal transmission lines or the like,

[00145] Figure 10 is a block diagram Illustrating components, according, to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machirte-readahle or computer-readable medium (e,g„ a non-tmnsitory machuie-resdsbie storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, Figure 10 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources Ί 000 including one or mote processors (or processor eorea) 1010, one or more memory/storage devices 1020, and one or mom cQmnyubeaOim resources 1030, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1040. For embodiments where node vimsaffoation fe g _> NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1002 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/srtb-slfces to utilize the hardware resources 1000.

[00146] The processors 101:0 may include, for example, a processor 1012 and a processor 1014, The processors») 1010 may fee, for example, a CPU, a RISC processor, a CISC processor* a GPU, a DSP such as & baseband processor _* an AS1C, an FPGA, a RFIC, another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof

[00147] The memory/storage devices 1020 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof The memory /storage devices 1020 may include, but are not limited t o, any type of volatile or non vola tile memory such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM , EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

[00148] The communication resources 1030 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1004 or one or snore databases ! CKbS via a network 1008. For example, the communication resources 1030 may include wired communication components _: (e.g,, for coupling vis USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, BluetootM ^} (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fif} components, and other communication components..

[00149] Instructions 1,050 may comprise software, a program, an application* an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1010 to perform any one or more of fbe methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 1050 may reside, completely or partially, xvithin at least one of the processors 1010 (e,g., within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1020, or any suitable combination thereof Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 1050 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1000 ftom any combination of the peripheral devices 1004 or the databases 1006. Accordingly, the memory ofprccessors 10 S 0, the memory/storage devices 1020, the peripheral devices 1:004, and the databases 1006 arc examp! es of computer-readable and machine-readable media . [00150] IS is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies said practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry : or governmental requirements lot maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should he managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and. the nature of authorised use should he clearly indicated to users.

[00151] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a l/E, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of she precedingilgores may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

[00152] Examples

[00153] In the following sections, further exemplary embodiments arc provided.

[00154] Example 1 includes a method of operating a IJE, the method comprising: storing one or mom FLMN IDs associated with a; source cell; selecting a candidate ceil based on a measured quality metric; decoding a SIB1 message to determine at least one PLMN ID associated with the candidate cell; comparing the at least one FLMN ID with the one or more FLMN IDs; and determining whether to perform cell rese!eetion from the source cell to the candidate cell based on the comparison of the at least one FLMN ID with the one or more FLMN IDs.

[00155] Example 2 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining, based on comparison of the at least one PLMN ID with the oaeor more PLMN IDs, a first FLMN ID is included in both the at least one PLMN ID and the one or more FLMN IDs: and determining, based on determination that the first PLMN ID is included in both the at least one PLMN ID and the one or more FLMN IDs, to perform the cell reselect ion from the source cel! to the candidate eelL

[00156] Example 3 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, further comprising: performing the cell reseieefion based on the said determination to perform the cell reselection.

[00157] Example 4 includes ffee method of example 1 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining, baseb nn comparison of the a! least one PLMN JD with the one or more FLMN IDs, that _l id PLMN IDs are in both the at least one PLMN ID and the one or more PLMN IDs; and determining, based on determination that the m PLMN IDs are in both the at l east one PLMN ID sod the one of mom PLMN IDs, not to perform the cell reselection ftcm the scarce cell to the candidate cell,

[00158] Example 5 includes the method of example 4 or seme other example herein, wherein the candidate oe11 is s first candidate cell, the measured quality metric is a first measured quality metric, and, based on determination not to perform, the method further comprises: selecting, based on a second measured quality metric·, a second candidate cell from a set of candidate cells that also includes the first candidate cell; determining one or mom FLMN IDs associated whir the second candidate cell; comparing the at least one FLMN ID with the one or more PLMN IDs associated with the second candidate coll; and determining whether to perform ceil i'e-selection to the second candidate cell based on the comparison of the at least one FLMN ID with the one or more PLMN IDs associated with the second candidate cell

[00159] Example 6 Includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, further comprising: decoding a M!B to determine SlBi information; and decoding the SIB I based on the SIB ! information.

[00160] Example 7 includes the method of example 6 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining that the SIB f Is eo-l ousted with a DRS of the candidate cell; and decoding the SIB! based on determination that the SIB! is co-foeated with the DRS.

[00161] Example 8 luclodes the method of example 7 or some other example herein, wherein determining that the SlB i: is eo-located with the DRS comprises determining a time allocation of the SIR I is within a predefined threshold from a lime allocation of the DRS.

[00162] Example 9 may include a method of operating a UE, the method comprising; selecting a target ceil from one or metre candidate cells based on a measured quality metric; decoding a MIS to extract SIB ! information related to the target cell; and determining whether to perform a cell reseiection from a source cell to the target cell based on the S!B! information,

[00163] Example 10 may include the method of example 9 dr some other example herein, further comprising: determining, based on the SIS ! information, whether a SIB! of the target cell is eo-ioeafed with a DRS of the candidate cell; and determining, based on determination of whether the SIB! is eo4ocated with tire DRS, whether to check PLMN information within the SIB I prior to performing a ceil reselectfon.

[00164] Example P may indude the method of example 10 or some odter example herein, further comprising: determining, based on the SIB ! information, that the SfB ! is not co-ioeaied with the DRS; and performing, based on said determination foaHhe SIB! is not oo-located with the DRS, a ceil rese!ectioo from the source eel! to the target cell without a prior cheek of the PLMN information,

[00165] Example 12 may include the method of example 10 or some other example herein, further eosnprising: determining, based on the SIB ! information, that the SIB! is eo-!ocated with foe DRS; cheeking, based on said determination that die SIBl is co-iocated with the DRS, the PLMN information in the SIS! ; and determining whether to perform the cell reseleetfon from foe source cell to the target ceil based on foe cheek of the PLMN hrfonmtioo.

[00166] Example 13 may include the method of example 1,2 or some other example herein, wherein checking the PLMN information comprises: decoding the SIB ! to extract at least OnePLMN ID associated with the target cell; and determining whether any PLMN IDs of the at least one PLMN ID matches a PLMN ID associated with the source eel!,

[00167] Example 14 may include the method df example 13 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining, based on a determination that no PLMN IDs of the at least one PLMN ID matches a PLMN ID associated with the source cell, not to perform a cell reselection from the source cell to the target cell,

[00168] Example IS may include the method of example 13 or some other example heroin, further eomprising; determining, based on a determination that a first PLMN ID of the at least one PLMN ID matches a PLMN ID associated with the source eel!, to perihrm a cell reselection from the source cell to foe targe! cell

[00169] Example 16 may !nefode the method of example 10 or some other example herein, further eomprising: determining that the SIB! is eo-!oeated with the DRS if the SfB l is wkkm a predefined timing threshold front the DPS.

[00170] Example 17 may include the method of example 9 or seme other example herein, wherein the measured quality metric includes a reterenee signal receive power (RSR.P) metric, a reference signal receive quality (RSRQ) metric, or a ssgoaJ-iobsra-ference plus rmise ratio (SlNR.) metric.

[00171] Example 18 may Include a method of performing a cell reselection, tire method comprising: initiating, a radio resource control‘"RRC" idle or Inactive state, a cell reselectkm procedure based on a detection of one or more quality metrics associated with a serving cell being below a predetermined threshold; selecting a target cell for reseieerion; acquiring system information related to the target cell; detecting, based on the system information, a network condition, wherein the network condition Is that: a SIB 1 of the target cell is not co-locmted with a DRS of the target cell; or both the target ceil and the source cell are associated with a common F tMN; and applying a cell reselection based ou the detection of the network condition,

[00172] Example 19 may Include the method of example 18 or some other example herein, whereat acquiring the system information comprises; decoding a M1B to obtain timing allocation information related to a SIBL

[00173] Example 20 may include the method of example 18 or some other example herein, wherein acquiring the system Information comprises: decoding a SIB I to determine J*LMN information for the target cell,

[00174] Example 21 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1,-20, or any other method Or process described herein,

[00175] Example 22 may include one or more tton-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause m el echouie device, upon execution of the insifoeiions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described In or related to any of examples i -20, or any other method or process described herein.

[00176] Example 23 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1 -20, or any other method or process described herein.

[00177] Example 24 may loeiude a method, technique, or process as described in or Mated; to any of examples 1 -20, or portions or parts thereof [00178] Example 25 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or snore processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, tecimKfues, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 -20, or portions thereof

Example 26 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples i ~

20, or port ions or parts thereof

[00180] Example 27 may include a datagram, information dement, packet, frame, segment, PDU, or message as described hi or related to any of examples 1-20, dr portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

[00181] Example 28 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples I -20, or portions or parts thereof or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

[00182] Example 29 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, IE, packet, ireme, segment, PEdj, or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-20, or portions or parts thereof or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

[00183] Example 36 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the Computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to catsse the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1 -20, or portions thereof

[00184] Example 3 ! may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples I-20, or portions thereof

[00185] Example 32 may Include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein,

[00186] Example 33 may include a method of eommtmfoahog in a wireless network as shown and described herein ,

[00187] Example 34 may Include a system for providing wireless communication as shown add described herein,

!80J88] Example 35 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[00189] Any of the above-described examples may be combined wifi any Other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise, The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides Illustration and description, but is not intended to he exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may bo acquired from practice of various embodiments!

[00190] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure Is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.