CERAMIC FILTRATION ELEMENT

BACKGROUND

Technical field

The present invention relates to an inorganic ceramic filtration element for nanofiltration and ultrafiltration in liquid purification and filtration processes, and to a process for the preparation of said element.

The provision of clean and drinkable water is one of the emerging problems to be solved in view of the worldwide growth of population and industrialization along with natural disasters. Water may be polluted with bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi, bacteriological and biological concomitants or micro plastics, pharmaceutically active chemicals, toxic chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, proteins and other pollutants which may threaten the health of humans. In addition to that, industrial wastewaters may be polluted with organic chemicals, dissolved solids or suspended material.

To reduce the amount of released pollutants and the amount of toxic wastes in an energy efficient manner, filtration elements are often used for filtration or separation purposes, i.e. in the purification of industrial wastewater. These filtration elements may comprise polymeric membranes or ceramic membranes. The latter ones are often preferred over polymeric membranes, especially in filtration or separation processes requiring harsh conditions for membrane cleaning, or involving high temperature and aggressive media, such as strongly acidic or strongly basic wastewaters, process fluids, organic solvents, and highly reactive chemicals.

In general, two classes of ceramic filtration membranes are commonly used: oxide and nonoxide filtration membranes.

Non-oxide ceramic filtration membranes are usually prepared of particles such as silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SislSk), tungsten carbide (WC), aluminum nitride (AIN) or boron nitride (BN) particles, or mixtures thereof. Membranes prepared from non-oxide ceramic particles usually have excellent properties with regard to their resistance to corrosive media and low tendency of membrane fouling due to the low isoelectric point.

Oxide ceramic filtration membranes comprise particles of metal oxides, such as aluminum oxide (AI2O3), beryllium oxide (BeO), calcium oxide (CaO), hafnium oxide (HfOs), iron oxide (FeO/FesOs), lanthanum oxide (LasOs), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese oxide (MnOs), silicon dioxide (SiOs), strontium oxide (SrO), thorium oxide (ThOs), titanium dioxide (TiOs), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), or mixtures thereof. The process of manufacture of oxide ceramic filtration membranes is usually achieved by a sol-gel process, in which a support surface is coated with a sol containing a precursor metal compound, e.g. a metal alcoholate. In the course of drying and sintering, the precursor is oxidized to the corresponding metal oxide forming membrane layers with small pore sizes.

Ceramic filtration membranes obtained by sol-gel processes have the disadvantage that they contain a high portion of amorphous phase reducing their resistance against corrosive media, i.e. acids, bases or commercially available membrane cleaners, and mechanical abrasion.

Another major problem with membrane filtrations is the decrease in permeate flux due to membrane fouling. The incidence of fouling is influenced by the nature of the solutes, their concentrations, membrane type and pore size distribution, water quality, hydrodynamics and the surface characteristics of the membrane. Membrane fouling lowers the economic efficiency of membrane filtration by reducing the quality of treated water, reduces durability, and increases the frequency of membrane cleaning.

In addition to that, particularly in the field of nanofiltration (pore size between 1 and 10 nm) and ultrafiltration (pore size of from about 10 nm to 100 nm), the integrity of the membrane is essential for the filtration performance. Defects in the membrane (such as cracks, holes or oversized pores) are generally much larger (up to several pm in diameter) than the nominal pores of the membrane which strongly influences the filtration and separation performance and downgrades the quality of the filtrate rendering the purification process inefficient.

Therefore, the provision of ceramic filtration membranes with a narrow distribution of pore size, low amount of defects and high chemical and mechanical stability is desirable to achieve the desired retention of chemicals, reduce blockage of the membrane and to enhance quality of the filtrate and enhance the concentration of the residual fluid.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to a composite material for purification and filtration of liquids. In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a multilayered ceramic filtration element comprising i) a ceramic support structure; ii) a membrane layer, iii) at least one intermediate layer interposed between the ceramic support structure and the membrane layer; and wherein all layers comprise particles of at least one ceramic compound selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides and metal nitrides, characterized in that the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one ceramic compound with a Z-ratio D90/D10 of up to 4. In a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to a process for the preparation of a ceramic filtration element according to the first aspect, wherein the layers are formed by consecutive application of suspensions comprising particles of at least one ceramic compound of different sizes to a ceramic support structure, thereby avoiding a sol-gel process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Comparison of sieve curves for PEGs of M1 membrane according to the present disclosure (MWCO: 2.9 kDa for polyethylene glycols (PEGs), mean pore size 3 nm membrane) with minimal defect rate and a state of the art nanofiltration membrane obtained from Inopor® (pore size: 1 nm, manufacturer information).

Figure 2: Picture of cross section of M1 membrane (MWCO: 4 kDa) according to the present disclosure (Example 1 ) obtained by REM with well-defined intermediate layer structure and membrane layer with minimal defect rate.

Figure 3: Picture of cross section of M1 membrane (MWCO: 4 kDa) according to the present disclosure (Example 1 ) obtained by REM with well-defined intermediate layer structure and membrane layer with minimal defect rate.

Figure 4: Picture of surface of membrane layer of M1 membrane (MWCO: 4 kDa) according to the present disclosure (Example 1 ) obtained by REM showing minimal defect rate.

Figure 5: Picture of surface of a prior-art membrane obtained from Inopor® (surface TiOs, nominal pore size 1 nm) obtained by REM showing a high defect rate (cracks in the membrane surface).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a composite material for purification and filtration of liquids. In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a multilayered ceramic filtration element having a layered structure comprising i) a ceramic support structure; ii) a membrane layer; iii) at least one intermediate layer interposed between the ceramic support structure and the membrane layer; and wherein all layers comprise particles of at least one ceramic compound selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides and metal nitrides, characterized in that the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one ceramic compound with a Z-ratio D90/D10 of up to 4.

In the sense of the present disclosure, each intermediate layer and the membrane layer can be composed of up to 8 layers characterized in that all of the up to 8 layers have the same composition, i.e. particles of the same at least one ceramic compound and particle size. The up to 8 layers forming an intermediate layer or a membrane layer are also referred to as sub- layers. In other words, the formation of an intermediate layer or a membrane layer can be carried out by subsequently coating up to 8 sub-layers on top of each other, wherein each of the up to 8 sub-layers is prepared subsequently in identical manner using identical compositions for coating. In the sense of the present disclosure, “layers” having the same composition are referred to as one layer, i.e. the up to 8 layers with the same composition forming the outermost layer are referred to as the membrane layer, for example. The use of several layers composing the intermediate layer, or the membrane layer, may have procedural reasons. For example, the final membrane layer may be prepared by several coating steps using the same composition, thereby generating “layers” of the same type directly adjacent to each other, and thus forming a single layer in the sense of the present application.

An objective of the present invention is to provide a ceramic filtration element formed on a porous support material and having satisfactory flow, high permeability of low molecular weight compounds and high retention of high molecular weight compounds, including particles of certain size. Due to the layered structure of the ceramic filtration element, the membranes of the present disclosure furthermore show a steep slope of the sieve curve (Figure 1 ) and a sharp molecular cut-off weight (MWCO) in combination with high fluxes enabling the provision of highly concentrated filtration residues containing molecular organic compounds. Additionally, the membranes of the present disclosure exhibit high stability against thermic, chemical and mechanical stress resulting in a superior abrasion stability and cleaning properties. After the filtration process, smooth membrane surfaces of the membranes of the present disclosure can be easily cleaned by mechanical flushing, e.g. the filtration devices can be flushed with a solvent in the opposite direction of the filtrate flow, and/or with commercially available membrane cleaners, acids or bases. In this manner, the original flow rate can be maintained over many filtration cycles without reducing the filtrate quality.

The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the properties of a ceramic filtration element, i.e. the filtration performance, flow rate and retention of chemicals, can be improved surprisingly by a concerted arrangement of support, intermediate and membrane layers. The present disclosure particularly relates to a concerted arrangement of the layers with regard to the particles of at least one ceramic compound comprised in the layers. The person skilled in the art can choose the particles in a way to form pores which have a smaller diameter in every subsequent layer. In this way, adjacent layers are formed which differ in their mean pores size by approximately 50 - 95 % allowing a continuous network of pores to form which, in turn, allows liquids to pass through the filtration element at low transmembrane pressure and generating an optimum filtration performance. In the sense of the present disclosure, the mean pore size is regarded to as the D ₅ o of the pore size, i.e. the size of the pores, wherein the portion of pores with diameters smaller than or equal to this value is 50 % with respect to the total number of pores. In the sense of the present disclosure, a continuous network of pores allows for an easy flow of liquids from one side of the filtration element to the other side which is driven be a pressure difference between the sides of the filtration element, i.e. the transmembrane pressure. In parallel, a smooth surface is formed which allows for the formation of layers with minimal defect rates (cf. Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). This is highly desirable as defects may be much larger than the pore size of the filtration element and hence reduce the quality of the filtrate.

Figure 2 shows a REM photographic representation of the ceramic filtration element prepared according to Example 1 , wherein A is a support structure; 1 it the first intermediate layer; 2 is the second intermediate layer; 3 shows the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer. Detector = InLens; Signal B = MPSE; Signal = 1.0000; EHT = 5.00 kV; Mag = 2.50 KX; WD = 3.3 mm; Image recorded on a Zeiss Leo 15340VP.

Figure 3 is a magnification of Figure 2 by factor 10. The border between the membrane layer (3) and the third intermediate layer (2) on the second intermediate layer (1 ) is now more clearly visible. Detector = InLens; Signal B = MPSE; Signal = 1.0000; EHT = 5.00 kV; Mag = 25.00 KX; WD = 3.3 mm; Image recorded on a Zeiss Leo 15340VP.

Figure 4 shows a REM photographic representation of the membrane layer of the ceramic filtration element prepared according to Example 1 . The outermost surface of the filtration element, i.e. the membrane layer, shows no defects, such as holes or cracks. Detector = InLens; Signal B = MPSE; Signal = 1.0000; EHT = 5.00 kV; Mag = 1.00 KX; WD = 6.9 mm; Image recorded on a Zeiss Leo 15340VP.

Figure 5 shows a REM photographic representation of a state of art membrane layer of a ceramic filtration element obtained from Inopor® (surface material TiOs; nominal pore size 1 nm). The outermost surface of the filtration element, i.e. the membrane layer, shows a high rate of defects, e.g. cracks. Detector = InLens; Signal B = MPSE; Signal = 1.0000; EHT = 5.00 kV; Mag = 1 .00 KX; WD = 6.6 mm; Image recorded on a Zeiss Leo 15340VP.

In the following, the support structure will be referred to as “support”. The numbering of the intermediate layers will start with the intermediate layer directly adherent to the support, i.e. being the first intermediate layer. All additional intermediate layers are numbered consecutively depending on their position in relation to the support, i.e. the second intermediate layer is attached to, i.e., in direct contact with, the first intermediate layer and so forth.

In the sense of the present disclosure, the size of a batch of particles is characterized by its mean diameters Q _o , i.e. its numerical Dw, D ₅ o and D ₉₀ values determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). D is defined as the diameter of the particles, wherein the portion of particles with diameters smaller than or equal to this value is 10 % with respect to the total number of particles. Thus, 10 % of the particles in the batch have a diameter smaller than or equal to the value of Dio, and 90 % of the particles have a diameter larger than the value of Dw- This is thus a number distribution of the particles. In a similar manner, D ₅ o is defined as the diameter of the particles, wherein the portion of particles with diameters smaller than or equal to this value is 50 % with respect to the total number of particles. Finally, D ₉₀ is defined as the diameter of the particles, wherein the portion of particles with diameters smaller than or equal to this value is 90 % with respect to the total number of particles. In the sense of the present disclosure, all particle diameters are determined by DLS with a Nanotrac Flex nanoparticle size analyzer (obtained from Microtrac MRB).

In the sense of the present disclosure, the D , D ₅ o and D ₉₀ of particles determined by DLS is the primary particle size. It is understood that primary particles are inorganic structures held together by atomic or molecular bonding. Primary particles cannot be separated into smaller particles except by the application of ultrahigh energy, such as during milling. Secondary particles comprise two or more primary particles bound together at point-to-point contact by weak electromagnetic forces, van der Waals forces, mechanical friction, and/or interlocking. Secondary particles can be broken apart, i.e. into primary particles, with corresponding dispersion techniques. During coating of a porous surface with a suspension of particles, capillary forces can break up the secondary particles which results in an infiltration of small primary particles into the pores of the surface to be coated. In consequence, the transmembrane flux is reduced in such case.

In general, the particle size of the primary particles is essential for the pore size of the layers formed thereof. By approximation, it is understood that the pore size of a layer is about one fifth (i.e., 1/5 or 20 %) of the mean particle size D ₅ o of the primary particles forming the layer, respectively.

In the sense of the present disclosure, the particles have a diameter D ₉₀ 1000 nm.

The particles in each layer x of the present disclosure can be characterized by the width of their particle size distribution expressed by:

_ D ₉₀ (of particles in layer x) D ₁₀ (of particles in layer x)'

In other words, the Z-ration of layer x, i.e., Z _x , is the quotient of the particle size D ₉₀ of the particles composing the layer and the particle size Dw of the same particles composing the layer. In the sense of the present disclosure, particles of a ceramic compound may be selected from the group consisting of particles of at least one metal oxide, particles of at least one metal carbide and particles of at least one metal nitride. Said particles of a ceramic compound may be regarded as “particles” for the present disclosure.

In the sense of the present disclosure, particles of at least one metal oxide may be selected from the group consisting of oxide ceramic materials such as aluminum oxide (AI2O3), beryllium oxide (BeO), calcium oxide (CaO), hafnium oxide (HfOs), iron oxide (FeO/FesOs), lanthanum oxide (LasOs), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese oxide (MnOs), silicon dioxide (SiOs), strontium oxide (SrO), thorium oxide (ThOs), titanium dioxide (TiOs), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrC>2) and mixtures thereof.

In preferred embodiments, the particles of the at least one metal oxide are selected from particles from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (AI2O3), silicone dioxide (SiC>2), titanium dioxide (TiC>2), zirconium dioxide (ZrC>2) and mixtures thereof. For all layers, independent for the layer type, the particles can be selected individually by the person skilled in the art in a way to provide a layered body having a smooth surface and low defect rate.

In the sense of the present disclosure, particles of at least one metal carbide may be selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide (SiC), tungsten carbide (WC), boron carbide (B ₄ C), and mixtures thereof.

In preferred embodiments, the particles of the at least one metal carbide are silicon carbide (SiC).

In the sense of the present disclosure, particles of at least one metal nitride may be selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride (SislSU), aluminum nitride (AIN), titanium nitride (TiN), boron nitride (BN), and mixtures thereof.

In preferred embodiments, the particles of the at least one metal nitride are selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride (SisN^, aluminum nitride (AIN), titanium nitride (TiN), and mixtures thereof.

In the present disclosure, the use of metal oxides as materials in the at least one intermediate layer and the membrane layer is particularly preferred over the use of metal carbides or metal nitrides.

Where the term “comprising” is used in the present disclosure and claims, it does not exclude other elements. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “consisting of’ is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the term “comprising of’. If hereinafter a group is defined to comprise at least a certain number of embodiments, this is also to be understood to disclose a group, which preferably consists only of these embodiments. The support structure

According to the present disclosure, the support is formed by a porous material to allow liquids to pass through. The support is formed by a ceramic material. In a preferred embodiment, the support has a mean pore size 1 .5 pm. In another preferred embodiment, the mean pore size is in the range of from 0.5 pm to 1 .5 pm.

For the present disclosure, it is desirable that the pore size of the support is not larger than 1 .5 pm to provide a suitable surface for the coating of the intermediate layers, in particular the first intermediate layer directly adjacent to the support. If the pore size at the support surface is too large, it is more difficult to reduce the pore size by intermediate layers, in particular two or three intermediate layers, to provide a suitable surface for the coating of the membrane layer that is characterized by a low rate of defects and/or a smooth surface. In case this requirement is not met, i.e., the pore size of the support is very large, one or more support layers may be coated onto the support to achieve the desired pore size at the surface of the support. In this case, the support layers are regarded as the support structure, i.e. the support. For the present application, in particular the pore size at the surface of the support is important and influences the further layers, especially the defect rate of the further layers.

The support may have different shapes. No particular limitation is imposed on the shape of the support. Similarly, no particular limitation is imposed on the shape of the intermediate and membrane layers. For example, the support may have the shape of a disk, a polygonal plate, a plate, a flat sheet, a cylinder, a box-like cylinder, a rod, a square pillar, etc. which may be selected in respect of the purpose of use. No limitation is imposed on the dimensions of the support, intermediate or membrane layers, except for their thickness, and the dimensions may be selected in respect of the purpose of use, as long as the dimensions assure sufficient strength of the support. The person skilled in the art choses the thickness and material of the support in a way to provide the filtration element with a sufficient mechanical strength for the purpose of use.

The support may be prepared by sintering. In other word, the support is a sintered substrate.

The support is not a green substrate. It is understood that green substrates are not fired and have a more dense structure than sintered substrates. For the particular structure of green substrates, they cannot be coated with suspensions comprising particles according to the present disclosure which would have to be fired in a subsequent step. Furthermore, green substrates do not exhibit a soaking effect, i.e., particles are not soaked into the pores upon coating. In other words, since green substrates have very small pores generated by removing water during drying, small membrane coating particles cannot infiltrate into the substrates. In addition to that, green substrates must be sintered at temperatures of more than 1000 °C under an atmosphere of inert gas, such as argon. This is explained by the fact that green substrates comprise or consist of non-oxide ceramic materials such as SiC and SisN ₄ . Upon firing of a green substrate, a SiOs layer is formed on the surface of the particles significantly changing the properties of a filtration element.

In one embodiment, the support is a hollow fiber support structure having a mean pore size of from 0.1 pm to 1 .5 pm. In the case that the pore size of the support is already in the range of the pore size of the intermediate layer arranged on the surface of the support, the purpose of the first intermediate layer is to provide a smooth surface for the subsequent process of coating of another intermediate layer or a membrane layer.

In another embodiment, the support is a multichannel pipe structure having a mean pore size of from 1.5 pm to 12pm. In a preferred embodiment, the support is a multichannel pipe structure having a mean pore size of from 1 .5 pm to 3 pm, or of from 3 pm to 4 pm, or of from 7 pm to 10 pm, or of from 10 pm to 12 pm depending on the commercial supplier. In this cases, another support layer is coated onto the support to achieve the desired mean pore size of from 0.5 pm to 1 .5 pm. In this case, the support layer is regarded to as part of the support structure, i.e., the support structure encompasses the selected support element and the support layer, in short also referred to as support.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, an optionally coated support layer comprises or consists of particles of at least one ceramic compound.

In one embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfOs, FeO, FesOs, LasOs, MgO, MnOs, SiC>2, SrO, ThC>2, TiC>2, Y2O3, ZrC>2 and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, SiC>2, TiC>2, ZrC>2, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, SiC>2, TiC>2, ZrC>2, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfO2, FeO, Fe2Os, La2Os, MgO, MnO2, SiO2, SrO, ThO2, TiO2, Y2O3, ZrO2 and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, SiC>2, TiC>2, ZrC>2, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one ceramic compound of metal carbides selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide compound selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride compound selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer comprises particles of AIN or TiN.

In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the optionally coated support layer consists of particles of AIN or TiN.

It is understood that the support structure comprises or consists of the abovementioned materials also in the absence of an optionally coated support layer.

Intermediate layer

In order to provide a layer, e.g. a membrane layer, with a low defect rate on a porous support material, the pore size of the support surface is reduced by at least one intermediate layer, in a preferred embodiment stepwise by several intermediate layers, thereby also smoothening the surface of the support.

In one embodiment, one intermediate layer is coated on the support. This intermediate layer reduces the mean pore size of the surface of the support by approximately 60 - 95 %. This provides a smoother surface for the coating of the membrane layer. However, the reduction of mean pore size and smoothness of the surface of the intermediate layer may not be sufficient to achieve a membrane layer with a low defect rate because the mean pore size of the intermediate layer may still be too large, or the intermediate layer may still have a high defect rate.

In another embodiment, two intermediate layers are coated on the support. The first intermediate layer in direct contact to the support may reduce the mean pore size of the surface of the support by approximately 60 - 95 %. The second intermediate layer in direct contact to the first intermediate layer may further reduce the mean pore size of the surface of the first intermediate layer by approximately 87 - 95 %. Hence, the pore size of the support is reduced in two steps.

Nevertheless, the reduction of mean pore size and improvement of smoothness of the surface of the intermediate layer may not be sufficient to achieve a membrane layer with a low defect rate, narrow pore size distribution and sharp molecular cut-off weight. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, three intermediate layers are arranged between the support and the outermost membrane layer. Hence, the first intermediate layer in direct contact to the support may reduce the mean pore size of the surface of the support structure by approximately 60 - 95 %, the second intermediate layer in direct contact to the first intermediate layer may reduce the mean pore size the surface of the first intermediate layer by approximately 87 - 95 %, and the third intermediate layer in direct contact to the second intermediate layer may further reduce the mean pore size of the surface of the second intermediate layer by approximately 55 - 80 %. This concerted structure allows the person skilled in the art to reduce the mean pore size of the support in three steps with every subsequent layer. However, a continuous pore network can still be formed between the layers to allow liquids to pass through the filtration element from one side to the other easily not imposing the necessity of high transmembrane pressures generating a high flow of liquid. At the same time, a smooth surface on which the membrane layer can be coated is provided and a membrane layer characterized in that it shows a low rate of defects and a smooth membrane surface and hence improved filtration properties, i.e. a narrow distribution of pore size and low molecular cut-off weight, an inhibition and / or retardation of formation of fouling layer during a filtration process and improved cleaning properties due to the smooth membrane surface, can be layered upon the third intermediate layer. On the other hand, the three intermediate layers show a sufficient network of pores which allows liquids to flow from one side of the filtration element to the other side without the requirement of high transmembrane pressures. Therefore, the presence of three intermediate layers allows optimum filtration properties of the filtration element as three intermediate layers generate a smooth surface of the outermost layer while a high permeability of the filtration element allowing a high transmembrane flow at a low transmembrane pressure is maintained.

In another embodiment, four or more intermediate layers are arranged between the support and the outermost membrane layer. Hence, the concerted structure allows the person skilled in the art to reduce the mean pore size of the support in four or more steps with every subsequent layer. Although a continuous pore network can still be formed between the layers to allow liquids to pass through the filtration element from one side to the other the preparation of filtration elements with four or more intermediate layers is cost expensive and time consuming, but the filtration performance is not improved compared to filtration elements having three intermediate layers. The support, all intermediate layers and the membrane layer differ in their thickness and composition such as the chemical composition and the size of particles used in the coating. In each layer, the materials are independently selected from the group consisting of particles of at least one ceramic compound providing different properties. Particularly, the layers differ in the particle size providing different mean pore sizes across the layers.

In one embodiment, the first intermediate layer comprises the largest particles resulting in the largest mean pore size.

In a preferred embodiment, the size of the particles is reduced with every consecutive intermediate layer; the membrane layer comprises the smallest particles resulting in the smallest mean pore size. The particles of the different layers are chosen in that the mean pore size of the subsequent intermediate layer is smaller than the mean pore size of the preceding layer in order to provide a smooth surface and to provide a suitable network of pores to allow liquids to pass through readily.

These materials or mixtures of these materials exhibit an advantageous strength so that the filtration element has a good pressure stability. Moreover, the ceramic material may comprise additives, preferably in the form of alkaline and/or alkaline earth oxide compounds.

The particles of the at least one ceramic compound are selected individually for each layer with respect to both their chemical composition and particle size. In preferred embodiments, a careful selection and matching of the particles of the at least one ceramic compound generates the optimal properties with regard to the mean pore size, smoothness of the surface and continuous network of pores. A concerted selection of particles of the at least one ceramic compound with respect to the inherent properties of mean pore size, porosity and microstructure in the respective layers generates an optimized layered ceramic filtration element.

Another aspect of the invention concerns the thickness of the individual intermediate layers x and the membrane layer m. Thereby, the thickness of each of the layers is adapted to the adherent layers to generate a concerted organization of the membrane filtration device. In preferred embodiments, the first intermediate layer has the largest thickness and the thickness of each layer is reduced with each subsequent layer.

In the sense of the present disclosure, the ratio of thicknesses between two layers Tx/ _x+ i, for the purposes of the present disclosure, is characterized by the equation: > thickness t (of layer x) x/x+1 thickness t (of layer x+1)'

Furthermore, for each layer, the ratio Y _x of the thickness of the respective layer x, i.e. t _x , and the particle size D ₅ o of the respective ceramic nanoparticles in the same layer x, is calculated as y > thickness t (of layer x)

^X D _5O (of particles in layer x)'

The mean pore size of the layers is determined either by capillary flow porometry, by molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) analysis or by N2 adsorption experiments using the common method established by Barret, Joyne and Halenda. In the sense of the present disclosure, the mean pore size is defined as the D ₅ o diameter of the pores, wherein the portion of pores with diameters smaller than this value is 50 % with respect to the total number of pores.

In a preferred embodiment, the pore size of the layers, in particular the membrane layer, is carried out by MWCO analysis as demonstrated in the examples. Specifically, the characterization of a filtration element according to the present disclosure can be performed with an aqueous test mixture of comprising dextrans, i.e., biopolymers, of different molecular weights, as these are reliable for the MWCO determination. The results of such analysis have been proven to be well reproducible. For the MWCO analysis, a feed solution is prepared by dissolving a mixture of selected and commercially available dextranes of known molecular weight in water which is filtered through a filtration element at a defined transmembrane pressure. The concentration of the individual dextran fractions are chosen so that their mixture results in a molecular weight distribution that is as uniform as possible. The total concentration of the polymer solution should be as low as possible so that the formation of a top layer during the filtration can be avoided. Total concentration of dextranes of about 0.2% by weight are optimal. Biocides such as sodium azide are added to stabilize the polymer solution in order to prevent the biological degradation of the dextranes. It must be checked in each individual case to what extent such additives can impair the detector signal. A preferred composition of the feed solution is as following:

Dextran 1 (molecular weight 1 ,000-20,000 kD determined with GPC) at 0.1 g/L

Dextran 2 (molecular weight 3,000-50,000 kD determined with GPC) at 0.1 g/L

Dextran 3 (molecular weight 50,000-1 ,000,000 kD determined with GPC) at 1 g/L

Dextran 4 (molecular weight 50,000-2,000,000 kD determined with GPC) at 0.8 g/L

The feed solution is composed of a mixture of four different dextran fractions in different mass proportions and has a total dextran content of 2 g/L (0.2% by weight. After the filtration test has been carried out, i.e., the feed solution has been passed through the filtration element to determine the pore size, the polymer distribution in the feed and resulting permeate solutions is determined by means of size exclusion chromatography (GPC). With the help of a suitable evaluation software (e.g. PSS WinGPC), the polymer distributions of two different samples can then be offset against each other, which results in the representation of a retention curve or sieve curve.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, an at least one intermediate layer comprises or consists of particles of at least one ceramic compound.

According to another embodiment, the at least one ceramic compound of the at least one intermediate layer is selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , BN, AIN, WC, B ₄ C, TiN, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof, more preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ or ZrO ₂ , SiC, TiN, or a mixture thereof, most preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is SiC or AI ₂ O ₃ .

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the first intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , and mixtures thereof.

According to a preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, SiOs, TiOs, ZrOs or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 or TiC>2. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide compound selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride compound selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles of AIN or TiN.

In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer consists of particles of AIN or TiN.

In the sense of the present disclosure, the first intermediate layer is arranged between the support and the second intermediate layer in a sandwich manner wherein the support has a mean pore size of from 0.5 pm to 1 .5 pm determined by capillary flow porometry. Where the mean pore size is larger than the specified range, another support layer is coated on top of the original support. For the first intermediate layer, particles of the at least one ceramic compound with a particle size distribution of Z < 4 are used.

In an embodiment, the at least one intermediate layer comprises particles with a particle size of Dio in the range of from 70 to 250 nm, preferably of from 100 to 180 nm, and further preferably D ₉₀ in the range of from 200 to 500 nm, more preferably of from 250 to 400 nm.

The ratio between the thickness of the first intermediate layer and the particle size of the particles in the first intermediate layer Yi may be chosen in the range of from 18.5 to 313 (i.e., the thickness is of from 5 to 50 pm). The mean pore size may thus be of from 110 to 170 nm determined by capillary flow porometry.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a second intermediate layer, if present, comprises or consists of particles of at least one ceramic compound.

According to another embodiment, the at least one ceramic compound of the second intermediate layer is selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , BN, AIN, WC, B ₄ C, TiN, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof, more preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ or ZrO ₂ , SiC, TiN, or a mixture thereof, most preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is SiC or AI ₂ O ₃ .

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises nanoparticles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises nanoparticles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ and ZrO ₂ .

According to a preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Zr0 ₂ or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ or TiO ₂ . In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ .

In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide compound selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride compound selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles of AIN or TiN.

In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AIN or TiN.

Thereby, the second intermediate layer is arranged between the first and the third intermediate layer or the membrane layer in a sandwich manner. For the second intermediate layer, particles of the at least one ceramic compound with a particle size distribution of Z < 2.7 may be used. In another embodiment, the second intermediate layer comprises particles with a Z-ratio D90/D10 of up to 3, preferably wherein the particle size D10 is in the range of from 50 to 170 nm, preferably of from 80 to 120 nm, and further preferably D ₉₀ is in the range of from 150 to 350 nm, more preferably of from 180 to 210 nm. The ratio between the thickness of the second intermediate layer and the particle size of the particles in the second intermediate layer Y may be chosen in the range of from 6 to 250 (i.e., the thickness may be of from 1 to 30 pm). One or more of these layers may be layered on top of each other.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a third or further intermediate layer, if present, comprises or consists of particles of at least one ceramic compound. According to another embodiment, the at least one ceramic compound of the third or further intermediate layer, if present, is selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , BN, AIN, WC, B ₄ C, TiN, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiC, Si ₃ N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof, more preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ or ZrO ₂ , SiC, TiN, or a mixture thereof, most preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI ₂ O ₃ or TiO ₂ .

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ and mixtures thereof.

According to a preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , BeO, CaO, HfO ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , MgO, MnO ₂ , SiO ₂ , SrO, ThO ₂ , TiO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ , ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof. According to another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ or TiO ₂ . In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of AI ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ or mixtures thereof. According to another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of TiO ₂ .

In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide compound selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC. In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SislSU, BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride compound selected from the group consisting of SisN4, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer comprises particles of AIN or TiN.

In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN4, BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of Si3N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer consists of particles of AIN or TiN.

The third or further intermediate layer is arranged between the preceding intermediate layer (e.g. the second intermediate layer) and the membrane layer in a sandwich manner. For the third or further intermediate layer, particles of the at least one ceramic compound with a particle distribution of Z S 6 may be used. In another embodiment, the third or further intermediate layer, if present, comprises particles with a Z-ratio D90/D10 of up to 6, preferably up to 3, more preferably wherein the particle size Dm is in the range of from 8 to 25 nm, preferably of from 12 to 17 nm, and further preferably D ₉ o is in the range of from 18 to 50 nm, more preferably of from 25 to 35 nm. The ratio between the thickness of the third intermediate layer and the particle size of the particles in the third intermediate layer Y may be chosen in the range of from 9 to 176 (i.e., the thickness of the third or further intermediate layer may be chosen in the range of from 0.2 to 3 pm).

The membrane layer

According to the present disclosure, a membrane layer is arranged in direct contact to the third or further intermediate layer, i.e. the membrane layer is the outermost layer.

In one embodiment, the at least one ceramic compound of the membrane layer is selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfOs, FeO, FesOs, LasOs, MgO, MnOs, SiOs, SrO, ThOs, TiC>2, Y2O3, ZrC>2, SiC, SisN4, BN, AIN, WC, B4C, TiN, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from AI2O3, SiC>2, TiC>2, ZrC>2, SiC, Si3N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof, more preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI2O3, TiC>2 or ZrC>2, SiC, TiN, or a mixture thereof, most preferably wherein the at least one ceramic compound is AI2O3, TiOs or ZrOs.

In one embodiment, the membrane layer comprises or consists of particles of at least one ceramic compound. In one embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfC>2, FeO, Fe20s, La2C>3, MgO, MnC>2, SiC>2, SrO, ThC>2, TiC>2, Y2O3, ZrC>2 and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of AI2O3, SiC>2, TiC>2, ZrC>2 and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of TiC>2, ZrC>2 and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of the at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting TiO2 and ZrC>2.

In a preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of AI2O3, BeO, CaO, HfO2, FeO, Fe2Os, La20s, MgO, MnO2, SiO2, SrO, ThO2, TiO2, Y2O3, Z1O2 or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of AI2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2 or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of TiO2, ZrO2 or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of TiO2 or ZrO2.

In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B4C, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal carbide compound selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, B ₄ C, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of at least one metal carbide selected from the group consisting of SiC, WC, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SislSU, BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride compound selected from the group consisting of Si3N ₄ , AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer comprises particles of AIN or TiN. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SislSU, BN, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of SisN4, AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of at least one metal nitride selected from the group consisting of AIN, TiN, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the membrane layer consists of particles of AIN or TiN.

In preferred embodiments, the particles of the at least one ceramic compound are selected from TiOs or ZrOs with a particle size distribution of Z < 15 (e.g., mean particle size of D = 1 - 9 nm, D ₅ o = 2 - 10 nm, D90 = 3 - 15 nm (DLS)). The thickness of the membrane layer may be chosen in the range of from 10 - 800 nm.

In another embodiment, the membrane layer consists of TiOs particles with a Z-ratio D90/D10 of less than 3, preferably wherein the particles size D is in the range of from 5 to 9 nm, and further preferably D ₉₀ is in the range of from 9 to 15 nm.

In still another embodiment, the membrane layer consists of ZrCh particles with a Z-ratio D ₉₀ /D of less than 5, preferably wherein the particle size D10 is in the range of from 1 to 3 nm, and further preferably D ₉₀ is in the range of from 3 to 5 nm.

In one embodiment, the membrane layer has a mean pore size of 0.3 - 10 nm determined by filtration of a mixture comprising dextranes. In another embodiment, the membrane layer has a mean pore size of 0.5 - 5 nm determined by filtration of a mixture comprising dextranes. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane layer has a mean pore size of 0.8 - 1 .5 nm determined by filtration of a mixture comprising dextranes.

The arrangement of layers

In a preferred embodiment, the layered body comprises a support, three intermediate layers and a membrane layer.

In a preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2. In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3. In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiC>2 and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrC>2. In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of ZrOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of TiOs, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

In another preferred embodiment, the first intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, the second intermediate layer consists of particles of AI2O3, and the third intermediate layer consists of particles of SiC.

It is understood that the skilled person can combine any one of the combinations with any one of the materials disclosed herein suitable to form the membrane layer.

In another preferred embodiment, the layered body comprises a support, three intermediate layers and a membrane layer. Thereby, the first intermediate layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of D = 100 - 180 nm, D ₅ o = 160 - 270 nm, D ₉₀ = 250 - 400 nm (DLS), has a thickness of 5 to 50 pm and a mean pore size of 1 10 to 170 nm. The second intermediate layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of D = 80 - 120 nm, D ₅ o = 120 - 160 nm, D ₉₀ = 180 - 210 nm (DLS), has a thickness of 1 to 30 pm and a mean pore size of D ₅ o = 9 - 14 nm. The third intermediate layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of Dio = 12 - 17 nm, D ₅ o = 17 - 22 nm, D ₉ o = 25 - 35 nm (DLS) and has a thickness of 0.2 to 3 pm. The membrane layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of Dio = 5 - 9 nm, D ₅ o = 6 - 10 nm, D90 = 9 - 15 nm (DLS), has a thickness of 40 - 800 nm and a mean pore size of 0.8 - 1.5 nm determined by filtration of a mixture comprising dextranes. After detection of the dextranes in the filtrate, the mean pore size was calculated (PSS WinGPC Unity, build 9350, GLC; obtained from PSS GmbH) using the empirical relation of Granath and Kvist (1967) for the correlation of molecular weight of the retained dextranes with the pore size of the filtration element.

In another preferred embodiment, the layered body comprises a support, three intermediate layers and a membrane layer. Thereby, the first intermediate layer consists particles with a mean particle size of Dw = 100 - 180 nm, D ₅ o = 160 - 270 nm, D ₉₀ = 250 - 400 nm (DLS), has a thickness of 5 - 50 pm and a mean pore size of 1 10 to 170 nm. The second intermediate layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of D = 80 - 120 nm, D ₅ o = 120 - 160 nm, D ₉₀ = 180 - 210 nm (DLS), has a thickness of 1 - 30 pm and a pore size of D50 = 9 - 14 nm. The third intermediate layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of D = 12 - 17 nm, D ₅₀ = 17 - 22 nm, D ₉ o = 25 - 35 nm (DLS) and has a thickness of 0.2 - 3 pm. The membrane layer consists of particles with a mean particle size of Dw = 1 - 3 nm, D ₅ o = 2 - 4 nm, D ₉ o = 3 - 7 nm (DLS), has a thickness of from 10 - 150 nm and a mean pore size of ~ 0.6 nm (determined with N ₂ adsorption experiments and evaluation using the BJH method; equipment obtained from ThermoFisher Scientific).

The present disclosure also relates to a concerted arrangement of the layers with regard to their thicknesses. In one embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the first and second intermediate layer is at least T ₂ = 0.15. In another embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the first and the second intermediate layer is less than T ₂ = 50. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the first and the second intermediate layer is in the range of from T1/2 = 0.15 to T ₂ = 50. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the first and the second intermediate layer is in the range of from T ₂ = 1 to T ₂ = 50. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the first and the second intermediate layer is in the range of from T ₂ = 1 .5 to T ₂ = 10.

In one embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the second and third intermediate layer is at least T _2/3 = 0.3. In another embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the second and the third intermediate layer is less than T _2/3 = 150. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the second and the third intermediate layer is in the range of from T _2/3 = 0.3 to T _2/3 = 150. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the second and the third intermediate layer is in the range of from T2/3 = 1 to T2/3 = 150. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the second and the third intermediate layer is in the range of from T _2/3 = 5 to T _2/3 = 20.

In one embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer is at least T ₃ / _m = 0.25. In another embodiment, the ratio of thickness between the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer is less than T ₃ / _m = 300. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer is in the range of from T ₃ / _m = 0.25 to T ₃ / _m = 300. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer is in the range of from T ₃ / _m = 1 to T ₃ /m = 300. In another preferred embodiment, the ratio of thickness the third intermediate layer and the membrane layer is in the range of from T ₃ / _m = 2 to T ₃ / _m = 20.

The ceramic filtration elements disclosed herein have a narrow pore size distribution, minimal defect rates in the smooth surface and a good stability against high temperatures and corrosive chemicals over a broad pH range of from 1 to 14. The low rate of defects in the layers, furthermore, results in the reduction of blockages inside the filtration element caused by large compounds and/or particles entering through defects and cracks so that a high permeability of solvent and low molecular weight chemicals, i.e. salts, at a high tangential flux or in dead-end filtration processes can be maintained over many filtration cycles. Hence, the ceramic filtration elements are highly durable and may find various applications in industrial separation and filtration processes. The processing, purification and recycling of industrial wastewaters that are generated during reaction or purification steps in chemical or pharmaceutical industry and their process fluids is thus rendered more efficient by the disclosed ceramic filtration elements.

Comparative experiments of flux performances in two membranes, one with rough surface and the other with smooth surface, have shown that the membrane with the smooth surface displayed higher permeate flux and normalized flux compared to the membrane with the rough surface. Based on SEM images, this may be attributable to greater filtrate contamination of the rough surface structure in comparison to smooth surface structure. These results suggest a great extent to which smooth membrane surface can influence enhancement of antifouling characteristics during filtration of solution at low transmembrane pressure. In other words, smoother membrane surfaces can increase the transmembrane flux and decrease the membrane resistance by reducing the susceptibility to membrane fouling.

Process of manufacture of filtration elements

The present disclosure furthermore relates to a method for the production of the ceramic filtration elements described above. Accordingly, a second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a process for manufacturing a multilayer ceramic filtration element according to the first aspect as detailed above, wherein the layers are formed by consecutive application of suspensions comprising particles of at least one ceramic compound of different sizes to a ceramic support structure, thereby avoiding a sol-gel process. In other words, the method according to the present disclosure relates to a method in which the layers can be directly prepared from ceramic particles. Therefore, production steps reacting a precursor particle, e.g., a metal alkoxid, into a ceramic compound, such as sol-gel and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, is omitted. It is understood that the process of coating the layers does not make use of sol-gel or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods.

An advantage of the process for the manufacturing of a ceramic filtration element according to the present disclosure is the use of process steps which avoid the sol-gel process. The solgel process may require higher temperatures and/or drying steps which, in turn, may induce voids and cracks to the layers.

Furthermore, CVD methods produce very dense coatings with small pore sizes. However, these properties reduce the flux rates of liquids through the filtration element and/or imposes the need of high transmembrane pressure. Therefore, filtration element in which one or more of the layers are prepared by means of CVD methods are not useful in liquid filtration but merely find application in gas separation. Furthermore, CVD is not practical for coating large areas of a substrate for the high costs and high effort required in the course of the method. In the membranes according to the present disclosure, such CVD method is omitted.

The process for the preparation of each layer comprises the following steps (A) to (F):

(A) The dispersion of ceramic particles for the coating are prepared from crystalline powders of particles of at least one ceramic compound and a solvent in the presence of a dispersion additive to form a coating suspension.

In one embodiment, the coating suspension for an intermediate layer comprises particles of at least one ceramic compound, preferably in an amount of < 20 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension, more preferably in an amount of < 15 wt.- % based on the total weight of the coating suspension, most preferably in an amount of < 10 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension. In another embodiment, the coating suspension for an intermediate layer comprises particles in an amount of at least 0.1 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for an intermediate layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.1 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%. In another preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for an intermediate layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.1 wt.-% to 15 wt.-%. In another preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for an intermediate layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.1 wt.-% to 10 wt.-%. In one embodiment, the coating suspension for a membrane layer comprises particles of at least one ceramic compound, preferably in an amount of < 5 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension, more preferably in an amount of < 2.5 wt.- % based on the total weight of the coating suspension, most preferably in an amount of < 1 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension. In another embodiment, the coating suspension for a membrane layer comprises particles in an amount of at least 0.02 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for a membrane layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.02 wt.-% to 5 wt.-%. In another preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for a membrane layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.02 wt.-% to 2.5 wt.-%. In another preferred embodiment, the coating suspension for a membrane layer comprises particles in an amount of from 0.02 wt.-% to 1 wt.-%.

The suspensions further comprise a dispersion additive to facilitate optimal mixing and prevent accelerated aggregation. The dispersion additive may be selected from the group of surfactants, e.g. carbonic acids or fatty alcohols, or mineral acids. In a preferred embodiment, the dispersion acid is selected from the group consisting of mineral acids. In a preferred embodiment, the dispersion additive is nitric acid. In another preferred embodiment, the dispersion additive is hydrochloric acid. In another preferred embodiment, the dispersion additive is selected from the group consisting of carbonic acids. In another preferred embodiment, the dispersion additive is acetic acid.

Furthermore, a bonding agent may be added to facilitate sintering and enhance the strength of bonding. This bonding agent may be selected from a polymer, especially a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or a cellulose, or a mixture thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the bonding agent is a polyvinyl alcohol. In another preferred embodiment, the cellulose is selected from a methyl cellulose, and a carboxymethyl cellulose, or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the bonding agent is present in an amount of 15 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension, preferably in an amount of 10 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension. In another embodiment, the bonding agent is present in an amount of at least 0.5 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension for the formation of an intermediate layer. In another preferred embodiment, the bonding agent is present in an amount of from 0.5 wt.-% to 15 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension for the formation of an intermediate layer. In another preferred embodiment, the bonding agent is present in an amount of from 0.5 wt.-% to 10 wt.-% based on the total weight of the coating suspension for the formation of an intermediate layer. In another preferred embodiment, the bonding agent is absent in the coating suspension for the formation of a membrane layer. Mechanical energy is applied to obtain a uniform distribution of particles in the coating suspension. Mechanical energy may be applied through stirring, shaking or milling with an energy input of from approximately 0.1 kWh / kg of suspension to approximately 6 kWh / kg of suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the energy input is increased for each suspension with every subsequent layer.

(B) In another step of the process of preparation, a layer is formed through contacting the outermost layer of the layered body with a coating suspension. In a preferred embodiment, the outermost layer of the layered body is in the shape of a tube. For coating, the tube is arranged vertically and the tube is filled with coating suspension by a pump. In another preferred embodiment, the tube is filled completely.

The coating suspension is contacted to the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time. In one embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of less than 120 seconds. In a preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of less than 60 seconds. In another preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of 60 seconds. In another preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of 30 seconds. In another embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of at least 10 seconds. In a preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of from 10 seconds to 120 seconds. In another preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of from 10 seconds to 60 seconds. In another preferred embodiment, the suspension is contacted with the outermost layer of the layered body for a dwell time of from 30 seconds to 60 seconds.

After the dwell time, the coating suspension is removed carefully, leaving a film on the support. The coating suspension being carefully removed is also referred to as the excess coating suspension. Thus, a film of the coating suspension sticks to the surface to be coated through adhesion forces while the coating suspension not sticking to the surface is removed gently. In one embodiment, the suspension is bled out of the tube leaving a film of coating suspension on the surface of the outermost layer of the layered body. In such case, the amount of suspension which is bled out of the tube and does not stick to the surface is the excess coating suspension. The thickness of the film left on the outermost layer of the layered body can be controlled by the dwell time through the effect of concentration polarization and the shear forces caused by the velocity of the coating suspension during the drainage from the surface to be coated. The particles form a layer on top of the outermost layer of the layered body through interlocking between the particles and adhesion forces which are enhanced by capillary effects of the solid layer below the film. The layer thickness is controlled by the dwell time and the concentration of particles in the coating suspension.

(C) Afterwards, the residual film of coating suspension is dried. In one embodiment, the film is dried under air atmosphere. In another embodiment, the film is dried under air atmosphere at room temperature. In a preferred embodiment, the film is dried for at least 12 h. In another embodiment, the film is dried at a temperature of from 60 °C to 90 °C under an air atmosphere. In a more preferred embodiment, the film is dried at a temperature of from 60 °C to 90 °C under an air atmosphere for 2 h to 6 h.

The dried film is submitted to a sintering process.

(D) The sinter temperatures must be chosen to be compatible with the maximum sinter temperature of the support and the material to be sintered. In case, at least one layer has been coated onto the support, the sinter temperatures must be chosen according to the maximum sinter temperature of one of the layers or the support, depending on which is the lowest. In preferred embodiments, the sinter temperatures are in a range of from 300 °C to 1400 °C. In another preferred embodiment, the sinter temperature is lowered with every subsequent layer as compared to the preceding layer. In another preferred embodiment, the sinter temperature during sintering of the first intermediate layer is in the range of from 1000 °C to 1400 °C. In another preferred embodiment, the temperature during sintering is reduced by at least 100 °C during every sintering step in the preparation of any subsequent layer.

In one embodiment, the sintering is performed at a temperature of from above 300°C, preferably above 350 °C, more preferably below 1700 °C, further preferably below 1500 °C, further preferably below 1400 °C, further preferably in the range of from 300 °C to 1700 °C, further preferably in the range of from 300 °C to 1500 °C, further preferably in the range of from 300 °C to 1500 °C, most preferably in the range of from 300 °C to 1400 °C or in the range of from 350 °C to 1400 °C.

In the sense of the present disclosure, all sintering steps for the sintering of metal oxides are executed under an atmosphere of air.

It is understood that metal carbides and metal nitrides require a careful selection of the conditions during sintering. As a consequence, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, filtration elements comprising metal carbides and/or metal nitrides may be sintered at temperatures below 900 °C under an atmosphere of air. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, filtration elements comprising metal carbides and/or metal nitrides may be sintered under an inert atmosphere, such as argon atmosphere or nitrogen atmosphere, or in a vacuum at a sinter temperature in a range of from 1000 °C to 2000 °C. (E) In one embodiment, the steps (A) to (D) of the process of manufacture can be repeated with the same suspension until the desired thickness of a layer is obtained. In preferred embodiments, all steps are conducted at least once per layer. In another preferred embodiment, the all steps of the process are not conducted more than six times per layer. In the sense of the present disclosure, layers consisting of the same materials with regard to the chemical composition and particle size are regarded to as one layer.

(F) In another embodiment, steps (A) to (E) are repeated to form layers with different chemical properties, whereas the suspension is changed for the suspensions comprising the particles of the at least one ceramic compound building the subsequent layers, respectively. Steps (A) to (E) are repeated until all desired layers are attached onto the layered body.

In a preferred embodiment, three intermediate layers and one membrane layer are formed by consecutive repetition of steps (A) to (E) with different coating suspensions.

In another embodiment, the filtration elements described herein are used in the process of liquid filtration.

In the following, the present disclosure is demonstrated by means of examples without the intention to narrow the scope of the disclosure. The scope of protection of the present disclosure shall only be limited by the claims.

EXAMPLES

General preparation process for suspensions of crystalline particles of at least one metal oxide

Crystalline particles of the at least one metal oxide are obtained from commercial suppliers or milled until the desired particle size and shape is obtained. The mean particle size is given as the numerical D , D ₅ o and D ₉₀ values which are determined by DLS prior to coating with a NANO-flex machine (obtained from Microtrac Europe GmbH).

For the preparation of a dispersion, a solvent (e.g., water), crystalline particles of the at least one metal oxide and optionally a dispersion agent (e.g., nitric acid or acetic acid) are mixed by means of applying energy through a pearl mill applying milling energy. Thereby, the amount of milling energy is adjusted to the requirements of the crystalline particles of the at least one metal oxide.

In this way, base suspensions can be obtained containing a 1 : 1 mixture of solvent and the crystalline ceramic nanoparticle with regard to their weight ratio (weight (solvent) : weight (particle)) and dispersion additive.

Prior to the process of coating, a suitable base suspension is diluted with solvent and mixed with a bonding agent. The amount of nanoparticles in the resulting coating suspension is expressed in weight-% (wt.-%) based on the total sum of mixtures unless specified otherwise.

The amount of crystalline particles of the at least one metal oxide is adjusted individually for each type of nanoparticle to be used in the preparation process.

For preparing the ceramic coating suspension base suspension and water are homogeneously mixed. Subsequently, the bonding agent is added while stirring.

Suitable coating suspensions have the following compositions:

Table 1 Exemplary compositions for the coating of layers

H2O Particles of the at ® ^ase _ .. , . . _o ..

[wt.-%] least one metal oxide ^au , ^s P ^a " ^sl0 " Bonding agent [wt-%]

|Wl.- /o|

AI2O3; D10 = 100 nm;

1 ^st intermediate ₇₍ - D ₅ o = 16O nm; „„ 20 wt.-% Polyvinyl layer D ₉₀ = 310 nm alcohol in H ₂ O (5)

Z = 3.1

AI2O3; D10 = 80 nm,

2 ^nd intermediate ₇₇ D ₅ o = 12O nm, 20 wt.-% Polyvinyl layer D ₉₀ = 190 nm alcohol in H ₂ O (3)

Z = 2.4

TiO ₂ ; D10 = 15 nm,

3 ^rd intermediate _q7 D ₅ o = 20 nm, 20 wt.-% Polyvinyl layer D ₉₀ = 30 nm alcohol in H ₂ O (1 )

Z = 2.0

TiOs; D10 = 6 nm,

Membrane D ₅ o = 7 nm, 0 wt.-% layer D90 = 1 1 nm

Z = 1.8

Coating on ceramic support

The aforementioned coating suspension is filled into the inside of vertically oriented ceramic support tubes. The solution is left in the support tubes for a time of 60 seconds after which the coating suspension is bled. The remaining film on the inner surface of the tube is left to dry. Afterwards, that the coated tubes can be sintered until sufficient strength is obtained. After the sintering process, the next layer can be coated on the preceding layer in the same manner. These steps are repeated until the membrane layer is coated onto the last intermediate layer.

By applying this method, a ceramic filtration elements (M1 ) with a minimal defect rate (see Figures 2, 3, and 4) and hence optimal properties for separation and filtration purposes can be manufactured. Characterization of filtration elements - MWCO

The quality of filtration was analyzed using MWCO analysis with PEGs (see Figure 1 ). With polyethylene glycols, the MWCO was calculated as D ₉₀ = 2.9 kDa representing a mean pore size in the low nanometer range. It is also shown in Figure 1 that the membrane M1 according to the present disclosure shows a steep slope of the sieve curve and an improved retention of high molecular weight PEGs compared to the competitor’s membrane despite the larger nominal mean pore size of M1 .

The abovementioned ceramic filtration element M1 was also analyzed with regard to the retention performance of dextranes of different molecular weights. A MWCO was determined as D ₉₀ = 4 kDa with dextranes at which 90 % of the molecules are retained at the element.

As compared to the ceramic filtration elements described in the prior art, the filtration element M1 of the present disclosure show an improved filtration behavior as demonstrated in the following:

A mixture of high molecular weight derivative compound of a biopolymer (MW: 20,000 to 50,000 Da) and medium molecular weight derivative compound of a biopolymer (MW: 2,000 to 3,000 Da) mimicking an industrial filtration problem was filtered through the abovementioned filtration element, and a commercially available membrane obtained from Orelis® (MWCO = 1 kDa) and constitutes an example of prior art giving the following results:

Table 2 Comparison of filtration performance of a filtration element according to the present disclosure and a comparative elements with smaller nominal pore size

Volume

Transmembrane Temperature Flux Retention Rejection reduction

Pressurefbar] [°C] [l/m ² h] [%] [%]

4 kDa)

The results of this test reveal, that the flux is almost 100 % higher at a lower transmembrane pressure when M1 is used for the filtration process as compared to the competitor element. At the same time, more high molecular weight biopolymer is retained in the mixture. Hence, the filtration with M1 is less time consuming, more energy efficient and has an improved performance in terms of higher selectivity and separation efficiency over the comparative element known from the prior art. Characterization of filtration elements - repeated use

In another experiment the separation of a high molecular weight biopolymer from primary industry from a low molecular weight aromatic compound (MW: 100 to 500 Da) was investigated. Therein, the volume reduction of used feed (mixture of the components in H2O) was set to 60 % and the mixtures were filtered through a variety of state of the art ceramic filtration elements obtained from commercial suppliers and the filtration element of the present disclosure (M1 ) at a cross-flow-velocity of 3 m/s and a transmembrane pressure of 2 bar. All filtration elements had the same geometry.

After a first filtration process, the filtration elements were cleaned with a commercially available membrane cleaner (e.g. P3-Ultrasil (obtained from Ecolab), acids or bases) and the filtration was repeated.

Table 3 Results of a comparison of a filtration element according to the present disclosure and a variety of comparative filtration elements (CFE) obtained from commercial suppliers in a complex filtration task. Retention is expressed as the retention of the high molecular weight biopolymer from primary industry.

Material Average Average f . Retention Retention permeability permeability or outer- _{MWC0 1 s} t _{run 2} ^nd run (120-240 (120-240

™ ^osl [%] [%] min; 1 ^st run) min; 2 ^nd run) a ^yer [L/(m ² *h*bar)] [L/(m ² *h*bar)]

CFE 5 ^D TiO ₂ 5 kDa 76.4 71.2 8.09 6.53

CFE 6 ^E ZrO ₂ 0.2 kDa 88.6 89.7 1.29 1.88

CFE 7 ^F TiO ₂ 0.9 kDa 94.9 89.7 1.59 2.77

CFE 8 ^G ZrO ₂ 3 kDa 73.9 76.0 8.31 9.61

A: obtained from Atech®; B: obtained from Tami®; C: obtained from Tami®; D: obtained from Tami®; E: obtained from Inopor®; F: obtained from Inopor®; G: obtained from Inopor®.

The filtration element of the present disclosure effectively retains the high molecular weight biopolymers, whereas the low molecular weight aromatic compound passed through the membrane. Membrane permeability remained high as compared to all comparative filtration elements known from the prior art and obtained from commercial suppliers. This is surprising in view of the larger MWCO and hence larger pore size of the disclosed membrane compared to the comparative filtration elements. This reveals that the preparation of membranes with a low defect rate is highly favorable because the high retention of the high molecular weight biopolymer from primary industry is paired with a high permeability as a consequence of the narrow pore size distribution and the smooth membrane surface.