Related Application Data

[01] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 13/971,395, entitled "Cleared Footwear with Flexible Cleats" and filed August 20, 2013. This priority application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Field of the Invention

[02] The present invention relates to the field of footwear. More specifically, aspects of the present invention pertain to cleat structures, footwear sole structures including such cleat structures, and articles of footwear (e.g., athletic footwear) that include such cleat and sole structures. Additional aspects of this invention relate to methods of making footwear sole structures and/or articles of footwear including these cleat structures.

Background

[03] Cleated footwear provides enhanced traction for athletes in various activities, such as baseball, softball, football, soccer, golf, etc. The cleats provided on such footwear may have different sizes, shapes, orientations, and arrangements on the footwear sole structure, e.g., for use in different activities and/or under different field conditions.

[04] Cleated footwear, particularly for golf, traditionally has included a relatively stiff board or base running the entire length and width of the sole structure, e.g., to support mounting of cleats and removable cleat receptacles and to stably support the golfer during all phases of swinging actions. Such footwear, however, can be quite uncomfortable, particularly when walking several miles during a round of golf. In recent years, however, there has been increased interest and desire toward more natural motion and/or more "minimalist" constructions for footwear, including cleated footwear (even for golf footwear). Accordingly, further options and advances in natural motion cleated footwear structures would be a welcome advance in the art.

Summary

[05] This Summary is provided to introduce some general concepts relating to this invention in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the invention. [06] Some aspects of this invention relate to flexible cleats and sole structures for articles of cleated footwear that have improved flexibility and/or improved natural motion capabilities. Flexible cleats for footwear (e.g., with improved natural motion sole structures) may include a cleat structure that generally has the appearance of a cleat that has been separated into two or more individual component parts by one or more flex grooves that extend into the sole structure (e.g., a cleat cut into parts by one or more flex grooves). Such cleat structures provide additional flexibility at areas of the cleats so as to avoid a "stiff feeling in certain areas and/or during certain activities and to provide or support more natural motion.

[07] Sole structures according to at least some examples of this invention include a sole member having an exterior surface and an opposite interior surface for supporting the wearer's foot. This sole member includes: a first flex groove that extends at least partially through the sole member from the exterior surface in a direction toward the interior surface, and a second flex groove that extends at least partially through the sole member from the exterior surface in a direction toward the interior surface, wherein the first and second flex grooves meet to form a junction. At least one flexible cleat extends in a direction away from the interior and exterior surfaces of the sole member and includes at least: (a) a first cleat component that includes a first side extending along the first and second flex grooves (e.g., having a curved side wall or a sharp corner at the junction area) and a first nadir portion located along the first side adjacent the junction; and (b) a second cleat component that includes a second side extending along the first and second flex grooves (e.g., having a curved side wall or a sharp corner at the junction area) and a second nadir portion located along the second side adjacent the junction. These cleat components may be generally L-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped, or T-shaped (with sharp corners or rounded corners) and/or elongated fin-shaped.

[08] Sole structures in accordance with other examples of this invention may include three (or more) flex grooves that meet at a junction area. Flexible cleats, e.g., made of three (or more) cleat components, e.g., of the various types described above, may be arranged around the junction area and between such flex grooves. The cleat components may be L-shaped, T-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped, elongated fin-shaped, etc.

[09] Sole structures in accordance with still other examples of this invention will include flexible cleats, e.g., made of fin-shaped, T-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped and/or L-shaped cleat components of the types described above, arranged on opposite sides of a flex groove.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[10] The foregoing Summary, as well as the following Detailed Description of the invention, will be better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements in all of the various views in which that reference number appears. The accompanying figures include:

[11] Figs. 1A through 1G, which illustrate various features of a cleated sole structure including flexible cleats and/or an article of footwear in accordance with some examples of this invention;

[12] Figs. 2A and 2B, which illustrate another example flexible cleat structure in accordance with this invention;

[13] Figs. 3A and 3B, which illustrate another example flexible cleat structure in accordance with this invention;

[14] Figs. 4A and 4B, which illustrate another example flexible cleat structure in accordance with this invention;

[15] Figs. 5A and 5B, which illustrate another example flexible cleat structure in accordance with this invention;

[16] Figs. 6A and 6B, which illustrate another example flexible cleat structure in accordance with this invention;

[17] Figs. 7A and 7B, which illustrate another example sole structure showing additional structure features and options for sole structures in accordance with examples of this invention; and

Figs. 8A-8H, which provide various views illustrating example structures and methods of making at least a portion of sole structures in accordance with this invention. Detailed Description

[19] In the following description of various examples of structures, components, and methods according to the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration various example structures, environments, and methods according to this invention and/or in which aspects of the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other structures, environments, and methods may be utilized and that structural and functional modifications may be made to the specifically described structures and methods without departing from the scope of the present invention.

I. General Description of Aspects of this Invention

[20] As noted above, some aspects of this invention relate to sole structures for articles of cleated footwear that have improved flexibility (e.g., improved natural motion capabilities) and to the cleat structures included in these fiexible sole structures. Such sole structures may include: (a) a sole member having an exterior surface and an opposite interior surface, wherein the sole member includes:

(1) a first flex groove that extends at least partially through the sole

member from the exterior surface in a direction toward the interior surface, and

(2) a second flex groove that extends at least partially through the sole

member from the exterior surface in a direction toward the interior surface, wherein the first and second flex grooves form a junction; and

(b) a flexible cleat extending in a direction away from the interior and exterior surfaces of the sole member, wherein the flexible cleat includes at least:

(1) a first cleat component having a first side extending along the first and

second flex grooves (e.g., having a curved side wall or a sharp corner around the junction area) and a first nadir portion located along the first side adjacent the junction, and

(2) a second cleat component having a second side extending along the

first and second flex grooves (e.g., having a curved side wall or a sharp corner around the junction area) and a second nadir portion located along the second side adjacent the junction.

If desired, flexible cleats in accordance with this aspect of the invention may include additional cleat components, e.g., extending along the first and/or second flex grooves, and optionally including sides and/or nadir portions, e.g., of the types described above. The cleat components may be generally L-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped, or T-shaped (with sharp corners or rounded corners) and/or elongated fin-shaped. Multiple flexible cleats of the types described above may be provided on a single sole member and/or sole structure, if desired (e.g., arranged around at least some of the same or different flex grooves provided in the sole member and/or sole structure).

[21] The sole member described above may constitute a polymeric foam material (e.g., polyurethane foam, ethylvinylacetate foam, etc.), a rubber material, a thermoplastic polyurethane material (a "TPU"), rigid plastic materials, leather, and/or other conventional footwear midsole and/or outsole materials. The junction (and thus at least portions of the flexible cleat) may be located in a forefoot area of the sole structure (e.g., in an area supporting the first metatarsal head, the fourth and/or fifth metatarsal head(s), the big toe area, the area(s) corresponding to the fourth and/or fifth toe(s), etc.). Additionally or alternatively, if desired, junctions and/or flexible cleats of the types described above may be provided in other areas of the sole structure, such as at or near the heel area (at the lateral or medial side of a longitudinal centerline), etc.

[22] Sole structures in accordance with some examples of this invention further may include one or more outsole components, optionally engaged with the sole member having the flexible cleat structure. If desired, the outsole component(s) may include cleat elements as well, such as fixed cleats, removable cleats, secondary traction elements, etc. The outsole component(s) in some examples of this invention may be located rearward of the flexible cleat(s) and optionally in the forefoot area beneath the first metatarsal head and/or beneath the fourth and/or fifth metatarsal head(s). The outsole component(s), which may be made from any of the materials described above for the sole member, may provide additional wear resistance and/or additional support or base structure for more durable, aggressive, and/or replaceable cleats.

[23] The flex grooves may be sized, shaped, positioned, and/or oriented so as to provide a flexible sole structure, optionally a flexible sole structure with enhanced natural motion capabilities. In at least some examples of this invention, in an unstressed condition (i.e., without a wearer's foot or other object applying a force thereto), at least some of the flex grooves will have one or more of the following characteristics: (a) a depth of at least 3 mm (in a direction from the exterior surface toward the interior surface), and in some examples at least 5 mm, at locations adjacent the junction or intersection, (b) a width of less than 5 mm, and in some examples less than 3 mm, at locations adjacent the junction or intersection and/or between adjacent cleat components, (c) a depth that extends through at least 40% of the sole member thickness over at least 40% of the flex groove's length (optionally at the junction area), and (d) a depth that extends through at least 40% of the sole member thickness at areas between adjacent cleat components along the flex groove(s) and/or at the junction area. As some additional examples, the depth(s) may extend through at least 50%>, at least 60%>, or even at least 75% of the sole member thickness in at least some of the areas described above, e.g., over at least 50%, at least 60%, or even at least 75% of the flex groove's length and/or at locations adjacent one or more cleat components and/or the junction area. As still other examples, the flex groove depth in at least some areas (e.g., adjacent one or more cleat components, between two cleat components, at the junction area, in the forefoot area, along the side edges of the sole structure, etc.) may be at least 7.5 mm, at least 10 mm, or even at least 12.5 mm (e.g., over at least 40%> of the flex groove's length). As yet other example features, the flex groove width in at least some areas (e.g., adjacent one or more cleat components, between two cleat components, in the forefoot area, etc.) may be less than 3 mm or even less than 2 mm (e.g., over at least 40% of the flex groove's length).

[24] Sole structures in accordance with at least some examples of this invention may include three (or more) flex grooves that meet at a junction area. Flexible cleats, e.g., made of three (or more) cleat components, e.g., of the various types described above, may be arranged around the junction area of these three or more flex grooves.

[25] Sole structures in accordance with some examples of this invention will include flexible cleats, e.g., made of fin-shaped, T-shaped, V-shaped, U-shaped, and/or L-shaped cleat components of the types described above, arranged on opposite sides of one or more flex grooves.

[26] Additional aspects of this invention relate to sole structures for articles of footwear that include: (a) a sole member having a ground contacting (e.g., exterior) surface formed as an array of sole pods, including a first sole pod, a second sole pod, a third sole pod, and a fourth sole pod, wherein the first through fourth sole pods are arranged around a junction of intersecting flex grooves; (b) a first cleat component extending from the first sole pod that includes a first side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves and a first nadir portion along the first side adjacent the junction; (c) a second cleat component extending from the second sole pod that includes a second side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves and a second nadir portion along the second side adjacent the junction; (d) a third cleat component extending from the third sole pod that includes a third side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves and a third nadir portion along the third side adjacent the junction; and (e) a fourth cleat component extending from the fourth sole pod that includes a fourth side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves and a fourth nadir portion along the fourth side adjacent the junction. Such arrays of sole pods may further include: (f) a fifth sole pod, a sixth sole pod, a seventh sole pod, and an eighth sole pod, wherein the fifth through eighth sole pods are arranged around a second junction of intersecting flex grooves; (g) a fifth cleat component extending from the fifth sole pod that includes a fifth side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves forming the second junction and a fifth nadir portion along the fifth side adjacent the second junction; (h) a sixth cleat component extending from the sixth sole pod that includes a sixth side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves forming the second junction and a sixth nadir portion along the sixth side adjacent the second junction; (i) a seventh cleat component extending from the seventh sole pod that includes a seventh side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves forming the second junction and a seventh nadir portion along the seventh side adjacent the second junction; and (j) an eighth cleat component extending from the eighth sole pod that includes an eighth side extending along at least one of the intersecting flex grooves forming the second junction and an eighth nadir portion along the eighth side adjacent the second junction. Alternatively, if desired, a junction may include fewer than four cleat components around it (e.g., from 1-3 cleat components). The array of sole pods may be provided at least in a forefoot area of the sole member (e.g., in an area supporting the metatarsal heads and/or toes of a wearer).

[27] The array of sole pods may include at least four sole pods oriented in a lateral side to medial side direction of the sole member and at least three sole pods oriented in a heel to toe direction of the sole member, e.g., at least in the forefoot area of the sole member. More generally, if desired, the array of sole pods may include from 2-10 sole pods oriented in a lateral side to medial side direction of the sole member and from 2-6 sole pods oriented in a heel to toe direction of the sole member, e.g., at least in the forefoot area of the sole member. Also, while they may all be made as separate elements, if desired, at least some of the sole pods, including all of the sole pods of the array, may be formed as a unitary, one piece structure (e.g., connected along the interior surface of the sole member such that the flex groove(s) are formed as a cut, channel, or sipe extending partially through a thickness of the sole member).

[28] Additional aspects of this invention relate to articles of footwear that include sole structures of the various types described above and/or to methods of making such sole structures and/or articles of footwear. As some more specific example features, the flex groove(s) may be formed in the sole structure by: (a) molding techniques (e.g., injection molding), (b) cutting using a knife or blade (e.g., hot knife cutting or siping), (c) cutting using a laser, and/or (d) direct formation (e.g., using rapid manufacturing techniques such as laser sintering). The cleat components may be integrally formed with the sole member (e.g., by molding or rapid manufacturing techniques) or may be separate elements engaged with the sole member (e.g., using cements or adhesives, mechanical connectors, in-molding techniques, cement or adhesive free connections, etc.).

[29] Given the general description of features, aspects, structures, and arrangements according to certain embodiments of the invention provided above, a more detailed description of specific example structures and methods in accordance with this invention follows.

II. Detailed Description of Example Structures and Methods According to this Invention

[30] Referring to the figures and following discussion, various articles of footwear, footwear components, and/or features thereof in accordance with the present invention are described. The footwear depicted and discussed are golf shoes, but the concepts disclosed with respect to various aspects of this invention may be applied to a wide range of cleated or other athletic and non-athletic footwear styles, including, but not limited to: soccer shoes, baseball shoes, softball shoes, football shoes, etc.

[31] Figs. 1A through 1G provide various views of example sole structures 100 and features thereof in accordance with some aspects of this invention. In this illustrated example, the sole structure 100 includes a sole member 102 for supporting a wearer's foot. The sole member 102 may be constructed from any desired material without departing from this invention, including conventional materials used in footwear sole construction, such as polymeric foam materials (e.g., polyurethane foams, ethylvinylacetate foams, etc.), rubber materials (natural or synthetic), thermoplastic polyurethane materials, other rigid plastic materials, leather, and the like. The sole structure 100 further may include an additional midsole component 104, e.g., made from a polymeric foam material (e.g., polyurethane foams, ethylvinylacetate foams, etc.), which may be located exterior to (as shown in Fig. 1A) or within an upper 700 of the shoe. If desired, when both the sole member 102 and midsole component 104 are present and made from a polymeric foam material, the foam material of the lower sole member 102 may be made from a harder and/or more durable polymeric foam material (at least in some regions) as compared to that of the midsole component 104. The sole member 102 and the midsole component 104 may be made in any desired manners without departing from this invention, including through molding processes (e.g., injection molding, compression molding, etc.), through rapid manufacturing additive fabrication processes, etc. Different areas of the sole member 102 and/or the midsole component 104 may be made to have different characteristics, such as different hardnesses, thicknesses, wear resistance, abrasion resistance, density, colors, aesthetic features, etc.

[32] If desired, rather than being formed of two separate pieces that are engaged together (e.g., by cements, adhesives, mechanical connectors, etc.), sole member 102 and midsole component 104 may be made as a unitary, single piece structure, e.g., by molding (optionally using dual density foam injection molding techniques), rapid manufacturing additive fabrication processes, etc. Sole member 102 and/or midsole component 104 (when present) may provide the primary impact force attenuation features of the overall footwear and/or sole structure 100.

[33] The illustrated sole structure 100 is a cleated sole structure, e.g., for use in golf or other activities (e.g., athletic activities, such as baseball, softball, football, soccer, etc.). The rear heel area of this example sole structure 100 includes traction enhancing component 106. This traction enhancing component 106 may be made from a harder material than sole member 102, and it may constitute an outsole component that is engaged within a recess or opening 106a formed in the heel area of the sole member 102 (e.g., engaged via cements or adhesives, mechanical connectors, etc.). In this illustrated example, the rear heel traction enhancing component 106 includes a plurality of raised, directional traction elements 106b (extending away from base surface 106c). At least some of the directional traction elements 106b of this example include a convex wall facing the rear of the sole structure 100 and an opposite concave wall facing the front of the sole structure 100 (e.g., to form a generally parabolic or otherwise curve shaped traction element structure 106b). The concave forward facing wall of these directional traction elements 106b provides an enlarged surface or pocket for engaging the ground as the wearer walks on downhill terrain (when more weight is generally placed on the heel area of the sole structure 100 as the wearer leans rearward). The base surface 106c of this example traction enhancing component 106 is generally triangular shaped. Other styles, shapes, sizes, numbers, and/or arrangements of traction enhancing element structures 106b may be used in the heel area, including different types of directional traction elements, without departing from this invention.

[34] The forward toe area of this example sole structure 100 includes traction enhancing component 108. This traction enhancing component 108 also may be made from a harder material than sole member 102, and it may constitute an outsole component or a toe cap type element that is incorporated into the overall sole structure 100 of the article of footwear (e.g., engaged with sole member 102, midsole component 104, and/or an upper 700 of the footwear article via cements or adhesives, mechanical connectors, etc.; fit into an opening or recess in sole member 102 and/or midsole component 104; etc.). As shown, the base surface 108c of this traction component 108 may extend around the side surfaces of the toe area, e.g., to provide improved wear resistance around the toe area. In this illustrated example, the forward toe traction enhancing component 108 includes a plurality of raised, directional traction elements 108b (extending away from base surface 108c). At least some of the directional traction elements 108b of this example include a convex wall facing the front of the sole structure 100 and an opposite concave wall facing the rear of the sole structure 100 (e.g., to form a generally parabolic or otherwise curve shaped traction element structure 108b). The concave rear facing wall of these directional traction elements 108b provides an enlarged surface or pocket for engaging the ground as the wearer walks on uphill terrain (when more weight is generally placed on the toe area of the sole structure 100 as the wearer leans forward). Other styles, shapes, sizes, numbers, and/or arrangements of traction enhancing element structures 108b may be used in the toe area, including different types of directional traction elements, without departing from this invention.

[35] The sole structure 100 of this example further includes traction enhancing components 110a, 110b, 110c, and HOd that include cleat elements 112a, 112b, 112c, and 112d, respectively. The cleat elements 1 12a, 112b, 112c, and 112d of this example may be permanently fixed with respect to their respective base members 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d (e.g., by molding, in-molding, rapid manufacturing additive fabrication techniques, or the like) or they may be removably engaged with respect to their respective base members 114a, 114b, 114c, and 114d (e.g., by conventional releasable cleat engagement structures, such as threaded connectors, turnbuckle type connectors, etc.). The structure for engaging the removable cleat elements 112a, 112b, 112c, and 112d may be provided as part of the base members 114a, 114b, 114c, 114d, as part of the sole member 102, and/or as part of another component of the sole structure 100 and/or the article of footwear. In this illustrated example, the traction enhancing components 110a, 110b, 110c, HOd constitute outsole components that are engaged in recesses or openings formed in the sole member 102 (e.g., by cements, adhesives, mechanical connectors, etc.). The cleat elements 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d are removable cleats having threaded posts or turnbuckle connectors that engage with threaded holes or corresponding turnbuckle connectors included with the base members 114a, 114b, 114c, 114d. The sole member 102 includes appropriate recesses or openings to accommodate the releasable connector structures for the removable cleats 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d. Base members 114a, 114b, 114c, and/or 114d may constitute plate like units (e.g., harder than the sole member 102 material) that are engaged within recesses or openings formed in the sole member 102 (e.g., fixed to the sole member 102 using adhesives, cements, mechanical connectors, etc.).

[36] While other numbers and/or arrangements of cleat elements are possible, this example sole structure 100 includes just four removable cleat members 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d. The center of rearmost cleat element 112a is located on the medial (inside) of the rear heel area of the sole structure 100. A second heel cleat element 112b has its center located forward of the center of rearmost heel cleat element 112a, and the center of this second heel cleat element 112b is located on the lateral side (outside) of the sole structure 100. In this illustrated example, heel cleat elements 112a and 112b (as well as their associated base members 114a and 114b) are located on opposite sides of a generally longitudinally extending flex groove 120a.

[37] Two removable cleats 112c and 112d also are provided in the forefoot area (e.g., beneath the metatarsal head areas of a wearer's foot). The center of cleat element 112c is located on the lateral (outside) of the forefoot area of the sole structure 100, and the center of cleat element 112d optionally is located slightly forward of the center of cleat element 112c. The center of cleat element 112d is located on the medial side (inside) of the sole structure 100. Cleat element 112c may be positioned to support the metatarsal head of the fourth and/or fifth (smaller) toes, and cleat element 112d may be positioned to support the metatarsal head of the first (big) toe. In this illustrated example, forefoot cleat elements 112c and 112d (as well as their associated base members 114c and 114d) are located on opposite sides of a generally longitudinally extending flex groove 120a, which may be separate from or continuous with the longitudinal flex groove 120a described above with respect to the rear heel cleat elements 112a and 112b (if any).

[38] In this illustrated example, the base member 114d of the medial forefoot traction enhancing component 1 lOd wraps upward and around at least a portion of a medial side edge of the sole structure 100 (e.g., at area 102a of sole member 102, as shown in Fig. IB). One or more traction enhancing elements 116 are provided at and along this side area of traction enhancing component 1 lOd, and one or more of these traction enhancing elements 116 may project at least partially in a sideways direction (e.g., in a sideways direction beyond the edge 102a of sole member 102 and/or beyond the base surface of traction enhancing component HOd). The side edge located and/or oriented traction enhancing elements 116 provide additional support and traction, particularly during the downswing and/or ball contacting phases of a golf swing, e.g., as the club head is nearing and passing through the ball contact zone, and/or during other activities (e.g., when making a turn or cut). Side traction elements 116 may be fixed to and optionally formed as an integral structure with base member 114d, or they may be removably engaged with the base member 114a, the sole member 102, or other portion of the sole and/or footwear structure.

[39] This example sole structure 100 also includes enhanced flexibility and/or natural motion capabilities, and various traction element features and flexibility/natural motion enhancing features of this example sole structure 100 will be described in more detail below. Some enhanced flexibility is provided by forming much of the sole structure 100 from a flexible material and/or a flexible construction. For example, the sole member 102 may be made, at least in part, from a polymeric foam material that supports all or substantially all of a plantar surface of wearer's foot. As another potential feature shown in Figs. 1A and IB, flex grooves are formed in the sole member 102 to enhance the flexibility of the sole structure 100 (which can provide enhanced flexibility even if sole member 102 is formed of rubber, TPU, and/or other rigid materials). While other flex groove structures and arrangements are possible without departing from this invention (including arrangements with more or fewer flex grooves and/or longer or shorter flex grooves), this illustrated example sole member 102 includes the following flex grooves: (a) central longitudinal flex groove 120a (e.g., extending from a heel area to a toe area of the sole member 102 in this illustrated example, but is preferably provided at least in a forefoot area of the sole member 102);

(b) lateral forefoot longitudinal flex groove 120b, optionally substantially parallel with flex groove 120a at the forefoot area (e.g., extending between traction element 110c and traction element 108);

(c) medial forefoot longitudinal flex groove 120c, optionally substantially parallel with flex groove 120a at the forefoot area (e.g., extending between traction element 1 lOd and traction element 108);

(d) rear heel flex groove 120d (e.g., extending from flex groove 120a to the rear heel area of the sole member 102 (optionally more toward the medial side than the lateral side) and/or between (e.g., separating) traction elements 110a and 106);

(e) rear heel transverse flex groove 120e (e.g., extending across the sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side, between (e.g., separating) traction elements 110b and 106, and/or along the forward edge of traction element 110a); flex groove 120e may have a straight configuration or may be curved or angled (e.g., at the junction with longitudinal flex groove 120a);

(f) central heel transverse flex groove 120f (e.g., extending from longitudinal flex groove 120a and/or traction element 110b to the medial side of sole member 102);

(g) forward heel transverse flex groove 120g (e.g., extending across the sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side, forward of traction element 110b, and/or along the front edge of traction element 110b);

(h) arch transverse flex groove 120h (e.g., extending across the sole member 102 in the arch area from the medial side to the lateral side of sole member 102);

(i) first forefoot transverse flex groove 120i (e.g., extending across the sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side, rearward of the traction element 110c, and/or along a rear edge of traction element 110c); j) second forefoot transverse flex groove 120j (e.g., extending from flex

groove 120a and/or traction element 110c and/or along the rear edge of traction element 1 lOd);

(k) third forefoot transverse flex groove 120k (e.g., extending across the

sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side, along the forward edge of traction element 110c, and/or along the forward edge of traction element 1 lOd);

(1) fourth forefoot transverse flex groove 1201 (e.g., extending across the

sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side); and (m) fifth forefoot transverse flex groove 120m (e.g., extending across the

sole member 102 from the medial side to the lateral side).

If desired, another transverse flex groove (120n) may be provided along the rear edge of traction element 108 at the forward toe area of the sole member 102.

[40] The pattern of intersecting flex grooves in this illustrated example forms an array of sole portions or sole pods located between the adjacent flex grooves (and/or other features of the sole structures). This "array" type construction helps maintain closer ground contact for the foot and sole during motion (e.g., during activities causing plantar- flexion). In this illustrated example, the forefoot area (and the area surrounding the two flexible cleats 130a and 130b) constitutes a 4 x 3 array of sole portions or pods located around flex grooves 120a, 120b, 120c, 120k, 1201, and 120m. More or fewer flex grooves may be provided in the forefoot area, if desired, to produce different sized and/or shaped "arrays" of sole portions or pods in the forefoot area (and the area surrounding any one or more forefoot flexible cleats). Such forefoot area arrays may have, for example, from 2 to 10 sole pods in the side-to-side direction and from 2 to 6 sole pods in the heel-to-toe direction. The "forefoot used herein in this context, means the area of a sole structure or an article of footwear located forward of the arch support area and located so as to support areas of the foot from the metatarsal heads and forward (including the toes).

[41] The flex grooves may be straight, curved, and/or angled without departing from this invention. In some examples, the flex grooves may be arranged and located at appropriate positions so as to promote natural flexion for a wearer's foot during use (e.g., as the user's weight shifts when landing a step or jump, as the user's weight shifts during the course of a golf swing (or other athletic activity, such as when swinging at a baseball or other object, when throwing a ball or other object, when making a turning or cutting maneuver, etc.). As yet another potential feature, if desired, the flex grooves on one shoe (e.g., location, sizes, shapes, orientations, etc.) may be different from the flex grooves on the other shoe of a pair (e.g., different for right or left handed athletes, to better support weight shift on the two feet during various athletic activities, etc.).

[42] More or fewer flex grooves from those specifically described above may be provided in a sole structure 100 without departing from this invention. Additionally, some of the illustrated flex grooves may be changed into shorter, longer, and/or multiple (separated) segments. Also, while the illustrated example shows flex grooves only in the sole member 102, if desired, flex grooves may be provided in traction element components 106, 108, 110a, 110b, 110c, and/or HOd and/or to separate these traction element components into multiple parts without departing from this invention. In the illustrated example of Figs. 1A and IB, flex grooves are located so as to lie immediately adjacent at least some portion (e.g., at least 65% of a perimeter) of base members 114a-114d of traction element components HOa-l lOd. In this specific illustrated example, each base member 114a-l 14d has at least 65% of its perimeter located immediately adjacent a flex groove (with only the extreme side edges of the base members 114a-l 14d not having an immediately adjacent flex groove). This arrangement provides more flexibility and more natural motion capability to the sole structure 100 at areas immediately surrounding the base members 114a-l 14d, which may be made from a somewhat harder or stiffer material than that of sole member 102 (to better support cleats 112a-l 12d).

[43] This illustrated example sole structure 100 includes further features to enhance its flexibility. As shown in Figs. 1A and IB, some of the flex grooves of sole member 102 are arranged such that they divide some of the sole structure's traction elements into multiple (separated) component parts. Example features and structures of these "flexible cleat" traction elements 130a and 130b will be described in more detail below, additionally in conjunction with Figs. 1C through 1G.

[44] While they may be provided in more, fewer, and/or other locations in an overall sole structure 100 (including in the heel area), in this illustrated example, two flexible cleats 130a and 130b (and their respective junctions areas 132a, 132b, as will be described in more detail below) are provided in the forefoot area of the sole member 102, with one flexible cleat 130a (and/or its junction area 132a) located at the lateral side of the sole member 102 (and the lateral side of longitudinal flex groove 120a and/or below the outside toe(s)) and the other flexible cleat 130b (and/or its junction area 132b) located at the medial side of the sole member 102 (and the medial side of longitudinal flex groove 120a and/or beneath the inside toe(s)). Providing the flexible cleats 130a and 130b in these areas further improves flexibility of the overall sole structure 100, e.g., particularly during toe off phases of a step or jump and/or during the downswing portions of a golf swing or other athletic activities (e.g., when the athlete is engaging the ground and/or pushing off with his or her toes), during the ball contact or later phases of a golf swing cycle, etc.

[45] The flexible cleats 130a and/or 130b may be integrally formed with and extend from an exposed exterior surface 102s of the sole member 102 (e.g., the flexible cleats 130a, 130b may be formed during a molding process for forming the sole member 102 and/or in a rapid manufacturing additive fabrication process). Because the illustrated flexible cleats 130a and 130b of this example have similar structures (albeit potentially with somewhat different sizes and/or shapes), the structure of flexible cleat 130a will be described in more detail below. Those skilled in the art will understand that flexible cleat 130b may have similar structures, features and/or properties.

[46] As described above, the sole member 102 includes: (a) a first flex groove (e.g., longitudinal flex groove 120b) that extends at least partially through a thickness of the sole member 102 from its exterior surface 102s in a direction toward its interior surface and (b) a second flex groove (e.g., transverse flex groove 1201) that extends at least partially through the sole member 102 from its exterior surface 102s in a direction toward its interior surface. These first and second flex grooves 120b and 1201 meet to form a junction (e.g., intersection 132a). When formed as an intersection 132a, the flex grooves 120b and 1201 may meet at any desired angle without departing from this invention. In some more specific examples, the flex grooves 120b, 1201 may meet at angles ranging from 20° to 160°, and in some examples, between angles ranging from 30° to 150° and even between 45° and 135°. The flex grooves 120b, 1201 also may be straight or curved.

[47] The flexible cleat 130a is formed around intersection 132a. Flexible cleat 130a extends in a direction away from the interior and exterior surfaces of the sole member 102, and in this illustrated example, the flexible cleat 130a includes: (a) a first cleat component 134a that includes a first side or wall 136a extending along the flex grooves 120b and 1201 and a first nadir portion 138a located along the first side 136a adjacent the intersection 132a; (b) a second cleat component 134b that includes a second side or wall 136b extending along the flex grooves 120b, 1201 and a second nadir portion 138b located along the second side 136b adjacent the intersection 132a; (c) a third cleat component 134c that includes a third side or wall 136c extending along the flex grooves 120b, 1201 and a third nadir portion 138c located along the third side 136c adjacent the intersection 132a; and (d) a fourth cleat component 134d that includes a fourth side or wall 136d extending along the flex grooves 120b, 1201 and a fourth nadir portion 138d located along the fourth side 136d adjacent the intersection 132a. Flexible cleat 130b of this illustrated example includes a similar four part flexible cleat component structure 134a, 134b, 134c, 134d arranged along longitudinal flex groove 120c and transverse flex groove 120m and at the junction 132b between these flex grooves 120c, 120m (e.g., with one cleat component provided within each quadrant or sector defined around the junction 132b).

[48] The sides or walls 136a, 136b, 136c, and 136d of the flexible cleat components 134a- 134d may constitute interior walls or edges that extend downward from the base surface 102s and face the flex grooves 120b, 120c, 1201, and/or 120m. While these walls or sides 136a, 136b, 136c, 136d may be straight or curved and may extend downward from the base surface 102s at any desired angle or direction, in some examples, they will extend downward such that the base surface 102s and the interior surface of the walls or sides 136a, 136b, 136c, 136d (adjacent the flex grooves) form an angle of 90° to 135° (and in some examples, an angle from 90° to 125° or even from 90° to 110°). The interior walls or sides 136a, 136b, 136c, 136d that face the flex grooves may form a smoothly curved surface or a more abrupt (substantially vertical) corner (or multiple corners) at locations at or near the intersections 132a, 132b (with smoothly curved walls extending along the flex grooves being shown in the illustrated example of Figs. 1A through ID). In the illustrated examples, the interior walls or sides 136a-136d of the flexible cleat components 134a-134d that face the flex grooves extend continuously from a first end 140a of the respective cleat component (located adjacent one of the flex grooves) to a second end 140b of the respective cleat component (located adjacent the other flex groove making up the intersection), and the respective nadir portions 138a-138d of the cleat components are located between the first end 140a and the second end 140b of the respective cleat component 134a-134d (optionally at or near the junction).

[49] Figs. IE through 1G show additional potential features of flex grooves 120a-120n that may be included in sole structures (e.g., in sole members 102) in accordance with at least some examples of this invention. Fig. IE illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of potential flex grooves 120, and Figs. IF and 1G show example cross sectional views cut through and parallel to a groove 120 (e.g., from a lateral side 144 to a medial side 146 of a sole structure 100). As noted above, at least some of the flex grooves 120a-120n may be sized, shaped, positioned, and/or oriented so as to provide a flexible sole structure, optionally a sole structure with enhanced natural motion capabilities (e.g., with flexibility to enhance natural movement to support steps, jumps, golf swings, and other athletic movements). For example, at least some of these flex grooves 120a-120n (optionally, including those around the flexible cleats 130a, 130b), in an unstressed condition (e.g., with the sole or a shoe containing the sole sitting freely on horizontal surface), may have one or more of the following characteristics:

(a) a depth (H, Hi, H ₂ ) of at least 3 mm (in a direction from the exterior

surface 102s toward the interior surface 102i of the sole member 102), and in some examples at least 5 mm, optionally at least at locations adjacent the junction or intersection 132a, 132b and/or adjacent the sides 136a-136d;

(b) a width (Wi, W ₂ ) of less than 5 mm (and in some examples less than 3

mm), optionally at least at locations adjacent the junction or intersection 132a, 132b and/or adjacent the sides 136a-136d;

(c) a depth (H, Hi, H ₂ ) that extends through at least 40% of the sole

member 102 thickness (T, T _h T ₂ ) (e.g., H > 0.4T) over at least 40% of the flex groove's length L (and in some examples, H > 0.5T);

(d) a depth (H, Hi, H ₂ ) that extends through at least 40%> of the sole

member 102 thickness (T, T _ls T ₂ ) (e.g., H > 0.4T) throughout the areas between adjacent cleat components 134a-134d (and in some examples, H > 0.5T);

(e) a depth (H, Hi, H ₂ ) in at least some areas along the longitudinal length

L of the flex groove 120 (e.g., adjacent one or more cleat components 134a-134d, between two cleat components, in the forefoot area, etc.) of at least 3 mm, at least 5 mm, at least 7.5 mm, at least 10 mm, or even at least 12.5 mm;

(f) a width (Wi, W ₂ ) in at least some areas along the longitudinal length L

of the flex groove 120 (e.g., adjacent one or more cleat components 134a-134d, between two cleat components, in the forefoot area, etc.) of less than 5 mm, less than 3 mm, or even less than 2 mm; and (g) a groove width to depth ratio (W/H) of less than 1 , and in some

examples, less than 0.75, less than 0.5, and even less than 0.3, optionally at least at some locations adjacent the junction or intersection 132a, 132b, adjacent the sides 136a-136d of cleat components 134a-134d, and/or between adjacent sides 136a-136d.

As some additional examples, the depth (H, Hi, H ₂ ) may extend through at least 50%, at least 60%), or even at least 75%> of the sole member 102 thickness (T, T _ls T ₂ ) in at least some areas, e.g., over at least 40%>, at least 50%>, at least 60%>, or even at least 75% of the flex groove's length L.

[50] Figs. 1E-1G further illustrate that the groove widths W and groove depths H in a given sole member 102 may differ without departing from this invention (although, if desired, each groove may have the same width and depth characteristics). Additionally, while Fig. IF shows a groove 120 having a substantially constant depth H and a sole member 102 having a substantially constant depth to thickness ratio (H/T) along substantially the entire longitudinal length L of the groove 120, this is not a requirement. Rather, as shown in Fig. 1G, the groove depth H and/or the overall sole member thickness T may vary over the course of the longitudinal length L of a groove structure (from the lateral side 144 to the medial side 146 of the sole member 102). Groove width W also may vary along the longitudinal length L of a given groove.

[51] As illustrated in Figs. 1A-1D, the flexible cleats 130a, 130b constitute four "fin-type" cleat components 134a-134d arranged around a junction or intersection 132a, 132b of two flex grooves. Each cleat component 134a-134d includes a relatively thin bottom edge 142a-142d, respectively, that is arranged to contact the ground, and this thin bottom edge 142a-142d may penetrate the ground surface under weight from the wearer's foot. These bottom edges 142a-142d may be less than 2 mm wide at their exposed, ground contacting edge, and in some examples, less than 1 mm or even less than 0.5 mm wide. The bottom edges 142a-142d also may form a point or sharp corner with the point or corner oriented to contact the ground in use. The edges 142a-142d may slope (in a straight or curved path) from their free ends 140a, 140b to their respective nadir locations 138a-138d. The cleat components 134a-134d may get somewhat thicker moving from the bottom edges 142a-142d toward the sole base surface 102s. Also, the interior walls 136a-136d may form a sharper curve or corner as compared to the opposite exposed walls 148a-148d. The base of exposed walls 148a-148d at the sole base surface 102s may form a generally circular arc or parabolic path from one end 140a to the opposite end 140b. [52] The flexible cleats may have any desired sizes or dimensions without departing from this invention. For forefoot type flexible cleats 130a, 130b of the type described above, the cleat component 134a-134d height at its nadir point 138a-138d or largest dimension (from and in a direction away from the sole base surface 102s, Hc _lea t) may be at least 2 mm (e.g., in the range of 2 mm to 12 mm), and in some examples, at least 3 mm high, or even at least 4 mm high. In some sole structures in accordance with this invention, the ratio of cleat component height at its nadir point or largest downward dimension (from and in a direction away from the sole base surface 102s), H _C i _ea t, to groove depth (from the sole base surface 102s and in a direction into the sole member 102, Horoove) at the junction area or in at least a portion of an area of the groove immediately adjacent the cleat component will be as follows: Hcieat : Horoove≤ 1.5, and in some examples, Hcieat : Horoove≤ 1 -25 and even Hci _ea t : Horoove≤ 1 ·

[53] The example flexible cleats 130a, 130b shown in Figs. 1A-1G have four "fin-type" cleat components 134a-134d arranged around an intersection 132a, 132b of two flex grooves (e.g., with one separate cleat component provided in each quadrant or sector around the intersection 132a, 132b). Other flexible cleat structures and arrangements are possible without departing from this invention. For example, Figs. 2 A and 2B illustrate a flexible cleat 200 that includes three cleat components 202a, 202b, and 202c arranged around a "capital T-shaped" junction or intersection 222 of two flex grooves 220a and 220b (either or both of the flex grooves 220a, 220b may have curvature, if desired). While other specific shapes and arrangements are possible, in this illustrated example, cleat components 202a and 202b have shapes similar to the fin-type cleat components 134a- 134d described above (and may have any of the various specific structural features and/or options described above for components 134a-134d). Cleat component 202c, on the other hand, has more of a T-shaped structure, and it may have a structure akin to two adjacent cleat components (like 202a and 202b) pushed together so that one extended wall or side 206c faces the groove 220a. Cleat component 202c has a nadir point 208c and a bottom (ground contacting) edge 210c that extends (in a straight or curved manner) from the nadir point 208c to end points 212a, 212b, and 212c. The bottom edge 210c and/or the overall cleat component 202c may be sized and shaped (e.g., in the cleat height direction) so as to promote efficient and effective ground penetration.

[54] Figs. 3A and 3B illustrate another example flexible cleat 300 arranged around a "capital T-shaped" junction or intersection 322 of two flex grooves 320a, 320b (optionally, either or both the flex grooves 320a, 320b may be curved). Again, while other specific shapes and arrangements are possible, in this illustrated example, cleat components 302a and 302b have shapes similar to the fin-type cleat components 134a-134d and 202a-202b described above (and may have any of the various specific structural features and/or options described above for these cleat components). Cleat component 302c, on the other hand, has more of a flat, upright, substantially vertical wall, fin-type structure extending along (and optionally parallel to) the flex groove 320a. Cleat component 302c has a nadir point 308c and a bottom (ground contacting) edge 310c that extends (in a straight or curved manner) from the nadir point 308c to end points 312a and 312b. If desired, the cleat component 302c may get somewhat thicker moving from the bottom edge 310c to the sole base 102s (i.e., face 314a and/or face 314b need not extend at a 90° angle downward from base 102s, if desired). The bottom edge 310c and/or the overall cleat component 302c may be sized and/or shaped (e.g., in the cleat height direction) so as to promote efficient and effective ground penetration.

[55] Figs. 1A through 3B illustrate flexible cleat structures in which cleat components are arranged around "capital T" or "small T" shaped intersections or junctions of flex grooves (flex grooves having junction angles of about 90°). This also is not a requirement. Rather, if desired, two or more flex grooves may meet at a junction or intersection having any desired angular arrangement or orientation without departing from this invention. Additionally, if desired, the flex grooves need not have a straight construction at or near the location of the junction or intersection (e.g., the grooves may be curved at or near the junction or intersection location, if desired). Also, the interior and exterior side walls of individual cleat components also may be straight or curved (and may generally parallel the longitudinal shape(s) of the grooves).

[56] As another more specific example, Figs. 4 A and 4B illustrate a flexible cleat 400 in which three flex grooves 420a, 420b, and 420c meet at a generally "Y-shaped" intersection or junction 422. While the angles between adjacent flex grooves 420a-420c are substantially the same in the example of Figs. 4 A and 4B (with each angle being about 120° in the illustrated example), the angle between grooves 420a and 420b may be the same or different from the angle between grooves 420b and 420c, and the angles between those groove sets may be the same or different from the angle between grooves 420a and 420c. These angles may range, for example, from 20° to 160°. [57] In this illustrated example flexible cleat 400, a first cleat component 402a is arranged between grooves 420a and 420b, a second cleat component 402b is arranged between grooves 420b and 420c, and a third cleat component 420c is arranged between grooves 420a and 420c. Each cleat component 402a-402c includes a vertical or substantially vertical side wall 406a-406c facing the grooves 420a-420c and the intersection 422 thereof. Additionally, each cleat component 402a-402c includes a bottom edge 410a- 410c designed to contact (and potentially penetrate) the ground, and this edge 410a-410c may taper from nadir portions 408a-408c to free ends 412a and 412b. The exposed surfaces 414a-414c opposite side wall surfaces 406a-406c may taper or curve outward somewhat so that the cleat components 402a-402c get somewhat thicker moving in a direction from the ground contacting surface edge 410a-410c to the sole base 102s.

[58] Flexible cleats in accordance with at least some examples of this invention may be arranged around or along a single flex groove (which may be straight or curved). Figs. 5A and 5B illustrate an example of a flexible cleat 500 in which two cleat components 502a and 502b (e.g., of the types described above) are arranged on opposite sides of a continuous flex groove 520. As shown in these figures, there is no groove junction or intersection in the areas between or near facing walls 506a and 506b of the cleat components 502a and 502b. If desired, in accordance with at least some examples of this invention, the spacing S between the facing walls 506a and 506b across the groove 520 over at least 75% of the distance from the nadir portion 508a, 508b to the adjacent free ends 512a may be less than 5 mm (and in some examples less than 2.5 mm). The spacing S may be constant or changing, both in the vertical direction (from the ground contacting edge 510a, 510b to the sole base surface 102s), and/or in the nadir 508a, 508b to free end 512a direction.

[59] While each cleat component 502a and 502b is shown as having a substantially 90° orientation between its two side walls, other angles are possible for these side walls without departing from this invention. For example, if desired, the two side walls of an individual cleat component 502a and 502b may extend at an angle in the range from 20° to 160°, and in some examples from 35° to 145°, if desired, without departing from this invention. Also, while cleat components 502a and 502b are shown in these figures as having substantially similar shapes and structures, they may have different shapes and/or structures, including different wall angular orientations, if desired, without departing from this invention. [60] Figs. 6A and 6B illustrate another example flexible cleat 600 structure arranged along a single, continuous flex groove 620. In this example, the two cleat components 602a and 602b have the general T-shaped structure shown for cleat component 202c of Figs. 2A and 2B. As shown in these figures, there is no groove junction or intersection in the areas between or near facing side walls 606a and 606b of the cleat components 602a and 602b. If desired, in accordance with at least some examples of this invention, the spacing S between the facing walls 606a and 606b across the groove 620 over at least 75% of the distance from one end 612a to the opposite end 612b may be less than 5 mm (and in some examples less than 2.5 mm). The spacing S may be constant or changing, both in the vertical direction (from the ground contacting edge 610a, 610b to the sole base surface 102s) and/or in the end 612a to end 612b direction. The facing side walls 606a and 606b also may be straight, curved, stepped, and/or otherwise shaped in the direction away from the base surface 102s.

[61] While the cleat components 602a and 602b are shown as having substantially the same size, shape, and structure, they may have different sizes, shapes, and/or structures from those shown without departing from this invention, such as different lengths from end 612a to 612b, different heights (from base 102s to ground contacting edges 610a, 610b), different sizes, shapes, angles, curvatures, etc. of leg components 614a, 614b, different angles or orientations of leg components 614a and 614b (the legs extending away from groove 620) with respect to groove 620, etc. Also, while cleat components 602a and 602b are shown in these figures as having substantially similar shapes and structures as one another, they may have different structures from one another, if desired, without departing from this invention.

[62] Figs. 7A and 7B provide bottom and perspective views of another example sole structure 750 in accordance with this invention. Because of the similarity in structure and features, many of the same reference numbers from Figs. 1A-1G also are used in Figs. 7A and 7B, and these reference numbers are intended to represent the same or similar parts to those described above (and thus a detailed description of these parts may be omitted). If desired, the sole member of Figs. 7A and 7B may be the same as that shown in Figs. 1A and IB, but with the main (or only) difference being the addition of secondary traction elements 702 in the sole member of Figs. 7A and 7B.

[63] As shown in these views, several of the flex grooves 120a-120n may have a curved and/or angular orientation. For example, longitudinal flex groove 120a of this example has a generally curved configuration moving from the front to the back (with the concave side of the curve facing the medial side of the sole structure 750 and the convex side of the curve facing the lateral side of the sole structure 750). The forefoot longitudinal flex grooves 120b and 120c are angled and/or curved in the forward medial to rear lateral direction. At the forefoot area, flex grooves 120a- 120c may extend substantially parallel to one another.

[64] Flex grooves 120e-120n of this illustrated example also extend at an angled and/or in a curved manner. As shown in Figs. 7 A and 7B, these flex grooves 120e-120n are located further forward in the overall sole structure 750 at their medial ends as compared to their respective lateral ends (i.e., the flex grooves 120e-120n extend in a forward medial to rearward lateral direction in a curved or straight path). The flex groove size, shape, arrangement, and orientation of Figs. 7 A and 7B also may be used in other embodiments of this invention, including in the embodiment of Figs. 1A-1G.

[65] The flexibility of the sole member 102 and/or the flex groove construction and orientation (including the flex grooves 120e-120n extending in the forward medial-to-rearward lateral direction) helps the sole structure 750 maintain better and closer ground contact, particularly during plantar-flexion motion, e.g., during phases of a golf swing, a step cycle, and/or other activities. For example, more surface area of the sole structure 750 remains in contact with the ground during a swing and/or step cycle, particularly during plantar- flexion phases of these cycles.

[66] The example sole structure 750 of Figs. 7A and 7B further shows secondary traction elements 702, e.g., in the form of raised nubs (optionally somewhat wider at their base than at their free ends), provided at various locations around the bottom surface of the sole member 750, e.g., at locations between various flex grooves. While the sizes, shapes, positioning, and orientation of the secondary traction elements 702 may vary widely without departing from this invention, additional secondary traction elements 702 may be provided at one or more of the following locations in a sole structure 750: (a) between flex grooves 120b and 120m and the lateral side of sole structure 750 (and the forward traction element 108 of the sole structure 750); (b) between flex grooves 120a, 120b, and 120m (and the forward traction element 108 of the sole structure 750); (c) between flex grooves 120a, 120c, 120k, and 1201; (d) between flex grooves 120c, 120k, and 1201 and the medial side of the sole structure 750; (e) between flex grooves 120a, 120i, and 120j and the medial side of the sole structure 750; (f) between flex grooves 120a, 120h, and 120i and the medial side of the sole structure 750; (g) between flex grooves 120a, 120h, and 120i and the lateral side of the sole structure 750; (h) between flex grooves 120a, 120f, and 120g and the medial side of the sole structure 750; and (i) between flex grooves 120a, 120e, and 120f and the medial side of the sole structure 750. In the specific sole structure 750 example shown in Figs. 7A and 7B, one or more additional secondary traction elements 702 are provided in all of these enumerated locations.

[67] Additional side projecting traction enhancing elements 116 also are provided around the medial forefoot and toe area of the sole member 750 (with additional side projecting traction enhancing elements located further forward toward to the front of the sole member 750 as compared to the example structure 100 shown in Figs. 1A and IB). The side projecting traction enhancing elements 116 provide additional traction, e.g., during downswing, ball contact, and/or toe-off phase(s) of a golf swing cycle, a step cycle, and/or other activities. The side projecting traction enhancing elements 116 may extend around the sole member 102 perimeter even further forward (e.g., to the toe area) and/or rearward (e.g., to the arch or heel areas), if desired.

[68] In the example structures described above, cleat elements 112a- 112d are releasably engaged with the sole member 102, and the flexible cleat elements 130a and 130b are integrally formed with the sole member 102 (e.g., via molding or rapid manufacturing processes). Other arrangements and constructions are possible for either or both of these cleat types without departing from this invention. Figs. 8A-8G illustrate another example method or manner in which cleat elements, including flexible cleat elements 130a and 130b described above, may be incorporated into a sole structure 100.

[69] Fig. 8 A shows a portion of a sole member 102 at an area near a junction (e.g., 132a, 132b) between two intersecting flex grooves (e.g., 120b and 1201 or 120c and 120m), and Fig. 8B is a cross sectional view of the sole member 102 taken along line 8B-8B in Fig. 8A. As one step in this process, the sole member 102 may be formed (e.g., molded) to include one or more through holes 802 at the location(s) corresponding to the positions of one or more of the cleat elements 112a-l 12d, 130a, and/or 130b. The cleat elements (e.g. shaped as cleat elements 112a-112d, shaped as cleat elements 130a-130b, shaped as individual cleat components 134a-134d, etc.) may be separately formed, e.g., via a molding process. Figs. 8C and 8D show side and bottom views, respectively, of an example cleat component 134a. As shown in these figures, cleat component 134a of this example includes a ground engaging portion 804 (e.g., including the nadir portions of the cleat components described above) that extends away from a mounting base 806. The mounting base 806 may constitute a thin (and optionally flexible) disk or rim (or at least a disk or rim provided around a portion of the perimeter of the cleat component 134a) that helps retain the cleat component 134a in the overall sole structure, as will be described in more detail below. While Figs. 8C and 8D show cleat component 134a as a unitary, one piece construction, cleat components could be made from multiple parts that are fixed together (e.g., by adhesives or mechanical connectors), if desired, without departing from this invention.

[70] Once the individual parts are produced, the cleat component 134a may be engaged with the sole member 102 as shown in Figs. 8E and 8F. More specifically, as shown, the ground engaging portion 804 of the cleat component 134a may be inserted through the top of a hole 802 provided in the sole member 102, and the perimeter or rim of the mounting base 806 will engage the top surface 102i of the sole member 102 to keep the cleat component 134a from going through the hole 802. While other arrangements are possible, in the example structure and method shown in Figs. 8E and 8F, one cleat component 134a-134d is provided for each respective hole 802 through the sole member 102, and the cleat components 134a remain separated from one another at the top surface 102i of the sole member 102.

[71] Optionally, if necessary or desired, the cleat component(s) 134a-134d may be engaged with the top surface 102i of the sole member 102 using a cement or adhesive (although omitting any cements or adhesives for this purpose, if practicable, can help provide a "greener," more environmentally friendly, and sustainable construction). Then, as shown in the cross sectional view of Fig. 8G, the top of the sole member 102 and the cleat component(s) 134a-134d may be covered, e.g., by midsole member 104 (e.g., by one or more pieces of a polymeric midsole foam material). While not necessary in all constructions, if desired, the midsole member 104 may be engaged with the other sole structures (e.g., sole member 102 and/or cleat components 134a-134d) via cements or adhesives. This overall sole structure (e.g., as shown in Fig. 8G) then may be engaged with an upper, e.g., in manners as are conventionally known and used in the footwear art.

[72] While the example sole structure 750 of Figs. 8A-8G shows each cleat component 134a as a separate part, this is not a requirement. Rather, as shown in Fig. 8H, a single cleat component 134a may include multiple ground engaging portions 804 (e.g., from 2-4) so that a single cleat component part 134a will have ground engaging portions 804 extending through more than one of the through holes 802 provided in the sole member 102 (e.g., akin to 2 or more (e.g., 2-4) of the cleat component parts 134a of Figs. 8E-8G formed as a single, unitary construction). In other words, as shown in Fig. 8H, a thin layer of cleat component material may extend between adjacent ground engaging portions 804 and over at least some of the areas above the flex grooves 120b, 120c, 1201, and/or 120m. Such structures may be used, for example, if the base portions 806 of the cleat component 134a between adjacent ground engaging portions 804 (and over the flex grooves) are sufficiently thin and/or flexible so as to maintain sufficient flexibility for the overall sole structure (e.g., to support natural motion). Forming a single cleat component to include multiple ground engaging portions 804 (e.g., from 2-4 of the ground engaging portions of Fig. 8E) (and/or that will extend through multiple through holes 802, including from 2-4 of the through holes 802 of Fig. 8E) in this manner may simplify the manufacturing process for the overall sole structure (e.g., requiring handling and engagement of fewer cleat component parts with the sole member 102).

[73] As another option or example, if desired, the cleat elements and/or components need not extend through openings defined through the sole member 102. For example, if desired, cleat elements and/or components may be simply engaged with the exposed bottom surface 102s of the sole member 102, e.g., using cements or adhesives, mechanical connectors, or the like. One advantage of using the multipart part construction for the sole member 102 and the cleat elements and/or components (e.g., cleat elements 112a- 112d, cleat elements 130a-130b, individual cleat components 134a-134d, etc.) as described above and shown in Figs. 8A-8H is that it allows the manufacturer to make the sole member 102 and the cleat elements and/or components 134a-134d from different materials. As a more specific example, using these type of multipart structures and manufacturing techniques, the cleat elements and/or components (e.g., cleat elements 112a-112d, cleat elements 130a-130b, individual cleat components 134a-134d, etc.) can be made from a different, harder, more durable, and/or more rigid material as compared to the material making up the sole member 102 (or other portions of the sole structure). This feature may help provide a more durable and longer lasting cleat and sole structure.

[74] When a flexible cleated sole structure includes more than one flexible cleat, the flexible cleats on that individual sole structure may have the same or different sizes, shapes, and/or other structural features without departing from this invention, including, for examples, combinations of any two or more of the flexible cleat structures shown in Figs. 1A-8H and/or combinations of any of these flexible cleat structures with another flexible cleat structure having a different size, shape, appearance, and/or orientation. Also, while Figs. 1A, IB, 7A, and 7B show the flexible cleats on a sole structure in combination with other, more conventional cleats, if desired, one or more fiexible cleats may be the only type of traction enhancing elements on a sole structure without departing from this invention. The flexible cleats also may be located at any desired positions on the sole structure. For example, while Figs. 1A and IB show the flexible cleats 130a and 130b located in the forefoot toe area of the sole structure 102 (beneath the big and one or more of the smallest toes), fiexible cleats may be located at other positions as well, including one or more of: the forefoot area beneath the first (big toe or medial side) metatarsal- phalangeal joint or metatarsal head, the forefoot area beneath the fourth or fifth (smaller toes or lateral side) metatarsal-phalangeal joint(s) or metatarsal head(s), in the lateral heel area, in the medial heel area, etc.

Fig. 1A further illustrates a portion of an upper 700 that may be included in footwear structures in accordance with this invention. Sole structures in accordance with this invention may be incorporated into footwear having any desired types of uppers without departing from this invention, including conventional uppers as are known and used in the art (including conventional uppers for golf or other athletic footwear). As some more specific examples, uppers in accordance with at least some examples of this invention may include uppers having foot securing and engaging structures (e.g., "dynamic" and/or "adaptive fit" structures) of the types described in U.S. Patent Appln. Publication No. 2013/0104423, which publication is entirely incorporated herein by reference. As some additional examples, if desired, uppers and articles of footwear in accordance with this invention may include foot securing and engaging structures of the type used in FLYWIRE® Brand footwear available from NIKE, Inc. of Beaverton, Oregon. Additionally or alternatively, if desired, uppers and articles of footwear in accordance with this invention may include knit materials and/or fused layers of upper materials, e.g., uppers of the types included in NIKE "FLYKNIT™" Brand footwear products and/or NIKE's "FUSE" line of footwear products. As additional examples, uppers of the types described in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,347,011 and/or 8,429,835 may be used with the sole members described above without departing from this invention (each of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,347,011 and 8,429,835 is entirely incorporated herein by reference). III. Conclusion

The present invention is disclosed above and in the accompanying drawings with reference to a variety of embodiments and structural options. The purpose served by the disclosure, however, is to provide examples of the various features and concepts related to the invention, not to limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the structures, options, and/or alternatives for the cleat structures, sole structures, footwear structures, and/or methods described herein, including the features of the various different embodiments of the invention, may be used in any desired combinations, subcombinations, and the like, without departing from the invention. Those skilled in the relevant art also will recognize that numerous variations and modifications may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined by the appended claims.