TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns the field of jewellery and/or costume jewellery items, such as necklaces, bracelets or similar items. In particular, the present invention concerns a closure for jewellery and/or costume jewellery items of the above mentioned type.

Even more particularly, the present invention concerns a closure of the type comprising a tilting switching element.

STATE OF THE ART

Closures for necklaces, bracelets, for example watch bracelets, comprising a rotating or tilting switching element are known and widely used in the field of jewellery and/or costume jewellery.

A "tilting" closure of the known type typically comprises a secondary element and a main element which are suited to be alternatively coupled together by switching the tilting switching element in a first switching direction (substantially, a direction of rotation, thus fastening the bracelet or similar item) and uncoupled from each other by switching the tilting switching element in a second direction of rotation or switching direction substantially opposite the first switching direction, in such a way as to unfasten the bracelet or similar item.

The secondary element of a tilting closure of the known type comprises, in particular, a coupling portion usually in the shape of a tab, wherein in order for the main element and the secondary element to be coupled together the coupling tab of the secondary element is engaged with the main element in a removable manner.

In particular, for this purpose, the main element also comprises, in addition to the tilting switching element, a counteracting portion to which the switching element is constrained through a rotary movement (in such a way that, in fact, it can tilt with respect to the counteracting portion). The main element and the secondary element, therefore, are coupled together by fixing the coupling tab of the secondary element between the counteracting portion and the tilting element (thus switching the switching element in a first switching direction), while the main element and the secondary element are uncoupled from each other by switching the switching element in a second switching direction contrary to the first switching direction, thus releasing the coupling tab of the secondary element.

Even if the "tilting" closures of the known type briefly described above can be appreciated for several reasons (for example, considerable ease of handling, but also high resistance to wear and sturdiness), they are not without drawbacks.

A first drawback, for example, concerns their limited reliability, in particular the risk of the tilting element being accidentally switched and therefore of the main element and secondary element being also accidentally uncoupled from each other, consequently causing the closure to become unfastened.

In order to minimize the risk described above, several countermeasures or solutions have been proposed, essentially based on the use of snap-on engagement means for (automatically) snapping the switching element on the counteracting portion in the closed position; in practice, by switching the switching element for the purpose of locking the tab of the secondary element between the switching element and the counteracting portion of the main element, the switching element is automatically anchored to the counteracting portion through a snap-on mechanism. However, the solutions of this kind do not prevent completely the risk of the snap-on mechanism accidentally opening, and therefore of the main and the secondary element consequently becoming uncoupled from each other.

Furthermore, snap-on mechanisms are often unaesthetic and/or cumbersome or in any case such as to affect the overall aesthetic appearance of the entire closure and/or to increase its size to an extent that is not acceptable.

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a closure for jewellery and/or costume jewellery items that makes it possible to overcome or at least minimize the drawbacks which are typical of the closures made according to the known art.

In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide a closure of the tilting type that makes it possible to overcome or at least minimize the drawbacks observed in the tilting closures made according to the known art.

In greater detail, it is a further object of the present invention to provide a closure, in particular of the tilting type, which avoids the risk of accidental and undesired opening, and therefore the accidental disconnection of the main and the secondary element. In even greater detail, the present invention intends to provide a closure, in particular of the tilting type, in which the tilting switching element can be anchored to the counteracting portion of the main element in the closed position in a simple and reliable manner.

Finally, it is a further object of the present invention to provide a closure, in particular of the tilting type, in which the tilting switching element can be released from the counteracting portion of the main element in a simple and immediate manner and therefore can be easily switched from the closed position to the open position.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention is based on the general consideration according to which the drawbacks posed by the closures, in particular the so-called tilting closures, made according to the known art can be overcome or at least minimized by constraining the tilting switching element to the main element in such a way that the (removable) anchorage of the switching element to the main element in the closed position requires at least one rotation and at least one translation of the switching element respectively in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation, and therefore in such a way that their mutual disconnection requires at least one rotary movement and at least one translation movement, respectively in a second direction of rotation and in a second direction of translation, which are respectively opposite said first direction of rotation and said first direction of translation, wherein said translation and said rotation can even be at least partially simultaneous.

In this way, in fact, an accidental thrusting action exerted through a rotary movement in a direction contrary to the direction of the rotation performed to fasten the item will not be sufficient to disconnect the switching element from the main element since, on the contrary, also a translation movement is required to disconnect them completely, wherein in the same way an accidental thrusting action exerted through a translation movement in a direction contrary to the direction of the translation performed to fasten the item will not be sufficient to disconnect the switching element from the main element since, on the contrary, also a rotary movement is required to disconnect them completely.

A further consideration on which the present invention is based is related to the fact that the drawbacks posed by the closures made according to the known art can be overcome or at least minimized by shaping the coupling portion of the secondary element or the switching element or both of them in such a way that possible accidental movements of the secondary element are transformed into one or more thrusting actions exerted on the switching element towards its fastened position.

Based on the considerations expressed above, therefore, the subject of the present invention is a closure for jewellery and/or costume jewellery items such as bracelets, necklaces or similar items, said closure comprising a main element and a secondary element suited to be alternatively coupled together and uncoupled from each other;

said closure comprising a switching element suited to be switched between a first position and a second position, wherein in said first position said switching element is inserted in said secondary element, avoiding the accidental disconnection of said main element and said secondary element, while in said second position said switching element is released from said secondary element, thus allowing said main element and said secondary element to be intentionally uncoupled from each other;

wherein a first end portion of said switching element is constrained to said main element in such a way as to allow both the translation and the rotation of said switching element with respect to said main element.

According to an embodiment, said first end of said switching element can be constrained to said main element in such a way that said switching element can be switched from said second position to said first position through the rotation and translation (even successive and/or at least partially simultaneous) of said switching element in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation, while said switching element can be switched from said first position to said second position through the translation and rotation (even successive and/or simultaneous) of said switching element in a second direction of translation and a second direction of rotation, respectively opposite said first direction of translation and said first direction of rotation.

Advantageously, said main element may comprise a first coupling seat, wherein, with said switching element in said first position, the second end portion of said switching element opposite said first end can be at least partially housed inside said coupling seat. If desired, said first coupling seat can be shaped in such a way that, in order to disconnect said second end portion from said first coupling seat the translation and the rotation (even successive and/or partially simultaneous) of said switching element, respectively in said second direction of translation and second direction of rotation are required. According to a possible embodiment, said first end portion of said switching element can be constrained to said main element through a rotation pin suited to be translated in a constraint seat provided in said main element, said rotation pin possibly extending along a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the rotation plane of said switching element.

Advantageously, said closure may comprise elastic switching means interposed between said first end portion of said switching element and said main element, wherein the translation of said switching element in said second direction of translation in this case will be favoured by the thrusting action of said elastic means, while the translation of said switching element in said first direction of rotation will take place against the thrusting action of said elastic means.

Advantageously, with said secondary element coupled with said main element and with said switching element in said first position, at least one coupling portion of said secondary element may be enclosed between said switching element and a counteracting portion of said main element.

According to an advantageous embodiment, said coupling portion of said secondary element may comprise a coupling seat, wherein said counteracting portion of said main element may comprise a coupling projection, and wherein in this case, with said secondary element coupled with said main element, said coupling seat will accommodate said coupling projection.

If necessary, said switching element and said secondary element may both comprise a thrusting surface, wherein said thrusting surfaces may even be oriented in such a way that a possible rotation of said secondary element in at least one direction of rotation causes a thrusting action to be exerted on said switching element in a thrust direction substantially parallel to said second direction of translation.

According to a preferred embodiment, the main element comprises a first coupling seat and the switching element comprises a retaining element, wherein with the switching element in said first position the retaining element of the switching element is at least partially housed inside the first coupling seat of the main element.

Preferably, the first coupling seat and the retaining element are shaped in such a way that, in order to disconnect the retaining element from the first coupling seat, the translation and the rotation of the switching element, respectively in said second direction of translation and said second direction of rotation, are required. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the closure comprises elastic switching means interposed between the first end portion of the switching element and the main element, wherein the translaton of the switching element in the first direction of translation is favoured by the thrusting action of the elastic switching means.

According to a possible embodiment, the elastic switching means comprise a carriage constrained to the rotation pin at the level of a first part and comprise an elastic element interposed between the main element and a second part of said carriage.

Advantageously, with the secondary element coupled with the main element and with the switching element in said first position, at least one coupling portion of the secondary element is housed in a receiving seat created in said main element. Preferably, the coupling portion of the secondary element comprises a shank and an enlarged head and, with the secondary element coupled with the main element, the receiving seat accommodates the enlarged head.

In a preferred embodiment, the receiving seat comprises a through opening and, with said secondary element coupled with said main element, the shank extends at least partially through said through opening.

According to a possible embodiment, the switching element comprises a projecting element suited to be introduced in the receiving seat and, with the switching element in the first position, the projecting element cooperates with the coupling portion of the secondary element in order to maintain the secondary element in the receiving seat provided in the main element.

In a preferred embodiment, said constraint seat extends along a longitudinal direction that is parallel to said first direction of translation.

In another preferred embodiment, said constraint seat extends along a longitudinal direction that is inclined with respect said first direction of translation.

The subject of the present invention includes also a jewellery item equipped with a closure carried out according to the teachings on which the present invention is based.

Possible further embodiments of the present invention are defined in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages, objects and characteristics, as well as further embodiments of the present invention are defined in the claims and are illustrated below by means of the following description with reference to the attached drawings; in the drawings, corresponding and/or equivalent characteristics and/or component parts of the present invention are identified by the same reference numbers. In particular:

- Figure 1A shows a side view of a closure according to an embodiment of the present invention, with the main element and the secondary element uncoupled from each other;

- Figure IB shows a side view of Figure 1A;

- Figure 1C shows the sectional view according to line I-I of Figure IB;

- Figure ID shows a plan view of Figure 1A;

- Figures IE and IF show axonometric views of the closure shown in Figure 1A;

- Figure 2A shows the closure of Figure 1A, with the main element and the secondary element coupled together, but with the switching element in the open position;

- Figure 2B shows a side view of Figure IB;

- Figure 2C shows the sectional view according to line II-II of Figure 2C;

- Figure 2D shows a plan view of Figure 2 A;

- Figures 2E and 2F show axonometric views of the closure shown in Figure 2A; - Figure 3 A shows the closure of Figure 1A, with the main element and the secondary element coupled together and with the switching element in the closed position;

- Figure 3B shows a side view of Figure IB;

- Figure 3C shows a plan view of Figure 3A;

- Figure 3D shows the sectional view according to line III-III of Figure 3C;

- Figure 3E shows an axonometric view of the closure of Figure 3 A;

- Figure 4 shows an axonometric view of a closure according to another embodiment of the present invention, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together; - Figures 4A and 4B show exploded views of Figure 4;

- Figure 5A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 4, with the main element and the secondary element uncoupled from each other and with the switching element in the open position;

- Figure 5B shows a sectional view of Figure 5 A;

- Figure 6A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 4, with the main element and the secondary element coupled together and with the switching element in a first operating position towards the closed position;

- Figure 6B shows a sectional view of Figure 6A;

- Figure 7A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 4, with the main element and the secondary element coupled together and with the switching element in a successive operating position towards the closed position;

- Figure 7B shows a sectional view of Figure 7A;

- Figure 8A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 4, with the main element and the secondary element coupled together and with the switching element in the closed position;

- Figure 8B shows a sectional view of Figure 8A;

- Figure 9 shows an axonometric view of a closure according to another embodiment of the present invention, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together;

- Figures 9A and 9B show exploded views of Figure 9;

- Figure 10A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 9, with the main element and the secondary element uncoupled from each other and with the switching element in the open position;

- Figure 10B shows a sectional view of Figure 10A;

- Figure 11A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 9, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in a first operating position towards the closed position;

- Figure 1 IB shows a sectional view of Figure 11A;

- Figure 12A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 9, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in a successive operating position towards the closed position;

- Figure 12B shows a sectional view of Figure 12 A;.

- Figure 13A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 9, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in the closed position;

- Figure 13B shows a sectional view of Figure 13 A;

- Figure 14 shows an axonometric view of a closure according to another embodiment of the present invention, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together;

- Figures 14A and 14B show exploded views of Figure 14;

- Figure 15A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 14, with the main element and the secondary element uncoupled from each other and with the switching element in the open position;

- Figure 15B shows a sectional view of Figure 15 A;

- Figure 16A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 14, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in a first operating position towards the closed position; - Figure 16B shows a sectional view of Figure 16A;

- Figure 17A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 14, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in a successive operating position towards the closed position;

- Figure 17B shows a sectional view of Figure 17 A;

- Figure 18A shows a side view of the closure of Figure 14, with the main element and the secondary element mutually coupled together and with the switching element in the closed position;

- Figure 18B shows a sectional view of Figure 18A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Here below is a detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings.

In particular, the embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings are described with particular reference to their applications to a jewellery and/or costume jewellery item.

It should furthermore be noted that the possible applications of the closure carried out according to the present invention are not limited to jewellery and/or costume jewellery items, and also that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings. In Figures from 1 to 3 a closure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is indicated as a whole by the reference number 10 and essentially comprises a main element 20 and a secondary element 30 that are suited to be alternatively coupled together (Figures 3A-3E) and uncoupled from each other (Figures 1A-1F), in such a way as to allow a jewellery and/or costume jewellery item (for example a necklace, a bracelet or a similar item) to be respectively fastened and unfastened.

Obviously, for this purpose, the main element 20 and the secondary element 30 are both suited to be respectively fixed to the opposite ends of the item, according to methods that are neither illustrated in the drawings nor described in detail below for the sake of brevity.

As regards the main element 20, it can be understood from the figures that it comprises a plate-like counteracting portion 21, enclosed between two opposite and parallel partitions 22 in such a way as to define a coupling space (refer to the following description).

The secondary element 30 comprises a coupling portion 31 shaped as a tab and provided with a through opening 32. Furthermore, the end of the tab comprises a tapered (inclined) surface 33, also called thrusting surface 33 due to reasons explained in greater detail below.

Obviously, the curved shape of the main element 20, in particular of the platelike counteracting portion 21, as well as of the opposite plate-like partitions 22 and of the tab 31 of the secondary element 30 is due to the possibility to adapt the shape of the closure to the shape, for example, of a bracelet, for example a watch bracelet, and therefore to the shape of the wrist, for example of a user who will wear the bracelet and/or the watch; the illustrated shape, however, is simply proposed by way of non-limiting example, as also shapes different from the illustrated shape are included in the scope of the present invention.

A projection 24 whose shape and size substantially correspond to those of the through opening 32 extends from the counteracting portion 21 of the main element 20, and therefore in this case said projection 24 has a substantially rectangular cross section.

A tilting switching element 40 is constrained to the main element 20 so as to allow a rotary movement, in particular by means of a rotation pin 41, wherein said tilting switching element 40, in fact, is suited to be switched between the open position shown, for example, in Figures 1A-1F and the closed position shown, for example, in Figures 3 A-3E.

On the free end 42 of the switching element 40, meaning the end opposite the end which is constrained to the main element 20 so as to allow a rotary movement, there is a switching head 43 comprising two opposite disc-shaped components, mutually connected through a cylindrical component that extends through the free end 42 of the switching element 40.

According to the needs and/or circumstances, the cylindrical element or component may be rigidly or revolvingly constrained to the free end 42, as the disc-shaped elements can respectively be fixed or revolving elements.

The two portions of the cylindrical component opposite the free end 42 project from the same free end 42, each one of the disc-shaped elements being positioned at a predefined distance from the free end 42, on the opposite sides of the same free end 42.

In each one of the opposite plate-like partitions 22 of the main element 20 there is a groove or seat 25 intended for purposes that will be clarified in greater detail below.

The switching element 40 furthermore comprises, in an intermediate position between the free end 42 and the end constrained to the element 20 through the rotation pin 41, a projection 45 that extends towards the counteracting portion 21 of the element 20 and that in turn comprises a tapered or inclined counteracting or thrusting surface 46.

It should furthermore be noted that the rotation pin 41 extends between to housing slots 47, each one of which is obtained in one of the two opposite plate- like partitions 22 of the main element 20 (and possibly through a through hole provided in the constrained end of the element 40 opposite the free end 42), wherein it can be understood that the rotation pin can be translated inside the two slots 47 along a translation path substantially defined by the shape and extension of the slots 47 themselves. It is possible to identify a first direction of translation (from left to right in the figures) and a second direction of translation (from right to left in the figures) contrary to the first direction of translation.

In the embodiment illustrated herein, the two slots 47 are defined by a substantially rectilinear section whose ends are radiused by curved surfaces suited to allow the rotation pin 41 to rest against them. In variant embodiments, the slots may also assume different shapes suited to guarantee said translation movement.

Preferably, furthermore, the rectilinear section of said slots 47 develops along a longitudinal axis that in the embodiment shown in Figures from 1 to 3 is substantially parallel to said translation path.

In variant embodiments, for example, as described below with reference to Figure 4, the longitudinal direction defined by the slots can be inclined with respect to the translation path, preferably inclined by an angle smaller than 90°, more preferably equal to 45°.

Obviously, the translation of the rotation pin 41 inside the slots 47 is transformed into a translation of the entire switching element 40 with respect to the main element 20.

Finally, elastic switching means 48 are provided, which are substantially constituted by a helical spring interposed between the main element 20 and the end of the switching element 40 constrained to the main element 20 through the rotation or switching pin 41.

The procedures for the use and/or application of the closure made according to the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in the figures can be summed up as follows.

For the mutual coupling of the main element 20 and the secondary element 30, with the switching element 40 in the open position shown, for example, in Figures 1A-1F, the coupling portion or tab 31 of the secondary element 30 is arranged on the corresponding counteracting portion 21 of the main element 20, and thus between the two opposite plate-like partitions 22, taking care in particular to position the opening 32 of the secondary element 30 on the corresponding projection 24 of the main element 20, so that the projection 24 extends through the opening 32 or in any case is at least partially accommodated in the through opening 32.

Successively, the switching element 40 is switched from the open position to the closed position shown in Figures 3A-3E, by substantially rotating the switching element 40 in a first switching or rotation direction, in particular clockwise with respect to the figures.

At this point of the description, it is useful to note the special shape of the grooves or seats 25 obtained in the opposite plate-like partitions 22 of the main element 20.

In fact, it can be understood from the figures that the edge of each one of the grooves 25 is substantially constituted by a curved portion 25R with a substantially constant radius of curvature. It can thus be also understood that the simple clockwise rotation of the switching element 40 would cause the cylindrical portions of the switching head that project from the free end 42 (refer to the description provided above) to respectively hit against the vertices 25v of the grooves 25, since during the rotation of the switching element 40 the rotation pin 41 is pushed by the helical spring 48 towards its first end-of-stroke position inside the translation slots 47 (in particular, leftwards with respect to the figures). The shape of the grooves 25 thus requires that the switching element 40 be translated in a first direction of translation contrary to the thrust direction of the spring 48 (and therefore from left to right with respect to the figures) for the purpose of positioning the cylindrical portions of the switching head 43 beyond the vertices 25 v and therefore in particular at the level of the grooves 25. At this point, the switching element 40 can be further rotated (switched) in the first clockwise switching direction in such a way as to move the cylindrical portions of the switching head 43 into the corresponding grooves 25, wherein the further insertion of the cylindrical portions in the respective seats will also produce a second translation movement of the switching element 40 in a second direction of translation (from right to left in the figures) contrary to the first direction of translation, the second translation movement being favoured by the thrusting action of the helical spring 48.

At this point, the switching element 40 is arranged in its final closed position, since in this way the coupling tab 31 of the secondary element 30 is pressed between the switching element 40 and the counteracting portion 21 of the main element, the main element 20 and the secondary element 30 being thus mutually coupled or constrained to each other.

It can thus be understood from the explanation provided above that the special shape of the grooves 25 makes it possible to avoid the use of safety systems, for example snap-on safety systems, to reliably constrain the switching element 40 to the main element 20 in the closed position. In fact, a possible thrusting action accidentally exerted on the switching element 40 (in particular on the switching head 43) through a rotary movement in a direction of rotation contrary to said first direction of rotation would not cause the cylindrical portions of the switching head 43 to move out of the respective seats 25, as the rotation of the switching element (and therefore the movement of the cylindrical portions out of the seats 25) is prevented by the vertices 25 v of the grooves 25.

In the same way, a possible accidental thrusting action exerted on the switching element 40 in one of said first and second directions of translation (for example on the switching head 43) would not cause the cylindrical portions of the head 43 to move out of the respective seats 25, as in order for the cylindrical portions of the head 43 to move out of the respective seats 25 also a rotary movement is required, in particular in the direction contrary to the first direction of rotation. It can be understood from the description provided above that in order to voluntarily switch the switching element 40 from the closed position to the open position it is first necessary to switch the switching element 40 through a translation movement again in the first direction of translation (and therefore from left to right with respect to the figures, meaning against the thrusting action of the spring 48), thus moving the cylindrical portions of the switching head 43 at the level of the openings or inlets of the respective grooves 25, and then to switch the switching element 40 in its open position through a rotary movement in a second switching direction contrary to the first switching or rotation direction (and therefore counterclockwise with respect to the figures), wherein with the switching element 40 in its open position the secondary element 30 can be definitively released from the main element 20.

It can thus be understood from the above that, to sum up, in order to switch the switching element 40 from the open position to the closed position it is necessary to switch the switching element 40 both in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation (wherein the rotation and the translation can even be at least partially simultaneous) and that in order to switch the switching element 40 from the closed position to the open position it is necessary to switch the switching element 40 both in a second direction of translation and in a second direction of rotation, respectively contrary to said first direction of translation and said first direction of rotation.

It can furthermore be understood from the figures, in particular from the sectional view shown in Figure 3D, that with the switching element 40 in the closed position the tapered surfaces 46 and 33, respectively of the projection 45 of the element 40 and of the tab 31 of the secondary element 30, are mutually engaged at least through contact; as a consequence of the above, therefore, considering the shape of said surfaces, a possible accidental rotation of the secondary element (in particular a clockwise rotation with respect to the sectional view shown in Figure 3D) would be transformed into a thrusting action exerted by the surface 33 on the surface 46, and thus on the switching element 40, and therefore into a further translation, even if minimal, of the switching element 40 in the second direction of translation, substantially parallel to the direction of the thrusting action of the helical spring 48.

In Figures from 4 to 8 a closure made according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is indicated as a whole by the reference number 110 and essentially comprises a main element 120 and a secondary element 130 suited to be alternatively coupled together (Figure 4 and Figures 8A and 8B) and uncoupled from each other (Figures 5A and 5B), in such a way as to allow a jewellery and/or costume jewellery item (for example a necklace, a bracelet or a similar item) to be respectively fastened and unfastened.

Obviously, for this purpose, the main element 120 and the secondary element 130 are both suited to be respectively fixed to the opposite ends of the item, according to procedures that are neither illustrated in the figures nor described in detail below for the sake of brevity.

As regards the main element 120, the figures show that the same comprises two opposite and parallel partitions 122 suited to define a coupling space (see the description provided below).

The secondary element 130 comprises a coupling portion 131. The coupling portion 131 preferably comprises a shank 132 at whose end there is an enlarged head 133.

The main element 120 comprises at one end an opening 124a and a first adjacent seat 124b which are suited to respectively accommodate the shank 132 and the enlarged head 133 of the coupling portion 131 of the secondary element 130, as described in greater detail below and as can be seen, for example, in Figure 5B. Preferably, the shape and size of the first seat 124b substantially correspond to those of the enlarged head 133.

The main element 120 furthermore comprises a second seat 125, preferably adjacent to the first seat 124b, the function of which is described in greater detail below.

The first and the second seat 124b, 125 are separated by a partition 126 that comprises a first contact surface 126a at its top and a retaining surface 126b, visible for example in Figure 5B, at its bottom.

A tilting switching element 140 is constrained to the main element 120 through a rotary movement, said tilting switching element 140 being suited, in fact, to be switched from the open position shown, for example, in Figures 5A and 5B, to the closed position shown, for example, in Figures 8 A and 8B.

The switching element 140 is constrained to the main element 120 through a rotation pin 141. The switching element 140 comprises two projecting tabs 150a, 150b provided with corresponding through holes 151a, 151b in which the rotation pin 141 (Figure 4A) is inserted.

The main element 120 comprises two slits 155a, 155b defined between said opposite partitions 122 and suited to receive the two projecting tabs 150a, 150b of the switching element 140.

It should furthermore be noted that the rotation pin 141 extends between two housing slots 147, each one of which is created in one of the two opposite partitions 122 of the main element 120, wherein it can be understood that the rotation pin 141 can be translated inside the two slots 147 along a translation path substantially defined by the shape and extension of the slots 147 themselves.

Obviously, the translation of the rotation pin 141 inside the slots 147 causes the entire switching element 140 to be translated with respect to the main element 120.

It is possible to identify a first direction of translation (from right to left in the figures) and a second direction of translation (from left to right in the figures) contrary to the first direction of translation.

Said translation path in the first or in the second direction is a substantially horizontal path with reference in particular to Figures from 5 to 8.

In the embodiment illustrated herein, the two slots 147 are defined by a substantially rectilinear section whose ends are radiused by curved surfaces suited to allow the rotation pin 141 to rest against them.

In variant embodiments, the slots may also assume different shapes suited to guarantee said translation movement.

Furthermore, preferably, the rectilinear section of said slots 147 develops along a longitudinal axis that is inclined with respect to said translation path, preferably inclined by 45°.

Between the free end 142 of the switching element 140 and the rotation pin 141, the switching element 140 comprises a retaining element 143 that extends towards the second seat 125 of the main element 120.

The retaining element 143 comprises a contact surface 143 a and a tapered or inclined counteracting or thrusting surface 143b.

Elastic switching means 148 are also provided, which are suited to interact between the main element 120 and the end of the switching element 140 constrained to the main element 120 through the rotation or switching pin 141. The elastic switching means 148 comprise a carriage 160 having a first end 161 provided with an annular portion 162 suited to be arranged between the two projecting tabs 150a, 150b of the switching element 140 and provided with a through hole 162a suited to accommodate the rotation pin 141.

The annular portion 162, therefore, follows the movement of the switching pin 141 as it moves inside the slots 147.

The carriage 160 comprises a second end 166 suited to accommodate one end 170a of a helical spring 170. The other end 170b of the helical spring 170 rests on a supporting surface 180 of the main element 120 and is preferably held in position through a pin 182 that projects from said supporting surface 180, as can be seen for example in Figure 5B.

The helical spring 170 is mounted in a preloaded condition, in such a way as to exert an elastic force suited to push the carriage 160, and therefore the rotation pin 141 and the switching element 140, in a predefined direction (leftwards in Figures from 5 to 8).

A closing element 190, or cover, is finally associated with the main element 120. The procedures for the use and/or application of the closure made according to the embodiment illustrated above can be summed up as follows.

For the mutual coupling of the main element 120 and the secondary element 130, with the switching element 140 in the open position shown, for example, in Figures 5A and 5B, the enlarged head 133 of the coupling portion 131 of the secondary element 130 is placed in the first seat 124b of the main element 120, as shown in Figures 6 A and 6B.

Successively, the switching element 140 is switched from the open position towards the closed position, thus substantially rotating the switching element 140 in a first switching or rotation direction, in particular counterclockwise with respect to the figures.

Following the rotation of the switching element 140, the retaining element 143 starts to be introduced in the second seat 125 provided in the main element 120. The tapered thrusting surface 143b of the retaining element 143 comes into contact with the contact surface 126a of the main element 120, as shown in Figure 6B.

As the rotation of the switching element 140 continues, the mutual contact of the contact surface 126a with the tapered thrusting surface 143b of the retaining element 143 causes the rotation pin 141 to move inside the slots 147 in the direction opposite the direction of the thrusting action generated by the helical spring, meaning that the switching element 140, in addition to rotating, moves rightwards (Figures 7 A and 7B) and, at the same time, the rotation pin 141 and the carriage 160 are pushed rightwards together, thus moving the ends of the helical spring 170 away from each other.

As the rotation continues, the tapered thrusting surface 143b of the retaining element 143 moves beyond the retaining surface 126b of the main element 120 and, under the thrusting action of the helical spring 170, the assembly made up of the switching element 140, the rotation pin 141 and the carriage 160 is pushed leftwards (Figures 8 A and 8B).

The rotation pin 141 is pushed towards its first end-of-stroke position inside the translation slots 147 (Figure 8 A).

The contact surface 143 a of the retaining element 143 is arranged under the retaining surface 126b and maintained in that position by the thrusting action of the helical spring 170.

At the same time, the free end 142 of the switching element 140 is arranged on top of the first seat 124b of the main element 120 so as to cover it, guaranteeing that the enlarged head 133 of the coupling portion 131 of the secondary element 130 is maintained inside the first seat 124b.

At this point, the switching element 140 is in its final closed position, since in this way the enlarged head 133 of the coupling portion 131 is held inside the first seat 124b, the main element 120 and the secondary element 130 thus being coupled or constrained to each other. It can thus be understood from the explanation provided above that even that embodiment makes it possible to avoid the use of safety systems, for example of snap-on systems, for reliably constraining the switching element 140 to the main element 120 in the closed position.

In fact, a possible thrusting action accidentally exerted on the switching element 140 through a rotary movement in a direction of rotation contrary to said first direction of rotation would not cause the retaining element 143 to move out of the second seat 125 of the main element 120.

In the same way, a possible accidental thrusting action exerted on the switching element 140 in one of said first and second directions of translation would not cause the retaining element 143 to move out of the second seat 125, since also a rotary movement is needed, in particular in a direction contrary to the first direction of rotation.

From the explanation provided above it can be understood, furthermore, that in order to voluntarily switch the switching element 140 from the closed position to the open position, it is necessary to first switch the switching element 140 through another translation movement in the second direction of translation (and therefore from left to right with respect to the figures), thus moving the contact surface 143a of the retaining element 143 out of the retaining surface 126b, and then to switch the switching element 140 in its open position through a rotary movement in a second switching direction contrary to the first switching or rotation direction (and thus clockwise with respect to the figures), wherein with the switching element 140 in its open position the secondary element 130 can be definitively released from the main element 120.

It can thus be understood from the explanation provided above that, in brief, in order to switch the switching element 140 from the open position to the closed position it is necessary to switch the switching element 140 both in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation (wherein the rotation and the translation may even be at least partially simultaneous) and that in order to switch the switching element 140 from the closed position to the open position it is necessary to switch the switching element 140 both in a second direction of translation and in a second direction of rotation, respectively contrary to said first direction of translation and first direction of rotation.

In Figures from 9 to 13, a closure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is indicated as a whole by the reference number 210 and essentially comprises a main element 220 and a secondary element 230 suited to be alternatively coupled together (Figure 9 and Figures 13 A and 13B) and uncoupled from each other (Figures 10A and 10B), in such a way as to allow a jewellery and/or costume jewellery item (for example a necklace, a bracelet or a similar item) to be respectively fastened and unfastened.

Obviously, for this purpose, the main element 220 and the secondary element 230 are both suited to be respectively fixed to the opposite ends of the item, according to procedures that are neither illustrated in the figures nor described in detail here below for the sake of brevity.

As regards the main element 220, it can be understood from the figures that it comprises two opposite and parallel partitions 222 suited to define a coupling space (see the following description).

The secondary element 230 comprises a coupling portion 231. The coupling portion 231 preferably comprises a shank 232 at the end of which there is an enlarged head 233.

The main element 220 comprises at one end an opening 224a and a first adjacent seat 224b which are suited to respectively accommodate the shank 232 and the enlarged head 233 of the coupling portion 231 of the secondary element 230, as described in greater detail below and visible for example in Figure 10B.

The shape and size of the first seat 224b substantially correspond to those of the enlarged head 233.

The main element 220 furthermore comprises a second seat 225, preferably adjacent to the first seat 224b, whose function is described in greater detail below.

The first and the second seat 224b, 225 are separated by a partition 226 which comprises, at its top, a first contact surface 226a and, at its bottom, a retaining surface 226b, visible for example in Figure 10B.

A tilting switching element 240 is constrained to the main element 220 so as to allow a rotary movement, wherein said tilting switching element 240, in fact, is suited to be switched between the open position shown, for example, in Figures 10A and 10B, and the closed position shown, for example, in Figures 13A and 13B.

The switching element 240 is constrained to the main element 220 through a rotation pin 241. The switching element 240 comprises two arms 250a, 250b provided with corresponding through holes 251a, 251b in which the rotation pin 241 is inserted (Figure 9A).

The two arms 250a, 250b of the switching element 240 laterally enclose said opposite partitions 222 of the main element 220.

It should furthermore be noted that the rotation pin 241 extends between two housing slots 247, each one of which is obtained in one of the two opposite partitions 222 of the main element 220, wherein it can be understood that the rotation pin 241 can be translated inside the two slots 247 along a translation path substantially defined by the shape and extension of the slots 247 themselves.

Obviously, the translation of the rotation pin 241 inside the slots 247 causes the entire switching element 240 to be translated with respect to the main element 220.

It is possible to identify a first direction of translation (from right to left in the figures) and a second direction of translation (from left to right in the figures) contrary to the first direction of translation.

Said translation path in the first or in the second direction is a substantially horizontal path with reference in particular to Figures from 10 to 13.

In the embodiment illustrated herein, the two slots 247 are defined by a substantially rectilinear section whose ends are radiused by curved surfaces suited to allow the rotation pin 241 to rest against them.

In variant embodiments, the slots can also assume different shapes suited to guarantee said translation movement.

Preferably, furthermore, the rectilinear section of said slots 247 develops along a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to said translation path.

Between the free end 242 of the switching element 240 and the rotation pin 241, the switching element 240 comprises a retaining element 243 that extends towards the second seat 225 of the main element 220.

The retaining element 243 comprises a contact surface 243a and a tapered or inclined counteracting or thrusting surface 243b.

At the level of the free end 242, the switching element 240 comprises a projecting element 227 facing towards the first seat 224a of the main element 220.

Elastic switching means 248 are also provided, which are suited to interact between the main element 220 and the end of the switching element 240 constrained to the main element 220 through the rotation or switching pin 241. The elastic switching means 248 comprise a carriage 260 having a first end 261 provided with an annular portion 262 suited to be arranged between the two opposite partitions 222 of the main element 220 and provided with a through hole 262a suited to accommodate the rotation pin 241.

The annular portion 262, therefore, follows the movements of the switching pin 241 as it moves inside the slots 247.

The carriage 260 comprises a second end 266 suited to receive one end 270a of a helical spring 270. The other end 270b of the helical spring 270 rests on a supporting surface 280 of the main element 220 and is preferably held in position through a pin 282 projecting from said supporting surface 280, as can be seen, for example, in Figure 10B.

The helical spring 270 is mounted in a preloaded condition in such a way as to exert an elastic force suited to push the carriage 260, and thus the rotation pin 241 and the switching element 240, towards a predefined direction (leftwards in Figures from 10 to 13).

A closing element or cover 290 is finally associated with the main element 220. The procedures for the use and/or application of the closure according to the embodiment described above can thus be summed up as follows.

In order to couple the main element 220 and the secondary element 230 together, with the switching element 240 in the open position shown, for example, in Figures 10A and 10B, the enlarged head 233 of the coupling portion 231 of the secondary element 230 is placed in the first seat 224b of the main element 220, as shown in Figures 1 1 A and 1 IB.

Successively, the switching element 240 is switched from the open position towards the closed position, thus substantially rotating the switching element 240 in a first switching or rotation direction, in particular counterclockwise with respect to the figures.

Following the rotation of the switching element 240, the retaining element 243 starts being introduced in the second seat 225 of the main element 220.

The tapered thrusting surface 243b of the retaining element 243 comes into contact with the contact surface 226a of the main element 220, as shown in Figure 1 IB. As the rotation of the switching element 240 continues, the mutual contact of the contact surface 226a with the tapered thrusting surface 243b of the retaining element 243 determines the movement of the rotation pin 241 inside the slots 247 in the direction opposite the direction of the thrusting action generated by the helical spring, meaning that the switching element 240, in addition to rotating, moves rightwards (Figures 12A and 12B) and, at the same time, the rotation pin 241 and the carriage 260 are pushed rightwards together, thus moving the ends of the helical spring 270 away from each other.

As the rotation continues, the tapered thrusting surface 243b of the retaining element 243 moves beyond the retaining surface 226b of the main element 220 and, under the thrusting action of the helical spring 270, the assembly constituted by the switching element 240, the rotation pin 241 and the carriage 260 is pushed leftwards (Figures 13A and 13B).

The rotation pin 241 is pushed towards its first end-of-stroke position inside the translation slots 247 (Figure 13 A).

The contact surface 243 a of the retaining element 243 is arranged under the retaining surface 226b and maintained in that position by the thrusting action of the helical spring 270.

At the same time, the free end 242 of the switching element 240 is arranged on top of the first seat 224b of the main element 220 so as to cover it, guaranteeing that the enlarged head 233 of the coupling portion 231 of the secondary element 230 is maintained inside the first seat 224b.

Furthermore, the projecting element 227 is arranged in proximity to or even in contact with the enlarged head 233 of the coupling portion 231 of the secondary element 230, thus advantageously and substantially avoiding any mutual movement (slack) between the main element 220 and the secondary element 230. At this point, the switching element 240 is in its final closed position, since in this way the enlarged head 233 of the coupling portion 231 is held inside the first seat 224b, the main element 220 and the secondary element 230 being coupled or constrained to each other.

It can thus be understood from the explanation provided above that also this embodiment makes it possible to avoid the use of safety systems, for example snap-on safety system, for reliably constraining the switching element 240 to the main element 220 in the closed position. In fact, any thrusting action accidentally exerted on the switching element 240 through a rotary movement in a direction of rotation contrary to said first direction of rotation would not cause the retaining element 243 to move out of the second seat 225 of the main element 220.

In the same way, any accidental thrusting action exerted on the switching element 240 in one of said first and second directions of translation would not cause the retaining element 243 to move out of the second seat 225, since also a rotary movement is needed, in particular contrary to the first direction of rotation. From the explanation provided above, it can furthermore be understood that in order to voluntarily switch the switching element 240 from the closed position to the open position it will be necessary to first switch the switching element 240 through another translation movement in the second direction of translation (and therefore from left to right with respect to the figures), thus moving the contact surface 243 a of the retaining element 243 out of the retaining surface 226b, and then to switch the switching element 240 in its open position through a rotary movement in a second switching direction contrary to the first switching or rotation direction (and thus clockwise with respect to the figures), wherein with the switching element 240 in its open position the secondary element 230 can be definitively released from the main element 220.

From the explanation provided above it can thus be understood that, in brief, in order to switch the switching element 240 from the open position to the closed position it is necessary to switch the switching element 240 both in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation (wherein the rotation and the translation movement can even be at least partially simultaneous) and that in order to switch the switching element 240 from the closed position to the open position it is necessary to switch the switching element 240 both in a second direction of translation and in a second direction of rotation, respectively contrary to said first direction of translation and first direction of rotation.

In Figures from 14 to 18, a closure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is indicated as a whole by the reference number 310 and essentially comprises a main element 320 and a secondary element 330 suited to be alternatively coupled together (Figure 14 and Figures 18A and 18B) and uncoupled from each other (Figures 15A and 15B), in such a way as to allow a jewellery and/or costume jewellery item (for example, a necklace, a bracelet or a similar item) to be respectively fastened and unfastened.

Obviously, for this purpose, the main element 320 and the secondary element 330 are both suited to be respectively fixed to the opposite ends of the item, according to procedures that are neither illustrated in the drawings nor described in detail here below for the sake of brevity.

As regards the main element 320, it can be understood from the figures that the same comprises two opposite and parallel partitions 322 suited to define a coupling space (see the description below).

The secondary element 330 comprises a coupling portion 331. The coupling portion 331 preferably comprises a shank 332 at the end of which there is an enlarged head 333.

The main element 320 comprises at one end an opening 324a and a first adjacent seat 324b which are suited to respectively accommodate the shank 332 and the enlarged head 333 of the coupling portion 331 of the secondary element 330, as described in greater detail below and visible, for example, in Figure 15B.

Preferably, the shape and size of the first seat 324b substantially correspond to those of the enlarged head 333.

The main element 320 furthermore comprises a second seat 325, preferably adjacent to the first seat 324b, whose function will be described in greater detail below.

The first and the second seat 324b, 325 are separated by a partition 326 comprising, at its top, a first contact surface 326a and, at its bottom, a retaining surface 326b which is visible, for example, in Figure 15B.

A tilting switching element 340 is constrained to the main element 320 through a rotary movement, said tilting switching element 340 being, in fact, suited to be switched between the open position illustrated, for example, in Figures 15 A and 15B and the closed position illustrated, for example, in Figures 18A and 18B. The switching element 340 is constrained to the main element 320 through a rotation pin 341. The switching element 340 comprises two arms 350a, 350b provided with corresponding through holes 351a, 351b into which the rotation pin 341 is inserted (Figure 14A).

The two arms 350a, 350b of the switching element 340 laterally enclose said opposite partitions 322 of the main element 320.

It should furthermore be noted that the rotation pin 341 extends between two housing slots 347, each one of which is obtained in one of the two opposite partitions 322 of the main element 320, wherein it can be understood that the rotation pin 341 can be translated inside the two slots 347 along a translation path substantially defined by the shape and extension of the slots 347 themselves. Obviously, the translation of the rotation pin 341 inside the slots 347 causes the entire switching element 340 to be translated with respect to the main element 320.

It is possible to identify a first direction of translation (from right to left in the figures) and a second direction of translation (from left to right in the figures) contrary to the first direction of translation.

Said translation path in the first or in the second direction is a substantially horizontal path with reference in particular to Figures from 15 to 18.

In the embodiment illustrated herein, the two slots 347 are defined by a substantially rectilinear section whose ends are radiused by curved surfaces suited to allow the rotation pin 341 to rest against them.

In variant embodiments, the slots can also assume different shapes suited to guarantee said translation movement.

Furthermore, preferably, the rectilinear section of said slots 347 develops along a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel to said translation path.

Between the free end 342 of the switching element 340 and the rotation pin 341, the switching element 340 comprises a retaining element 343 that extends towards the second seat 325 of the main element 320.

The retaining element 343 comprises a contact surface 343a and a tapered or inclined counteracting or thrusting surface 343b.

At the level of the free end 342, the switching element 340 comprises a projecting element 327 facing towards the first seat 324a of the main element 320.

Elastic switching means 348 are also provided, which are suited to interact between the main element 320 and the end of the switching element 340 constrained to the main element 320 through the rotation or switching pin 341. The elastic switching means 348 comprise a carriage 360 having a first end 361 provided with an annular portion 362 suited to be arranged between the two opposite partitions 322 of the main element 320 and provided with a through hole 362a suited to accommodate the rotation pin 341. Therefore, the annular portion 362 follows the movement of the switching pin 341 as it moves inside the slots 347.

The carriage 360 comprises a second end 366 suited to accommodate an end 370a of a helical spring 370. The other end 370b of the helical spring 370 rests on a supporting surface 380 of the main element 320 and is preferably held in position through a pin 382 that projects from said supporting surface 380, as can be seen, for example, in Figure 15B.

The helical spring 370 is mounted in a preloaded condition, in such a way as to exert an elastic force suited to push the carriage 360, and therefore the rotation pin 341 and the switching element 340, in a predefined direction (towards the left in Figures from 15 to 18).

A closing element or cover 390 is finally associated with the main element 320.

The procedures for the use and/or application of the closure according to the embodiment described above can be summed up as follows.

In order to mutually couple the main element 320 and the secondary element 330 together, with the switching element 340 in the open position shown, for example, in Figures 15A and 15B, the enlarged head 333 of the coupling portion

331 of the secondary element 330 is placed in the first seat 324b of the main element 320, as shown in Figures 16A and 16B.

Successively, the switching element 340 is switched from the open position towards the closed position, thus substantially rotating the switching element 340 in a first switching or rotation direction, in particular anticlockwise with respect to the figures.

Following the rotation of the switching element 340, the retaining element 343 starts to be introduced in the second seat 325 of the main element 320.

The tapered thrusting surface 343b of the retaining element 343 comes into contact with the contact surface 326a of the main element 320, as shown in Figure 16B.

As the rotation of the switching element 340 continues, the mutual contact of the contact surface 326a and the tapered thrusting surface 343b of the retaining element 343 determines the movement of the rotation pin 341 inside the slots 347 in the direction opposite the direction of the thrusting action generated by the helical spring, meaning that the switching element 340, in addition to rotating, moves to the right (Figures 17A and 17B) and at the same time the rotation pin 341 and the carriage 360 are pushed rightwards together, thus moving the ends of the helical spring 370 away from each other.

As the rotation continues, the tapered thrusting surface 343b of the retaining element 343 moves beyond the retaining surface 326 of the main element 320 and, under the thrusting action of the helical spring 370, the assembly made up of the switching element 340, the rotation pin 341 and the carriage 360 is pushed to the left (Figures 18A and 18B).

The rotation pin 341 is pushed towards its first end-of-stroke position inside the translation slots 347 (Figure 18A).

The contact surface 343a of the retaining element 343 is arranged under the retaining surface 326b and maintained in that position by the thrusting action of the helical spring 370.

At the same time, the free end 342 of the switching element 340 is arranged on top of the first seat 324b of the main element 320 in such a way as to cover it, guaranteeing that the enlarged head 333 of the coupling portion 331 of the secondary element 330 is maintained inside the first seat 324b.

Furthermore, the projecting element 327 is arranged in proximity to or even in contact with the enlarged head 333 of the coupling portion 331 of the secondary element 330, advantageously and substantially avoiding any possible mutual movement (slack) between the main element 320 and the secondary element 330. At this point, the switching element 340 is in its final closed position, since in this way the enlarged head 333 of the coupling portion 331 is maintained inside the first seat 324b, the main element 320 and the secondary element 330 thus being coupled or constrained to each other.

It can thus be understood from the explanation provided above that also this embodiment makes it possible to avoid the use of safety systems, for example snap-on safety systems, in order to reliably constrain the switching element 340 to the main element 320 in the closed position. In fact, any thrusting action accidentally exerted on the switching element 340 through a rotary movement in a direction of rotation contrary to said first direction of rotation would not cause the retaining element 343 to move out of the second seat 325 of the main element 320. In the same way, any accidental thrusting action exerted on the switching element 340 in one of said first and second direction of translation would not cause the retaining element 343 to move out of the second seat 325, since a rotary movement is also needed, in particular in the direction contrary to the first direction of rotation.

From the explanation provided above it can also be understood that in order to voluntarily switch the switching element 340 from the closed position to the open position it is necessary to first switch the switching element 340 through another translation movement in the second direction of translation (and therefore from left to right with respect to the figures), moving the contact surface 343a of the retaining element 343 out of the retaining surface 326b, and thus to switch the switching element 340 in its open position through a rotary movement in a second switching direction contrary to the first switching or rotation direction (and thus clockwise with respect to the figures), wherein with the switching element 340 in its open position the secondary element 330 can be definitively released from the main element 320.

From the explanation provided above it can therefore be understood that, in brief, in order to switch the switching element 340 from the open position to the closed position it is necessary to switch the switching element 340 both in a first direction of rotation and in a first direction of translation (wherein the rotation and the translation can even be at least partially simultaneous) and that in order to switch the switching element 340 from the closed position to the open position it is necessary to switch the switching element 340 both in a second direction of translation and in a second direction of rotation, respectively contrary to said first direction of translation and first direction of rotation.

It has thus been shown, by means of the preceding detailed description of the embodiments of the closure according to the present invention illustrated in the drawings, that the closure according to the present invention allows the set objects to be achieved. In particular, the closure according to the present invention makes it possible to avoid the use of snap-on mechanisms for reliably constraining the switching element in its closed position, as in the case of the present invention the constraint is reliable owing to the need to switch the switching element with both a rotary and a translation movement in order to unfasten the closure.

Even though the present invention has been clarified above through the detailed description of its embodiments illustrated in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above. On the contrary, the scope of the present invention is defined in the claims.