This application is a continuation-in-ρart of ouc copending application Secial No. 838,918, filed Macch 12, 1986.

BACK-GROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention celates genecally to cold roll- forming of metal strip, and moce particularly to contin¬ uous cold-colling methods and appacatus for making metal stcip which is thinned lengthwise to form latecally spaced zones of; different thickness and to pcoducts pco- duced from such stcip.

Many elongated stcuctuces ace formed oC sheet metal which is roll-formed to a desiced ccoss section. Examples include, but ace not limited to, gcid tees for suspension ceilings, metal wall studs and corcugated sheet metal. urthee, in many instances, the use of the structure is such that oce efficient utilization of the tαaterial forming the stcuctuce is obtained if the metal can be concentrated at specific locations within the structure.

For example, a grid tee fo suspension ceilings usually pcovides a bulb along one edge and flanges along the opposite edge. The bulb and flanges ace intercon- nected and maintained in a spaced celatiohship by a cen- tcal web. In such a gcid tee stcuctuce, the bulb and flanges pcovide the principal structural strength, and the web does not contribute very much to the strength of

the structure. The main function of the web is to main¬ tain the spacing between the bulb and the flanges. Therefore, the efficient utilization of the material of the grid tee is improved if the web thickness is reduced and the material forming the grid tee is concentcated in the grid extremities at the bulb a d flanges.

United States Letters Patent No. 4,206,5/8, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes a grid tee in wliich material is concen rated at the extremities and the advantages derived there com." Such patent is incocpocated herein by reference.

Efficient material use is also obtained in a generally similar manner if the webs of metal studs and channels are reduced in thickness compared to the thick¬ ness of the extremities of the structure. Likewise, cor¬ rugated sheets having thin connecting webs provide, in many instances, impcoved efficiency of atecial use.

Genecally in the past it has been impossible oc i pcactical to cold coll the strips of metal to provide a strip in which selected lengthwise portions have reduced thickness and other portions remain at the greater origi¬ nal thickness. For example, the roll-forming of the I- beam has been performed "hot," that is, at a temperature above the ceccystallization temperature, so that the material forming the beam is highly plastic before it is rolled. Other non-uniform cross section forms ace also usually pcoduced by extrusion or rolling in the hot state.

In a typical cold roll-forming operation in which thickness is changed, a strip of sheet or plate material is passed between two opposed rolls which apply pressure to the opposite surfaces of the material and

plastically deform it to a reduced thickness. During such conventional rolling, the strip material flows primarily in a longitudinal direction, causing increased length of the strip. There is no problem involved if the reduction in thickness is to be accomplished in a uniform manner accoss the entice width of the strip, since the elongation tends to be uniform across the entice width of the strip.

On the other hand, iE a conventional cold roll¬ ing operation were attempted to be employed' o reduce the thickness of a longitudinal portion of the strip while leaving the remaining longitudinal portions at theic original thickness, serious difficulties would be encoun¬ tered because the reduced tiiickness portion would tend to expand lengthwise of the stcip, while the unceduced oc unthinned poctions would not. This would cause the stcip to cucl and buckle and lose any semblance of straight- ness. Therefore, such an operation cannot be used to produce structures of the- general type described above.

United States Letters Patent No. 4,233,833 pro¬ poses a system for forming strips of sheet metal by a ^' roll-forming procedure so that selected lengthwise por¬ tions of the sheet are reduced in thickness, while other portions remain at the original thickness. In such pat¬ ent, a method is disclosed in which a strip of material is passed over opposed corrugating rolls, while the edges of the material are laterally held a fixed distance apart. Such method purports to apply lateral tension in the material being corrugated, causing it to stretch laterally and reduce in thickness. The patent further describes the step of subsequent flattening of the corru¬ gations. It is not believed that the method disclosed in such latter patent has ever been developed or commerci¬ ally used.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to the manu¬ facture of cold rolled metal articles in which substan¬ tial reductions in the metal content of the articles ace obtained without atecially affecting the strength or utility of the articles to any substantial extent, and to the method and apparatus of such manufacture. The pro¬ cess of the invention is preferably carried out at room temperature, although it is contemplated that for some applications the metal may be heated to a selected tem¬ perature below the recrystallization temperature. There¬ fore, as used herein, the terms "cold-forming" oc "cold- colling" ace intended to include working at temperatures below the ceccystallization temperature of the metal, arid preferably mean working at room temperature.

One main aspect of the present invention is the provision of a new concept of cold-rolling that makes it possible to produce metal strip having laterally spaced portions or bands of different tiiickness extending lengthwise of the strip without causing the stcip to cucl oc buckle. The new process is characterized by the steps of applying to the surface of the strip a shear force which is inclined relative to such surface and is con¬ tained in a plane substantially normal to the length of the strip so that the force does not have any significant longitudinal component in order to cause shear deforma¬ tion and consequent thinning of the metal without sub¬ stantial lengthwise deformation; and causing relative movement of the shear force along the length of the strip to produce a thinned lengthwise extending band or portion which is thinnec than the adjacent poetions of the stcip.

In one especially preferred illustrated embodi¬ ment, the shear forces are applied at spaced work stations along the length of the strip to laterally adja¬ cent portions of the metal of the strip so as to progres¬ sively widen the band oE reduced thickness.

In accordance with another especially preferred illustrated embodiment, the shear forces are sequentially applied at a limited number oE spaced work stations along the length of the strip to laterally adjacent portions of the strip to form a first thinned portion or band. Thereafter, an unthinned portion adjacent to the first thinned band is skipped over and shear forces ace again applied beyond the skipped poction in a similar sequen¬ tial manner to produce a second thinned portion or band laterally spaced from the first associated band by the portion which is skipped over. Such skipping process is repeated until the desiced total width of thinned bands is obtained. In such embodiment, two oc more associated thinned portions or bands are produced which are spaced from the next adjacent band by a relatively narrow, un¬ thinned portion.

In both illustrated embodiments, the deforming pressure is applied by rotating mandrels and rotating pressure rolls structured to apply deforming pressure to the strip along narrow, elongated deforming zones extend¬ ing in a direction substantially aligned with the length of the strip material. Because the length of the deform¬ ing zones substantially exceeds its width, the frictional forces applied by the mandrels and pressure colls re¬ strain the metal flow in a longitudinal direction and cause the metal to flow substantially in a lateral direc¬ tion which is the direction of least resistance to flow.

Further, in both embodiments, the metal is con¬ fined along one lateral side of the deEor ing zone to restrain lateral flow toward such side and cause almost the entire lateral flow to occur in the other lateral direction.

In such especially preferred embodiments, the shear forces applied at the spaced work stations are inclined with respect to the surface of the material of the strip at an angle which is maintained constant at each work station and the magnitude of the shear forces is preferably controlled so that the material of the strip is deformed to a minimum thickness equal to the original strip thickness times the sine of such angle. It has been found that detrimental longitudinal flow and cracking of the metal along the band of reduced thickness can be minimized by limiting the amount of thinning to that stated. However, satisfactory results have been achieved in some instances when the thinning of the band substantially exceeded the sine formula.

The above-described methods oE the invention can be practiced using high speed cold-colling apparatus to produce a metal stcip of indefinite length having por- ions cemaining at the ociginal thickness and portions extending lengthwise of the strip having a reduced thick¬ ness substantially less than the original tiiickness. The thinning is accomplished without any substantial elonga¬ tion of the thinned material in the direction o£ the length of the strip, so that flatness and straightness of the strip matecial are not impaired to any significant extent. Further, the shear deformation and thinning can be performed by the application of balanced lateral forces to the strip, thereby reducing any strip guiding or retaining problems.

In accordance with another aspect of this inven¬ tion, a novel and improved method is provided for produc¬ ing elongated structural elements in which the metal of the element is thinned by shear deformation in zones of relatively low stress and is concentrated in zones of high stcess so as to pcovide impcoved and efficient metal usage.

In accocdance with still another aspect of this invention, a novel and improved method of manufacturing elongated structural elements is provided in which longi¬ tudinal portions of the element are thinned and work hardened during the process of manufacture thereof, so as to provide efficient metal usage in such elements.

In accordance with another aspect of this inven¬ tion, a method of thinning longitudinally extending por¬ tions of coated elongated strips is pcovided which allows such ceduction to occuc aftec coating oE the stcip and without excessive damage to the coating thereoE.

In accordance with another aspect of this inven¬ tion, an elongated strip of sheet metal is provided in which longitudinally extending portions of the strip are thinned by shear deformation.

In accordance with still another aspect of this invention, a novel and improved grid tee for a suspension ceiling is provided in which the metal forming the web of the tee is thinner than the metal forming the bulb and flange theceoE.

In accocdance with another aspect of this inven¬ tion, a novel and improved stud structure is provided in which efficient utilization of the metal content of the stud is achieved by providing a shear deformed and thinned web section.

In accordance with another aspect of this inven¬ tion, a novel and impcoved coccugated metal stcuctuce is pcovided in which sucface poctions have one tiiickness and connecting web portions are of a reduced thickness.

In accocdance with anothec aspect of this inven¬ tion, a novel and impcoved appacatus is pcovided for pec- focming the processes mentioned above.

These and other aspects of this invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and more fully described in the following specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of an elongated strip of metal in accordance with the present invention having thinned, longitudinally extending por¬ tions;

FIG. 2 is a side elevation schematically illus¬ trating a machine for forming the strip of metal illus¬ trated in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are schematic, fragmentary cross sections taken along the coccesponding section lines of FIG. 2 and pcogcessively illustcating the focma- tion of the strip of material shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3a is an enlarged, fragmentary section of a portion of the structure shown in FIG. 3, illustrating the application of the shear forces to the strip of metal;

FIG. 7 is a cross section of a grid tee for a suspension ceiling in accordance with the present inven¬ tion;

FIG. 7a is an enlarged, fragmentary cross section of the gcid tee of FIG. 7;

FIG. 8 is a cross section of a U-shaped channel in accordance with the present invention which may be used, for example, as a stud;

FIG. 8a is a schematic, fragmentary cross sec¬ tion of a modified apparatus illustrating the shear . deformation used to form the channel of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9 is a cross section of an H-shaped stud in accordance with the present inventiun;

FIG. 10 is a ccoss section of a poction of a sheet of coccugated metal in accocdance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a fcag entacy ccoss section, sche¬ matically illustcating still anothec modified apparatus for progressively forming the corrugated metal of FIG. 10j

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a portion of an elongated strip of metal similar to the strip illustrated in FIG. 1 but produced in accordance with the second illustrated embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 13 is an enlarged, fragmentary section taken along line 13-13 of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is an enlarged view of the circled por¬ tion indicated in FIG. 12, illustrating the herringbone¬ like structure resulting along the unthinned poction located between two adjacent thinned poetions oc bands;

FIG. 15 is a schematic, fragmentary ccoss sec¬ tion of a ficst wock station in accocdance with the second embodiment at which the initial thinning opecation occucs;

FIG. 16 is a schematic, fcagmentacy ccoss section at a second wock station in accordance with the second embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic, fragmentary cross section of a third work station in accordance with the second embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 18 is a fragmentar , schematic cross section of the fourth work station which commences the formation of an associated second thinned band after skipping over an unthinned portion of strip material; and

FIG. 19 is an enlarged view of the zone of deformation along which the rolls deform the metal strip.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

FIGS. 1 through 11 illustrate a first especially preferred embodiment of this invention, which will be described first.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illus¬ trates an elongated member 10 produced in accordance with the invention from a strip of sheet metal by shear defor¬ mation. The invention, when used to produce grid tees for suspension ceilings and the like, is preferably prac¬ ticed using relatively thin material on the order of 0.020 inches or less. However, this invention may also be applied to thicker metal, and the term "sheet metal" is intended to include relatively thick material some¬ times referred to as "plate." As shown, the member 10 has a flat central wall portion 11 and laterally outward¬ ly diverging wall portions 12, 13 which terminate in edge flange portions 14,16, respectively. The two edge flange portions 14,16 are displaced laterally outwardly from the central wall portion 11 and are substantially perpendicu¬ lar to the associated wall portions 12, 13.

The central wall portion 11 and the edge flange portions 14, 16 have a thickness T, which is substan¬ tially equal to the original thickness of the strip fcom which the membec 10 is formed. The diverging walls 12, 13 have a reduced thickness T„ produced by deformation of the metal and are harder than the remaining portions because of the work hardening that occurs during the deformation and thinning operation.

As shown, the wall portions 12, 13 diverge by an angle A from a plane perpendicular to the central wall

poction 11. Accocding to the pcefecred method of manu¬ facture, the thickness T _? is equal to or exceeds T, sine A. As more fully explained below, it has been found that the tendency for undesirable longitudinal flow or cracking o£ the wall portions 12, 13 is minimized by limiting the amount oE thinning to that determined by the sine Eoc ula. In instances in which the wall portions 12, 13 are shear deformed and thinned to a thickness T ₂ which substantially equals T, sine A, the width of the member 10, i.e., the lateral spacing between the edges 17,18 of the flanges 14,16, is substan ially equal to the initial width of the strip of metal used to form the mem ^¬ ber.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 2-6, wliich sche¬ matically illustrate the method and apparatus for contin¬ uously cold-rolling a strip of sheet metal 21 into the con iguration o£ member 10. The illustrated apparatus includes four work stations 23-26, although, a smaller or larger number of stations can be provided depending upon the particular application and the size of part to be produced. The deforming operations shown in FIGS. 2-6 ^' are somewhat exaggerated in order to better illustrate and describe the metal working steps that are involved.

A rotatable mandrel 41 is provided at the work station 23. As shown in FIG. 3, the mandrel 41 is in the form of a roller mounted on a power driven shaft 42. The mandrel 41 has a central, cylindrical, peripheral surface 46 and rustoconical side surfaces 47, 48. The angle between each frustoconical surface 47, 48 and the verti¬ cal central plane 44 of the mandrel 41 is equal to the angle A discussed above in connection with FIG. 1, while the width of the cylindrical surface portion 46 is equal

to the width oE the central wall portion 11 of member 10 illustrated in FIG. 1.

A pair of pressure rolls 51, 52 are positioned above the mandrel 41 at the work station 23. The two rolls 51, 52 are identical, but of opposite hand, and are mounted on a common shaft 53 at locations equally spaced from the central plane 44. The shaft 53 is joucnaled foe cotation about its axis 54 and is suppocted so that the axis 43 of the shaft 42 and the axis 54 ace contained within a single vertical plane.

A pair of hydraulic piston-cylinder actuators 56, 57 are provided to apply a force on the pressure rolls 51, 52 toward the cooperating mandrel 41. The hydraulic actuators 56, 57 include cylinders mounted on the machine frame 60 and pistons rods 58, 59 which are connected through bearings 61 to the ends of the shaft 53. When the actuators 56, 57 are pressurized, they exert a downward force indicated by the arrows 62 on the ≤haEt 53 near the rolls 51, 52.

The two pressure rolls 51, 52 have a peripheral shape designed to initiate shear deEormation oE the metal ^" strip 21. The description oE the roll 52, which is best shown in FIG. 3a, applies equally to the pressure coll 51, since both rolls are identical in shape although oppositely Eacing. As illustrated in FIG. 3a, the periphery oE the roll 52 has a radius portion 66 oE maxi¬ mum diameter. Extending radially inwardly from the radius portion 66 is a frustoconical working face 67 which cooperates with the surface 48 of the mandrel 41. As shown, the frustoconical working surface 67 is paral¬ lel to the cooperating working surface 48 of the mandrel 41. However, non-parallel cooperating working surfaces may be used in some instances.

In operation the continuously moving stcip 21 entecs the gap between the wocking surfaces 67 of the two pressure rolls 51, 52 and the corresponding conical sur¬ faces 47, 48 of the mandrel 41, and sufficient force is applied by the actuators 56, 57 to cause the metal to yield and deform in shear to generate a thinned band 68 extending lengthwise of the strip. The band 68 is thinned to a thickness T _? which corresponds to the thickness of the wall portions 12, 13 of the member 10 described above in connection with FIG. 1.

The shear deformation of the strip 21 to produce the band 68 does not cause any significant longitudinal lengthening of the strip, a d consequently curling or buckling problems are avoided. The manner in wliich this is accomplished is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 3a. The focce of the pcessuce coll 52 is applied in the dicection of the arrow 71. The shear force 71 applied by the pressure roll 52 is inclined relative to the adjacent outer surface 65 of the strip 21 and lies in a plane sub¬ stantially normal to the longitudinal axis of the stcip, so that the force has no significant longitudinal compo- 'nent. As shown, the force 71 can be resolved into a com¬ ponent 72 parallel to the outer surface 65 of the strip 21 and a component 73 normal to such surface.

When the two shafts 42, 53 are parallel, the shear force 71 applied to the metal strip 21 by the pres¬ sure roller 52 is inclined relative to the surfaces 48 and 65 by an angle B. In the illustrated preferred embodiment of the apparatus, the angle B is equal to the angle A discussed above in connection with member 10 shown in FIG. 1.

When shear deforming metal in accocdance with the invention, the amount of thinning of the band 68 is a function of the size of the focce 71 applied to the metal by the pcessuce coll 52. It has been found that the maximum catio of ceduction T„ T ₁ , whece T. is the initial thickness o£ the metal strip and T ₂ is the thickness oE the band 68 aEter shear deformation, prefer¬ ably should not exceed the sine of angle B in order to avoid cracking or longitudinal flow of the shear deformed metal. If, for example, a 507„ reduction in thickness is desired, the cooperating roll preferably should be con¬ figured so that the sine of the angle B is no greater than 0.5. This requires that the angle B be equal to or less than 30 . When the invention is carried out so that T _? is equal to T- sine B and, in turn, is equal to T, sine A, the total lateral width of the strip 21 after shear deformation is substantially equal to the starting width of the strip. This feature may be advan¬ tageous when forming corrugated sheet metal as described below.

The thinned bands 68 in the strip 21 are pro- 'gressively widened at the subsequent work stations 24-26, as indicated by reference numerals 68a-c in FIGS. 4-6, respectively, until a strip configuration having diverg¬ ing walls of the desired width is produced. Power driven mandrels 41a-c, which are preferably identical to the above described mandrel 41, are provided at the work stations 24-26, respectively. A pair of cooperating pressure rollers is provided at each work station for cooperation with the mandrel to shear deform and thin the metal of the strip 21 in a manner similar to that described above in connection with the operation of pressure rollers 51, 52.

Referring specifically to FIG. 4, the pressure rolls 51a, 52a are mounted on a rotatable shaEt 53a which is loaded by hydraulic actuators (not shown) similar to the actuators 56, 57 shown in FIG. 3. Each oE the pres¬ sure rolls 51a, 52a has a Erustoconical working surEace 67a which corresponds to the working surfaces 67 of the pressure colls 51, 52. Extending radially inwardly from the inner edge 75a of the working surEace 67a is a second surEace 70a, which overlies the portion of the strip 21 that was thinned at the previous work station 23. The surface 70a is stepped back or relieved from 75a with respect to the surface 67a, i.e., away from the adjacent surEaces oE the mandrel 41a, by a small amount, e.g., 0.003-0.005 inches. The second surEace 70a functions to prevent back extrusion of the metal toward the unreduced central area of the strip. The slight relief of the roll areas 70a avoids coining of the previously reduced wall areas 68 while still confining the metal and preventing back extrusion.

As shown, the pressure rolls 51b, 52b at the work station 25 (FIG. 5) are similar to the pressure rolls 51a, 52a of FIG. 4 except that the relieved sur¬ faces 70b are wider than the surfaces 70a in order to overlie all of the metal thinned at the previous work stations 23, 24. Similarly, the relieved surfaces 70c of the pressure rolls 51c, 52c at the work station 26 (FIG. 6) are widened to overlie all of the metal thinned at the previous three work stations.

In most cases, it is desirable to perform the shear deformation so that the thinned band which is pro¬ gressively formed is substantially uniform in thickness. However, some irregularity in the thickness of such band

results from manufacturing tolerances and because multiple passes are provided. Further, in some instances it may be desired to vary the width of the throat between adjacent rolls to cause variation in the thickness of the band. When referring to a thickness T ₂ , it should be understood that a thinned band having a thickness T ₂ includes bands which are not completely uniform in thick¬ ness.

The operation of the apparatus of this invention will be largely apparent from the Eoregoing description. The metal stcip 21 of indefinite length is moved in con¬ tinuous fashion through the several work stations 23-26. At the work station 23, portions 68 of the strip 21 are bent out of the its original plane by the coaction of the pressure rolls 51, 52 with the mandrel 46 and are thinned by the application of the shearing force 71, which causes the metal to yield laterally, i.e., edgewise, with mini¬ mum or no elongation.

In the preferred operation of the apparatus, the angle A is maintained constant and the strip is thinned to a thickness no less than the original thickness times the sine of angle A in order to avoid longitidinal flow oc ccacking of the metal. As the stcip passes fcom one wock station to the next, the pcessuce colls of each sub¬ sequent wock station engage metal that has not been thinned and is adjacent to the pceviously thinned band, wheceby the width of the thinned band of metal is pro- gcessively incceased until the desiced width is ceached.

Because the two pressure rolls at each work sta¬ tion are symmetrical and apply substantially equal and opposite Eorces to the metal, the guiding action provided

by the angles in the strip that engage the mandrel is sufficient to guide the strip, and it is not necessary to provide separate guiding structure.

In the described embodiment, the strip 10 is roll-formed in symmetrical fashion so that the thickness reduction and the width of the thinned bands are equal. In such a case, it is preferable to utilize the illus¬ trated symmetrical mandrel having a cylindrical central portion and frustoconical sides having an equal cone angle. It is within the broader aspects of the invention to produce members which may not be symmetrical, e.g., two separate longitudinal portions or bands may be re¬ quired that have different amounts of thinning or differ¬ ent lateral widths. In such instances, the mandrel may be constructed so that the central portion is eliminated or is non-cylindrical. Further, the sides of the mandrel may have different cone angles or be non-conical. Still further, the pressure rolls may be journaled for rotation about axes which are not parallel to the mandrel axis, or the hydraulic actuators which load the pressure rolls may be arranged to provide a different force vector direction - ^* to change the angle B.

Normally, the mandrels are driven by a power source (not illustrated). The force applied to the pres¬ sure rolls by the actuators is adjusted to ensure that yield occurs and to produce the desired amount of thin¬ ning.

^ It is preferable to utilize actuators which are preferably hydraulic actuators, and to supply them with a system that provides some spring action so that varia¬ tions in thickness of the material being worked will not

drastically alter the forces applied. For example, if the shaft 53 were mechanically locked in a given posi¬ tion, small changes in thickness of the strip should create drastically fluctuating forces in the system. When the force of the pressure rolls is applied by a sys¬ tem which allows some floating of the rolls with varia¬ tions in thickness of material, the shear forces are sub¬ stantially uniform and a uniform ratio of shear deforma ^¬ tion is achieved.

In practice, it has been determined that the amount of reduction achieved in successive work stations gradually decreases. It is believed that this results from work hardening of the metal immediately beyond the zone being shear-deformed. In fact, the metal immediate¬ ly beyond the radiused portion 66 often tends to increase in thickness slightly.

Because the metal laterally beyond the pressure rolls at each work station often tends to increase in thickness, it is apparent that lateral extrusion or metal flow is occurring, causing some work hardening of the metal which is subsequently thinned in the next subse¬ quent work station. This work hardening is believed to be the cause of the gradual increase of the thickness of the thinned portion produced in successive work stations.

In order to overcome this problem of increasing thickness oE the thinned portion, a method oE roll form¬ ing in accordance with the second embodiment of this invention illustrated in FIGS. 12 through 18 may be utilized.

In accordance with such second illustrated embodiment, the strip of metal 21 is sequentially passed

thcough a first group of three work stations, as illus¬ trated in FIGS. 15, 16, and 17. In the first wuck station illustrated in FIG. 15, a mandrel 201 is again provided with a cylindrical outer surEace 202 and a pair of opposed and similar frustoconical surfaces 203, simi¬ lar to the mandrels of the first embodiment. However, only one surface 203 is illustrated to simplify the draw¬ ings.

In this embodiment, the pcessuce rolls 204 are provided with a cylindrical portion 206 spaced from the cylindrical portion 202 of the mandrel by a distance approaching the original thickness of the strip of metal 21. Here again, two similar and opposite pressure rolls 204 are provided which are centered with respect to the mandrel 201 so that one pressure roll 204 works one side of the strip and the other pressure roll 204 cooperates with the opposite side of the mandrel to work the other side of the strip.

Each of the pressure rolls 204 is provided with a frustoconical surface 207 spaced from the associated conical surface 203 and joining at its inner end with the cylindcical sucface 206. Hece again, the spacing between the conical sucface 207 on the pcessuce colls 204 and the adjacent portions of the conical surfaces 203 is selected to be substantially equal to the original thickness of the strip 21, so that no thinning of the metal of the strip is produced by the conical surfaces 207.

Radially beyond the conical surfaces 207 is an associated frustoconical working surface 208 joined to the conical surface 207 by a radial surface 209. As illustrated, the spacing between the conical working sur¬ face 208 and the adjacent conical surface 203 of the

mandrel 201 is less than the original thickness o£ the strip oE metal 21, and is substantially equal to the reduced thickness desired. It should be understood that the mandrel 201 and the two pressures rolls rotate about parallel axes in a manner similar to the Eirst embodi¬ ment, and that the pressure rolls are urged downwardly by similar piston and cylinder actuators.

As the strip o E metal 21 passes through the work station between the pressure rolls and the mandrel, the conical working surEace 208 engages the adjacent portion oE the strip and causes deEor ation o£ such portion to produce a longitudinally extending, thinned band 224 which is relatively narrow.

Here again, the forces on the metal cause lateral flow of the material without any significant longitudinal flow, so the strip remains straight. The portion of the metal above the conical portions 208 as illustrated in FIG. 15 is substantially confined by the conical portions 207 and the cylindrical portions 206, so backward extcusion oc backwacd flow of the metal of the stcip is pcevented. Consequently, the defocmation results in lateral outward flow of the material of the strip. In this instance, the pressure rolls are provided with a cylindrical portion 211 joined to the conical working surface 208 by a radius at 212 so that the flanges extend substantially parallel to the central por¬ tion of the strip rather than perpendicular to the inclined portion, as illustrated in the first embodiment.

In the second working station, a similar mandrel 201a is again provided along with two pressure rolls 204a, as illustrated in FIG. 16. Pressure rolls 20 ^' 4a

differ from the rolls of the first working station of E G. 16, in that the lateral width of the conical working surface 208a is increased so that it extends beyond the thinned portion formed at the first working station and laterally deforms the material of the strip at 224a immediately adjacent to the thinned portion 224 formed in the first work station to increase the total width of the thinned portion or band. Here again, the portion of the conical working surface aligned with the previously thinned band deformed at the first work station of FIG. 16 is subs antially confined so that backward extrusion cannot occur and the deformation of the newly worked por¬ tion of the strip occurs in a laterally outward direction along the angle of the conical surfaces 203a of the man¬ drel 201a. Again, this lateral defuc ation of the strip material occurs without any significant longitudinal flow and the strip remains straight.

The third work station illustrated in FIG. 17 again widens the thinned bands 224 and 224a in a similar manner. The pressure rolls 204b have a conical working surface 208b which is wider than the conical working sur¬ face of the pressure rolls in the second work station of FIG. 17, so additional lateral flow is produced and the thinned bands 224 and 224a are increased in width, as indicated at 224b. It has been found that when process¬ ing cold-rolled common quality steel, three sequential work stations can be utilized to progressively widen the thinned band without any substantial reduction in the thickness believed to be caused by work hardening. How¬ ever, i£ additional similar progressive work stations are

provided, the amount of reduction in thickness of mater¬ ial diminishes a significant amount. Therefore, a fourth work station as illustrated in FIG. 18 is arranged to skip over a narrow part of the unworked portion of the strip material so as to engage the strip along a band which is unaffected by the previous rolling operation.

The pressure rolls of the fourth work station illustrated in FIG. 18 are provided with a cylindrical surface 206c, a conical surface 207c, and a conical sur¬ Eace 208c, which corresponds dimensionally to the corre¬ sponding surfaces of the third work station of FIG. 17. However, the pressure rolls 204c are provided with a conical working surEace 216c spaced from the conical sur¬ face 208c by a relieved portion 217c. At this work station, the material is confined laterally inward except for the relief portion, and a second narrow band of thin material 226c is formed longitudinally of the strip. Because the material of the strip of metal which is engaged by the conical working surface 216c has not been previously work-hardened, full reduction in thickness can be again achieved.

Normally, the strip of material is then passed through additional work stations (not illustrated), which would progressively increase the width of the second band 226c of thinned material in the same manner as the first band. If the total width of thinned material requires additional skipping action, subsequent work stations are provided with a similar relief section so that a second skip over the work-hardened material is provided.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 15-18, three successive passes are illustrated before a skipping

operation. It should be understood, however, that greater or lesser numbers of sequential passes can be provided between skip-overs, depending upon the material and thickness being formed and upon the amount of thick¬ ness reduction required. Therefore, this invention is not limited to skips occurring after three non-skipping operations.

FIG. 12 illustrates a strip of material 220 formed in accordance with the second embodiment, which corresponds to a considerable extent to the strip o£ material illustrated in FIG. 1. Here again, the strip is provided with a central wall portion 221 having a thick¬ ness T, , the same as the original thickness of the strip. In this embodiment, the member or strip 220 is again provided with laterally diverging wall portions 222 which again terminate in edge flange portions 223. In this instance, the flange portions extend substantially parallel to the central wall portion 222 because the pressure rolls are provided with cylindrical surfaces 211 through 211c, which maintain such orientation.

In this embodiment, however, the lateral diverg- ^{• "} ing wall portions 222 are provided with a first band of reduced thickness 224-224b and a second band of reduced thickness 226c on either side of a rib-like portion 227. The first thinned band in this illustrated embodiment is formed at the first three work stations illustrated in FIGS. 15 through 17 and the second thinned band 226c is formed at the work station of FIG. 18 and by subsequent work stations (not illustrated) which progressively widen such band. Because of the skip—over which results in the rib-like portion 227, substantially uniform thinning is

25

achieved in the two bands, so efficient thinning opera¬ tions are achieved even though a small, very narrow rib¬ like portion exists.

FIG. 13 is a greatly enlarged cross section, taken along the plane 13-13 of FIG. 12. It should be noted that the two thinned bands 224~224b and 226c have a substantially uniform thickness T ₂ , and that the flanges 223 and the central wall portion 221 remain at substantially the original thickness of the strip. It

^• should also be noted that the rib-like portion 227 appears to be folded or buckled at 231 a small amount. This is believed to be caused by a small amount oE back¬ ward extrusion occurring aEter the skip-ovec ducing the operation occurring in the fourth wock station of FIG. 18. Since the metal is not fully confined immediately behind the conical working surEace 216c, because of the relief poction 217c, some backwacd extrusion occurs. FIG. 14 illustrates the manner in which the buckling tends to occur in the rib-like portion 227. As best illustrated in such figure, the buckling tends to occur with a herringbone-like pattern 232 in which the

- ^' buckling portions 31 are inclined and overlapped. Conse¬ quently, the buckle illustrated in FIG. 13 is irregular in a herringbone-like pattern. It is believed that this herringbone-like pattern occurring in the buckled portion results from residual stresses in the material resulting from the thinning operations occurring prior to the skip-over. When the buckling occurs, it permits these internal stresses to be relieved and create the herringbone-like pattern in the rib portions 227. Although the rib portion is somewhat irregular, it pro¬ vides a desirable stiffening action along the thinned portion of the metal.

One specific example of the invention involves room temperature rolling of a steel strip 2.559 inches in width and 0.015 inches in thickness. The strip was pre- painted, cold-rolled, common quality steel. It was lub¬ ricated by the application of oil soap and was shear reduced in 12 passes to form two thinned bands. Each thinned band had a thickness of 0.009 inches and a width of 0.915 inches. The angle A was 28° and the percent reduction was approximately 407_>. The edge-to-edge sur¬ face width of the rolled strip was 3.300 inches.

Another example of the invention involves room temperature rolling of a non-coated, dead soft aluminum strip 2.359 inches wide and 0.023 inches thick. The aluminum strip was shear reduced to focm two latecally spaced bands each having a ceduced tiiickness of 0.015 inches and a width of 0.915 inches. The angle was 28 and the peccent ceduction was approximately 35%.

In each of the above examples, the ratio of T _? divided by T ₁ was greater than the sine of the angle A. Therefore, such reduction was performed by shear deformation. However, another specific example resulted in reduction exceeding the ratio established by the sine of the angle A. In such example, a strip of common quality steel having an original thickness of 0.013 inch was rolled at room temperature in accordance with the second embodiment discussed above. Here again, the cone angle of the rolls was 28 degrees. The first thinned band 224, 224c had a thickness varying between 0.0028 inch and 0.0046 inch. The second band 226 had a thick¬ ness varying between 0.0034 inch and 0.006 inch. In such example, the ratio of T ₂ divided by T, varied between

27

about 21% and 467... Therefore, the amount of reduction exceeded the sine of the 28-degree angle to a consider¬ able degree. Even so, there was no cracking or tearing of the metal and the strip remained straight.

It is believed that in this example the initial deformation involved only shear deformation and that further flow occurred beyond the sine of the angle A without sufficient longitudinal flow to produce objec¬ tionable loss of the straightness of the resulting strip. Consequently, even the deformation beyond the pure shear deformation was substantially all in a lateral direction.

This lateral direction of the metal flow resulted from the fact that the area of contact between the rolls and the metal strip along the zone of deforma¬ tion 241, illustrated in FIG. 19, was subs an ially longer, as indicated by L, in the direction of the length of the strip 21, indicated by the arrow 242, than it was wide, as indicated by W, in the lateral direction. As illustrated, the length L was at least three times W. In such instance, in which the working contact between the ' strip and roll is relatively long in the direction of length of the strip and narrow in the lateral direction with cespect to the length, the friction Eorce≤ applied to the metal of the strip restrain longitudinal deforma¬ tion while permitting relatively small resistance to lateral deformation. Consequently, substantially pure lateral deformation of the strip occurs even though the forces exceed the forces producing simple shear deforma ^¬ tion and the thinning ratio exceeds the sine of the angle

28

A. In most instances, however, particularly when rela¬ tively thin sheet metal is being provided with longitudi¬ nally extending bands of reduced thickness, the thinning ratio should be equal to greater than the sine of the angle A so that relatively easy shear deformation is provided.

FIGS. 7 and 7a illustrate a grid tee 80 for sus¬ pension ceilings and the like in accordance with the present invention. Such, grid tee provides a single uni¬ tary strip of metal bent to provide a central web 81, a stiffening bulb 82 along the upper edge of the web 81, and opposed panel supporting flanges 83 and 84 along the lower edge of the web 81. In the particular grid tee illustrated in FIG. 7a, a separate cap 86 is mounted on the flanges on the side thereof remote Ero the web 81. However, in many instances, a separate cap is not required and the entire grid tee is formed by bending a single strip of metal.

The grid tee 80 is preferably formed from a cold-rolled elongated member, such as the member 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 or the member 220 illustrated in ^" FIG. 12. In such case, the grid tee 80 is preferably formed so that the entire bulb 82 is formed of the mater¬ ial formerly in the central portion 11 and has a thick¬ ness T, . The two layers of the web 81, on the other hand, are formed of the material Eormerly in the diverg¬ ing walls 12, 13, and have a layer thickness o£ T ₂ - The Elanges 83 and 84 are preferably formed from the flanges 16,17 of the elongated member 10, and have a thickness equal to T, .

By roll-forming a grid tee in this manner Ero a single metal strip which has been previously provided with zones o£ reduced thickness by the above-described deformation, it is possible to produce a grid tee in which the metal is concentrated in the bulb and flange extremities of the grid tee, while reducing the amount of metal present within the web. As mentioned previously, the web does not contribute materially to the strength of the structure, so the reduction in thickness of the two layers of the web results in metal savings without any significant loss in structural strength. For example, in a grid tee in which the bulb 82 is about one-quarter inch wide, the bulb has a height of about one-half inch, the web has a height of about one inch, and the flanges have a total width of slightly less than one inch, the width of single strip of metal required to form the gcid tee is almost 4.5 inches.

If the metal used to form the principal struc¬ ture of the grid were formed of a uniform tiiickness, the total amount of metal per unit length of the strip would be substantially equal to 4.5 times such thickness. If, on the other hand, the web is formed with a thickness equal to one-half the thickness of the bulb and flanges, the width of the strip of metal needed to form the tee is about 3.5 inches, so that the total amount of metal is equal to about 3.5 times the initial thickness per unit length. The resulting strip with thin web, therefore, has a metal content percentage determined by dividing 3.5 by 4.5, or about 78% of the metal required to form a grid tee with a uniform thickness web. Therefore, the savings in such a structure would amount to roughly 227o.

The amount of metal saving is a function of the amount of thinning and the width of the thinned portion. In the above example, a 227o saving is obtained with a 50% reduction in thickness. For a given application, if the percentage of reduction is reduced, the metal saving is reduced.

In accordance with still another feature of this invention, it is possible to produce deformation of the metal of a strip which has been previously provided with a coating without destruction of the coating. For example, it is customary to form grid tees of precoated metal, and it has been found that such strips o£ pre¬ coated metal, which are usually coated with a paint or hot-dipped zinc, may often be processed to produce the thinned section by shear deformation without destroying the coating. Referring specifically to FIG. 7a, the coatings 87, 88 provided prior to the shear reduction processing and prior to the forming of the grid tee remain at their initial thickness in those zones which are not reduced in thickness. However, the thickness of the coatings 87, 88 along the web portions 81, as indi¬ cated at 87a, 88a, is less than the thickness oE the coating along the bulb and flanges.

The ability to reduce the thickness of precoated metal is of considerable importance when manufacturing many structures, since the metal forming the structure can be easily coated in the flat state, and subsequently formed. Further, in many instances, a coating on the metal actually improves the reduction process, since it tends to reduce galling and pick-up on the pressure rolls and mandrels. However, it is desirable in many cases to perform the reduction in the presence of a coolant and lubricant.

Further, the reduction of the longitudinal por¬ tions of the metal functions to increase the hardness thereof. This is also an advantage in many structures. For example, in the grid tee of FIGS. 7 and 7a, the web layers, although thinner than the remaining portions of the grid, are hardened by the shear reduction to compen¬ sate to some extent for the reduction in strength result¬ ing from the thinning process. Further, in most cases, connectors are provided at the ends of the web of a grid tee to connect with associated grid tee members. See, for example, United States Letters Patent Nos . 3,501,185 and 4,108,563, incorporated herein by reference, which respectively illustrate integral end connectors and separate end connectors riveted to the web. Because the web is hardened, it provides sufficient strength even though the web metal is thinned.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate additional structural elements which may be formed in accordance with the pres¬ ent invention. FIG. 8 illustrates a channel-shaped mem¬ ber which may be used, for example, as a drywall stud. Such member is formed of a central web 91 connecting laterally extending flanges 92, 93. As best illustrated in FIG. 8, the thickness T- _^ of the flanges 92,93 is substantially equal to twice the thickness T ₂ of the web, except at the very center portion 94 oE the web 91. Here again, the structure is arranged so that the web has reduced thickness and the metal Eorming the channel is concentrated in the flanges where it provides the great¬ est structural strength.

Such channel, as illustrated in FIG. 8, may be formed in a manner similar to the elongated member o£

FIGS. 1 or 12, except that the mandrels (illustrated in FIG. 8a) used to support the strip during the shear deformation are shaped to provide a narrow central por¬ tion 46m, so that the web 91 is formed with a reduced thickness for substantially its entire width. Although a coating is not illustrated on the channel of FIG. 8, such channel can be formed of precoated metal. The coating will have a reduced thickness along the thinned portions in the same manner as the grid tee of FIGS. 7 and 7a. Once the deEormation is completed,' the channel is Eor ed by conventional roll-forming.

FIG. 9 illustrates an H-shaped beam, or I- beam-type structure which may, for example, be used as a drywall stud 101. Such stud includes a central web 102 having a thickness T _? which is subs antially less than the thickness T, of the flanges 103 and 104. Here again, a structure is provided in which metal savings are achieved because the metal forming the stud 101 is con¬ centrated along the flanges where it produces the great¬ est strength. The H-shaped stud 101 may be formed by a preliminary thinning operation as illustrated in ETG. 8a, followed by a conventional roll-forming operation to pro¬ vide the shape of the stud. Again, precoated material may be used if desired, and the coating may be thinned but retained during the deformation process.

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a novel and improved corrugated sheet structure and the apparatus for forming such structure. An elongated, corrugated structure 111 is provided with the cross section illustrated in FIG. 10. Such structure includes upper planar portions 112 and lower planar portions 113, all having a thickness

T, which is the initial thickness of the sheet material or strip used to form the corrugated sheet 111. The upper and lower planar portions 112, 113 are joined by inclined webs 116, 117, which have been thinned by defor¬ mation as discussed above to provide them with a thick¬ ness of T ₂ , which is subs antially thinner than the thickness T, .

As discussed above, when the included angle 2A between the diverging associated walls 16,17 is about 60 degrees, T _? , in accordance with the sine rule, can be equal to approximately one-half T, . Because of this relationship of thicknesses, the cocrugated sheet of FIG. 10 can be conveniently formed progressively with an appa¬ ratus schematically illustrated in FIG. 11. In such apparatus, the separate mandrel 118 is provided for each corrugation, and associated pressure rolls 119, 120 are provided for each mandrel 117. It should be understood that FIG. 11 illustrates only one working station, and that subsequent progressive similar working stations are provided to increase the width of the thinned walls until they have a width as illustrated in FIG. 11.

The upper planar portions 112 remain at their initial width and the width of the lower planar portions is reduced as the thinned walls increase in width until they are provided with a width 113 in FIG. 10. During this process, because the thinning is performed in accor¬ dance with the sine of the angle A as discussed above, the total width of the strip is not changed. For exam¬ ple, if the initial strip is four feet wide, the result¬ ing corrugated sheet will be about four feet wide, even

though the webs have increased width and are inclined with respect to the top and bottom portions 111, 113. Further, when the reduction is in accordance with the sine of the angle A, the spacing between adjacent man¬ drels remains constant as the thinning progresses.

In some instances it may be desirable to form a corrugated sheet as illustrated in FIG. 10, and then shear the sheet lengthwise into separate strips. As discussed above, a strip that is thinned lengthwise may, in many instances, be an intermediate product used to subsequently roll-form a final required structure.

Although the preferred embodiments of this in ^¬ vention are shown and described, it should be understood that various modifications and rearrangements of the parts may be resorted to without departing from the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein.