CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/860,202, entitled "COMBUSTOR HAVING A NONMETALLIC BODY WITH EXTERNAL ELECTRODES", filed July 30, 2013; which, to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein, is incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY According to an embodiment, a combustor includes a nonmetallic combustor body defining at least a portion of a combustion volume aligned to carry a combustion reaction. At least one electrode is disposed outside the combustion volume with the nonmetallic combustor body lying at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume. The at least one electrode is configured to apply electricity to the combustion volume and the combustion reaction. For example, the electrode(s) can be configured to apply electricity by creating an electric field effect in the combustion volume or by providing charged particles to the combustion reaction. The nonmetallic combustor body can be formed from a ceramic such as an aluminum oxide or a titanium oxide, a compounded ceramic such as cordierite or mullite, a refractory glass such as fused quartz glass, or another material that retains relatively low electrical conductivity at an operating temperature of the combustor wall.

Additionally or alternatively, the nonmetallic combustor body can be formed from a material that is semiconducting at room temperature and/or elevated

temperature such as silicon, silicon carbide, or germanium.

According to an embodiment, a gas turbine includes a compressor configured to compress air, a combustor configured to receive compressed air from the compressor and support a combustion reaction using oxygen from the compressed air, and a turbine configured to receive heated combustion gas from the combustor and convert a portion of heat energy in the heated combustion gas into rotational kinetic energy. A turbine shaft may be operatively coupled to the turbine and the compressor and configured to transmit at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy from the turbine to the compressor. The combustor includes a nonmetallic combustor body defining at least a portion of a

combustion volume aligned to carry the combustion reaction. At least one electrode is disposed outside the combustion volume with the nonmetallic combustor body lying at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume. The at least one electrode is configured to apply electricity to the combustion volume. Additionally or alternatively, the at least one electrode can be configured to create electric effect in the combustion volume. Additionally or alternatively, the at least one electrode can be configured to provide charged particles to the combustion volume. The gas turbine can be configured as a terrestrial power generator, a jet engine, or a turboprop engine, for example.

According to an embodiment, a burner includes a fuel or premixed fuel and oxidizer nozzle and a nonmetallic combustor body defining at least a portion of a combustion volume aligned to receive the fuel or fuel and oxidizer from the fuel or premixed fuel and oxidizer nozzle and to hold a combustion reaction. At least one electrode is disposed outside the combustion volume with the nonmetallic combustor body lying at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume. The at least one electrode is configured to apply electricity to the combustion volume. Additionally or alternatively, the at least one electrode can be configured to create electric effect in the combustion volume. Additionally or alternatively, the at least one electrode can be configured to provide charged particles to the combustion volume. The burner is configured to provide heat to an industrial process or as a heat source for a boiler, for example.

According to an embodiment, a method for operating a combustor includes supporting at least a portion of a combustion reaction in a combustion volume defined by a nonmetallic combustor body, supporting at least one electrode outside the combustion volume with the nonmetallic combustor body lying at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume, and applying electricity to the combustion volume with the at least one electrode.

According to another embodiment, a method for operating a combustor includes supporting at least a portion of a combustion reaction in a combustion volume defined by a nonmetallic combustor body, supporting at least one electrode outside the combustion volume with the nonmetallic combustor body lying at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume, and providing charged particles to the combustion volume with the at least one electrode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a sectional diagram of a combustor including a nonmetallic combustor body and at least one electrode disposed outside the nonmetallic combustor body, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a sectional diagram of a combustor including a nonmetallic combustor body and an electrically conductive shield disposed between a portion of an exterior surface of the nonmetallic combustor body and at least one electrode, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a gas turbine apparatus including a combustor and a compressor, according to an embodiment. FIG. 4 is a diagram of a burner including a nonmetallic combustor body and at least one electrode disposed outside the nonmetallic combustor body, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing a method for operating a combustor including a nonmetallic combustor body, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a method for operating a combustor including a nonmetallic combustor body, according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the

accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. Other embodiments may be used and/or other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a sectional diagram of a combustor 100, according to an embodiment. The combustor 100 includes a nonmetallic combustor body 102, which defines at least a portion of a combustion volume 104. The combustion volume 104 is shown in FIG. 1 in a side sectional view. The nonmetallic combustor body 102 and the combustion volume 104 are aligned and/or configured to carry and/or direct a combustion reaction 108. The combustor 100 also includes at least one electrode 106 disposed outside the combustion volume 104. The combustor 100 is configured with the nonmetallic combustor body 102 lying at least partially between the at least one electrode 106 and the combustion volume 104. In various examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to apply electricity to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to create electric effect in the combustion volume 104. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to provide charged particles to the combustion volume 104. The combustor 100 can further include one or more fuel nozzles configured to inject fuel into the combustion volume 104 to support the

combustion reaction 108.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be configured to protect or shield the electrode(s) 106 from heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108. Additionally or alternatively, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be configured to provide an aerodynamic effect to reactants, combustion reaction, and/or combustion products in the combustion volume 104. For example, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can contain a lateral extent of the combustion reaction 108 and/or may reduce or stop diffusion of ambient gas (e.g., air or flue gas) into a premixed fuel and oxidant mixture.

According to an embodiment, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 is substantially electrically transparent. As used herein, a material can be referred to as "electrically transparent" in relation to a dielectric constant of the material. The dielectric constant for a material, κ (kappa), is calculated by dividing the electrical permittivity of the material by the vacuum permittivity. Low dielectric constant materials are regarded as electrically transparent in that an electric field can be applied through the material. In many examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 20. In multiple examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 12.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be electrically insulating.

Various nonmetallic materials are contemplated. For example, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can include an aluminum oxide such as alumina. In another example, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can include a silicon oxide such as silica. In other examples, the nonmetallic combustor body is formed at least partly from fused quartz glass, sapphire, titanium oxide, mullite, cordierite or sapphire. Additionally or alternatively, the nonmetallic combustor body can be formed from a material that is semiconducting at room temperature and/or elevated temperature such as silicon, silicon carbide, or germanium. In an embodiment, at least a portion of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes an aerogel. The aerogel can be formed as a layer on an inner surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 positioned between the combustion volume 104 and a structural portion of the combustor body to provide thermal insulation for the nonmetallic combustor body 102 that defines the combustion volume 104. In another embodiment, the aerogel can be formed as a layer on an outer surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 positioned outside the combustion volume 104 and between the combustor body 102 and the electrode(s) 106.

In some examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes a cylindrical wall such that the combustion volume 104 defined by the nonmetallic combustor body 102 is substantially cylindrical. In other examples, the combustion volume 104 is toric. The combustor 100 can include a shaft coaxial to the nonmetallic combustor body 102. In another embodiment, the nonmetallic combustor body can form a cross section that is elliptical (e.g., circular) or polyhedral in cross section.

According to an embodiment, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 is aligned and/or configured to carry and/or direct the combustion reaction 108 in the form of a continuous flow. FIG. 1 depicts an axis 1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102. The combustion reaction 108 is supported as a continuous or pulsed flow of fuel and oxidant parallel to the axis 1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102.

The combustion reaction 108 at least intermittently carries particles having a net charge 1 12. The electrode(s) 106 is configured to carry a voltage selected to electrically interact with the particles having the net charge 1 12. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to carry a voltage configured to impart on the particles having a net charge 1 12 a velocity at an angle off-axis with respect to the flow axis 1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102. As used herein, the term "off-axis" refers to an angle that is a value other than zero degrees or 180 degrees relative to a main flow axis 1 10 through the combustor body 102. Thus, the electrically-driven velocity component can be depicted as a vector positioned at an angle to the axis 1 10. One or more aerodynamic shapes formed in the combustor body 102 can cause aerodynamic effects in gas flow that operate in concert with electrically-driven effects.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , in various examples, the combustor 100 includes a power supply 1 14 operatively coupled to the at least one electrode 106. The power supply 1 14 can be configured to at least intermittently apply one or more voltages to the at least one electrode 106. In several examples, the combustor 100 includes a power supply controller 1 16 operatively coupled to the power supply 1 14. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to control the one or more voltages at least intermittently applied by the power supply 1 14 to the at least one electrode 106. Additionally or alternatively, the power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to at least intermittently apply a substantially constant voltage to the at least one electrode 106. In numerous examples, the power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a DC voltage to the at least one electrode 106.

The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a time-varying voltage to the at least one electrode 106. For example, the time-varying voltage can include an alternating current voltage. In various examples, the time-varying voltage includes a periodic voltage waveform having a frequency in a range from about 50 Hertz to about 10,000 Hertz.

According to some embodiments, the time-varying voltage includes a periodic voltage waveform having a frequency in a range from about 200 Hertz to about 800 Hertz. In some examples, the time-varying voltage includes, for example, a square waveform, a sine waveform, a triangular waveform, a sawtooth waveform, a logarithmic waveform, an exponential waveform, a wavelet waveform, truncated versions thereof, combinations thereof, or the like. In several examples, the time-varying voltage includes a waveform having a potential amplitude in a range from about ±1000 Volts to about ±1 15,000 Volts. According to embodiments, the time-varying voltage includes a waveform having a potential amplitude in a range from about ±8000 Volts to about ±40,000 Volts. In many examples, the time-varying voltage includes a DC offset voltage.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase a rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the

combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. The rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108 can be increased and/or decreased. In many examples, the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108 is decreased.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the

combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles. The given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 can be increased and/or decreased. In many examples, the given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 is decreased.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles. The mixing in the combustion reaction 108 can be increased and/or decreased. In many examples, the mixing in the combustion reaction 108 is decreased.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease an amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles. The amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 can be increased and/or decreased. In many examples, the amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 is decreased.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease an amount of carbon monoxide (CO) evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles. The amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 can be increased or decreased. For example, in a combustion process where flue gas is output to the

atmosphere, it is generally desirable to minimize CO output. Alternatively, in a combustion process where flue gas is intended to be a fuel gas for further processing or oxidation, it can be advantageous to maximize CO output to a subsequent process.

FIG. 2 is a sectional diagram of a combustor 200, according to an embodiment. The combustor 200 includes the nonmetallic combustor body 102. The combustor 200 can also include an electrically conductive shield 202. As depicted in FIG. 2, the electrically conductive shield 202 is located between a portion of an exterior surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 and at least one electrode 106.

The combustor 200 includes at least one port 204 formed in the

nonmetallic combustor body 102. The at least one port 204 can be configured to allow passage of a flow of air or flue gas 208. The flow of air or flue gas 208 travels from a volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 includes a corona electrode 206 configured to eject ions into the flow of oxidant or combustion fluid 208. The at least one port 204 can be configured to allow the passage of the ions from the volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104.

In various examples of the combustor 200, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be configured as part of a burner, for example, burner 400 as depicted in FIG. 4. In some examples of the combustor 200, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be configured as at least a portion of a gas turbine combustor, for example, gas turbine combustor 302 as depicted in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a gas turbine apparatus 300, according to an embodiment. The gas turbine apparatus 300 includes a gas turbine combustor 302. The gas turbine apparatus 300 also includes a compressor 304 configured to compress air. The gas turbine combustor 302 is configured to receive compressed air from the compressor 304. The gas turbine combustor 302 is configured to support the combustion reaction 108 in FIG. 1 using oxygen from the compressed air. The gas turbine apparatus 300 also includes a turbine 306 configured to receive heated combustion gas from the nonmetallic combustor body 102. The turbine 306 can be configured to convert a portion of heat energy in the heated combustion gas into rotational kinetic energy. The gas turbine apparatus 300 also includes a turbine shaft 308 operatively coupled to the turbine 306 and the compressor 304 and configured to transmit at least a portion of rotational kinetic energy from the turbine 306 to the compressor 304.

The gas turbine combustor 302 can include the nonmetallic combustor body 102 defining at least a portion of the combustion volume 104 aligned and/or configured to carry and/or direct the combustion reaction 108. The gas turbine apparatus 300 can include the at least one electrode 106 located outside the nonmetallic combustor body 102 and/or outside the combustion volume 104 as depicted in FIG. 3. In some examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can lie or be located at least partially between the at least one electrode 106 and the combustion volume 104.

The at least one electrode 106 can be configured to apply the electric field to the combustion volume 104 included in the gas turbine apparatus 300. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to create the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104 included in the gas turbine apparatus 300. The at least one electrode 106 can be configured to provide the charged particles to the combustion volume 104 included in the gas turbine apparatus 300.

The gas turbine apparatus 300 also includes one or more fuel nozzles 310 configured to inject a fuel into the gas turbine apparatus 300, for example into the combustion volume 104. The one or more fuel nozzles 310 can be configured to inject the fuel to support the combustion reaction 108.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be configured to protect or shield the at least one electrode 106 from heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the gas combustion apparatus 300 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 20. In multiple examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 12. In numerous examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 can be substantially electrically transparent as described herein.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be electrically insulating. In some examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes alumina. In several examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 includes silica. In some embodiments, the nonmetallic combustor body can be formed at least partly from an ultrahigh temperature ceramic material.

The combustion reaction 108 included in the gas combustion apparatus

300 can be configured to at least intermittently carry particles having a net charge. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to carry a voltage selected to electrically interact with the particles having a net charge. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 can be configured to carry a voltage configured to impart on the particles having a net charge a velocity at an angle off-axis with respect to the axis 1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102.

The gas turbine combustor 302 includes a power supply 1 14 operatively coupled to the at least one electrode 106. In some examples, the power supply 1 14 can be configured to at least intermittently apply one or more voltages to the at least one electrode 106. In several examples, the gas turbine combustor 302 includes a power supply controller 1 16 operatively coupled to the power supply 1 14. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to control the one or more voltages at least intermittently applied by the power supply 1 14 to the at least one electrode 106. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to at least intermittently apply a substantially constant voltage to the at least one electrode 106. In numerous examples, the power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a DC voltage to the at least one electrode 106. In further examples, the power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a time-varying voltage to the at least one electrode 106. The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase a rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 in the gas combustion apparatus 300 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The gas turbine combustor 302 includes an electrically conductive shield 202 (see FIG. 2) located between a portion of an exterior surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 and the at least one electrode 106. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 includes a corona electrode 206 configured to eject ions into the flow of air or flue gas 208. In some examples, the gas turbine combustor 302 includes at least one port 204 formed in the nonmetallic combustor body 102. The at least one port 204 can be configured to allow passage of the flow of air or flue gas 208 from the volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104. In many examples, the at least one port 204 can be configured to allow the passage of the ions from the volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104.

The gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a mobile electrical power generation system, for example, a turbine-electric powered vehicle. Examples of vehicles include a tank, a ship, a boat, a train engine, a truck, a tractor, an automobile, a motorized bicycle, a motorcycle, a bus, a helicopter, an airplane, or the like. The gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a stationary electrical power generation system, for example a turbine- electrical power generator. Examples of stationary power generation systems include an electrical power plant, an industrial manufacturing process, a compressed oxidant energy storage process, or the like. The gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a mobile mechanical power generation system, for example, a turbine powered vehicle. In some examples, the gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a stationary mechanical power generation system, for example a turbine powered factory process. The gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a mobile hybrid power generation system, for example, a turbine powered vehicle with an electrical storage cell subsystem. In some examples, the gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a stationary hybrid power generation system, for example a turbine powered power station with an electrical storage cell subsystem.

The gas turbine 306 can be configured to output at least a portion of the rotational kinetic energy to a propeller as a portion of a turboprop engine. In some examples, the gas turbine 306 can be configured to output thrust as a portion of a jet engine.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a burner 400 including a nonmetallic combustor body 102 and at least one electrode 106 disposed outside the nonmetallic combustor body 102, according to an embodiment. The burner 400 includes a fuel nozzle 310 configured to deliver a fuel or a premixture of the fuel and an oxidizer. The burner 400 includes the nonmetallic combustor body 102. The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 defines at least a portion of the combustion volume. The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 is aligned to receive the fuel or the premixture of the fuel and the oxidizer from the fuel nozzle 310. The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 can be configured to hold the combustion reaction 108 in the combustion volume 104.

The burner 400 also includes the at least one electrode 106. The at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be positioned outside the combustion volume 104, with the nonmetallic combustor body 102 lying at least partially between the at least one electrode 106 and the combustion volume 104. In various examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 is configured to apply the electric field to the combustion volume 104. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 is configured to create the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 is configured to provide the charged particles to the combustion volume 104.

In several examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 is configured to protect or shield the at least one electrode 106 from heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 can be substantially electrically transparent. In many examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 20. In multiple examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 includes a material having a dielectric constant less than about 12.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 can be electrically insulating. In some examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 includes alumina. In several examples, the

nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 includes silica.

In further examples, at least a portion of the nonmetallic combustor body

102 included in the burner 400 includes an aerogel. The aerogel can be formed as a layer on an outer surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400. The aerogel can be positioned opposite an inner surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 that defines the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400.

In some examples, the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 includes a cylindrical wall. In further examples, the combustion volume 104 defined by the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 is substantially cylindrical. The combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be toric or substantially toric.

The nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400 can be aligned and/or configured to carry and/or direct the combustion reaction 108 in the form of a continuous flow. FIG. 4 depicts an axis 1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400. In various examples, the combustion reaction 108 in the form of the continuous flow is parallel to the axis

1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 included in the burner 400.

The combustion reaction 108 in the burner 400 can be configured to at least intermittently carry the particles having a net charge 1 12. In some examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 is configured to carry a voltage selected to electrically interact with the particles having a net charge 1 12. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 is configured to carry a voltage configured to impart on the particles having a net charge 1 12 a velocity at an angle off-axis with respect to the axis

1 10 of the nonmetallic combustor body 102. In various examples, the burner includes a power supply 1 14 operatively coupled to the at least one electrode 106. The power supply 1 14 can be configured to at least intermittently apply one or more voltages to the at least one electrode 106. In several examples, the burner 400 includes a power supply controller 1 16 operatively coupled to the power supply 1 14. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to control the one or more voltages at least intermittently applied by the power supply 1 14 to the at least one electrode 106. In multiple examples, the power supply controller 1 16 is configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to at least intermittently apply a substantially constant voltage to the at least one electrode 106. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a DC voltage to the at least one electrode 106. The power supply controller 1 16 can be configured to cause the power supply 1 14 to apply a time-varying voltage as described herein to the at least one electrode 106.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 by the at least one electrode 106 can be selected to increase a rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. The electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to increase the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction 108.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. The electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. The electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to increase mixing in the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. The electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

The electric field applied to the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field to the combustion volume 104. The electric field effect created in the combustion volume 104 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not creating the electric field effect in the combustion volume 104. The charged particles provided to the combustion volume 104 by the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 can be selected to decrease an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction 108 compared to not applying the electric field, electric field effect, or charged particles.

In various examples, the burner 400 includes an electrically conductive shield 202 (see FIG. 2) located in the burner 400 between a portion of an exterior surface of the nonmetallic combustor body 102 and the at least one electrode 106. In several examples, the at least one electrode 106 included in the burner 400 includes a corona electrode 206 (see FIG. 2) configured to eject ions into the flow of air or flue gas 208.

In some examples, the burner 400 includes at least one port 204 formed in the nonmetallic combustor body 102 configured to allow passage of the flow of air or flue gas 208 from the volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104. The at least one port 204 included in the burner 400 is configured to allow the passage of the ions from the volume 210 proximate to the at least one electrode 106 into the combustion volume 104.

The burner 400 can be configured as an industrial burner for providing heat to an industrial process. In some examples, the burner 400 is configured as a heat source for a boiler. For example, the burner can be configured as a heat source for a domestic or industrial hot water heater, or a domestic or industrial hot water or steam building heating system.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing a method 500 for operating a combustor including a nonmetallic combustor body. The method 500 includes step 504, wherein at least a portion of the combustion reaction is supported in the combustion volume defined by the nonmetallic combustor body. The method 500 also includes step 506, wherein at least one electrode is supported outside the combustion volume. In various examples, the nonmetallic combustor body lies at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume. The method 500 also includes step 512, wherein electricity is applied to the combustion volume with the at least one electrode.

The method 500 can include step 502, wherein the fuel and/or the oxidizer is provided to the combustion reaction. In some examples, the step for providing the fuel can include providing a hydrocarbon gas, a hydrocarbon liquid, or a powdered coal. In several examples, the method 500 includes step 508, wherein the at least one electrode is protected or shielded from heat evolved from the combustion reaction with the nonmetallic combustor body.

In further examples of the method 500, the nonmetallic combustor body is substantially electrically transparent. In some examples of the method 500, the nonmetallic combustor body can include the material having a dielectric constant less than 20. In several examples of the method 500, the nonmetallic combustor body can include the material having a dielectric constant less than 12. In many examples of the method 500, the nonmetallic combustor body can be electrically insulating.

In various examples, the method 500 includes a step wherein the combustion reaction at least intermittently carries the particles having a net charge. In some examples, the method 500 includes step 514, wherein a measurable effect in the combustion reaction is created. Step 514 can include causing electrical interaction between the electric field and the particles having a net charge. In several examples of the method 500, the step for electrically interacting the electric field with the particles having a net charge can include imparting on the particles having a net charge the velocity at the angle off-axis to the combustion flow axis.

In various examples, the method 500 includes step 510, wherein one or more voltages are at least intermittently applied to the at least one electrode. In some examples, the method 500 includes a step wherein the one or more voltages at least intermittently applied to the at least one electrode is controlled. In several examples of the method 500, the step for controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to at least intermittently apply a substantially constant voltage to the at least one electrode. For example, the step of controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to apply a DC voltage to the at least one electrode. Alternatively, the step for controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to apply a time-varying voltage to the at least one electrode. In step 514 an effect is created in the combustion reaction responsive to the application of the electric field. Step 514 can include increasing a rate of reaction of the combustion reaction. In various examples, step 514 can include decreasing a size of the combustion volume for a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction compared to not applying the electric field. In some examples, step 514 can include increasing mixing in the combustion reaction. Step 514 can include decreasing the amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction. In many examples, step 514 can include decreasing an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction. Step 514 can be configured to create any effect described herein associated with applying the electric field, the electric field effect, or the charged particles to the combustion volume or the combustion reaction.

In various examples, the method 500 includes step 516, wherein heat is directed from the combustion reaction to an industrial process or a boiler. Step 516 can include directing heat from the combustion reaction to a gas turbine.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a method 600 for operating a combustor that includes a nonmetallic combustor body. The method 600 for operating the combustor can include a step for supporting at least a portion of the combustion reaction in the combustion volume defined by the nonmetallic combustor body. The method 600 for operating the combustor can include step 506, wherein the at least one electrode is supported outside the combustion volume. The nonmetallic combustor body can lie at least partially between the at least one electrode and the combustion volume. The method 600 for operating the combustor can include step 602, wherein charged particles are provided to the combustion volume with the at least one electrode.

In various examples, the method 600 for operating the combustor includes step 502, wherein the fuel and/or the oxidizer is provided to the combustion reaction. In some examples of the method 600 for operating the combustor, the step for providing fuel can include providing a hydrocarbon gas, a hydrocarbon liquid, or a powdered coal. In various examples, the method 600 for operating the combustor includes step 508, wherein the at least one electrode is protected or shielded from heat evolved from the combustion reaction with the nonmetallic combustor body.

In some examples, the method 600 for operating the combustor includes step 510, wherein one or more voltages is at least intermittently applied to the at least one electrode. The method 600 for operating the combustor can include a step wherein the one or more voltages at least intermittently applied by the power supply to the at least one electrode is controlled. In many examples of the method 600 for operating the combustor, the step of controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to at least intermittently apply a substantially constant voltage to the at least one electrode. For example, the step of controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to apply a DC voltage to the at least one electrode. Alternatively, the step of controlling the one or more voltages can include causing the power supply to apply a time-varying voltage to the at least one electrode.

In various examples of the method 600 for operating the combustor, the at least one electrode includes a corona electrode configured to eject ions. Step 602 can include providing the flow of air or flue gas external to the nonmetallic combustion body in a volume proximate the at least one electrode. In some examples of the method 600 for operating the combustor, step 602 can include ejecting ions from the at least one electrode into the air or flue gas flow. Step 602 can include passing the ions from the volume proximate to the at least one electrode into the combustion volume.

Various examples of the method 600 include step 514, wherein an effect is created in the combustion reaction responsive to the application of the electric field. Step 514 can include increasing the rate of reaction of the combustion reaction. In various examples, step 514 can include decreasing a size of the combustion volume for a given amount of heat evolved from the combustion reaction compared to not applying the electric field. Step 514 can include increasing mixing in the combustion reaction. In several examples, step 514 can include decreasing the amount of NOx evolved from the combustion reaction. Step 514 can include decreasing an amount of CO evolved from the combustion reaction. Step 514 can include creating any measurable effect associated with applying the electric field or the charged particles to the combustion reaction.

In various examples, the method 600 includes step 516, wherein heat is directed from the combustion reaction to an industrial process or a boiler. In some examples of the method 500, step 516 includes directing heat from the combustion reaction to a gas turbine.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.