Communication System and Method

Field of the invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate to a communication system and method.

Background to the invention The structure of cellular networks for supporting mobile broadband services is well known. Briefly, a Mobile-services Switching Centre controls a number of Base Transceiver Stations, which, in turn, control a number of Base Transceiver Stations; the BSCs and BTSs constitute a Base Station System (BSS) as is well known.

However, beneath the basic system architecture, macro-, micro-, pico- and femto-cells have been developed due to pressure on the spectrum. A picocell is an indoor base station that is installed and managed by a cellular provider and usually provides a better data rate as compared to a femtocell. A femtocell is also an indoor base station, but it is installed by an end-user and partially managed by the cellular provider. Femtocells are defined in a standard established by the trio of 3GPP, the Femto Forum and the Broadband forum. The standard forms part of 3GPP's release 8, and is interdependent with the Broadband forum's extensions to its Technical Report-069 (TR-069).

In particular, picocells and femtocells are deployed by cellular providers and end users because 50% of voice calls and 70% of data traffic originate indoors, which means that 80% of wireless transmissions originate indoors. By reducing cell size, picocells and femtocells provide greater spectrum utilisation, but at the cost of an overhead associated with managing interference. It is well known that increases in interference result in decreases in achievable data rates. Furthermore, providing picocells and femtocells increases the costs associated with network infrastructure.

Since femtocells are installed by end-users, it can lead to uncoordinated transmissions, which, in turn, lead to increased interference on both the downlinks and uplinks. The problem is exacerbated in areas that have a high density of femtocells. WiMax (IEEE 802.16) and Long Term Evolution Advanced (3GPP release 10) are two technical standards directed to improving data rates within a mobile or wireless context, that is, governing mobile broadband services. LTE and WiMax use parallel transmissions using multicarrier modulation such as, for example, OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA and MIMO-SOFDMA. Therefore, it can be appreciated that interference will arise when neighbouring femtocells allocate and use the same subcarriers. It is an object of embodiments of the invention to at least mitigate one or more problems of the prior art.

Summary of the invention

Embodiments of the present invention provide a communication system and method that dynamically assigns and utilises spectrum to provide subcarriers to base station users in an manner that manages interference.

Advantageously, embodiments of the present invention can realise an improvement in average data rate of more than 20% in service areas having a relatively high femtocell density and an improvement of over 50% in service areas having a relatively low femtocell density.

Further, embodiments of the invention can realise at least a 50% improvement in quality of service (QoS) in relatively high femtocell density areas and up to a 300% improvement in QoS in relatively lower femtocell density areas.

Still further, a significant reduction in power consumption of at least 37% can be realised in low femtocell density areas and up to 70% in high femtocell density areas.

Brief description of the figures

Embodiments of the present invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: figure 1 shows a mobile broadband network architecture according to an embodiment; figure 2 depicts a flowchart for radio resource management according to an embodiment; figures 3a and 3b illustrate cell grouping; figure 4 shows a flowchart for resource allocation according to cell grouping; figure 5 depicts a radio environment of a number of femtocells; figure 6 illustrates an interference scenario; figure 7 shows interference reporting; figure 8 depicts an interference scenario; figure 9 illustrates measurement reporting and interference reporting; figure 10 shows subcarrier allocation in allocated, priority and forbidden subcarrier matrices; figure 11 depicts a graph of variation of data rate per user with number of femtocells; figure 12 illustrates variation of guaranteed data rate per user with number of femtocells; figure 13 shows a graph of variation in RF power consumption with number of femtocells; figure 14 shows a heterogeneous network comprising a macrocell and a femtocell cluster operating according to the present invention; figure 15 depicts performance curves showing the variation in data rate per user with number of femtocells within the context of the heterogeneous network; figure 16 shows performance curves demonstrating the variation in guaranteed data rate per user with number of femtocells within the context of the heterogeneous network; figure 17 shows performance curves demonstrating the variation in data rate per user with number of femtocells; and figure 18 depicts performance curves showing the variation in guaranteed date rate per user with number of femtocells.

Description of preferred embodiments Figure 1 shows a mobile broadband network 100 according to an embodiment. The network 100 comprises a macrocell base station 102. The macrocell base station 102 is coupled to a radio network controller 104 that, in turn, is coupled to a mobile core network 106. A femto gateway 108 is also coupled to the mobile core network 106. An operator management system 110 is coupled to a femtocell management system 112. The operator management system 110 is connected to the mobile core network 106. The femto gateway 108 supports one or more femtocell base stations. Two femtocell base stations 114 and 116 are illustrated. It will be appreciated that embodiments can be realised more than two femtocell base stations.

The femtocell base stations 114 and 116 serve one or more user equipment or mobile stations. It can be appreciated that the femtocell base stations 114 and 116 are illustrated as serving four mobile stations 118 to 124. Additionally, it can be appreciated that the macrocell base station 102 is illustrated as serving a number of user equipment or mobile stations 126 and 128.

Also depicted is a number of intentional communication links between the base stations 102, 114 and 116 and respective mobile stations. Two intentional communication links 130 and 132 are illustrated as having been established between the macrocell base station 102 and its respective mobile stations 126 and 128. Four intentional communication links 134 to 140 are illustrated as having been established between the femtocell base stations 114 and 1 16 and corresponding mobile stations 118, 120 and 122, 124 respectively.

A number of unintentional interference signals are also illustrated. A 1st pair of interference signals 142 and 144 are illustrated as emanating from the macrocell base station 102. The effect of those interference signals 142 and 144 is shown as being experienced by the mobile stations 118 and 120 served by femtocell base station 114. A further interference signal 146 is illustrated as emanating from femtocell base station 116. The effect of that further interference signal 146 is illustrated as being experienced by one of the mobile stations 120 served by femtocell base station 114.

The femtocell management system 112 acts as an overall central controller responsible for managing the frequency plan and frequency reuse within a geographical region (not shown) that is served by the macrocell base station 102 and one or more of the femtocell base stations 114 and 116. Upon powering on, femtocell base stations are arranged to use the whole of the frequency spectrum or whole resource block by default. It can be appreciated that this has the potential to cause interference to intentional communication links established between other femtocells and mobile stations that are also within an area of radio coverage established by the newly powered up femtocell base station. When a mobile station wants to be served by a femtocell base station, a measurement report compiled by the mobile station is submitted to the femtocell base station. Furthermore, the measurement report of a mobile station is also required when the uplink signal energy of the mobile station to its serving femtocell base station falls below a predetermined threshold or if it exceeds a predetermined velocity threshold. The measurement report comprises data associated with interference attributed to neighbouring base stations experienced by a respective mobile station, in particular, the measurement report contains an indication of the present signal to interference ratio experienced by a user.

The measurement report is used to construct a matrix of conflicts within one or more of the femtocell base stations and the femtocell management system 112. The matrix of conflicts is used to establish a virtual connection between different femtocell base stations 114 and 116 in order to produce efficient radio resource utilisation. A resource allocation algorithm is used to achieve or manage radio resource utilisation. The resource allocation algorithm can be executed either centrally, via the femtocell management system 112, or in a distributed manner by individual femtocell base stations 114 and 116, subject to the femtocell base stations 114 and 116 having sufficient, or sufficiently available, computational power. Such computational power can be made available during, for example, an idle state of the femtocell base stations.

Referring to figure 2, there is shown a flowchart 200 of the resource allocation algorithm. The femtocell base station is powered on at step 202. The femtocell base station is arranged to utilise the whole of an available resource block at step 204. A determination is made, at step 206, regarding whether or not any of the user equipment or mobile stations are required to send a measurement report. If that determination at step 206 is positive, the femtocell base station is arranged, at step 208, to request a respective mobile station, or multiple mobile stations, to prepare and submit a measurement report and/or update a matrix of conflicts. Following submission of the measurement report and/or updating of the matrix of conflicts, a determination is made, at step 210, regarding whether or not there is a predetermined correlation between the most recently constructed matrix of conflict, or measurement report, and one or more previously constructed matrices of conflict, or measurement reports. If that determination is positive, processing moves to step 212. Returning to step 206, if none of the mobile stations are required to send a measurement report, control transfers to step 212. Referring to step 212, a determination is made regarding whether or not an interrupt has been received from the femtocell management system 112. If the determination and step 212 is negative, it is determined, at step 214, whether or not partial resource block utilisation can be realised. If partial resource block utilisation can be realised, the powered on femtocell base station utilises that partial resource block in supporting wireless communications at step 216. The partial resource block will have been determined in advance. The partial resource block corresponds to a subset of the available, or whole, of the spectrum or radio resource. If the determination at step 214 is negative, control passes to step 204 whereby the femtocell base station attempts to utilise the whole of the available resource block. If the determination at step 212 is positive, it is determined, at step 218, whether or not instructions have been received to utilise the full resource block to support wireless communications. If that determination is positive, control passes to step 220, where the base station is adapted to use the whole of the resource block. It can be appreciated that step 220 is functionally equivalent to step 204 such that control could be passed from step 218 directly to step 204. If it was determined, at step 210, that there is an insufficient degree of correlation between a currently constructed matrix of conflicts and a previously constructed matrix of conflict, or if it was determined, at step 218, that the femtocell base station had not received instructions to utilise the full resource block, a report to that effect is sent, at step 222, to the femtocell management system 112.

The femtocell management system 112, responds by allocating a resource block and/or providing other decision-making criteria or criterion for step 210, which is received by the femtocell base station at step 224. For example, after receiving the allocated subcarriers from the femtocell gateway, the femtocell might wish to perform rescheduling, which involves re-allocating the subcarriers based on user need. The decision making criterion is all the forbidden subcarriers for a particular user due to use by neighbouring users.

It is determined, at step 226, whether or not scheduling is enabled within the femtocell base station. If scheduling is enabled within the femtocell base station, the femtocell base station is arranged to reallocate the resource without violating one or more than one criterion at step 228. Thereafter, the femtocell base station utilises the newly allocated resource block to support wireless communications at step 230. If scheduling is not enabled at the femtocell base station, the femtocell base station utilises the newly allocated resource block at step 230.

Thereafter, control returns to step 206. The construction of a matrix of conflicts will now be described.

If a current base station (BS), T _m , has a number, Z _m , of users, list of all its neighbouring BSs including macro-, pico-, and femtocells to give τ£ = [T ¹ T™ - T^], where C _m is the number of T _m 's neighbouring BSs with index c _m , the matrix of conflicts of

where w _c is any positive integer number bigger than 0. The matrix of conflicts is a Z _m by C _m matrix of real values, w _c represents the presence of interference from another base station, T° , experienced by a user, u _z . In an expanded form, it will be appreciated that the matrix of conflicts for base station T _m takes the following general form: Interference

user w\ ⁿ w ₂ ^m ... w _c ^zm

It can be appreciated that, for example, user w ₂ of base station T _m is experiencing interference wf from base station T" . If there is no interference, the values w{ , representing the measure of interference experienced by user j from base station i , will be zero.

Every time T _m updates ζ _Μ , it will check the result with the previous measurement. Assuming the previous measurement of ζ _η is given by ζ^, T _m will report to FMS if

that is, if there is any change in the matrix of conflicts, then an update will be required.

Upon receiving updates from T _m , the FMS waits for the other BSs within the τ£ set to send their own rnatrix of conflicts for a certain period, which could be in term of milliseconds,

ZxM

before updating the entire network matrix of conflicts, ζ e 9Ϊ , given by

|w _m , T _m is the BS of u _z

w _c , T _c interferes u _z (3)

0, otherwise which gives a

Interference

user

w ₍

w, w w ₂ '

Interrupt from FMS Under certain circumstances, one or more base stations can be required to submit an interference report by the FMS. If a BS T _m is not required to send the matrix of conflicts or it is determined that the prevailing interference scenario has changed, a relevant BS may be interrupted by the FMS and required to submit a report if any of the following conditions are fulfilled:

1. > 0, Vz c Z (z, m) = w _m

where ζ' is the matrix of conflicts from previous measurement, which means that a femtocell is required to provide an update, that is, measurement report, because it is causing interference to a given user, served by a different femtocell, due to movement of that user into the region that is also served by the newly interfering femtocell being asked to submit a report.

2- ∑| ₌₁ |[C(z, m) - (z, m)]A {;(z,m)~! w _m }| > 0, Vz <≡ Z| ζ(ζ, πι) = w _m

where Λ denotes AND logic operation and x = {a~! b} means x = 1 if a is not equal to b, otherwise x = 0, which means that an updated measurement report should be submitted following handover of a user from one femtocell to another femtocell.

3. ∑Lil{C(z, c)~w _c MS _c > S _c '}\ > 0, Vz c Z| ζ (z, m) = w _m for c≠m

where S _m is total affected user by T _m and is given by

Si _n is t ^ne affected user based on ζ' matrix, which means that a change in the number of detected users within a service area of a femtocell has been detected.

Set of Rules for Resource Allocation

The resource allocation, that is, the spectrum allocation or frequency re-use plan, is determined according to the following:

1. Grouping the small cells

• The cells are grouped based on the matrix of conflicts such that parallel computing can be performed by the FMS, that is, the cells are grouped on the basis of interference with one anothers users. Referring to figure 3a, there is shown an example of a network hierarchy 300a comprising o a macrocell 302 having within its area of service, that is, radio coverage,

^■ a first microcell 304, which, in turn, comprises a respective picocell 306 and a respective femtocell 308 within its area of coverage,

^■ a second microcell 310, which, in turn, comprises a respective picocell 312, and

^■ a further pair 314 and 316 femtocells.

• It can be appreciated that there is scope for interference, or actual interference,

between the microcell 1 304, picocell 306 and femtocell 308. There is potential for interference between microcell 2 310 and picocell 2 312 and for interference between femtocells 1 316 and 3 314.

• Referring to figure 3b, there is shown a hierarchy grouping 300b for the above

network hierarchy 300a. It can be appreciated that the hierarchy grouping 300b comprises 3 groups; namely, group 1 318, group 2 320 and group 3 322. Group 1 318 comprises the first microcell 304 and its respective picocell 306 and femtocell 308. Group 2 320 is illustrated as comprising the second microcell 310 and its respective picocell 312. Group 3 322 is indicated as comprising the pair of femtocells 314 and 316. As indicated above, the cells have been grouped according to their potential for interference or on the basis of actual interference.

Ranking: sort the conflicting BSs in a first to last allocation order, based on certain criterion within each group. Preferred embodiments sort the base stations according to user density, that is, according to the number of detected users within a femtocell's service area, even if those users are not actually being served by that femtocell.

Establish the Matrices of Allocations, which contains of allocated carriers matrix, A, forbidden carriers matrix, Θ , and priority carrier matrix, P.

• Each row indicates subcarriers and belongs to one user in a femtocell. Initialise all to zeros.

• A indicates the allocated matrix for each individual users, Θ is used to indicate which subcarriers are forbidden for individual users and P is used to indicate priority subcarrier allocation so efficient allocation can be achieved.

According to the BSs rank, starting with BS 1 , allocate its users a predetermined number of subcarriers.

• Ensure that subcarriers allocated to each user are spaced in frequency to achieve some frequency diversity. (Optionally), a BS may send the priority order of each UE's subcarriers.

If the BSs rank involves macro- and/or microcells, macro- and microcells BSs' will always have the highest priority compared to pico- and femtocells users.

Update the Matrix of allocations.

• Subcarriers allocated to one user become forbidden for all users within a certain

proximity of that user. The proximity is taken from the Matrix of conflicts which is established at the beginning.

Once all users in BS one are allocated, users in next BS in the rank, taking into consideration the updated Matrix of Allocations, are allocated subcarriers.

• The Matrix of Allocations is updated every time a new user is allocated subcarriers.

After all users have been allocated with a predefined number of subcarriers, allocate the rest of the subcarriers to inner users.

• Inner users are defined as any a user that is served by T _m and gives∑ ₌₁ ζ(¾ c) = 0 for c≠ m , that is, a user that is not subject to interference.

8. Repeat step 6 until all users in all BSs are allocated.

Referring to figure 4, there is shown a flowchart 400 for resource allocation as indicated above. At step 402, a given network hierarchy of cells is analysed and grouped according to determined interference levels. Within each group, the base stations are sorted into an allocation order according to at least one criterion at step 404. Preferred embodiments sort the base stations according to decreasing user density. A matrix of allocations, comprising an allocated carriers matrix, a forbidden carriers matrix and a priority carrier matrix is established at step 406. For a current base station within a current group, allocate carriers to any users of that current base station at step 408. The matrix of allocations is updated, at step 410, in response to the allocations made at step 406. A determination is made at step 412 regarding whether or not all users have been allocated resources. If the determination is negative, processing resumes at step 408 to allocate resources to the remaining users of the current base station. If the determination at step 412 is positive, a determination is made, at step 414, regarding whether or not all base stations within a current group of base stations have been processed. If the determination at step 414 is negative, another base station, selected from a current group of base stations, is chosen at step 416 and control passes to step 406 to begin allocating its users corresponding resources. If all base stations within a current group of base stations have been processed, a determination is made at step 418 regarding whether or not all groups of base stations, as determined at step 402, have been processed. If the determination at step 418 is negative, the next group of base stations is selected at step 420 and processing resumes at step 404 for the currently selected group of base stations. If the determination at step 418 is positive, the remaining resources are allocated to the inner users at step 422. Concurrently with allocating subcarriers to a given user, corresponding entries are made in the forbidden matrix to ensure that the newly allocated subcarriers cannot be allocated to any other user providing there is no scope for interference between a user of the newly allocated subcarriers and one or more other users. If there is no scope for any such interference, then frequency re-use is permissible such that the newly allocate subcarriers can also be allocated to a noninterfering user. Once all users have been allocated subcarriers, any remaining subcarriers are distributed, preferably even, amongst those users that are not subject to any interference.

The operation of prior art techniques and embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to figure 5, which shows a network 500 comprising 4 base stations, otherwise known as femtocell access points, 502, 504, 506 and 508. A first femtocell access point 502 has a plurality of users. In the illustrated embodiment, the first access point 502 has 4 users; namely A, B, C and D. The second femtocell access point 504 has a corresponding plurality of users; namely, E, F, G and H. The third femtocell access point 506 has a respective plurality of users; namely, I, J, K and L. The fourth femtocell access point 508 also has a plurality of users; namely, M, N, O and P.

Referring to figure 6, there is shown a model 600 of interference caused by the femtocell access points 502 to 508. It can be appreciated thati →F _} indicates that femtocell F. requests its neighbouring femtocell F _j to modify at least one of its transmit power and subcarrier allocation due to interference being experienced at at least one of femtocell F _t and at least one of its mobile stations (not shown) being serviced by that femtocell F. .

However, since all femtocells have a similar interest, which is serving their users at a maximum achievable data rate, the various requests to modify transmit power and subcarrier allocation cannot be accommodated readily. Still further, if a femtocell is more loaded, that is, has a greater number of users or greater amount of traffic, that femtocell may have the right to ask a neighbouring femtocell to modify spectrum allocation for a particular mobile station of that neighbouring femtocell. However, this can, again, lead to an unresolvable conflict if the number of users on each femtocell or if the amount of traffic carried by each femtocell is substantially equal. Referring to figure 7, there is shown an interference model 700 that is resolvable according to embodiments of the present invention. It will be appreciated thatF,. -> F _j indicates that femtocell F _t interferes with at least one of a neighbouring femtocell F. or its users and

F. < >F _j indicates that there is mutual interference between neighbouring femtocells F _t and F _j . Each femtocell access point that experiences interference provides a femtocell access point report to either the femtocell gateway 108 or the femtocell management system 112 or other network management entity. The recipient of the femtocell access point reports undertakes the allocation processing described above with a view to resolving any conflicts. The allocation processing is preferably updated periodically. In preferred embodiments, the allocation processing is updated every one or two seconds.

Referring to figure 8, there is shown a network 800 comprising 3 femtocell access points 802 to 806 and an associated femto gateway 808. The first femtocell 802 has a plurality of users; in the illustrated embodiment it has users A, B, C and D. The second femtocell 804 also has a respective plurality of users; in the illustrated embodiment it has users E, F and G. The third femtocell 806 has a plurality of users; namely users H, I and J. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the allocated users in the present example is merely illustrative. The dotted lines 810 to 814 surrounding each of the femtocells 802 to 806 are intended to illustrate service areas of respective femtocells. A user of one femtocell F. is classified as being subject to interference from a neighbouring femtocell F. if the ratio y _ic of the signal from its femtocell F. to the signal from the neighbouring femtocell F. is below a chosen signal to interference ratio y _th . In the illustrative embodiment, suppose that users B, C, F, G and I are subject to interference, they will produce and transmit to their respective femtocells corresponding measurement or interference reports 902 to 912 as can be appreciated from figure 9. In turn, the femtocells 802 to 806 forward corresponding reports 914 to 918 regarding the interference situation 900 to the femto gateway 808. It will be appreciated that all users submit a measurement report, regardless of whether or not they are adversely affected by interference so that the FMS can construct an accurate picture of the interference scenario and to understand which femtocells are serving which respective users. The femto gateway 808 determines the number, S _m , of users within each femtocell. It can be appreciated that a number of users are indicated as being adversely affected by the interference from neighbouring femtocells. In the present situation mobile stations B, C, D, F, G and I are indicated as being subject to interference. The femtocell gateway 808 determines an initial number of subcarriers per user, N _fm , as being the greatest integer less than or equal to the following quotient = - The

determination is made from the matrix of conflicts submitted by each femtocell, which will contain an indication of the number of users per femtocell and the total number of subcarriers allocated to those users. In the present example, N _fl - 2 , N _f2 = 2 and

N _/3 = 3 .

The femtocell gateway 808 then sets the initial number of subcarriers for each user, N _m , to equal their serving femtocell access point's initial number of subcarriers, N but for users that are experiencing interference. For users that are experiencing interference, the initial number of subcarriers for each user, N _m , is set to equal the smallest initial number of subcarriers per user, N , selected from the set of initial number of subcarriers per user determined for those femtocells having users that are experiencing interference. Therefore, for example, it will be appreciated that

= N _fl = 2 , N _uE = N _f2 = 2 and = N _f3 = 3 for those users that are not experiencing interference whereas

N _uC = = N _ul = N _fl = 2 for those users that are experiencing interference.

The femtocell gateway 808 supports the femtocells according to respective femtocell allocations, that is, according to the number of subcarriers per user, N , into a descending order, which gives F _x → F ₂ → F ₃ . Preferred embodiments allocate the subcarriers starting with the base station with the highest user density. Alternatively, or additionally, embodiments allocate subcarriers starting with base stations with the greatest percentage of users experiencing interference.

The femtocell gateway 808 establishes three empty sets for the forbidden subcarriers, Θ , priority subcarriers, P , and allocated subcarriers, A . The forbidden subcarrier, priority subcarrier and allocated subcarrier matrices are populated with the users of respective femtocells according to the ascending order determined above, which results in a frequency allocation 1000 shown in figure 10. In the present case, referring to the allocated subcarriers matrix 1002, it can be appreciated that frequency allocations of the users associated with a first femtocell 802 are reflected in the three matrices. It can be appreciated, therefore, that user A has been allocated a 1st pair of subcarriers. Similarly, user B has been allocated a 2nd, different, pair of subcarriers. Likewise, user C has been allocated a 3rd pair of subcarriers, user D has been allocated a 4th pair of subcarriers. Similarly, user E has been allocated a pair of subcarriers in respective timeslots. Since the measurement reports show that there is no present interference between users A and E. User F has been assigned a 5th pair of subcarriers and user G has been allocated a 6th pair of subcarriers. Regarding the 3rd femtocell 806, user H has been allocated a 7th pair of subcarriers, user I has been allocated an 8th pair of subcarriers and user J has been allocated 3 subcarriers.

Referring to the priority subcarriers matrix 1004, it can be appreciated that user A of the 1st femtocell 802 has been allocated a 1st pair of subcarriers 1008 and a 2nd pair of subcarriers 1010. User E has also been allocated a 1st pair of subcarriers 1012, which are identical to the 1st pair of subcarriers allocated to user A, and a 2nd pair of subcarriers 1014. The 2nd pair of subcarriers 1014 allocated to user E is different to the 2nd pair of subcarriers 1010 allocated to user A. User G has been allocated a 1st pair of subcarriers 1016 and user J has been allocated a 1st set of 4 subcarriers 1018 and a 2nd set of 2 subcarriers 1020 for use as priority subcarriers. Users A, E and G are inner users that have indicated that they are not experiencing any interference.

Referring to the forbidden subcarrier matrix 1006, the numbered subcarriers, representing an "or" operation between the subcarriers assigned in the allocated subcarriers matrix and the priority subcarriers matrix, provide an indication of subcarriers that can be used by respective users and the unnumbered subcarriers provide an indication of subcarriers that respective users are forbidden from using.

Next the femtocell gateway 808 maximises subcarrier allocation by using the remaining, unallocated, spectrum for inner users; an inner user is a user that does not experience interference. In the present situation, users A, E and J are inner users. Having assigned remaining subcarriers to those inner users, the priority subcarrier and allocated subcarrier matrices are updated accordingly.

Optionally, the femtocell gateway 808 undertakes a hidden frequency spectrum assignment to ensure that all available subcarriers have been allocated. The central allocation resource, that is, the FGW or FMS, identifies all inners users which could be any "a" user that is served by T _m and gives∑c ₌₁ ζ α, c) = 0 for c≠ m, where ζ is the matrix of conflicts. Referring to figure 9, it can be appreciated that users A, E and J are inner users. For each femtocell, the central point measures the total number of unallocated subcarriers and each inner user is allocated with the same number of unallocated subcarriers. It will be appreciated that hidden frequency spectrum assignment is under taken lastly, which is, in essence, a repeat of the step of the initial frequency allocation but for the matrix of allocations having been populated with binary numbers. Therefore, if there are Z users within a set of frequency update, N subcarriers, matrix of allocated subcarriers and forbidden subcarriers are given by A and Θ , respectively, repeat the initial frequency allocation until the subcarrier allocation indicator, Satoc, equals NZ, where is given by

where is v an OR-logic operation sign.

In the example, this means repeat the initial frequency allocation until the S _efoc equals 160.

Embodiments of the present invention realise self-organising network radio resource management exhibiting significant performance gains over the prior art. For example, referring to figure 11 , there is shown a graph 1100 showing the variation in data rate per user with number of femtocells for a number of subcarrier allocation techniques in which the femtocells were contained with a 60m by 60m area and 100m by 100m area. The graph 1100 shows a 1st performance curve 1102 of a prior art central radio resource management technique. It can be appreciated that the data rate per user is relatively low. The graph 1100 shows a pair of performance curves 1104 and 1106 associated with a known self-organising radio resource management technique for 1 and 10 self-organising iterations respectively. It can be appreciated that the performance curves 1 104 and 1106 exhibit significantly improved data rates per user as compared to curve 1102. However, it can also be appreciated that the self-organising radio resource management techniques corresponding to curves 1104 and 1106 exhibit poorer performance as compared to a random subcarrier assignment. Performance curve 1108 is associated with such a random subcarrier assignment. Finally, there is shown a pair of performance curves 1110 and 1112 associated with embodiments of the present invention for signal to interference thresholds of 28 dB and 22 dB respectively. It can be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention exhibit a greater than 20% improvement in data rate, especially for higher femtocell densities as compared to the prior art.

Referring to figure 12, there is shown a graph 1200 showing the variation in guaranteed data rate per user with number of femtocells for a number of subcarrier allocation techniques in which the femtocells were contained with a 60m by 60m area and 100m by 100m area. The graph 1200 shows a 1st performance curve 1202 of a prior art central radio resource management technique. It can be appreciated that the guaranteed data rate per user is zero. The graph 1200 shows a pair of performance curves 1204 and 1206 associated with a known self-organising radio resource management technique for 1 and 10 self-organising iterations respectively. It can be appreciated that the performance curves 1204 and 1206 exhibit significantly improved data rates per user as compared to curve 1 102. In contrast to the performance curves shown in figure 11 , it can be appreciated that the self-organising radio resource management techniques corresponding to curves 1104 and 1106 exhibit better performance as compared to a random subcarrier assignment. Performance curve 1208 is associated with such a random subcarrier assignment. Finally, there is shown a pair of performance curves 1210 and 1212 associated with embodiments of the present invention for signal to interference thresholds of 28 dB and 22 dB respectively. It can be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention exhibit a greater than 50% improvement in guaranteed data rate for higher femtocell densities as compared to the prior art and a more than 300% improvement in guaranteed data rate improvement for lower femtocell densities.

Referring to figure 13, there is shown a graph 1300 showing the variation in RF power consumption with number of femtocells for a number of subcarrier allocation techniques in which the femtocells were contained with a 60m by 60m area and 100m by 100m area. The graph 1300 shows a 1st performance curve 1302 of a prior art central radio resource management technique. It can be appreciated that there is no change in power consumption. The graph 1300 shows a pair of performance curves 1304 and 1306 associated with a known self-organising radio resource management technique for 1 and 10 self-organising iterations respectively. It can be appreciated that the performance curves 1204 and 1206 correspond to significantly higher power consumptions. It can be appreciated that the self-organising radio resource management techniques corresponding to curves 1304 and 1306 exhibit better performance as compared to a random subcarrier assignment. Performance curve 1308 is associated with such a random subcarrier assignment. Finally, there is shown a pair of performance curves 1310 and 1312 associated with embodiments of the present invention for signal to interference thresholds of 28 dB and 22 dB respectively. It can be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention exhibit a 2 dB or 37% improvement in power saving in a 100m by 100m area and a 5 dB or 69% power saving at higher femtocell densities as compared to the random subcarrier assignment technique and a 1 dB to 2 dB improvement as compared to the prior art self- organising radio resource management technique over lower to higher femtocell densities.

Figure 14 illustrates a simulation scenario 1400 of embodiments of the invention within the context of a heterogeneous network comprising a macrocell base station 1402, having a number of users 1404 to 1412, and a number of femtocells 1414 to 1420 serving respective users within a given area 1422. In the illustrated embodiment, the given area is a 60m by 60m area. The figure depicts seven indoor users for purposes of clarity only. The simulation assumed 20 femtocell users. The simulation parameters were as follows

- 20 femtocell users, and cases in which 5 and 10 femtocells were used

- the macrocell base station transmit power for outer users was 20W

- the macrocell base station transmit power for inner users was 2W

- the femtocell transmit powers were 100 mW and

IMO was used to improve performance (A space-time block code MINO was used with two transmitters and one receiver.

Figure 15 shows a graph 1500 of the variation of user data rate with distance of the femtocell service area 1422 from the macrocell base station for a 5 femtocell situation. A first pair of performance curves 1504 and 1506 associated with a prior art self-organising radio resource management technique for 2 and 10 iterations respectively is shown as achieving moderate data rates, which are better than randomly assigned subcarriers; the performance curve for which is shown at 1508. A second pair of performance curves 1510 and 1512 is illustrated for embodiments of the present invention for signal to interference thresholds of 22 dB and 28 dB respectively. It can be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention exhibit up to a 70% performance improvement when operating under a macrocell as compared to the prior art. The simulations used 5 and 10 femtocells. Figure 17 shows the same curves for a 10 femtocell situation. Figure 16 shows a graph 1600 of the variation of guaranteed user data rate with distance of the femtocell service area 1422 from the macrocell base station. A first pair of performance curves 1604 and 1606 associated with a prior art self-organising radio resource management technique for 2 and 10 iterations respectively is shown as achieving moderate data rates, which are better than randomly assigned subcarriers; the performance curve for which is shown at 1608. A second pair of performance curves 1610 and 1612 is illustrated for embodiments of the present invention for signal to interference thresholds of 22 dB and 28 dB respectively. It can be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention exhibit up to a 70% performance improvement when operating under a macrocell as compared to the prior art. Figure 18 shows the same curves for a 10 femtocell situation. It will be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention can be realised in the form of hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software. Any such software may be stored in the form of volatile or non-volatile storage such as, for example, a storage device like a ROM, whether erasable or rewritable or not, or in the form of memory such as, for example, RAM, memory chips, device or integrated circuits or on an optically or magnetically readable medium such as, for example, a CD, DVD, magnetic disk or magnetic tape or the like. It will be appreciated that the storage devices and storage media are embodiments of machine-readable storage that are suitable for storing a program or programs comprising instructions that, when executed, implement embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, embodiments provide machine executable code for implementing a system, device or method as described herein or as claimed herein and machine readable storage storing such a program. Still further, such programs may be conveyed electronically via any medium such as a communication signal carried over a wired or wireless connection and embodiments suitably encompass the same.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the femtocell gateway undertaking the processing for resource allocation and reallocation, embodiments of the invention are not limited to such an arrangement. Embodiments can be realised in which some other entity undertakes that processing such as, for example, any of the entities illustrated in figure 1 , that is, the radio network controller 104, the operator management system 110, the femtocell management system 112 or some other entity.

Appendix

Hybrid Radio Resource Management and Network Routing for Joint Energy and QoS Optimization in

4G Networks

Wahyu Pramudito, Student Member, IEEE, and Emad Alsusa, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract— This paper proposes a novel radio resource man(QoS) for all users remains the most important aspect for agement (RRM) algorithm based on a new conflict paradigm future cellular networks as it significantly affects revenues for and network routing strategy for optimizing the performance the cellular operators, fairness for users in the system has to of 4G heterogeneous cellular networks. Using conflict paradigm,

the basestations downlink transmissions are effectively organized be taken into consideration as an important parameter when to maximise interference avoidance while an efficient routing designing an interference reduction technique. For this reason, strategy is employed for enhanced RRM. It will be shown this paper considers energy efficiency and fairness of the RRM through mathematical analysis and computer simulations that as the main parameters for assessment.

the proposed offers significant improvements in terms of energy Centralized RRM works by adding a central node in a efficiency and quality of service (QoS) while taking users' fairness

into consideration. high density small cellular network, where the signal from an SBS can be reliably received by all UEs in the same

Index Term— Heterogeneous cellular network, radio resource shadowed area [5]. In this environment, one subcarrier will management, interference avoidance, conflict paradigm, interference, LTE, OFDMA be allocated to one SBS only. The purpose of the central node is to compute which SBSs and UEs give the highest received signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR) at a

I. INTRODUCTION given subcarrier. This is achieved by periodic monitoring of

IT IS widely acknowledged that heterogeneous cellular the channel state information (CSI) and pathloss between SBSs networks, which comprises micro-, pico- and femtocells and UEs. Obviously, the main problem of this RRM is low within each macrocell, provide a good solution for satisfying spectrum efficiency when interference from one SBS may the increasing demands on the capacity of cellular networks not affect all small cellular network UEs. Furthermore, since by improving the indoor capacity and allowing the macrocells CSI may vary over a short period of time, constant updating more spectrum for their users. To achieve a frequency reof this information will lead to a tremendous complexity use factor (FRF) of 1, Long Term Evolution (LTE) must be increase in comparison to random frequency allocation. For able to have maximum resource allocation for cellular network this reason this RRM will not be considered further here. users in 4 ^th generation (4G) cellular networks [1]. However, On the other hand, each SBS allocates its UEs' subcarriers having an FRF of 1 in heterogeneous cellular networks inindependendy from neighbor SBSs such that interference can creases the interference received by user equipments (UEs), be minimized in a distributed RRM approach [8]-[10]. The especially interference related to the small cells basestation best distributed RRM is the self-organizing one [10], [11]. (SBS), e.g. micro- and picocells basestation (BS). FurtherUsing this approach, UEs continuously monitor the received more, the presence of femtocells, as low cost alternative to interference from surrounding environment and report it back picocells, exacerbates the interference problem because they to the serving SBSs. The subcarrier allocation can then be are installed uncoordinatedly by the end-users in their own altered in order to minimize the interference power at the premises [2], [3]. Therefore, in order to achieve an FRF of receiver. Each femtocell achieves this by allocating their users 1, an effective interference avoidance capability that works with half of the available subcarriers only. However, self- across all basestations of the heterogeneous network must be organizing RRM may require several iterations before the integrated. optimum subcarrier configuration that results in minimum

Downlink interference is practically reduced using radio interference can be obtained. Adding the fact that only half resource management (RRM), which includes frequency specof the subcarriers will be used, regardless of the interference trum allocation and power control in 4G cellular networks at each UE, this RRM cannot be implemented efficiently. that employ orthogonal frequency division multiple access Adaptation to the environment can be solved by incorporat(OFDMA) [4], [5]. Generally speaking, OFDMA RRM can ing the SON functionality, which includes self-configuration, be classifed into three categories which are distributed, cenself-optimization and self-healing [12]. This allows the BSs to tralized and self-organizing network (SON) RRM [5]-[7]. continuously communicate with neighbor BSs and constandy To evaluate their effectiveness in reducing interference these monitor the signal sources at the UEs [13]. Hence, an RRM techniques are mainly assessed in terms of data rate, power utilizing this functionality, which is called SON RRM, can be consumption and energy efficiency in addition to bit error rate implemented efficiently. A fixed frequency pattern allocation (BER) performance. However, since the quality of service between adjacent small cells in the case of femtocells obtained

10 2 using SON is described in [6], [7]. The frequency allocation All UEs are capable of measuring energy signals from stays fixed until new neighbor femto access point (FAP) is different BSs as well as finding their identity (ID) using detected. If a UE receives high interference from neighbor the measurement report capability embedded in LTE [17]. In FAPs, the serving FAP asks its neighboring FAPs to configure addition, all BSs and UEs are able to overcome the multiple the transmitted power or the subcarriers allocation [6], [13]. handover problem in small cellular systems, which involves However, fixed frequency allocation may waste frequency choosing a velocity threshold based on the users mobility [18]. spectrum when neighbor FAPs do not perform transmission. If a UE moves with higher velocity than a stated threshold, the Furthermore, simple requests to configure neighbor FAPs' small cell BS (SBS) sends a scanning request to this UE so frequency spectrum and power transmission might not be it is aware of the received signal energy from the neighboring applicable in practice because the FAPs' main interest is to BSs [19]. Normally, energy measurement capability in LTE serve its own users. This will result in an unsolvable conflict and WiMAX are only used to make a decision on handover between femtocells. For this reason, these two techniques will requirement to the neighboring femtocell with higher received not be considered further. signal. This information will also be used as a basis for the

Enhancing the efficiency of RRM can be achieved by makproposed SON RRM algorithm.

ing sure that the technique is only applied when interference In the considered heterogeneous network, there are occurs in the UEs. With this in mind, this paper proposes a

novel method that can adaptively track the BSs links based

on how they affect certain UEs. The links will be coded

in such a way to highlight the potential interference using

a simple matrix of conflicts. This matrix is then exploited

by an efficient interference avoidance strategy. It will be

shown through mathematical analysis and computer simulation

that the proposed offers significant improvements in energy

efficiency and quality of service (QoS) for all users.

The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section Π

describes the system model and assumptions used through III. MATRIX OF CONFLICTS PARADIGM SON RRM out this paper. Section ΓΠ will discuss and examine the A. The Algorithm

proposed RRM respectively. The performance analysis and

system evaluation will be presented in Section IV and V,

respectively. Finally, conclusions will be made in section VI.

II. SYSTEM MODEL

The scenario considered here is a synchronous N subcarrier

OFDMA based small cellular network which includes micro-,

pico- and femto- cells, connected to a macrocell. All small

cells will utilize frequency re-use of 1 while the macrocell

may either utilize fractional frequency re-use (FFR) or soft

fractional frequency re-use (SFR) [14], [15].

The micro- and picocells are connected with the macrocell

through an OMS (operator management system). On the other

hand, a set of femto access point (FAPs) are connected to

a Femto Management System (FMS), which is controlled

by an OMS, through the DP backhaul. While the FMS provides operation and management (OAM) functionality for the

femtocell network, the OMS provides OAM functionality for

the macro-, micro- and pico- cells in addition to the FMS

[16]. The OAM includes RRM assistant, users authentication,

authorization and accounting and optimizing scheduling of

data in the network. Therefore, both OMS and FMS provide

central controller functionality for the heterogeneous cellular

network.

We consider that the SON functionality is owned by all BSs,

e.g. macro BS (MBS) and small cells BS (SBS). Using this

capability, each BS is able to establish its neighboring BSs Figure 1. Matrix of conflicts paradigm in heterogeneous cellular network. links automatically. Therefore, the MBS knows the identity

of the SBSs in the same cell and each SBS and UE have a A flow chart for the proposed technique is shown in Figure neighboring cellular list registered on their memory. 1. This algorithm uses the FMS as the central controller 3 because the femtocells are installed by the end-users, which

causes more interference to the surrounding network than M

micro- and picocells. Furthermore, as can be seen from this ∑ |[< (*, c) - ζ' (z, c)] \ > 0, Vz C Z I (z, m) = w„ figure, upon Power On, each BS utilizes the whole resource c = l

block by default. When a UE wants to be served by a BS, (5) it needs to submit its measurement report (MR) before being for c≠m. The second condition, T _m is also included if served by the corresponding BS. Furthermore, the MR from a

z

UE is also required when the uplink signal energy from this

UE to its serving BS reduces below a certain threshold or if ∑\[ (z, m) - ? (z, m)] A {C ^' (z, m) * w _m }\ > 0 (6)

2=1

it moves beyond a speed threshold.

In order to get the MR, a BS sends a RRC connection reconwhere Λ denotes AND logic operation and x = a ^ b} means figuration message to a UE. Upon receiving this message, the x = 1 if a is not equal to b, otherwise x = 0. Finally, T _m will UE searches for the neighboring BSs, identifies the Physical be included if

Lyer Cell Identitiies (PCI) and measures their Reference Signal M

Received Power (RSRP) and/or Reference Signal Received ∑{C (z, c) ~ w _c } A {S _c > S _c '} > 0, Quality (RSRQ). The MR will contain the PCI information c=l

as well as their average received power [17]. \/z Z \ C {z, m) = w _m (7)

If the MR by u _z to its serving BS, T _m , indicates that the for c ^ m.

received energy from T^, E _u^ - _Cm , is higher than E _Uz - _m After all BSs have been assessed, the FMS constructs the set ht _h , where E _Uz - _m is the signal energy from T _m to u _z , of transmitters that require the conflicts to be resolved at a paris the signal-to-interference threshold, and Cm m, T _m will

ticular time, which is given by ¾ = [ H _\ ¾ · · · HB ] detect that u _z is interfered by . Based on this information, with index b where B<M is the total number of conflicting the matrix of conflicts of T _m , £ _m € . ^z ™* ^c "> _t j _s gj _ven y

FMS

conflicts, ζ e M. ^Z * ^M given by adaptive interference avoidance is needed in order to achieve high spectrum efficiency and signal quality.

ζ(ζ, πι) = w _m , if T _m is the BS of u _z If the UE u _z , which is served by T _m , is interfered by transmitter c, T _c , is denoted as T _c — T _m and T _m and T _c C(z, c) = w _c , if T _c interferes u _z (3)

interferes each others' UEs is denoted as T _c « T _m , all ζ(ζ, c) = 0, otherwise conflicting BSs can be assumed to be virtually connected nodes. For this reason, we propose a new set of frequency

After ζ is updated, the FMS calculates the total number of

allocation which utilizes a routing algorithm such as the DVRP detected users by T _m , S _m , which is given by

and link state routing protocols (LSRP).

z z In the DVRP protocol, each node consecutively constructs S _m =∑{C(z, m) ~ w _m } + ^ {C(z, m) ~ w _c } (4) its routing table based on a certain queuing criterion and then

2=1 2=1 shares this with its neighbors. Similarly, the FGW consecuwhere x = {a ~ b} means x = 1 if a equals b, otherwise x = tively assigns UEs of a BS from conflicting transmitters set 0. After that, it checks all BSs that require frequency update. with the subcarriers, then the common information is shared If the pervious measurement of ζ and S _m are given by ζ' amongst the connected transmitters. In this algorithm, the and S _m ' , any T _m 6T requires resource re-allocation if at least common information is binary matrices called network forone of the following conditions is fullfilled. First condition is bidden subcarriers, & 6 R^ ^XJV , network priority subcarriers, given by P€ R ^ZXN and allocated subcarriers A€ R ^ZXN . Θ is used to indicate which subcarriers can not be assigned to a particular Algorithm 1 Grouping Virtual Connection of BSs Algorithm UE due to orthogonality between two or more UEs in the same function GroupingVirtualBS (£B)

BS or in other BSs. Furthermore, P is required so that the 1 for q = 1 until Z _b

subcarriers can be allocated to each UE much more efficiently 2 if CC M

so that maximum resource allocation can be achieved. In 3 Assign H _c with the same group with i¾ given that addition, A is the matrix indicating the subcarriers allocation 4 H _b is the serving BS of g¾

for these UEs. These matrices are given by 5 end if

6 end for

n ^th subcarrier is forbidden to u _z

Θ (z, n) (8)

otherwise

u _z is prioritized to n ^th subcarrier 2) Passing the Entire Network Parameters:

P (z, n)

otherwise (9) Since B <M, after the BSs have been grouped, the common information, which are P, & and A needs to be passed down n ^th subcarrier is allocated to u _z

(10) to i¾, Θ _Β and A - This is done using Algorithm 2. otherwise

As mentioned earlier, there may be only B BSs that Algorithm 2 Passing the Entire Network Parameters

N _b = [N/S _b \ (12)

Figure 2. Group Illustration, (a) Heterogeneous network interference examwhere JV is total available subcarriers per OFDM symbol ple, (b) Result of grouping the small cells.

and [x is the nearest integer value lower than x. This

Since B BSs that require resource update may include at value is then copied into a set of the initial number of least a 100 BSs per macrocells, it is better to re-arrange subcarrier for all conflicting BSs, NB = [ Ni ■ · · NB ] the virtual connections such that parallel computing can be with the index of N _b and _V _B € M ^{1 S} . N _B is then used performed by the FMS. This can be done by assigning small as a basis for the set of die initial number of subcarriers cells into the same group as illustrated from Figure 2. As can per user, Nu= [ Nr/i · · · Nuz _B ] ^wml index of Nu _z , be seen from this example, there are three groups of SBS that Nu e R ^lxZ ».

are independent of each other. The resource allocation of these N _Uz = {mm (t _q ) V$ _q > a} (13) groups can be performed independently.

The grouping is performed by Algorithm 1. After this where _q eR ^lxS is given by

stage, assuming that there are K groups of SBS, with

= K _B ) > 0} N6, b = l, . . . , B (14) H _f e = [ iff Hf . . . ¾ ] is a set of fc ^th group SBS

and _f e is the number of BS within fc ^th group. Similar to After all required parameters have been calculated, the FMS H _B , ¾ holds the ID of T in the FMS memory. sorts the set of updating transmitters, H _B , based on NB from

3 5

by considering a homogead hoc pico- and femto cells in the signal- using the proposed served by T _m , and n ^th

is the interference power signal power from

given by d _mUz with the distance between T _c and environment with pathloss pathloss between T _m and u _z ,

T _c and

6) Hidden Frequency Spectrum Assignment: Repeat step 4 Furthermore, if we assume (X , Yi) and (¾ _» ¾¾) are the until a subcarrier allocation indicator, S _a i _oc , equals NB. S _a i _oc position of the first and second random SBSs with pdf of (21),

2M 6

AX and AY are given by ΔΧ = Χχ-Χ ₂ and AY = Y -Y ₂ It can be easily shown that /G(<7) has the following solution respectively and the distance between the two SBSs, G, is

given by fci(g) 0 < 9<l

fc(g) = { Jfm 02i(ag)) iI≤≤≤ggg≤≤VV22il (33)

G= ^(AX† + (AY) ² 0 ootthh(erwise

in

0<g<l

Expanding (26) gives:

oo fD _M u _z ,G (d _mu ,,g) = 0 < d _mUz < d _MAX , f&x(x) = ^ J [U(T + 1) - u(r)] l≤g≤ V2l

— oo

[w(x— T)— u(x— r— I)] dr (28) 0 otherwise

(38) (39) )} dg(40)

(41)

Since the CDF of /GI(S) and G2(<7) are related based on

So (g) = J _Y2 /|Δ»|,|Δ»| (x, Vg ² ~ ^x - ² ) dx (36), it can be shown that

(32) /RMC ( ^r mc) ^¾ RMCI ( ^r mc) (42) 7

Table I

S _m < Z _m + (M _a - 1) (l (45) HOMOGENEOUS NETWORK SIMULATION PARAMETERS

where i¾ _MC i (r _mc ) is the cumulative distribution function of

ϋ _ΜΟ ι (r _m c), M _a is the number of FAPs within an I by I area.

Therefore, the, number of subcarriers per user of T _m 's user is

lower bounded by

N

N _fm > (46)

- 1) {l - F _RMC ( (^) ^) } 8

b dB. to measure the achievable data rate at the n ^th subcarrier.

Therefore, the discrete capacity at the n ^th subcarrier, C _d i _s {n), Figure 4 and 5 show that the proposed scheme is highly is given by adaptive with same the tier transmissions in comparison to

C _d i _e (n) = k(n) - e _q (P _s (n)) (56) other techniques, Figure 4 shows that the proposed algorithm is the ideal scheme to improve the QoS of homogeneous cellular where k(n) and P _B (n) are number of bits and symbol error

network. On the other hand, Figure 5 shows that as the number rate at the n ^th subcarrier respectively [20]. P _s {n) is given by

of SBS increases, the energy efficiency gap improves with

P _s {n) = k(n)P _b (n) (57) the other subcarriers allocation techniques. This reveals that as the number of femtocell increases, the proposed technique and e _q (P _s (n)) is the equivocation of the symbol at a given maintains the data rate improvement and the energy efficiency

IT- MBS equipped with two transmit antennas space-time-block- code (STBC) with antenna gain of 12 dBi and employing fractional frequency re-use (FFR) [15], which divides the transmission into two periods for inner and outer MBS's UEs. In this simulation, a UE will be categorized as an inner user if the received signal for first period is higher than 20 dB above the noise power. Otherwise, this UE will be categorized as outer users. The inner users will be allocated with all available NFFR subcarriers at first period and the outer users will be allocated with NFFRIF subcarriers at second period.

This observation will consider five femtocells and 20 UEs inside the building. Besides these 20 UEs, there are 80 UEs

Figure 5. Homogeneous networks energy efficiency, (a) _t ¾ = 2 ₂ dB. (b)

7th = 25 dB. (c) 7th = 28 dB. registered as inner users and 20 UEs registered as outer users of the macrocell with the minimum distance between these UEs and MBS is 100 m. This is illustrated by figure 6. improvement while the other frequency allocation techniques Furthermore, a FAP with two transmit antennas system with suffer from data rate reduction and increasing transmitted STBC and capability to listen for MBS's signal is incorporated power due to increasing interference energy received by each in this simulation.

user as the number of femtocell increases. Stanford university interim (SUI) path loss model for Ter¬

As proven previously, Figure 4 shows that the QoS improves rain type C [23] is used for modelling signal propagation from as the t _h increases. On the other hand, the energy efficiency MBS to all UEs and indoor shadowing path loss model with reduces, which is shown from the increase of ECR value in path loss exponent, η, of 3 and log normal shadowing, Χ _σ , of Figure 5, as a result of increasing Nf _m and _t h- 7 dB is used to represent the signal propagation from FAP to all UEs. Hence, the pathloss model between the MBS and a UE, u _z , P %} [dB], and pathloss model between a FAP, F _M ,

C. Heterogeneous Cellular Network Simulation and a UE, u _z , PL [dB], are given by

Table II

HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK SIMULATION PARAMETERS PL [dB] =

¾ [dB] = PL (do) + 10i7log _lo (^ff^) + ¾ + W« _* - _m

(62) where d _Uz -M and d _u^ - _m are the distances between u _z and MBS and F _M respectively, W _UZ - _M is the wall loss between ¾and F _M , PL (do) is given by PL (do) = 20 log (4 ί¾>/λ), λ is signal wavelength and do is reference distance, which is given by 1 m for indoor UE. In equation (21), A is given by A = PL (100), φ is given by ψ = 3,6 - 0.005 h _M +^ + χθ.59,

X _f is given by X _f = 6 log (5000 ) ' ^{Xh is} S ^{iven bv Xh = 20} ote: = equ va ent sotrop ca y ra ate power log ( ^) ^ s is given by s = χ(8.2 + χΐ.6) where χ is a

Gaussian random variable with zero mean.

Similar to the homogeneous network simulation, this section considers adaptive modulation and equation (56) for the data rate evaluation. Furthermore, there are three th values that will be observed in this simulation, which are 22, 25, 28 dB. For reference sake, the results are compared with random assignment, distributed RRM using self -organizing RRM, which is applied with two and ten iterations. The rest of simulation parameters are shown in Table 2.

Figure 7 shows that the proposed techniques provides sig¬

Figure 6. Cross-layer illustation nificant QoS improvement in comparison to the other radio resource management (RRM) schemes. Following similar trend

In this section, the impact of cross-tier interference on the shown in Figure 3, Figure 7 shows that higher 7^ vahie results QoS will be evaluated. The simulation will be focused on the in improved guaranteed data rate. This result concludes that the femtocell networks inside a 60 m by 60 m building close to an scheme is not only ideal to avoid interference in homogeneous

2« 10