INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

TECHNICAL FIELD

Numerous muffler constructions have been proposed for the attenuation of the sound component of an exhaust gas stream from an internal combustion engine. Invariably, these structures

10 have purported to effect sound attenuation without substantially or intolerably increasing the back pressure on the engine. As is well known, muffler induced back pressure will substantially reduce internal combustion engine performance. The problem of reduced performance is most extreme in high-performance racing

15 engines. The "solution" to the problem which is actually used usually is merely to employ a straight pipe from the engine and tolerate the noise. With urban expansion, however, even race tracks are under pressure to reduce the noise level during racing. Moreover, at least some high performance cars also are

20 driven, at least occasionally, on the city streets. In order to be "street-legal" such high performance engines must be. coupled to a muffler, and the only mufflers which are currently commercially available that are used on such high-per ormance engines cause a significant drop in engine power as a direct

_' 25 result of the back pressure induced in the muffler.

BACKGROUND ART

Typically, a 575 horsepower engine will produce a noise level of about 130 db at hard acceleration w ith no muf ler , and on the same engine when a commercially available high-performance

30 muff ler is used, the noise level w ill be reduced to about 95 db (A scale) at hard acceleration, but there also will be an 18 to

• _j 20% power loss. Even larger engines, for example 700 to 800 horsepower, have more cam overlap and cannot tolerate sound attenuation to 95 db since it would produce a 30 to 40% power loss.

Another problem that complicates any attempt to attenuate sound in high-performance internal combustion engines is the necessity to minimize bulk and weight. The exhaust pipe on a high horsepower engine typically will be about 4 inches in diameter so as to accommodate the very ^* substantial volumetric flow. Mufflers which depend upon excessive length or diameter to achieve sound attenuation will be unsuitable for use on race cars, either because of their bulk or weight, or both.

The patent art contains various muffler constructions which purport to solve the problem of sound attenuation without undesirable back pressure, but in fact these various structures have substantial performance deficiencies. It is well known to provide a divergently tapered centrally located conical partition for flow of gases around the partition to effect an expansion of the gases. Typical of such structures are the devices shown in United States Patent Nos. 2,071,351, 2,239,549 and 2,971,599. Some of these patented mufflers follow such an expansion partition or cone with a contraction or concentrating partition or baffle. Typical of such devices are the mufflers shown in United States Patent Nos. 1,081,348, 2,667,940, 3,029,895 and 3,029,896. These mufflers, however, do significantly increase back pressure by causing the exhaust gases to reverse the direction of their flow axially as they attempt to pass beyond the concentrating or converging baffle. This flow reversal may be effective in sound attenuation, but it has been found to increase back pressure undesirably.

Even mufflers which employ alternating divergent and then convergent partitions have suffered from undesirable bulk and/or weight, inordinate complexity, or auxiliary flow channels or openings in the partitions which defeat sound attenuation. Typical of such mufflers are the mufflers set forth in United States Patent Nos. 624,062, 1,184,431, 2,325,905 and 2,485,555.

Additional patent art known to applicant but believed to be peripheral in relevance to the present invention are the following United States Patents: 1,677,570, 1,756,916, 1,946,908, 2,934,889, 3,219,141, 3,786,896, 4,143,739 and 4,346,783.

The reality of the industry is that high-performance racing cars are either using no muffler or mufflers which barely achieve the desired sound attenuation, and achieve it at a significant power loss and with an undesirable increase in bulk and weight.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a compact, lightweight, sound-attenuating muffler for a high-performance internal combustion engine or the like which achieves sound attenuation without significant decrease in engine performance.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a highly effective sound-attenuating muffler for a high- performance, internal combustion engine which is simple to construct, is compact, can be used on race cars or the like, is durable.and is lightweight.

The compact, sound-attenuating muffler of the present invention has other objects and features of advantage which will become apparent from and are set.forth in more detail in the following description of the preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawing.

PISCkQSURS OF I VENTION The compact, sound-attenuating muffler of the present invention includes a casing having an inlet opening formed for the flow of exhaust gases into the casing and an outlet opening formed for the discharge of gases from the casing. The muffler also includes partition means positioned in the casing and including a divergently tapered first partition formed to deflect gases toward side walls of the casing, and a convergently tapered second partition positioned downstream of the first partition and formed with a central opening therein for convergence of gases from the side walls to the opening. The improvement in the muffler of the present invention comprises, briefly, a muffler in which a casing is formed with a transverse cross-section having a width dimension substantially greater than the height dimension, the first partition is formed to extend and to be imperforate over the full height dimension of the casing and is formed to terminate short of the full width of the casing to define a pair of openings proximate opposite side walls of the casing, and the second partition is formed to extend across both the width and height dimensions of the casing and being imperforate intermediate the casing walls except for the central opening. In the preferred form, the height dimension of the casing is only slightly greater than the height dimension of the inlet opening to the casing, and the width dimension is at least about twice the height dimension for expansion and contraction of exhaust gases in substantially a single plane. In order to achieve attenuation, the divergent partition includes an extension section, and in order to minimize back pressure the convergent partition preferably converges at a slope with respect to the side walls of the casing in the range of about 45° to about 70°.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIGURE 1 is a front elevational view of a muffler constructed in accordance with the present invention.

FIGURE 2 is a top plan view, in cross-section, taken substantially along the ^' plane of line 2-2 in Figure 1. FIGURE 3 is an enlarged, side-elevational view, in cross section, taken substantially along the plane of line 3-3 in Figure 1.

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The muffler for high-performance, internal combustion engines of the present invention can be seen in the drawing to include a casing, generally designated 21,. an inlet pipe 22 extending through casing end wall members 23 and 24 for the flow of exhaust gases through inlet opening 25 into casing 21. The muffler further includes an outlet pipe 26 mounted to extend through casing end wall 27 and provide an outlet opening 28 for the discharge of gases from the casing. Mounted in casing 21 is partition means, generally designated 29, which is formed for the attenuation of the sound component in the exhaust gases as the gases pass through the muffler, as will be described hereinafter in more detail.

In order to facilitate fabrication of a high-strength, durable muffler, casing 21 is preferably formed from longitudi¬ nally extending casing halves 31 and 32 which are joined together along longitudinally extending upper and lower seams 30, for example, by welding at 33. Casing end wall members 23, 24 and 27 are similarly welded to the ends of casing halves 31 and 32, and the inlet and outlet exhaust pipes 22 and 26 are in turn welded to the respective end walls of the casing. Du-ring the assembly

process, partitions means 29, each of which includes flanges 34, can be inserted into assembled casing halves and welded in place.

The construction of muffler casing 21 as above described affords a structure which is very rigid and durable and accordingly capable of withstanding the substantial stresses inherent in high-performance muffler operation.

As best may be seen in Figure 2, partition means 29 includes a first partition 36 which is divergently tapered from the longitudinal center line of the casing, which coincides with seam 30 between casing halves 31 and 32. First partition 36 deflects gases passing through inlet opening 25 from inlet exhaust pipe 22 outwardly toward the side walls 38 and 39 of casing 21. Mounted downstream of partition 36 is a second partition 41 which is formed to be c.onvergently tapered with respect to the central longitudinal axis of the muffler.

Partition 41 is formed with central opening means 42 so that gases converging from walls 38 and 39 pass through central opening 42, at which point they are discharged from the casing or, as shown in the drawing, impact an additional first partition 36a. In the muffler shown in the drawing, the divergence and convergence of the exhaust stream is repeated when the exhaust gases are successfully deflected by an additional second partition 41a, still another first partitions 36b and finally an additional second partition 41b, which discharges the gases through opening 42b into outlet opening 28 and outlet exhaust pipe 26.

The successive outward deflection and then inward convergence of gases in a muffler is broadly known in the prior art. Such prior art structures, however, typically have partitions or baffle structures which induce undesirable back

1 pressure, contain openings or passageways which diminish the sound attenuating effectiveness of the muffler, or require excessive length, diameter and/or weight.

The muffler of the present invention achieves extremely effective sound attenuation without undesirable back pressure and 5 bulk or weight by forming casing 21 with a transverse cross section having a width dimension substantially greater than the height dimension. As used herein, the terms "width" and "height" refer to the muffler as oriented in Figure 1. It will be 0 understood, however, that the muffler of the present invention can be installed and oriented at 90° from the orientation shown in Figure 1, or at any desired angle with respect to inlet pipe 22. Regardless of the orientation, however, the muffler casing or housing is formed with an elongated transverse cross-section. 5 As best may be seen in Figures 1 and 3, the height dimension of the casing is not substantially greater than the height dimension of inlet tube or pipe 22, while it is preferable that the width dimension of the casing be sufficient to such that the expansion ratio between the area of inlet pipe 22 and the o cross-sectional area of the inside of the housing is in the range of about 1 to 3, as a minimum, and 1 to 8, as a maximum. This can be accomplished if the width dimension is at least about twice the height dimension of the casing but not more than about 4.5 times the height dimension. In the preferred form, an 5 expansion ratio between the area of inlet tube 22 and the internal transverse cross-sectional area of casing 21 is about 1 to 4, with the width dimension being about 2.4 times the height dimension.

In order to achieve the necessary expansion of gases, it is preferable that first partition 36 be formed as a solid

imperforate member which extends over the full height dimension of the casing and yet does not extend over the full width dimension. Instead, partition 36 terminates short of the side casing walls 38 and 39 so as to define a pair of openings 46 and 47 proximate the opposite side walls of the casing. Addition- ally, instead of forming first partition 36 as a conical partition, as so customarily is employed in the prior art, the first partition is provided by a pair of divergently tapering planar surfaces 48 and 49 oriented in substantially vertical planes and connected at an apex positioned at substantially the center of the stream of exhaust gases discharged into the muffler through inlet pipe 22. This construction of first partition 36 produces expansion in substantially one plane, namely, the horizontal plane, as viewed in Figure 1. Second partition 41 is formed to extend across both the width and height dimensions of the casing and is further formed to be imperforate intermediate the casing walls except for central opening means 42. Thus, all of the exhaust gases are forced to converge around the back side of cup-shaped first partition 36 toward central opening 42 in the second partition. There are no auxiliary pathways or openings in the second partition which will allow sound to pass directly along the casing walls. Again, instead of providing a conical or frusto- conical member, second partition 41 is provided by a pair of convergently tapered planar surfaces 51 and 52 oriented in vertical planes and connected to a central planar surface 53 formed with opening 42 therein. Gases, therefore, converge in substantially a single plane, the horizontal plane.

In order to avoid undesirable back pressure in the muffler while limiting the overall muffler length and accordingly

bulk and weight, the converging planar surfaces 51 and 52 converge at a slope with respect to the side walls of the casing in the range of about 45 degrees to about 70 degrees. Thus, ^• angle c should not be greater than 70 degrees or else a substantial increase in back pressure is produced, and the angle also should not be less than 45° or else the overall length and weight of the muffler will be undesirably increased. By way of illustration, the back pressure in the muffler is increased by 3 to 4 times when the angle OC is increased from about 65° to about 80°.

Similarly, in order to minimize back pressure and limit the overall muffler length, it is preferable that planar surfaces 48 and 49 in first partition 36 diverge at an angle β which is equal to between about 45° and about 70°. In order to further enhance sound and attenuation, the muffler of the present invention preferably includes a first partition which is formed with extension means 56 at the edges thereof defining openings 46 and 47. The extension means extends along the longitudinal axis of the casing substantially parallel to the casing walls to define passageways along the casing and a cup-shaped back side of the first partition. It has been found that the addition of extension means 56 to first partition 36 attenuates the sound by about 20 to 30%, as compared to a first partition without the extension means. Although increasing the length of the extension means does increase sound attenuation to some degree, it also increases the overall length of the muffler. Even a short extension means produces a substantial sound attenuation over a first partition formed without the extension. Thus, in a 12-inch (30.5 cm) wide muffler extension means 56 need only have a length of 1/2 to 3/4 inches (1.3 to 1.9 centimeters).

OPERATION As will be seen from the drawing, the muffler of the present invention includes three sets of first and second partitions. Each set of partitions will attenuate the sound component in the exhaust gases by about 1/2 to 2/3 of the sound level in the incoming gases. Three sets of partitions can be used to reduce the sound level on an 800 horsepower engine during maximum acceleration from about 130 db on the A scale (about 5,000 watts) to about 90 db on the A scale (about one tenth of a watt). The back pressure generated by the muffler as shown in the drawings on an 800 horsepower engine will produce less than 2% power loss, with the back pressure being in the range of 1/2 to 1 psi, as compared to commercially available high-performance mufflers which typically will produce a back pressure of between 15 and 20 psi and a 15 to 20% power loss.