FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention is related to solar power generation arrays including a plurality of solar powered modules, as well as power generation tiles, which can be implemented within space-based satellite modules.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Space-based solar structures describe physical structures capable of solar energy collection while deployed in a space environment. Space-based solar structures are designed to collect solar energy and convert it into electric energy for a variety of uses including powering the structure itself to wirelessly transmitting the energy to another structure either space-based or ground based. Space-based solar structures can include a variety of structures ranging from a single satellite to an array of satellites.

[0003] A general limitation of space-based solar structures is the size required to generate a commercially viable energy source. Large arrays are necessary in order to produce a commercially viable amount of energy. The current cost to launch a space- based solar structure is close to $20,000 per kilogram of material. While those costs have the potential to decrease with the advancement of rocket system technology, the cost for placing objects in space are likely to remain a limiting factor for constructing large scale space-based structures for the foreseeable future. The cost limitation for launching large scale structures into space requires space-based systems to reduce volume and weight as much as possible.

[0004] The general limitation of commercial viability has driven development in space-based structures that are more compactable and light weight. In contrast, ground based solar structures do not face the same limitations. Ground based solar structures do not have the added cost of launching into space and therefore do not have to be compactable or light weight. Rather, terrestrial-based systems are generally rigid and bulky. Furthermore terrestrial-based systems can and must be expanded to be large scale in order to be efficient. Finally, without the added cost of launching into space, terrestrial systems can be expanded over time without much added expense. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] An apparatus in accordance with the many embodiments of the invention provides a compactable solar power generation array.

[0006] In a number of embodiments the solar power generation array includes:

• at least one structural substrate body;

• an array of at least two solar concentrators disposed on the at least one structural substrate body, each of the at least two solar concentrators comprising a curved body having a front reflector surface and a back surface, and a first edge pivotably connected to said structural substrate body through at least one resilient connector and a second edge disposed opposite said first edge;

• at least one photovoltaic cell disposed on at least a portion of the back surface of each of the solar concentrators;

• wherein the at least two solar concentrators are deployable between a compacted configuration wherein the first and second edges and the curved body of each of the at least two solar concentrators are positioned parallel to the plane of the at least one structural substrate body and a deployed configuration wherein the second edge and curved body of each of the at least two solar concentrators are positioned out of plane from the plane of the at least one structural substrate body;

• wherein said resilient connector is placed under stress through the application of a holding force when the solar concentrator is disposed in the compacted configuration such that the solar concentrator articulates to the deployed configuration upon removal of the holding force; and

• wherein when disposed in the deployed configuration, each of the solar concentrators is configured to receive and re-direct solar radiation onto the at least one photovoltaic cell disposed on an adjacent solar concentrator.

[0007] In another embodiment, the power generation array includes solar concentrators configured to maintain a parabolic shape upon self-deployment.

[0008] In still another embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell disposed near the second edge of the at least two solar concentrators. [0009] In yet another embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell disposed upon a middle portion of the back surface of the at least two solar concentrators.

[0010] In still yet another embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell further comprising at least one cover glass layer.

[0011] In a further embodiment, the power generation array further includes at least one photovoltaic cell further comprising double sided cover glass layers.

[0012] In still a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least two solar concentrators further comprising a carbon fiber matrix.

[0013] In yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes solar concentrators having at least three carbon fiber layers.

[0014] In still yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes a reflective material disposed on the front reflector surface, wherein the reflective material is selected from a group consisting of gold, silver, aluminum, Kapton, and carbon fiber.

[0015] In another embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one layer of dielectric material disposed upon each of the at least two solar concentrators.

[0016] In still another embodiment, the power generation array further includes at least two solar concentrators further including a plurality of layers having at least a radiative layer, a structural film layer disposed upon the radiative layer, a heat dissipation layer disposed upon the structural film layer, and a reflective layer disposed upon the heat dissipation layer.

[0017] In yet another embodiment, the power generation array further includes a flexibly rigid compactable pre-stressed structural support layer.

[0018] In still yet another embodiment, the power generation array includes a structural support layer comprising a carbon fiber matrix support system.

[0019] In a further embodiment, the power generation array includes a structural support layer comprising at least three carbon fiber layers.

[0020] In still a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one structural substrate body comprising a carbon fiber matrix.

[0021] In yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one power transmitter electromechanically connected to the at least one photovoltaic cell. [0022] In another embodiment, the compactable power generation array includes: a first structural substrate body;

a second structural substrate body;

at least one flexibly rigid connection member compactably connected to the first and second substrate bodies through at least one first resilient connector wherein the first and second structural substrate bodies are deployable between a compacted configuration wherein the first structural substrate body is positioned parallel to the plane of and directly a top of the second structural substrate body and a deployed configuration wherein the first structural substrate body is separated from the second structural substrate body by a space determined by the configuration of the connection member; wherein the resilient connector is placed under stress through a holding force when the first and second structural substrate bodies are disposed in the compacted configuration such that the first structural substrate body self-articulates to a deployed configuration upon the removal of the holding force;

an array of at least two solar concentrators disposed upon the first structural substrate body, each of the at least two solar concentrators comprising a curved body having a front reflector surface and a back surface, and a first edge pivotably connected to the first structural substrate body through at least one second resilient connector and a second edge disposed opposite said first edge;

at least one photovoltaic cell disposed on at least a portion of the back surface of each of the solar concentrators;

wherein the at least two solar concentrators are deployable between a compacted configuration wherein the first and second edges and the curved body of each of the at least two solar concentrators are positioned parallel to the plane of the first and second structural substrate bodies and a deployed configuration wherein the second edge and curved body of each of the at least two solar concentrators are positioned out of plane from the plane of the first structural substrate body; and

wherein said second resilient connector is placed under stress through the application of a holding force when the solar concentrator is disposed in the compacted configuration such that the solar concentrator articulates to the deployed configuration upon removal of the holding force; and wherein when disposed in the deployed configuration, each of the solar concentrators is configured to receive and re-direct solar radiation onto the at least one photovoltaic cell disposed on an adjacent solar concentrator.

[0023] In still another embodiment, the power generation array includes a first and a second structural substrate body further comprising a carbon fiber matrix.

[0024] In yet another embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one connection member further comprising a carbon fiber matrix.

[0025] In still yet another embodiment, the power generation array further includes solar concentrators configured to maintain a parabolic shape upon self-deployment.

[0026] In a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell disposed near the second edge of the at least two solar concentrators.

[0027] In still a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell disposed upon a middle portion of the at least two solar concentrators.

[0028] In still yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one photovoltaic cell further comprising at least one cover glass layer.

[0029] In another embodiment, the power generation array further includes at least one photovoltaic cell comprising double sided cover glass layers.

[0030] In still another embodiment, the power generation array further includes at least two solar concentrators comprising a carbon fiber matrix.

[0031] In yet another embodiment, the power generation array further includes a carbon fiber matrix comprising at least three carbon fiber layers.

[0032] In still yet another embodiment, the power generation array further includes a reflective material disposed on the front solar concentrator surface, wherein the reflective material is selected from a group consisting of gold, silver, aluminum, Kapton, and carbon fiber.

[0033] In a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least one layer of dielectric material disposed upon each of the at least two solar concentrators.

[0034] In still a further embodiment, the power generation array includes at least two solar concentrators further comprising a plurality of layers having at least a radiative layer, a structural film layer disposed upon the radiative layer, a heat dissipation layer disposed upon the structural film layer, and a reflective layer disposed upon the heat dissipation layer.

[0035] In yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes a flexibly rigid compactable pre-stressed structural support layer.

[0036] In still yet a further embodiment, the power generation array includes a structural support layer comprising a carbon fiber matrix support system.

[0037] In another embodiment, the power generation array further includes a carbon fiber matrix support system comprising at least three carbon fiber layers.

[0038] In still another embodiment, the power generation array further includes at least one power transmitter electromechanically connected to the at least one photovoltaic cell.

[0039] In still yet another embodiments, the at least one power transmitter is disposed on the second structural substrate body.

[0040] The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] The description will be more fully understood with reference to the following figures and data graphs, which are presented as various embodiments of the disclosure and should not be construed as a complete recitation of the scope of the disclosure, wherein:

[0042] Figure 1A conceptually illustrates an isometric view of a compactable power generation array in a deployed configuration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0043] Figure 1 B conceptually illustrates a profile view of a compactable power generation array in a deployed configuration further illustrating the function of the solar concentrators on the upper substrate body of the power generation array in accordance with some embodiments. [0044] Figure 2 conceptually illustrates a profile view of a compactable power generation array in both a compacted and deployed configurations in accordance with some embodiments.

[0045] Figure 3 provides a data graph of the concentration of the power generation array as a function of concentrator and PV cell mass in accordance with some embodiments.

[0046] Figure 4A conceptually illustrates a version of a compactable power generation array in which the PV cell is located at the tip of the concentrator in accordance with some embodiments.

[0047] Figure 4B conceptually illustrated a version of a compactable power generation array in which the PV cell position is located in the middle portion on the back surface of the concentrator in accordance with some embodiments.

[0048] Figure 5 provides a data graph of the PV cell temperature as a function of cell position on the concentrator with respect to some embodiments of a PV cell having a single cover glass layer.

[0049] Figure 6 provides a data graph of the PV cell temperature as a function of cell position on the concentrator with respect to some embodiments of a PV cell having a double sided cover glass layer.

[0050] Figure 7 provides a data graph of the optical efficiency of a power generation array as a function of incidence angle in relation to the position of the PV cell in accordance with some embodiments.

[0051] Figure 8 provides a data graph of the mass per area of a power generation array as a function of aluminum reflector thickness in relation to the position of the PV cell on the concentrator in accordance with some embodiments.

[0052] Figure 9A conceptually illustrates a solar concentrator construction using a single structural substrate in conjunction with a reflective material in accordance with some embodiments.

[0053] Figure 9B conceptually illustrates a solar concentrator construction using a composite of a structural support spring in conjunction with a multi-layer parabolic concentrator in accordance with some embodiments. [0054] Figure 10 provides a data graph of the mass per are of a power generation array as a function of structural substrate material and reflector material in accordance with some embodiments.

[0055] Figure 1 1 provides a table of various carbon fiber types for use in a structural configuration of a solar concentrator in accordance with some embodiments.

[0056] Figure 12 provides a data graph of the PV cell temperature as a function of carbon fiber type and solar concentration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0057] Figure 13 provides a data graph of the PV cell temperature as a function of carbon fiber composite thermal conductivity and solar concentration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0058] Figure 14 provides a data graph of the PV cell temperature as a function of Kapton emissivity in conjunction with reflective material thickness and cell position in accordance with some embodiments.

[0059] Figure 15 provides a data graph of the solar concentrator tip deflection as a function of Kapton thickness and solar concentration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0060] Figure 16 provides a data graph of the solar concentrator tip deflection as a function of composite type and solar concentration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0061] Figure 17 conceptually illustrates the integration of a compactible power generation array in a generation tile in an overall space-based solar power station system in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0062] Turning now to the drawings, compactable power generation arrays in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are illustrated. In many embodiments, the compactable power generation arrays may comprise a structural substrate body having an array of solar concentrators configured to receive and redirect solar radiation onto a plurality of photovoltaic (PV) cells. In many other embodiments the PV cells may be disposed upon a back surface of each of the solar concentrators such that an adjacent solar concentrator is configured to re-direct solar radiation onto the PV cell disposed on the back surface of the adjacent solar concentrator. In still other embodiments, the PV cells may be disposed in a variety of locations on the back surface of each of the concentrators to improve heat dissipation and overall power generation of the array. Additionally, the PV cells may comprise multiple glass layers for improved heat dissipation. Furthermore, the array configuration may comprise at least one power transmitter. In many embodiments, the structural substrate of the tile may comprise a plurality of layers or levels configured to self-deploy or separate during operational conditions. The separation and self-deployment of the plurality of layers may be realized through the integration of springs or struts attached to resilient connectors and configured to compress during non-deployment conditions. In accord with the many embodiments, the springs or struts may be formed of a carbon fiber substrate. In many embodiments herein, the solar concentrators and tiles may be formed with a flexibly rigid substrate to facilitate self-deployment.

[0063] In accord with the many embodiments, the concentrators may be configured in a variety of efficient shapes to include a parabolic concentrator shape. The parabolic concentrators, in accordance with the many embodiments, may comprise a variety of different materials. In some embodiments a plurality of pre-formed carbon fiber layers may act as the concentrator and self-deploying spring structure of the concentrator. In some embodiments the pre-formed carbon fibers may have an additional layer disposed thereon configured to redirect or reflect solar radiation onto the PV cells on at least one adjacent concentrator. In yet other embodiments, the pre-formed carbon fiber may be configured to be self-reflective without the requirement of an additional reflective layer. Additionally, in accord with the many embodiments of the invention, the pre-formed carbon fiber concentrators may comprise a variety of different carbon fiber configurations to include different layup angles and different material characteristics or a combination thereof for improved self-deployment and power generation capabilities. Furthermore, in some embodiments of the invention the solar concentrators may contain an additional dielectric layer to improve the overall power generation of the array.

[0064] In other embodiments, the concentrators may be configured to comprise a plurality of different layers of materials to include any suitablecarbon fiber, Kapton film, a reflector material, such as aluminum, gold, and silver or a combination thereof. In many embodiments, the carbon fiber may be combined with the Kapton film and a reflector material and serve as a self-deployment spring and shape retainer of the solar concentrators. In yet other embodiments the Kapton film and reflective material may be disposed upon another material acting as a self-deploying spring.

[0065] A power generation array refers to an individual solar power collecting and transmitting element that may be integrated into a solar panel or module for use in a number of large-scale space-based solar power stations. Each power generation array may include structures such as radiation collectors for focusing solar radiation on the photovoltaic cell, thermal radiators for regulating the temperature of the power generation array, and radiation shielding, among other structures. In many embodiments a power generation array is a modular solar radiation collector, converter and transmitter that collects solar radiation through at least one photovoltaic cell and uses the electrical current to provide power to at least one power transmitter collocated on the same array that transmits the converted power to one or more remote power receiving collectors.

[0066] A solar concentrator refers to an individual solar reflector within a power generation tile. The concentrator includes a structural substrate and a reflector surface. The concentrator is any device that re-directs solar radiation and concentrates the radiation onto a specific photovoltaic cell.

[0067] A photovoltaic cell (PV) refers to an individual solar power collecting element on a power generation array. The PV includes any electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect including elements made from polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon, thin film solar cells that include amorphous silicon, CdTe and CIGS cells, multijunction cells, perovskite cells, organic/polymer cells, and various alternatives thereof.

[0068] A power transmitter or radiator refers to an individual radiative element on a power generation array and its associated control circuitry. A power transmitter can include any device capable of converting power in the electrical current generated by the PV to a wireless signal, such as microwave radiation or light, including (but not limited to) a laser, a klystron, a traveling-wave tube, a gyrotron, or suitable transistor and/or diode. A power transmitter may also include suitable transmissive antennas, such as, dipole, patch, helical or spherical antennas, among others.

[0069] A large-scale space-based solar power station or simply solar power station refers to a collection of satellite modules being flown in an orbital array formation designed to function as one or more phased arrays. In embodiments the one or more phased arrays may be operated to direct the collected solar radiation to one or more power receiving collectors.

[0070] Large-scale space-based solar power stations may comprise an array of modules or panels that may incorporate a plurality of power generation arrays. Typical similar systems utilize mechanically linked rigid structures for the deployment of solar panel arrays. Such structures are often large with relatively high mass per unit ratio. The use of typical rigid structures within a large-scale space-based solar power station can dramatically increase the weight of the overall structure; thus increasing the cost of manufacture and deployment. The structure, size, and complexity of the large-scale space-based solar power stations require the most efficient power generation possible to ensure the commercial viability of the overall system. The use of light weight compactable power generation arrays can ultimately aid in reducing the overall weight of the deployed structure. Furthermore, the use of self-deploying components can eliminate the number of mechanical linkages thus improving weight issue and longevity of the system.

[0071] In many embodiments efficient power generation arrays can be implemented. The implementation of such power generation arrays within the described large-scale space-based solar power systems can make them more practical insofar as they can offer greater power generation per unit mass. As can be appreciated, power generation tiles having a reduced mass can be advantageous for at least two reasons: (1 ) they can allow for reduced launch costs - i.e. a reduced payload can be cheaper to send into outer space; and (2) they can enable easier maneuverability of corresponding satellite modules. Against this backdrop, in many embodiments, lightweight substrates that are flexibly rigid can be used in conjunction with thin film pliable photovoltaic materials to create the structural support and overall structure of the power generation tiles. Compactable Power Generation Array

[0072] Turning to the figures, in many embodiments the power generation arrays may have further compactible and expandable features and structures disposed thereon. Figures 1A and 1 B illustrate various embodiments of a power generation array in a deployed configuration wherein the upper structural substrate body 101 may be compactably connected to a lower structural substrate body 102 through a plurality of connection members 105 such as springs, struts, or tension arms and interconnected connection member resilient connectors 109. In some embodiments solar concentrators 103 may be disposed upon the upper substrate body 101 within the power generation array 100 connected through an array of concentrator resilient connectors 108, whereby once deployed the concentrators 103 may efficiently redirect solar radiation 107 toward an associated photovoltaic cell 104 located on an adjacent solar concentrator 103. In many embodiments the photovoltaic cell 104 is electromechanically connected to a power transmitter 106 which in some embodiments may be disposed upon a lower structural substrate body 102 of the power generation array 100.

[0073] In many embodiments, deployment mechanisms are provided to deploy the compacted power generation arrays (e.g., move the compactible elements of the satellite module from a compacted to a deployed configuration). In Figures 1A and 1 B various embodiments of an upper structural substrate body 101 having an array of solar concentrators 103 disposed thereon are illustrated in which the solar concentrators 103 may be connected to the substrate body 101 via an array of resilient connectors 108. In many embodiments, the resilient connectors 108 may be an active or passive mechanism such that when activated the compacted concentrators may be articulated into a deployed operational configuration.

[0074] It can be appreciated that in some embodiments of the power generation arrays, the photovoltaic cell, the concentrator and power transmitter may be movably interrelated through a generally compactable structure, such that when in a compacted configuration the elements of the power generation array are compressed together to occupy a total volume that is less than when in a deployed configuration. For example in some deployed configurations the substrate 201 having the collectors 203 and photovoltaic cells 204 disposed thereon, and the substrate 202 having the power transmitter (not shown) may be separated by a gap (e.g., to create a vertical offset there between) as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 demonstrates that such a gap may be managed by the use of connection members 205, either spring or tension arms or similar. An additional embodiment may include the use of resilient connectors 209 to assist in the deployment of the array 200 and solar concentrators 203. Furthermore, in the compacted state, as illustrated in Figure 2, it can be appreciated that the concentrators 203 and the connection members 205 may also be compacted or folded to a flattened position to reduce the total volume occupied by the power generation array 200. Such compactable structures may also incorporate packaging techniques such as one or a combination of z-folding, wrapping, rolling, fan-folding, double z- folding, Miura-ori, slip folding and symmetric wrapping may be used, among others. Such packaging techniques, in some embodiments, may represent a force applied to the resilient connectors of the connection member 209 and the resilient connectors of the concentrators 208.

[0075] In a number of embodiments, concentrators are implemented that redirect solar radiation toward an associated photovoltaic cell, such that the photovoltaic cell can experience greater solar flux relative to the case where no concentrators are used. As can be appreciated, the amount of electrical current that a corresponding PV cell is able to produce is directly related to the incident solar radiation (accounting for its concentration/flux). In this way, for a given target power generation value, the utilization of concentrators can allow the amount of photovoltaic materials used, along with respective attendant radiative shielding (which can be relatively massive), to be reduced. Figure 3 illustrates a chart demonstrating how the combined mass of a concentrator and a PV cell diminishes as a function of concentration. In particular, the data in the graph is for a 10cm by 10cm power generation array, with 5 1 -dimensional solar collector/PV elements in accordance with embodiments, a 100 μηι cover glass, with 30 urn copper back contact/structural support, a 1 μηι GaAs photovoltaic film, supported by a 12.5 μηι KAPTON polyimide substrate. Thus, it is illustrated how the mass of a corresponding power generation array can be substantially reduced using an array of such concentrators. [0076] The concentrators may take any suitable form in accordance with the many embodiments of the invention. It can be appreciated that concentrators can also be implemented in a variety of geometric configurations. For example, Figures 1 A, 1 B, and 2 illustrate an example embodiment of concentrators 103 or 203 in a parabolic trough configuration. The particular characteristics of the parabolic shapes can be adjusted depending on the particular application of the power generation array.

[0077] In many embodiments, a staggered configuration is implemented, whereby concentrators redirect solar radiation towards photovoltaic cells that are disposed on the back surface of adjacently disposed concentrators. Figures 1A, 1 B and 2 illustrate a staggered-type configuration that can be implemented in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. More specifically, Figure 1A illustrates an isometric view of embodiments a staggered configuration. In particular, it is depicted that the configuration 100 includes a plurality of concentrators 103, each having a photovoltaic cell 104 disposed on a back surface. The photovoltaic cells are disposed such that the concentrators 103 redirect solar radiation onto a photovoltaic cell that is disposed the on back surface of an adjacent concentrator. Figure 1 B illustrates a generalized understanding of the operation of embodiments of the staggered-type configuration. In particular, it is illustrated that solar radiation 107 is redirected by a respective concentrator 103 onto a photovoltaic cell 104 that is disposed on the back surface of an adjacent concentrator. As can be gathered from the above discussion, the concentrators 103 can be curved so as to focus the solar radiation 107 onto the targeted photovoltaic cell 104. It should be clear that embodiments of the invention are not constrained to the precise manifestation of these operating principles. Rather, the understood generalized operating principles are discussed here to facilitate the understanding of the discussed structure.

[0078] In several embodiments, configurations are implemented that facilitate the radiative cooling of the photovoltaic cells, which can allow them to generate power more efficiently. As can be appreciated, photovoltaic cells can heat up extensively during operation, and heat can adversely impact a photovoltaic cell's ability to produce electrical current. [0079] Staggered-type configurations can be advantageous insofar as each of the concentrators can act as a heat sink for a coupled PV cell, thereby facilitating conductive and radiative cooling, and consequently a more efficient PV cell operation. In some embodiments of the invention the position of the coupled PV cell can vary in order to better facilitate cooling of the PV cell. As illustrated in Figure 4A, in accord with many embodiments of the invention, the PV cell 404 can be located at or near the free edge 402 of the concentrator 403. Additionally, Figure 4B illustrates an alternative shifted position of the PV Cell 404. In accordance with many embodiments of the invention the PV cell 404 may be located near the center of the concentrator 403 to allow for a dual path of heat dissipation. It can be appreciated that many alternative locations of the PV cell can be incorporated for efficient heat dissipation and a more efficient operation of the power generation array.

[0080] Figure 5 provides a chart illustrating how the change in position of the PV cell with a single protective glass layer can reduce the temperature of the cell in a 15 X solar concentration scenario. The concentrator make up is that of varying thicknesses of an aluminum reflector material. Accordingly, in various embodiments the thickness of the aluminum reflector material may vary from 1 to 10 pm, and the position of the PV cell relative to the free edge of the collector may vary from 0.5 to 7 mm.

[0081] In still other embodiments of the invention a PV cell utilizing a double sided cover glass in conjunction with a shifting PV cell along the solar concentrator may be used to reduce the cell temperature. As demonstrated in Figure 6, solar concentrators with various thicknesses of aluminum reflector material exhibit a decrease in cell temperature in relation to the shift in cell position. Again, in various embodiments the thickness of the aluminum reflector material may vary from 1 to 10 pm, and the position of the PV cell relative to the free edge of the collector may vary from 0.5 to 7 mm. Additionally, Figure 7 provides a chart illustrating the relationship between the shifting cell position and the optical efficiency. As shown, in various embodiments the cell may be shifted such that the incidence angle of the solar radiation is from 0 to 1 .5 degrees.

[0082] Furthermore, in many embodiments to improve the efficiency of the power generation array, the position of the PV cell may be shifted to reduce the mass per area of the power generation array. As illustrated in the graph in Figure 8, the mass per area can be significantly decreased along with a decrease in cell temperature when the PV cell is shifted along the back surface of the solar concentrator and utilizes a double sided cover glass embodiment of the PV cell. In various embodiments, for example, a single-sided glass covered PV cell may be disposed at the edge of the concentrator. In other embodiments the cell may be shifted away from the edge of the concentrator from 1 to 6 mm, and in some embodiments 3 mm. In still other embodiments a shifted or unshifted PV cell may be provided with a double-sided glass covering. It should be clear that embodiments of the invention are not confined to the exact configurations as described in the aforementioned figures but rather a general explanation of how to reduce heat and mass in an effort to improve the overall efficiency of the power generation array.

[0083] Solar concentrators may be constructed using any of a variety of materials and techniques in accord with many embodiments of the invention. For example, in several embodiments, solar concentrator configurations are implemented using polyimide films in conjunction with carbon fiber matrix support structures. Figure 9A illustrates a perspective view as well as cross section of a single solar concentrator that depicts materials that can be used in its construction. In particular, it is illustrated that solar concentrators 903 may comprise a reflective material 909 disposed on a variety of layered materials that may include a KAPTON polyimide layer 920, that is itself utilized in conjunction with a carbon fiber matrix support structure 940. The solar concentrator may be connected to a structural substrate 901 by way of a resilient connector 908. In accord with many other embodiments the structural substrate 901 may be constructed from a carbon fiber matrix. Furthermore, in accord with many embodiments the carbon fiber support matrix in both the solar concentrator 903 and the structural substrate body 901 may comprise at least three layers of carbon fiber.

[0084] Figure 9B illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention wherein the concentrator 903 may comprise a plurality of layers comprising a heat spreader material 930, a radiator material 910, and a Kapton polyimide material that may be formed with a composite matrix structure 940 for attachment of the PV cell 904 and attachment to the structural substrate body 901 . Additionally, the multi-layer solar concentrator can be connected to a structural substrate body 901 by way of a resilient connector 908. As can be appreciated, the carbon fiber matrix support 940 in conjunction with the resilient connector 908 can improve structural integrity and aid in articulating the solar concentrator to a deployed configuration. In other embodiments the concentrator 903 can be formed of a full composite parabolic configuration as illustrated in Figure 9A. Here the carbon fiber matrix support 940 may act as structural support and an additional resilient force for deployment of the solar concentrator 903. Additionally, the carbon fiber matrix support 940 can have a reflective material 909 disposed on the carbon fiber matrix support 940 parabolic surface. In many embodiments, the carbon fiber matrix support and polyimide films have demonstrated sufficient pliability and durability for operation in space. Although, it should again be clear that while certain materials are referenced, any suitable materials can be incorporated in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention. For instance, any of a variety of spring materials can be incorporated, including any of a variety of conductive spring materials, and non- conductive spring materials.

[0085] It can be appreciated that the use of carbon fiber in the construction of the concentrators may aid in the reduction of weight as carbon fiber is less dense than traditional materials. For example the carbon fiber concentrators can be manufactured with a minimum of three plies of carbon fiber to a total thickness of 50 μηι. Furthermore, the use of carbon fiber can provide for a lower mass per area ratio with the application of a metallic reflective material. The chart in Figure 10 illustrates the mass contributions from the various materials used in the construction of PV cells in accordance with embodiments. As shown, carbon fiber exhibits a lower mass per area ratio compared to aluminum and Kapton, and a steep reduction in mass per area is obtained by reducing the thickness of the aluminum layer from 10 to 2 pm.

[0086] In some embodiments of the invention the carbon fiber matrix can be manufactured using a variety of different carbon fiber. As illustrated in Figure 1 1 , various types of carbon fiber may be used in various orientations to achieve the desired weight and shape of the staggered-type concentrators, including, for example YsH-70A- 60s, MSSSJ and T800H. Furthermore, the various carbon fiber configurations that may be used in some embodiments of the invention will have differing thermal conductivity properties for reducing the PV cell temperature as illustrated by the chart in Figure 12. For example, a T800 material having a thickness of 17 microns/ply demonstrates a thermal conductance of 18 W/mK, whereas M55J with a thickness of 30 microns/ply demonstrates a thermal conductance of 75 W/mK, and YSH with a thickness of 40 microns/ply demonstrates a thermal conductance of 125 W/mK. Accordingly, in many embodiments a thicker carbon fiber may be used in the construction of the concentrator and/or springs to allow for lower PV cell temperatures at higher solar radiation concentrations.

[0087] It can be further appreciated that the high thermal conductivity of the various carbon fiber configurations can provide more efficient heat dissipation thus allowing the use of thinner metallic reflective layers to be disposed upon the carbon fiber concentrator. The thinner metallic reflective layers can contribute to one of the many goals, including weight reduction, of the power generation array. The chart in Figure 13 illustrates the PV cell temperature in relation to the thermal conductivity of a carbon fiber concentrator with a 100 nm thick layer of gold reflector material at various solar concentration factors (e.g., 10, 15 and 20). In other embodiments a thermal management layer may be applied to aid in reducing cell temperature and improving thermal conductivity. Accordingly, in many embodiments a carbon fiber material is utilized having a thermal conductivity of from 35 to 400 W/mK. This is further illustrated in Figure 13 wherein cell temperature decreases greater in embodiments incorporating a 5μΓη of S1O2 coating.

[0088] It can further be appreciated that carbon fiber in some embodiments of the invention can have superior properties when compared to the use of only Kapton materials. As illustrated in Figure 14, Kapton samples were tested with various thicknesses of Aluminum reflective layers; the thinnest of which was ten times thicker than that which was used on the carbon counterparts. Accordingly in many embodiments Kapton may be used having an emissivity of from 0.8 to 1 , with an Al coating of from 1 to 10 pm. It can be appreciated that in some embodiments the PV cell can be moved to a different location on the solar concentrator and can produce a much better emissivity value. Accordingly, in various embodiments the PV cell may be positioned away from the free edge of the concentrator from 1 to 10mm, up to the midpoint of the concentrator. Therefore, in accordance with the many embodiments of the invention it should be understood that the aforementioned figures with respect to the solar concentrator are not limiting as to the only configurations of the concentrator. In accordance with the many embodiments of the invention there are multiple applications for which the many embodiments may be used.

[0089] As discussed above one advantage of the use of carbon fiber in many embodiments of the invention is the reduction of differing materials, thus reducing the number of differing coefficients of thermal expansion. As such it can be appreciated that the use of carbon fiber can aid in the reduction of geometrical distortion of the concentrators under operating conditions. Increased differences in materials can lead to greater geometric distortion of the concentrators and reduce the efficiency of the power generation array. As illustrated by the charts in Figures 15 and 16 the tip deflection of a carbon fiber solar concentrator in accordance with embodiments can be significantly less than what might be seen with the use of more traditional materials. It should be clear that embodiments of the invention are not confined to the exact configurations as described in the aforementioned figures but rather a general explanation of how to reduce heat and mass in an effort to improve the overall efficiency of the power generation array. For example, 10 to 25 micron Kapton may be coated with 1 to 10 pm of Al to reduce tip deflection. Alternatively, carbon fiber having a ply thickness of from 17 to 40 microns/ply may be utilized in various embodiments

[0090] As shown in Figure 17, in accordance with the many embodiments of the invention the power generation array described herein can be implemented in a variety of space based solar power systems. For example, as shown in the illustration, the power generation array can be implemented into a single module or a plurality of modules that are configured to transmit solar energy back to a specified location on Earth or to an extraterrestrial location.

[0091] While particular embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein and that various modifications, changes, and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and apparatuses of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as it is defined in the appended claims.