SYSTEMS HAVING STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS

BACKGROUND

Description of Related Art

[0001] Robotic surgery involves a clinician, such as a surgeon or technician, operating a surgical robot via a control console. Robotic surgery may be performed endoscopically, and thus the only view of a surgical site available to the clinician may be images, such as three- dimensional (3D) or stereoscopic images, captured by an endoscopic camera. While operating the surgical robot, and thus viewing the 3D images, the clinician’s head may be moved. Such movement of the clinician’s head may cause the clinician to expect corresponding movement of the 3D images, for instance, based on a change in the clinician’s perspective. However, conventional 3D video images are not configured to move based on movement of the clinician’s head. Thus, if the clinician’s head is moved while the clinician views the 3D images, the 3D images that the clinician perceives are somewhat different from the 3D images that the clinician expects to perceive. This difference may be even greater in surgical robotic systems that utilize head or gaze tracking to control movement of the robotic arm coupled to the endoscopic camera. In view of the foregoing, it would be beneficial to have improved systems and methods for controlling and displaying stereoscopic images from an endoscopic camera while controlling a surgical robot during robotic surgery. SUMMARY

[0002] The present disclosure describes robotic surgical systems with observer movement compensation, in accordance with various embodiments. In an aspect of the present disclosure, an illustrative system includes an image capture device configured to capture images of a surgical site, a stereoscopic display device, a sensor configured to detect positions of an observer, and a computing device including at least one processor and a memory storing instructions. When executed by the at least one processor, the instructions cause the computing device to receive the images of the surgical site from the image capture device, receive data from the sensor indicating a first position of the observer, process the received images of the surgical site based on the first position of the observer, and cause the stereoscopic display device to display the processed stereoscopic images of the surgical site.

[0003] In embodiments, the images of the surgical site include left-eye image data and right-eye image data.

[0004] In some embodiments, the images of the surgical site have a frame size, and the processing the received images of the surgical site based on the first position of the observer includes determining a portion of the images to display based on the first position of the observer, the portion of the images to display being smaller than the frame size.

[0005] In another embodiment, the portion of the images to display corresponds to a number of pixels less than the number of pixels included in the images of the surgical site.

[0006] In an embodiment, the determining the portion of the images to display includes cropping at least a portion of the images. [0007] In embodiments, the determining the portion of the images to display includes shifting at least a portion of the images.

[0008] In some embodiments, the shifting of at least the portion of the images includes determining a vector of movement of the observer based on the first position of the observer, determining a direction and an amount of pixels to shift based on the determined vector of movement of the observer, and shifting at least a portion of the images based on the determined direction and amount of pixels to shift.

[0009] In additional embodiments, the determining the vector of movement of the observer further includes determining a degree of movement, and the determining the direction and the amount of pixels to shift is further based on the determined degree of movement.

[0010] In another embodiment, the determining the direction and the amount of pixels to shift is further based on a relationship between the vector of movement of the observer and the direction and amount of pixels to shift. The relationship may be based on a table or a threshold.

[0011] In embodiments, the determining of the vector of movement of the observer includes determining whether the first position of the observer approaches a maximum threshold, and providing an alert indicating that the first position of the observer approaches the maximum threshold.

[0012] In an embodiment, the determining the vector of movement of the observer includes determining whether the first position of the observer exceeds a maximum threshold, and providing an alert indicating that the first position of the observer exceeds the maximum threshold. [0013] In another embodiment, the system further includes a surgical robot, wherein the image capture device is coupled to the surgical robot, and the instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the computing device to determine a vector of movement of the observer based on the data received from the sensor; and cause the surgical robot to reposition the image capture device based on the determined vector of movement of the observer.

[0014] In some embodiments, the stereoscopic display is an autostereoscopic display.

[0015] In several embodiments, the stereoscopic display is a passive stereoscopic display, and the system further comprises three-dimensional (3D) glasses worn by the observer.

[0016] In embodiments, the 3D glasses cause a left-eye image to be displayed to a left eye of the observer, and a right-eye image to be displayed to a right eye of the observer.

[0017] In an embodiment, the image capture device is a stereoscopic camera coupled to an endoscope.

[0018] In another embodiment, the sensor is a motion sensor or a camera.

[0019] In some embodiments, the data received from the sensor indicating a first position of the observer includes an image of the observer, and the instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the computing device to generate second image data based on the image of the observer, and detect the first position of the observer by processing the second image data.

[0020] In several embodiments, the detecting first position of the observer includes detecting one or more of a distance of the observer relative to a vector normal to the stereoscopic display, a direction of the observer relative to the vector normal to the stereoscopic display, or an orientation of the observer relative to the stereoscopic display.

[0021] In embodiments, the direction of the observer is one or more of a lateral direction or a vertical direction.

[0022] In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the computing device to receive additional data from the sensor indicating a second position of the observer, process the received images of the surgical site based on the second position of the observer, and cause the stereoscopic display to display the processed images of the surgical site.

[0023] Provided in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure are methods for compensating for observer movement in a robotic surgical system. In an aspect of the present disclosure, an illustrative method includes receiving images of a surgical site from an image capture device, receiving data from a sensor indicating a first position of an observer, processing the received images of the surgical site based on the first position of the observer, and causing a stereoscopic display device to display the processed images of the surgical site.

[0024] Provided in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure are non- transitory computer-readable storage media storing a program for compensating for observer movement in a robotic surgical system. In an aspect of the present disclosure, an illustrative program includes instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause a computing device to receive images of a surgical site from an image capture device, receive data from a sensor indicating a first position of an observer, process the received images of the surgical site based on the first position of the observer, and cause a stereoscopic display device to display the processed images of the surgical site.

[0025] Any of the above aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Various aspects and features of the present disclosure are described hereinbelow with references to the drawings, wherein:

[0027] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary robotic surgical system that may be used to compensate for observer movement, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0028] FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary computing device forming part of the system of FIG. 1;

[0029] FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for compensating for observer movement in a robotic surgical system having a stereoscopic display, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0030] FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for processing stereoscopic image data that compensates for observer movement, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and [0031] FIG. 5 shows various views of an exemplary graphical user interface that may be displayed by the computing device of FIG. 2, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

PET AIT, ED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The present disclosure generally relates to the display of stereoscopic images on a three-dimensional (3D) display and, more particularly, to the mitigation of a head-movement effect that is perceived by a user when viewing stereoscopic images on a conventional 3D display. In that regard, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for compensating for observer movement in robotic surgical systems having stereoscopic displays, such as by detecting movement of the observer, repositioning an endoscopic camera based on the detected movement of the observer, shifting images received from the endoscopic camera based on the detected movement of the observer to compensate for the movement of the observer, and displaying the shifted images on a stereoscopic display. In this manner, the stereoscopic images are cropped and/or shifted, such as by shifting one or more lines and/or columns of pixels around the edges of the stereoscopic images, based on movement of the observer’s head prior to being displayed. The effect of such shifting of the stereoscopic images is that the observer’s perceived movement of the stereoscopic images caused by movement of the observer’s head is visually mitigated by changing a displayed portion of the stereoscopic images to cause the displayed images to“move” in the way the observer expects the stereoscopic images to move even if the images received from the endoscopic camera do not move. Visual and/or auditory guidance, notifications, and/or alarms may be displayed and/or emitted by the stereoscopic display and/or a computing device associated therewith, to assist the observer with appropriately moving the observer’s body, head, face, and/or eyes to control movement of the endoscopic camera and/or shifting of the images. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the endoscopic camera may also be controlled based on other user interfaces, and thus need not be controlled based on movement of the observer.

[0033] With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a system 100 for compensating for observer movement in robotic surgical systems having stereoscopic displays, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. System 100 includes a table 110 supporting a body B, a stereoscopic display device 120, one or more image capture devices l25a and l25b, an endoscope 140 including an endoscopic camera 145, a surgical robot assembly 150, and a computing device 200. FIG. 1 further shows the observer O. The observer may be a user, clinician, surgeon, nurse, technician, and/or any other person operating surgical robot assembly 150.

[0034] Endoscopic camera 145 may be a single camera or a plurality of cameras capable of capturing stereoscopic images and/or any other camera or imaging device known to those skilled in the art that may be used to capture 3D images of a surgical site. In some embodiments, endoscopic camera 145 is a dual-lens or multi-lens camera. Display 120 may be any stereoscopic display device configured to output stereoscopic images to the observer. For example, display 120 may be an autostereoscopic display, a passive stereoscopic display, and/or any other display device configured to display three-dimensional (3D) images known to those skilled in the art. In embodiments where display 120 is a passive stereoscopic display device, system 100 may further include 3D glasses 127 worn by the observer. For example, 3D glasses 127 may cause a left-eye image to be displayed to a left eye of the observer, and a right-eye image to be displayed to a right eye of the observer. [0035] Image capture devices l25a and l25b, may be any image capture devices known to those skilled in the art, such as video cameras, still cameras, stereoscopic cameras, etc. In some embodiments, image capture devices l25a and l25b are motion sensors configured to detect movement of the observer. In other embodiments, image capture devices l25a, l25b are infrared light based marker tracking devices configured to track markers attached to the observer, such as to the observer’s head and/or to 3D glasses 127. In embodiments, image capture devices l25a and l25b are positioned about display 120 to detect a viewing direction and/or angle of the observer. Image capture devices l25a and l25b, are referred to collectively hereinafter as image capture devices 125.

[0036] Surgical robot assembly 150 includes a base 151, a first joint 152 coupled to base

151, a first robotic arm 155, coupled to first joint 152, a second joint 153 coupled to first robotic arm 155, a second robotic arm 154 coupled to second joint 153, and an instrument drive unit 156 coupled to second arm 154. Endoscope 140 is attached to surgical robot assembly 150 via instrument drive unit 156. In embodiments, multiple surgical robot assemblies 150 may be used concurrently and may together form a surgical robot. While a single surgical robot assembly 150 is shown in FIG. 1, multiple surgical robot assemblies 150 may be included in the surgical training environment, and those skilled in the art will recognize that the below-described methods may be applied using surgical robots having single and/or multiple surgical robot assemblies 150, each including at least one base 151, robotic arms 154 and 155, joints 152 and 153, and instrument drive unit 156, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Body B may be a body of a patient upon whom a robotic surgical procedure is being performed.

[0037] Computing device 200 may be any computing device configurable for use during robotic surgery known to those skilled in the art. For example, computing device 200 may be a desktop computer, laptop computer, server and terminal configuration, and/or a control computer for surgical robot assembly 150, etc. In some embodiments, computing device 200 may be included in display 120. As described further below, system 100 may be used during robotic surgery to detect movement of the observer, reposition endoscope 140 based on the detected movement, and shift images captured by endoscopic camera 145 based on the detected movement.

[0038] Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic diagram of computing device

200 forming part of system 100 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Computing device 200 includes a memory 202 storing a database 240 and an application 280. Application 280 includes instructions which, when executed by a processor 204, cause computing device 200 to perform various functions, as described below. Application 280 further includes graphical user interface (GUI) instructions 285 which, when executed by processor 204, cause computing device 200 to generate one or more GUIs (not shown in FIG. 2), such as, for example, the exemplary GUI shown in FIGs. 5A-5D. Database 240 stores various tables, thresholds, and/or relational data related to shifting of images based on movement of the observer, as further described below.

[0039] Memory 202 may include any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for storing data and/or software that is executable by processor 204 and which controls the operation of computing device 200, display 120, and/or surgical robot assembly 150. In an embodiment, memory 202 may include one or more solid-state storage devices such as flash memory chips. Alternatively, or in addition to the one or more solid-state storage devices, memory 202 may include one or more mass storage devices connected to the processor 204 through a mass storage controller (not shown in FIG. 2) and a communications bus (not shown in FIG. 2). Although the description of computer-readable media included herein refers to a solid- state storage, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that computer-readable storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by processor 204. That is, computer- readable storage media may include non-transitory, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. For example, computer-readable storage media may include RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other solid state memory technology, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-Ray or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by computing device 200.

[0040] Computing device 200 further includes an input interface 206, a communications interface 208, and an output interface 210. Input interface 206 may be a mouse, keyboard, or other hand-held controller, foot pedal, touch screen, voice interface, and/or any other device or interface by means of which a user may interact with computing device 200.

[0041] Communications interface 208 may be configured to connect to a network such as a local area network (LAN) consisting of a wired network and/or a wireless network, a wide area network (WAN), a wireless mobile network, a Bluetooth network, and/or the internet. Output interface 210 may be a screen or other display device usable to output images or data by computing device 200.

[0042] With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown a flowchart of an exemplary method 300 for compensating for observer movement in robotic surgical systems having stereoscopic displays, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In embodiments, method 300 may be implemented using a system, such as system 100 of FIG. 1, and one or more computing devices, such as computing device 200 of FIG. 2. Starting at step S302, computing device 200 receives one or more images of a surgical site within body B. The images may be first images of the surgical site, and may be captured by endoscopic camera 145. The first images may be stereoscopic images including left-eye image data and right-eye image data. In some embodiments, the first images are live images of the surgical site, and the below-described processing of the first images occurs in real time.

[0043] Next, at step S304, computing device 200 receives data indicating a position of the observer. The data may be acquired by image capture devices 125. The data may include images and/or image data of the observer, such as images of a portion of the observer’s body, for example, the observer’s head, face, and/or eyes. For example, if the data received from image capture devices 125 include images, computing device 200 may process the images to generate image data, and may then further process the image data to identify the observer and detect a position of the observer in the image data, such as a position relative to a vector normal and centered to a front face of display 120 (referred to hereinafter as the“normal vector”). For example, the normal vector may be a vector coming out of the center of a face of display 120 facing the observer. In some embodiments, computing device 200 may process the images and/or image data received from image capture devices 125 to identify the observer’s head, face, and/or eyes, as well as a viewing direction, orientation, and/or angle of the observer’s head, face, and/or eyes. Computing device 200 may further process the images and/or image data received from image capture devices 125 to determine movement of the observer’s body, head, face, and/or eyes, such as movement relative to the normal vector. For example, computing device 200 may intermittently and/or continuously receive data from image capture devices 125, and may intermittently and/or continuously process the data to identify successive positions of the observer, and thereby determine movement of the observer relative to a previous position and/or relative to the normal vector. In other embodiments, such as embodiments where image capture devices 125 are motion sensors, image capture devices 125 provide motion data to computing device 200.

[0044] As an optional step, at step S306, computing device 200, such as via application

280, may process the data received at step S304 to determine a direction, amount, speed, and/or degree of movement of the observer based on the determined position or positions of the observer, such as of the observer’s head, face, and/or eyes. For example, computing device 200 may determine whether the observer is moving in a horizontal direction, a vertical direction, a diagonal direction, and/or a rotational direction relative to the normal vector. Computing device 200 may further determine an amount, speed, and/or degree of movement of the observer in each direction - e.g., the user may be moving left by 5cm and up by 2cm. Computing device 200 may then cause surgical robot assembly 150 to reposition endoscope 140 based on the determined movement of the observer.

[0045] As noted above, in some embodiments, computing device 200 may intermittently and/or continuously receive images and/or image data of the observer from image capture devices 125. Computing device 200 may then intermittently and/or continuously process the images and/or image data of the observer to detect movement of the observer. For example, computing device 200 may determine successive positions of the observer relative to the normal vector in the images and/or image data received from image capture devices 125. Computing device 200 may then determine a vector of the observer’s movement based on the determined successive positions of the observer relative to the normal vector in the images and/or image data.

[0046] As an additional optional step, after endoscope 140 is repositioned, computing device 200, at step S308, receives second images of the surgical site from endoscopic camera 145. Similar to the first images, the second images may be stereoscopic images including left-eye image data and right-eye image data, and may have the same aspect ratio, resolution, frame size, and/or number of pixels as the first images.

[0047] Thereafter, concurrently with steps S306 and/or S308, or in embodiments where steps S306 and S308 are not performed directly after step S304, at step S310 computing device 200, such as via application 280, determines whether the position of the observer, as determined at step S306, approaches a maximum threshold for that particular direction of movement. For example, computing device 200 may have stored in database 240 various tables and/or thresholds for each direction relative to the normal vector. The tables and/or thresholds may indicate various relationships between the direction and distance of the observer relative to the normal vector, and corresponding movement of endoscope 140 and/or adjustment required for displaying stereoscopic image data. For example, the tables and/or thresholds may indicate an amount of movement of the observer in a particular direction, such as a horizontal direction, required to cause surgical robot assembly 150 to reposition endoscope 140 by a predetermined amount in the same direction, and/or a number of pixels in a particular direction to shift stereoscopic images received from endoscope 140 based on position of the observer relative to the normal vector. The tables and/or thresholds may also indicate a maximum amount of movement in a particular direction that can be used to cause surgical robot assembly 150 to reposition endoscope 140 and/or a maximum number of pixels that could be shifted in a particular direction. Such a maximum threshold may correspond to a limit of motion of endoscope 140 and/or surgical robot assembly 150, and/or a maximum number of pixels available to be shifted in a particular direction.

[0048] If it is determined at S310 that the position of the observer does not approach a maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction (“No” at step S310), processing skips ahead to step S318. Alternatively, if it is determined at step S310 that the position of the observer approaches a maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction (“Yes” at step S310), processing proceeds to step S312. At step S312, computing device 200, such as via application 280, determines whether the position of the observer exceeds the maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction. If it is determined at step S312 that the position of the observer does not exceed the maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction (“No” at step S312), processing proceeds to step S314, where computing device 200 provides an alert to notify the observer that the position of the observer is approaching the maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction. Alternatively, if it is determined at step S312 that the position of the observer exceeds the maximum threshold corresponding to that particular direction (“Yes” at step S312), processing proceeds to step S316, where computing device provides a warning to notify the observer that the position of the observer has exceeded the maximum threshold. After either the alert is provided at step S314 or the warning is provided at step S316, processing proceeds to step S318.

[0049] At step S318, computing device 200, such as via application 280, processes the images of the surgical site received at step S302 and/or the second images of the surgical site received at step S308. Further details regarding an exemplary procedure 400 that may be employed as part of the processing of the images of the surgical site at step S318 are described below with reference to FIG. 4. Computing device 200 then, at step S320, causes display 120 to display the processed images of the surgical site.

[0050] Thereafter, at step S322, computing device 200, such as via application 280, determines whether the surgical procedure has been completed. For example, computing device 200 may receive input from the observer and/or another clinician involved in the surgical procedure indicating that the surgical procedure has been completed. If it is determined at step S322 that the surgical procedure has not been completed (“No” at step S322), processing returns to step S304. Alternatively, if it is determined at step S322 that the surgical procedure has been completed (“Yes” at step S322), processing ends.

[0051] Turning now to FIG. 4, there is shown a flowchart of an exemplary method 400 for processing stereoscopic images to compensate for observer movement, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Computing device 200 may perform some or all of the steps of the method of FIG. 4, for example, at or during step S318 of the method 300 of FIG. 3, described above. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some of the steps of method 400 may be repeated, omitted, and/or performed in a different sequence without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0052] Starting at step S402, computing device 200, receives images of a surgical site.

The images of the surgical site may be received from a camera such as endoscopic camera 145, as shown in FIG. 5 where, for example, image 502 is a stereoscopic image displayed by display 120. Thus, the images received from endoscopic camera 145 may include left-eye image data and right-eye image data which are displayed by display device 120 as a stereoscopic image 502. The image 502 may have a particular aspect ratio, resolution, frame size, and/or number of pixels. For example, the image 502 may have multiple rows and columns of pixels. The aspect ratio, resolution, frame size, and/or number of pixels may correspond to a type of endoscopic camera 145 used. Alternatively, or in addition, the aspect ratio, resolution, frame size, and/or number of pixels may correspond to image processing techniques used by computing device 200. For example, the frame size of the image 502 may correspond to a number of pixels included in the image 502.

[0053] Thereafter, at step S404, computing device 200, such as via application 280, crops at least a portion of the image 502 of the surgical site to designate a displayed portion 504 of the image 502, as shown in FIG. 5. For example, the displayed portion 504 may include a number of pixels less than the full number of pixels included in the image 502 of the surgical site. Thus, the displayed portion 504 may have a smaller resolution, frame size, and/or number of pixels than the image 502 of the surgical site. For example, the displayed portion 504 may exclude one or more rows and/or columns of pixels 506 around outer edges of the image 502 of the surgical site. As shown in FIG. 5, the displayed portion 504 has a smaller frame size than the image 502. Image view 508 shows an example of the displayed portion 504 of the image 502 that may be displayed on display 120 prior to being shifted.

[0054] Next, at step S406, computing device 200, such as via application 280, determines a position of the observer’s body, e.g. the observer’s head, face, and/or eyes, relative to the normal vector. In some embodiments, the determination described above with reference to step S306 is the same as the determination described here. In other embodiments, computing device 200 may perform two separate determinations of a position of the observer relative to the normal vector. For example, computing device 200 may determine a horizontal distance, a vertical distance, and/or a diagonal distance, of the position of the observer relative to the normal vector. In some embodiments, computing device 200 may determine a directional component, such as a vector, and a scalar component, such as a magnitude, based on the position of the observer relative to the normal vector. In some embodiments, successive positions of the observer (such as a first position, a second position, etc.) are determined, and movement of the observer may then be detected based on the determined successive positions of the observer relative to the normal vector. For example, as the observer moves relative to the normal vector, one or more positions of the observer relative to the normal vector may be determined, and a direction, amount, speed, and/or degree of movement of the observer may be determined based on the successive positions of the observer relative to the normal vector.

[0055] Thereafter, at step S408, computing device 200, such as via application 280, determines a direction and/or amount of pixels to shift and/or pan the displayed portion 504 of the image 502, based on the position of the observer determined at step S406. The determination may be based on a table and/or a threshold. For example, computing device 200 may have stored in database 240 various tables and/or thresholds, as described above with reference to step S310. The tables and/or thresholds may indicate various relationships between a direction and/or distance of the observer relative to the normal vector, and a corresponding direction and amount of pixels to shift and/or pan the displayed portion 504 of the image 502. For example, the tables and/or thresholds may indicate distance of the observer from the normal vector in a particular direction, such as a horizontal direction, required to shift a predetermined amount of pixels of the image frame 504 in the same direction. In embodiments, different thresholds and/or relationships may be configured for each direction. For example, based on the preference of the observer, the threshold for the horizontal direction may be lower than the threshold for the vertical direction, thus allowing for more sensitivity to movement of the observer in a horizontal direction relative to the normal vector than movement of the observer in a vertical direction relative to the normal vector. The tables and/or thresholds may also indicate a maximum distance of the observer from the normal vector in a particular direction that can be used to shift pixels in that direction. For example, if too many pixels are shifted and/or panned at once, the images displayed by display 120 may appear distorted. As such, a maximum threshold may correspond to a limit of the number of pixels that may be shifted and/or panned at once. Further, in embodiments where computing device 200 determines directional and scalar components based on movement of the observer, the determination of the direction and/or amount of pixels to shift may further be based on the directional and scalar components.

[0056] Next, at step S410, computing device 200, such as via application 280, shifts the displayed portion 504 of the image 502 based on the direction and/or amount of pixels to shift determined at step S408. For example, if the position of the observer is to the left of the normal vector by a particular amount, computing device 200 may shift the displayed portion 504 right by the amount of pixels determined at step S408. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the displayed portion 504 of the image 502, as shown in unshifted image view 508, is shifted to the right (as viewed by the observer), as shown in shifted image view 510, such that the displayed portion 504 includes one or more columns of pixels to the right of, and not included in, the unshifted image view 508, and excludes one or more columns of pixels of the image 502 of the surgical site included in the right side of the unshifted image view 508. As such, the unshifted image view 508 and the shifted image view 510, both being based on the image 502 of the surgical site received from endoscopic camera 145, may include an overlapping portion that is the majority of both the unshifted image view 508 and the shifted image view 510. However, the shifted image view 510 includes a minor portion of the right of the shifted image view 510 that is not included in the unshifted image view 508, and will exclude a minor portion of the right of the unshifted image view 508.

[0057] As such, by virtue of the above-described systems and methods, computing device 200 may be configured to detect one or more positions of the observer, reposition an endoscopic camera based on movement of the observer determined based on successive positions of the observer, shift one or more lines and/or columns of pixels in the images received from the endoscopic camera based on the one or more positions of the observer to compensate for the movement of the observer, and display the shifted images on a stereoscopic display. In this manner, the stereoscopic images are cropped and/or shifted based on movement of the observer’s head prior to being displayed. One effect of such shifting of the stereoscopic images is that the displayed images“move” in the way the observer expects the stereoscopic images to move even if the images received from the endoscopic camera do not move.

[0058] Detailed embodiments of devices, systems incorporating such devices, and methods using the same as described herein. However, these detailed embodiments are merely examples of the disclosure, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for allowing one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure in appropriately detailed structure.