Technical Field

The invention relates to a complex of equipment and a method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW), The invention falls within the field of waste treatment.

Existing state of art

Biodegradable municipal wastes also include catering bio^waste originating in the households and catering establishments. These are the residues from the cleaning of fruits and vegetables, residues of cooked meals, etc, From the quantitative point of view, the catering and restaurant bio-waste is the most important component of mixed municipal waste. (Depending on the time of occurrence, it constitutes ^" a 30 to 45-percent weight share. This component of separated collection must be unconditionally sorted out already at the source of its origin, so as to avoid excess contamination by with foreign substances. This waste needs urgent processing. It is a very dense material and it has to be mixed with bulk agents (such as straw or wood chips) when composting to improve air penetration. Frequent turning is necessary, especially during the early stages of composting. As rotting waste, it has high demands on air and quickly passes into the anaerobic phase of fermentation. Therefore, it is also used in anaerobic digestion, ft occurs throughout the whole year. In composting and biogas production from catering wastes of animal origin or mixtures of plant and animal materials, it is necessary to comply with the rules designated by the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002,

Biodegradable municipal waste can be disposed of by the sor called hygienisation. It is a process in which pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated or significantly reduced by the effect of high temperature and time and hence also the health risks associated with the application of products made from this bio-waste.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 on animal by-products started to apply in the Slovak Republic from our accession to the EU in May 2004. This regulation establishes health regulations concerning animal byproducts not intended for human consumption. The regulation lays down the rules for the handling these products, tightens the feed ban and furthermore brings a higher degree of control (the regulation is not incorporated into national legislation but is directly applicable). This regulation also defines the rules for the processing of materials containing animal by-pFoducts in composting and biogas plants. The regulation applies: also to the following catering wastes:

i. Originating from means of transport operating internationally,

ii, intended for animal feeding,

Hi. Intended for use in biogas or composting plants.

Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 divides organic materials into three

categories according to hygienic risks:

Category 1 material - this includes, among others, catering waste from means of transport operating internationally.

Category 2 material - this includes, among others, manure and digestive tract content- Category 3 material - this includes, among others:

- Animal by-products derived from the production of products intended for human consumption, including degreased bones and greaves;

- Former foodstuffs of animal origin, other than catering waste, which are no longer intended for human consumption for commercial reasons or due to problems of manufacturing or packaging defects;

Catering waste except for waste: from means of transport operating internationally.

Even a small amount of material from the higher category means higher categorization and thus also stricter conditions for handling this material. Category 1 materials must be disposed of and no recycling technologies are allowed. For some category 2 materials, anaerobic digestion and composting are also possible, which are also possible for all category 3 materials.

When processing BMW, taking into account the hygienisation requirements imposed by Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002, it is necessary to grind the waste to particles With a maximum dimension of 12 mm and the waste must remain above the temperature of 70 ^e C for 60 minutes.

If follows from the above, that from the requirements of the Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 it results, that composting of catering waste is only possible in closed bioreactdrs equipped with automatic temperature measurement. Digestion of catering waste is only possible on biogas stations with a hygienisation grade. Waste producers, who currently give its catering waste for feeding, will have to seek new ways of recovery or disposal of these wastes in the coming period. This becomes an opportunity for some composting plants 9nd biogas stations to get waste for processing. Waste wilt require high hygienisation requirements, but at the same time the fee for the use of this waste should be significantly higher than for other wastes. The requirements of the regulation will have to be complied with by existing composting plants using municipal bio-waste collected in a sorted collection, which also contain catering wastes. This will relate to the vast majority of separate collection systems for bio-Waste in the Slovak Republic. The increased cost of using catering waste will have to be paid by the waste producers in the increased fee for the use of this waste,

Based on the above, efforts have been made to solve this problem , and the result of this effort is the design for the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste and a method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the submitted invention. Substance of the invention

The above-mentioned drawbacks are substantially eliminated by the complex of equipment for a waste ^free processing of biodegradable municipal waste and a method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the submitted invention. The substance of the basic configuration of the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste consists in the fact that at the first entry of BMW complex of equipment a crusher is included, the output of whi?h is connected to either a bygJeniser or a drying line in a controlled manner. The output of the bulk intermediate from the hygteniser is connected to the biogas plant input. The output of the bulk intermediate from the biogas plant is connected to the drying tine. The drying line output is connected either to a pyrolyzer with a second product output of bio-coal, or is connected to a compaction machine. Thereby, the drying line or the compaction machine has the first product output of a soil substrate. The compaction machine then has the first product output of the palletised soil substrate.

The complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste can be expanded by further raw material input iri such a way that from the pyrctyzer to the drying line there is a return loop included through a mixing device with input of bio-nutrient waste. The drying line or the compaction machine then has a third product outlet of a land improvement substrate. The compaction machine then has a third product output of the palletised land improvement soil substrate.

The complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste has an energy output of heat and/or an energy output of electricity and/or an energy output of Bio-CNG from the biogas plant.

In the aboye>described complex of equipment a method of waste- free processing of biodegradable municipal waste is realized, the substance of which is in the successively described features. In the method of waste- free processing of biodegradable municipal waste it is also important to prepare the material that is to be processed. The processed waste is collected in barrels and consequently fed to the first raw material input of biodegradable municipal waste, from where this is crushed by a crushing operation in a crusher - mill to a fraction where the particles have a maximum dimension of 12 mm. Then it depends on the composition of BMW, which operation will follow.

If BMW is made up of waste of plant origin only * phytomas, such as leaves, cuttings of branches and bushes coming from landscape design, the drying operation of the input crushed biodegradable municipal waste to a dried soil substrate follows, which is in the bulk form already an output product. If the operation of palletisation of the dried soil substrate is included after the drying operation, then the first output product is the pelletised soil substrate.

The above-described technology can be expanded so that the dried soil substrate proceeds to the next carbonization operation with the second output product of bio-coal-

If BMW is made up of waste of plant origin only - phytomas, such as potato, vegetable or cucumber peels, vegetable top and also animal waste-- biomass such as residues of meat dishes from catering and restaurant Waste, thus the hygienisation operation follows, in which the crushed BMW is exposed to a temperature above 70 °C for 60 minutes while mixing. The result of hygienisation is an intermediate of the hyglenised biomass. The hygienised biomass is processed in a subsequent biomass gasification operation, the Waste intermediate of which js the digestate (separate). The main products of biomass gasification are heat usable in drying operation, electricity used to power at least some of the equipment of the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal Waste and Blo-CNG gas output, The waste intermediate digestate (separate) is fed to the dryer and by a drying operation it is processed by drying to a dried soil substrate, which is in the bulk form already an output product, If the operation of pellefisation of the dried soil substrate is Included after the drying operation, then the first output product is the palletised: soil substrate. The above-described technology pan be expanded so that the dried soil substrate proceeds to the next carbonization operation with the second output product of bio-coal.

In further expanded technology, the second output product of bio- coal proceeds to the next mixing operation mixing with bio-nutrient waste from the second input, wherein the intermediate of mixing is fed to the drying operation with output bf dried land improvement soil substrate, if the dried land improvement soil substrate is subjected to a pelleting operation, a third output product of palletised land improvement soil substrate is obtained.

The advantages of the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste and the method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention are apparent from the effects, by which they express themselves outwardly. In general, it can be stated that the originality of the Submitted complex of equipment consists in the fact that the requirements of the Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 in the 8MW processing with a hygientsation grade are fulfilled and at the same time a Wide range of output products such as bulk soil substrate or in pellets, bulk land improvement substrate or in pellets and bio- coal is obtained. At (the same time, the energy outputs of heat and/or an energy output of electricity and/or an energy output of Bio-CNG are created.

Overview of figures on the drawings

The subject of the solution according to the invention will be clarified in more detail in the drawings, in which Fig, 1 is a complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste- Fig, 2 is a block diagram showing a method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste in the complex of equipment.

The examples of embodiments

It is understood that the individual embodiments according to the invention are intended to be illustrative and not limiting technical solutions. Those skilled In the art will find or will be able to ascertain^ using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention. Also such equivalents will fail within the scope of the following claims.

For those skilled in the art, it would be no problem to make an optimal design of the construction and the selection of its elements. For this reason, these features have not been addressed in detail.

Example 1

In this example of a particular embodiment, a minimum configuration of the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention is described, as shown in Fig. 1 . It consists of the first entry χ of BMW to the complex of equipment, to which a crusher £ is included _* the output of which is connected to either a hygieniser ϋ or a drying line £ in a controlled manner. The output of the bulk intermediate from the hygieniser 3 is connected to the bio gas plant <4 input. The output of the bulk intermediate fropi the biogas plant 4 is connected to the drying line 5. The drying line 5 output is connected either to a pyrolyzer 7 with a second product output 7J_ of bio-coal, or is connected to a compaction machine 8. Thereby* the drying line J| or the compaction machine §. has the first product output jLi of bulk or pelletised soil substrate, the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste has art energy output 4J. of heat and/or ah energy output Aj2 of electricity artd/dr en energy output 4^ of 8io*CNG from the biogas plant 4.

Example 2

In this example of a particular embodiment, a complete configuration of the complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention is described, it derives thereby from a minimum configuration described in Example 1 and expanded as described below^ The complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste can be expended by further raw materiel input in such a way that from the pyralyzer 7 to the drying line §. there is a return loop included through a mixing device g. with input J O, of bio-nutrient waste, such as animal manure. The drying line j> or the compaction machine i then has a third product output JL1 of bulk or pelletised land improvement substrate,

Example 3

In this example of a particular embodiment, a limited method of waste- free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention operated on the above-described complex of equipment for a waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste described in Example 1 is described, in the methdd according to the invention, the processed waste is collected in barrels ahd consequently fed to the first raw material input i Of biodegradable municipal waste BMW, from where this is crushed by a crushing operation A in a crusher - mill to a fraction where the particles have a maximum dimension of 12 mm.

If BMW is made up of waste of plant origin only - phytomas, such as leaves, cuttings of branches and bushed coming from landscape design, the drying operation of the input crushed biodegradable municipal Waste to a dried soil substrate follows, which is in the bulk form already an output product, if the operation of pelletisation I. of the dried soil substrate D.1 is included after the drying operation D, then the first output product is the pelletised soil substrate p.t _* i .

The above-described technology can be expanded so that the dried soil substrate D proceeds to the next carbonization operation F with the second output product F.1-1 of bio-coal.

If BMW is made up of waste of plant origin only - phytomas, such as potato, vegetable or cucumber peels, vegetable top and also animal Waste - biomass such as residues of meat dishes from catering and restaurant waste, thus the hygienisation operation B follows, in which the crushed BMW is exposed to a temperature above 70 'C for 60 minutes while mixing. The result of hygienisation is an intermediate B.1 of the hygienised biomass. The hygienised biomass is processed in a subsequent biomass gasification operation C, the waste intermediate GL1 of which is the digestate (separate). The main products of biomass gasification are heat HJ. usable for example in drying operation electricity H.2 used to power ¾t least some of the equipment of the complex of equipment for a waste-fres processing of biodegradable municipal waste and Bio-GNG JUL gas, The waste intermediate (C.1 digestate (separate) is fed to the dryer arid by a drying operation D it is processed by drying to a dried soil substrate D.1. which is in the bujk form already an output product. If the operation E of pelletisatton of the dried soil substrate D.1 is included after the drying operation Q., then the first output product D.1-1 is the pelletised soil substrate.

The above-described technology can be expanded so that the dried soil substrate JDJ. proceeds to the next carbonization operation F with the second output product F.1-1 of bio-coal.

Example 4

In this example of a particular embodiment, a complete method of wasje-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention, operated in the method described above in Example 3 is described, expanded as described below. The second output product of bio-coal proceeds to the next mixing operation G - mixing With bio-nutrient waste from the second input 10, wherein the intermediate G.1 of mixing is fed to the drying operation D, with output of dried land improvement soil substrate D.2. If the dried land improvement soil substrate D.2 is subjected to a pelleting operation E, a third output product D.2-1 of pelletised land improvement soil substrate is obtained.

Industrial MSab|Hty

The industrial usability of the complex of equipment and the method of waste-free processing of biodegradable municipal waste according to the invention are especially in the field of BMW processing.