The present invention relates to a composite element comprising at least two elements, wherein each element has a body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface at least in the contact area. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing the composite element, a composite element, obtained or obtainable by said method and the use of the composite element.

In many application fields, for example, in the field of sport articles such as footwear, a strong demand exists for high performance materials, which should be superior in their mechanical properties. Especially for footwear materials are required having low densities, resulting in low weight, in combination with high elasticity and further improved mechanical properties. An im- porta nt aspect is damping, i.e. the ability of a material to reduce impact forces and rebound resilience. Currently elastomeric foams are used for production of high performance shoe soles. However, the known foam materials generally have an upper limitation in beneficial performance like, for example, energy return since continuous reduction of foam density generally results in unfavorable reduction of energy return. Thus, a continuous enhancement of energy return of low density final articles made from elastic foam materials is an important challenge.

It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide materials having good dimensional stability and, simultaneously, improved damping properties. The object of the invention is achieved by a composite element comprising at least two elements, wherein each element has a body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface (skin) at least in the contact area. "Closed surface" means that at least 80 %, preferably 85 %, more preferably 90 %, more preferably 95 %, of the surface area do not have open pores. "Polymeric material with cellular structure" means a polymeric material having cells (synonymous pores) distributed within its structure. Preferably, the polymeric material with cellular structure is a foam made of the polymeric material. The densities of the composite elements according to the present invention are lower than the densities of in comparative elements made from the same material but consisting of one (block) element. Furthermore, even despite the lower density, the composite elements according to the present invention provide beneficially lower energy loss and improved damping compared to the block elements. This is a surprising finding since it is well known in the art that continuous re- duction of foam density normally leads to unfavorable increase of energy loss. Surprisingly, the composite elements according to the present invention offer higher energy return.

As mentioned above, the composite element comprises at least two elements, wherein each element has a body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface (skin) at least in the contact area. "Closed surface at least in the contact area" means that each element has a skin at least in the contact area with its adjacent element, however, each element's surface may be closed or open in non-contact areas, for example, in case of plate like elements, which are in contact over their larger surfaces, the sides, i.e. the smaller surfaces, where no contact with an adjacent element is given, may display open pores or may equally display a closed surface.

In a preferred embodiment of the composite element according to the present invention, each element consists of the polymeric material with cellular structure.

In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the dimensions of the composite element, in particular, no restrictions exist regarding the height H of the composite element vertical to each element ^' s longitudinal extension. Preferably, the composite element has a height H vertical to each element's longitudinal extension, which is in the range of from 1 to 10000 mm, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 1000 mm, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 50 mm. In principle, also no restrictions exist regarding the dimensions of each element, provided that the sum of the individual dimensions of each elements is equal to the dimensions of the composite element. Preferably, each element's height h is in the range of from 0.25 to 2500 mm, more prefer- ably in the range of from 0.5 to 250 mm, more preferably in the range of from 0.75 to 250 mm, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 10 mm.

In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the build-up of the closed surface (skin) of the elements. In one preferred embodiment of the composite element, the closed surface of the ele- ments is an integral skin. Any other kind of build-up of a closed surface is possible. Thus, in another preferred embodiment, the closed surface of the elements is formed by an external layer, which is preferably adhesively bonded to the element ^' s body, wherein the material of the external layer is preferably the same polymeric material as the element ^' s polymeric material. In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the thickness of the closed surface of the elements, provided that the sum of the closed surfaces of the element in one direction is less than the thickness of the element in that direction. Preferably, the closed surface of each element has a thickness (vertical to the element's longitudinal extension) in the range of from 10 to 2000 pm, preferably in the range of from 50 to 500 pm.

In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the adhesion between the individual elements as long as the elements stick together. Thus, adhesion between the individual elements may simply be based on mechanical or electrostatic adhesion. Preferably, the elements of the composite element are adhesively bonded in the contact area, preferably by a method selected from the group consisting of stitching, steam-chest molding, gluing and others. In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the number of elements comprised by one composite element, provided that there are at least two elements present. Preferably, the composite element comprises at least 3 elements, more preferably from 3 to 10 elements. The polymeric material with cellular structure of each element of the composite element is independently from each other the same or different. In one preferred embodiment, the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is the same. In another preferred embodiment, the polymeric material with cellular structure of at least one element of the composite element is different to the polymeric material with cellular structure of the other element(s). The hardness of each element of the composite element is independently from each other the same or different. The stiffness of each element of the composite element is independently from each other the same or different. Further, the density of each element of the composite element is independently from each other the same or different. Still further, the rebound resilience of each element of the composite element is independently from each other the same or different.

As outlined in more detail above, the polymeric material with cellular structure is preferably a foam, more preferably a foam according to DIN 7726. In principle, no restrictions exist regarding modes of foam preparation. Preferably, the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element of the composite element is prepared by a process selected from the group consisting of reactive foaming, preferably injection moulding or casting, and extrusion foaming, wherein the process is carried out continuously or discontinuously. In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the polymeric material, provided that it is capable of forming a cellular structure. A preferred embodiment of the present invention is related to a composite element, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is independently selected from polyurethanes, preferably from polyurethane foams.

For the purposes of the invention, "polyurethane" comprises all of the known polyisocyanate polyaddition products. These comprise adducts of isocyanate and alcohol, and they also comprise modified polyurethanes which can comprise isocyanurate structures, allophanate struc- tures, urea structures, carbodiimide structures, uretonimine structures, and biuret structures, and which can comprise further isocyanate adducts. These polyurethanes of the invention comprise in particular foams based on polyisocyanate polyaddition products, e.g. elastomeric foams, flexible foams, semirigid foams and rigid foams. For the purposes of the invention, the term polyurethanes also includes polymer blends comprising polyurethanes and further poly- mers, and also foams made of said polymer blends. Preferably, the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is independently selected from the group of elastomeric foams, wherein the polymeric material is preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylenvi- nylacetate (EVA), poly butadiene, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), synthetic rubber, natural rubber, polyurea, and polyurethane.

For the purposes of this invention, elastomeric polyurethane foams are polyurethane foams according to DIN 7726, where these exhibit no residual deformation beyond 2% of their initial thickness 10 minutes after brief deformation amounting to 50% of their thickness to DIN 53 577. The compressive stress value for flexible polyurethane foams of the invention at 10% compression, or the compressive strength of these foams according to DIN 53 421/DIN EN ISO 604, is 15 kPa or less, preferably from 1 to 14 kPa, and in particular from 4 to 14 kPa. The compressive stress value for semirigid polyurethane foams of the invention at 10% compression to DIN 53 421 /DIN EN ISO 604 is from greater than 15 to less than 80 kPa. The open-cell factor to DIN ISO 4590 of semirigid polyurethane foams of the invention and of flexible polyurethane foams of the invention is preferably greater than 85%, particularly preferably greater than 90%. Further details concerning flexible polyurethane foams of the invention and semirigid polyurethane foams of the invention are found in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics hand- book, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 5.

The compressive stress value for rigid polyurethane foams of the invention at 10% compression is greater than or equal to 80 kPa, preferably greater than or equal to 120 kPa, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 150 kPa. The closed-cell factor to DIN ISO 4590 for the rigid pol- yurethane foam is moreover greater than 80%, preferably greater than 90%. Further details concerning rigid polyurethane foams of the invention are found in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 6. Integral polyurethane foams are polyurethane foams according to DIN 7726 having a marginal zone in which the density is higher than in the core, as a result of the shaping process. The overall density here averaged over the core and the marginal zone is preferably above 100 g/L. For the purposes of the invention, integral polyurethane foams can again be rigid polyurethane foams, semirigid polyurethane foams, flexible polyurethane foams or elastomeric polyurethane foams. Further details concerning the integral polyurethane foams of the invention are found in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 7.

Polyurethane foams are obtained or obtainable here by reacting at least components (a) to (c):

(a) polyisocyanate composition;

(b) polyol composition;

(c) blowing agent composition.

Preferably, at least one further component (d) selected from the group consisting of chain extenders (d1 ), crosslinkers (d2) and catalysts (d3) is added. Further, if appropriate, other auxilia- ries and additives (e) are added to give a reaction mixture and permitting completion of the reaction.

Polyisocyanate composition (a) used for producing the polyurethanes of the invention comprise all of the polyisocyanates known for producing polyurethanes. These comprise the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic di- or polyfunctional isocyanates known from the prior art, and also any desired mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polyisocyanate composition (a) comprises at least one polyisocyanate selected from the group consisting of diisocyanates and prepolymers thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic diisocyanates and prepoly- mers thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of isophorondiisocyanate (IPDI), tolu- ene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), 2,2'- diphenylmethanediisocyanate (2,2'-MDI), 2,4'- diphenylmethanediisocyanate (2,4'-MDI), 4,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (4,4'-MDI), hexa- methylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and 4,4 ^' -, 2,4'- methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate, 2,2 - methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate (H12 DI), 1 ,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI), 3,3'- dimethyldiphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate (TODI) and prepolymers, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 2,2'- DI, 2,4'-MDI, 4,4'-MDI and prepolymers thereof. Other possible isocy- anates are given by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapters 3.2 and 3.3.2. Polyisocyanate composition (a) can be used in the form of polyisocyanate prepolymers. Said polyisocyanate prepolymers are obtainable by reacting an excess of polyisocyanates (constituent (a-1 )) described above with polyols (constituent (a-2)), for example at temperatures of from 30 to 100 C, preferably about 80 C, to give the prepolymer. Polyols (a-2) are known to the person skilled in the art and are described by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 3.1 . By way of example, therefore, the polyols used can also comprise the polyols described below under (b).

Polyols that can be used for polyol composition (b) comprise all of the compounds known for polyurethane production and having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms, examples being those having functionality of from 2 to 8 and molecular weight of from 400 to 15 000. It is therefore possible by way of example to use polyols selected from the group of the polyether polyols (polyetherols), polyester polyols (polyesterols), graft polyols, for example, styrene acrylonitrile based graft polyols, and mixtures thereof.

By way of example, polyetherols are produced from epoxides, such as propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide, or from tetrahydrofuran, by using starter compounds containing active hydrogen, e.g. aliphatic alcohols, phenols, amines, carboxylic acids, water, or compounds based on natural materials, e.g. sucrose, sorbitol, or mannitol, with use of a catalyst. Mention may be made here of basic catalysts or double-metal-cyanide catalysts, as described by way of example in WO 2006/034800 A1 , EP 0090444 or WO 2005/090440 A1. Further polyetherols are made by ring opening polymerization, for example, poly THF.

By way of example, polyesterols are produced from aliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acids and from poiyfunctional alcohols, from polythioether polyols, from polyesteramides, from polyacetals containing hydroxy groups, and/or from aliphatic phosphorus containing alcohols containing hydroxy groups, preferably in the presence of an esterifi cation catalyst. Other possible polyols are given by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 3.1 .

Preferably, the polyol composition (b) comprises at least one polyol selected from the group consisting of polyesterols, polyetherols, polycarbonates and block copolymers thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF), polyethylene gly- col, polypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene, polyadipates, polycarbonate(diol)s and polycaprolactons, more preferably PTHF.

Blowing agent composition (c) is used since the polyurethane is intended to take the form of polyurethane foam. It is possible here to use any of the blowing agents known for producing polyurethanes. These can comprise chemical and/or physical blowing agents. These blowing agents are described by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 3.4.5. The term chemical blowing agents is used here for compounds which form gaseous products via reaction with isocyanate. Examples of these blowing agents are water and carboxylic acids, wherein water is a preferred blowing agent. Further chemical blowing agents are microspheres consisting of a polymer shell encapsulating a gas, aka "expandable beads", for example Expan- cell®. The term physical blowing agents is used here for compounds which have been dissolved or emulsified in the starting materials for polyurethane production and which evaporate under the conditions of polyurethane formation. By way of example, these are hydrocarbons, halogen- ated hydrocarbons, and other compounds, e.g. perfluorinated alkanes, such as perfluorohex- ane, fluorochlorocarbons, and ethers, esters, ketones, acetals, and/or a liquid form of carbon dioxide. The amount used of the blowing agent here can be as desired. The amount used of the blowing agent is preferably such that the free density of the resultant polyurethane foam is from 10 to 1000 g/L, particularly preferably from 20 to 800 g/L, and in particular from 25 to 200 g/L.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a composite element as disclosed above, wherein the polyurethane foam is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c):

(a) polyisocyanate composition comprising at least 4,4'-MDI;

(b) polyol composition comprising at least one polyetherol;

(c) blowing agent composition comprising at least water.

Preferably, at least one further component (d) selected from the group consisting of chain extenders (d1 ) crosslinkers (d2) and catalysts (d3) is added. Further, if appropriate, other auxilia- ries and additives (e) are added to give a reaction mixture and permitting completion of the reaction.

Polyols (b) also comprise chain extenders (d1 ) and crosslinkers (d2). The molar mass of chain extenders and crosslinkers is less than 400 g/mol, and the term used here for molecules having two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanate is chain extenders, while the term used for molecules having more than two hydrogens reactive toward isocyanate is crosslinkers. Although it is possible here to omit the chain extender or crosslinker, addition of chain extenders or cross- linkers or else, if appropriate, a mixture thereof has proven advantageous for modifying mechanical properties, e.g. hardness.

If chain extenders (d1 ) and/or crosslinkers (d2) are used, it is possible to use the chain extenders and/or crosslinkers that are known for the production of polyurethanes. These are preferably low-molecular-weight compounds having functional groups reactive toward isocyanates, exam- pies being glycerol, trimethylol-propane, glycol, and diamines. Other possible low-molecular- weight chain extenders and/or crosslinkers are given by way of example in "Kunststoffhand- buch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Ver- lag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapters 3.2 and 3.3.2.

Preferably, a chain extender (d1 ) is selected from the group consisting of alkanediols containing 2 to 12, preferably 2, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,7-heptanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, 1 ,10-decanediol and 1 ,4-butanediol; dialkylene glycols containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably selected from diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol; polyoxyalkylene glycols; branched chain and/or unsaturated alkanediols, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-propanediol, 2- methyl-1 ,3-propanediol methyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-propane- diol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl- 1 ,3-propanediol, 2-butene-1 ,4-diol and 2-butene-1 ,4-diol; diesters of terephthalic acid with glycols comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of tereph- thalic acid-bis-ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid-bis-1 ,4-butanediol; hydroxyalkylene ethers of hydroquinone or resorcinol, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,4-di-(beta- hydroxyethyl)-hydroquinone and 1 ,3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-resorcinol; alkanolamines comprising 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine, 2- aminopropanol and 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropanol; N-alkyldialkanolamines, preferably selected from the group consisting of N-methyl- and N-ethyl-diethanolamines; (cyclo)aliphatic diamines comprising 2 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2- ethylenediamine, 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,4-butylene-diamine and 1 ,6-hexamethylenediamine, isophoronediamine, 1 ,4-cyclohexa-methylenediamine and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane; N- alkyl-, Ν,Ν'-dialkyl-substituted and aromatic diamines, which may also be substituted by alkyl groups on their aromatic radical, and comprising 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl radical, preferably selected from the group consisting of Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, N,N'-di-sec- pentyl-, Ν,Ν'-di-sec.-hexyl-, N,N'-di-sec.-decyl- and Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, (p- or m-) phenylenedia- mine, Ν,Ν'-dimethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diisopropyl-, N,N'-di-sec. -butyl-, Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, 4,4'- diamino-diphenylmethane, N,N'-di-sec.-butylbenzi- dine, methylene-bis(4-amino-3-benzoic acid methyl-ester), 2,4-chloro-4,4'-diamino-diphenylmethane, 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, and mixtures of one or more of these chain extenders. A crosslinker (d2) is preferably a compound which has at least three groups which are functional towards isocyanate groups and has a molecular weight of less than 600 g/mol, wherein the groups, which are functional towards isocyanate are preferably selected from hydroxy group, amino group and thio group, more preferably selected from the group consisting of glycerine, triethanolamine and diethanolamine, more preferably diethanolamine.

Catalysts (d3) used can comprise any of the catalysts usually used for polyurethane production. These catalysts are described by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyure- thane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 3.4.1 . Preferably, a catalyst (d3) is selected from the group consisting of amine catalyst, organic metal compound and mixtures thereof, wherein the amine catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tertiary amines, preferably selected from the group consisting of tributylamine, tri-ethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N- methyl-diethanolamine, N-ethyl-diethanolamine, Ν,Ν-dimethylethanolamine, N-methyl- morpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine, penta- methyldiethylene-triamine; 1 ,4-diaza-bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane, N-methyl-N'-dimethylaminoethyl- piperazine, bis-(dimethylaminoalkyl)-piperazine, Ν,Ν-dimethylbenzylamine, N,N-di- methylcyclohexylamine, Ν,Ν-diethylbenzylamine, bis-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) adipate,

N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1 ,3-butanediamine, Ν,Ν-dimethyl-beta-phenylethyl-amine, bis-(dimethyl- aminopropyl)-ure-a, 1 ,2-dimethylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, monocyclic and bicyclic ami- dines, bis-(dialkylamino)-alkyl ethers, secondary amines, preferably dimethylamine; aldehydes, preferably formaldehyde, ketones, preferably selected from the group consisting of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, phenols, preferably selected from the group consisting of phenol, nonylphenol and bisphenol; and mixtures of two or more of these amine catalysts; wherein the organic metal compound is selected from organic metal compounds of a metal se- lected from the group consisting of zin, zinc, bismuth, titan, zirconium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and aluminum, preferably selected from the group of zinn-(ll)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of zin-(ll)-acetate, zin-(ll)-octoate, zin-(ll)- ethylhexoate and zin-(ll)-laurat, dialkyl zin-(IV)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of dibutyl-zin diacetate, dibutyl-zin dilaurate, dibutyl-zin- maleate and dioctyl-zin-diacetate; bismuth carboxylates, preferably selected from the group consisting of bismuth(l 11 )-neodecanoate, bismuth-2-ethylhexanoate and bismut-octanoate; titan compounds, preferably selected from the group consisting of titan-IV-(triethanolamito)- isopropxide and titan-IV-bis(triethanolamito)diisopropoxide; and mixtures of two or more of these organic metal compounds. The catalysts can be used individually or in the form of mix- tures. If appropriate, the catalysts (d3) used comprise mixtures of one or more organic metal compound(s) and of one or more amine catalyst(s). Examples of the concentration of the catalysts (d3) that can be used are from 0.001 to 5% by weight, in particular from 0.05 to 2% by weight in the form of catalyst or catalyst combination, based on the weight of polyol composition

(b).

A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a composite element, wherein the polyurethane foam is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c) and further (d1 ) to (d3):

(a) a polyisocyanate composition comprising at least 4,4'-MDI;

(b) a polyol composition comprising at least one polyetherol;

(c) water;

(d1 ) a chain extender comprising at least monoethylene glycol or propylene glycol;

(d2) optionally, a crosslinker comprising at least diethanolamine;

(d3) a catalyst comprising at least triethylene diamine, bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether or bismuth neodecanoate;

It is also possible to use auxiliaries and/or additives (e). It is possible here to use any of the auxiliaries and additives known for producing polyurethanes. By way of example, mention may be made of surface-active substances, foam stabilizers, cell regulators, release agents, fillers, dyes, pigments, flame retardants, hydrolysis stabilizers, for example polymeric carbodiimides such as Elastostab, cell morphology control agents, for example, siloxanes, antioxidants, anti aging additives, antistatic agents, cell modifiers and fungistatic and bacteriostatic substances. These substances are described by way of example in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyure- thane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 3.4.4 and 3.4.6 to 3.4.1 1.

In principle, no restriction exist regarding the shape of the elements of the composite element, provided that the shape enables at least a partial contact of the elements parallel to the longitudinal extension. Preferably, the shape of each element having body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension is independently selected from the group of cuboid, especially rectangular cuboid or cube; prism; cylinder (height h = 2x cylinder radius, longitudinal extension = cylinder height); and sphere (height h = sphere diameter), wherein preferably all elements of one composite element have the same shape.

Method for producing a composite element

The present invention also relates to a method for producing a composite element, which comprises at least two elements, wherein each element has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface (skin) at least in the contact area, comprising:

(i) optionally preparing elements by foaming, preferably in a mold, wherein each element has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure and has at least partially a closed surface;

(ii) superimposing at least two elements, wherein superimposition is done so that the elements are at least partially in contact over their closed surfaces (contact area);

(iii) adhesive bonding the elements.

Preferably, step (i) comprises

(11.1 ) introducing into a mold at least the components

(a) Polyisocyanate composition;

(b) polyol composition;

(c) blowing agent composition;

(11.2) reacting components (a) and (b) by foaming,

resulting in an element which has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure and has at least partially a closed surface.

Regarding the components (a), (b) and (c), the same applies as disclosed above with respect to the composite element. Also here, preferably, at least one further component (d) selected from the group consisting of chain extenders (d1 ), crosslinkers (d2) and catalysts (d3) is added. Further, if appropriate, other auxiliaries and additives (e) are added to give a reaction mixture and permitting completion of the reaction. Regarding the components (d), i.e. (d1 ), (d2) and (d3) and (e), the same applies as disclosed above with respect to the composite element.

When producing the element which has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure and having at least partially a closed surface, the amounts reacted of the Polyisocyanate composition (a), the polyol compositon (b) and the blowing agent compositon (c) are generally such that the equivalence ratio of NCO groups of the polyisocyanates in (a) to the total number of reactive hydrogen atoms in components (b) and (c), is from 0.75 to 1 .5:1 , preferably from 0.80 to 1.25:1. If the polymeric material with cellular structure comprises at least some isocyanurate groups, the ratio used of NCO groups of the polyisocyanates in (a) to the total number of reactive hydrogen atoms in component (b) and (c) and, if appropriate, (d) and (e) is usually from 1 .5 to 20:1 , preferably from 1 .5 to 8:1. A ratio of 1 :1 here corresponds to an isocyanate index of 100. There is respectively very little quantitative and qualitative difference between the specific starting materials (a) to (e) used for producing polyurethanes of the invention when the polyurethane to be produced of the invention is an elastomeric foam, a flexible foam, a semirigid foam, a rigid foam, or an integral foam. By way of example, the starting materials for producing a flexible foam are described in WO 2006/034800 A1 and EP 1529792 A1 , the starting materials for pro- ducing a semirigid foam are described in "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes], Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapter 5.4, the starting materials for producing a rigid foam are described in WO 2006/042674 A1 , and the starting materials for producing an integral foam are described in EP 0364854 A1 , U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,275, or EP 0897402 A1 .

In principle, no restrictions exist regarding the adhesive binding in (iii) between the individual elements as long as the elements stick together. Thus, adhesive binding between the individual elements may simply be based on mechanical or electrostatic adhesion. Preferably, the adhesive bonding in (iii) is done by a method selected from the group consisting of stitching, steam- chest molding, welding, microwave bonding, hot-pressing, reactive bonding and gluing.

The present invention also relates to a composite element, obtained or obtainable by the method described above. The present invention also relates to the use of a composite element as disclosed above or of a composite element obtainable or obtained according to the process as disclosed above as a damping element, preferably as damper for seismic vibration control of constructions, preferably buildings or bridges. The present invention also relates to the use of a composite element as disclosed above or of a composite element obtainable or obtained according to the process as disclosed above as a mattress or part of a mattress. The present invention also relates to the use of a composite element as disclosed above or of a composite element obtainable or obtained according to the process as disclosed above as a furniture element or flouring element. The present invention also relates to the use of a composite element as disclosed above or of a composite element obtainable or obtained according to the process as disclosed above as an element of automotive industry, preferably an element selected from the group of dashboard, bearing and tire. The present invention also relates to the use of a composite element as disclosed above or of a composite element obtainable or obtained according to the process as disclosed above as a shoe, preferably a shoe sole, more preferably a part of a shoe sole.

Further, the present invention relates to a part of a shoe sole, obtained or obtainable by the method as disclosed above. The present invention is further illustrated by the following embodiments and combinations of embodiments as indicated by the respective dependencies and back-references. In particular, it is noted that in each instance where a range of embodiments is mentioned, for example in the context of a term such as "The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4", every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e. the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The process of any one of embodiments 1 , 2, 3, and 4".

1 . A composite element comprising at least two elements, wherein each element has a body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension and compris- es a polymeric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface (skin) at least in the contact area.

2. The composite element according to embodiment 1 , wherein each element consists of the polymeric material with cellular structure.

3. The composite element according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the composite element has a height H vertical to each element's longitudinal extension, which is preferably in the range of from 1 to 10000 mm, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 1000 mm, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 50 mm.

4. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein each element ^' s height h is in the range of from 0.25 to 2500 mm, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 250 mm, more preferably in the range of from 0.75 to 250 mm, more prefera- bly in the range of from 1 to 10 mm.

5. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the closed surface of the elements is an integral skin. 6. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the closed surface of the elements is formed by an external layer, which is preferably adhesively bonded to the element ^' s body, wherein the material of the external layer is preferably the same polymeric material as the element's polymeric material. 7. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the closed surface has a thickness (vertical to the element ^' s longitudinal extension) in the range of from 10 to 2000 pm, preferably in the range of from 50 to 500 pm.

8. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the elements are adhesively bonded in the contact area, preferably by a method selected from the group consisting of stitching, steam-chest molding and gluing. 9. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, which comprises at least 3 elements, preferably from 3 to 10 elements.

10. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is independently from each other the same or different.

1 1. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is the same. 12. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of at least one element is different to the polymeric material with cellular structure of the other element(s).

13. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the hard- nes of each element is independently from each other the same or different.

14. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the stiffness of each element is independently from each other the same or different. 15. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the density of each element is independently from each other the same or different.

16. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the rebound resilience of each element is independently from each other the same or different.

17. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is prepared by a process selected from the group consisting of reactive foaming, preferably injection moulding or casting, and extrusion foaming, wherein the process is carried out continuously or discontinuously.

18. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is independently selected from the group of elastomeric foams, preferably from the group consisting of ethylenvinylacetate (EVA), poly butadiene, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), synthetic rubber, natural rubber, polyurea, and polyurethane.

19. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the polymeric material with cellular structure of each element is independently selected from poly- urethanes, preferably from polyurethane foams.

The composite element according to embodiment 19, wherein the polyurethane foam obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c):

(a) polyisocyanate composition;

(b) polyol composition;

(c) blowing agent composition.

The composite element according to embodiment 20, wherein the polyisocyanate composition (a) comprises at least one polyisocyanate selected from the group consisting of diisocyanates and prepolymers thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic diisocyanates and prepolymers thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of isophorondiisocyanate (IPDI), toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), 2,2'- diphenyl- methanediisocyanate (2,2'-MDI), 2,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (2,4'-MDI), 4,4'- diphenylmethanediisocyanate (4,4'- DI), hexamethylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and 4,4'- , 2,4'- methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate, 2,2 ^' -methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate (H12MDI), 1 ,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI), 3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate

⁾ l) and prepolymers, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 2,2'-MDI, 2,4'-MDI, 4,4'-MDI and prepolymers thereof.

The composite element according to embodiment 20 or 21 , wherein the polyol composition (b) comprises at least one polyol selected from the group consisting of polyesterols, polyetherols, polycarbonates and block copolymers thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF), polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene, polyadipates, polycarbonate(diol)s and poly- caprolactons, more preferably PTHF.

The composite element according to any one of embodiments 20 to 22, wherein the polyurethane foam is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c):

(a) polyisocyanate composition comprising at least 4,4'- DI;

(b) polyol composition comprising at least one polyetherol;

(c) blowing agent composition comprising at least water. 24. The composite element according to any one of embodiments 20 to 23, wherein the polyurethane foam is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c) and further at least one component (d) selected from the group consisting of chain extenders (d1 ) crosslinkers (d2) and catalysts (d3). The composite element according to embodiment 24, wherein a chain extender (d1 ) is selected from the group consisting of alkanediols containing 2 to 12, preferably 2, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanediol, 1 ,6- hexanediol, 1 ,7-heptanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, 1 , 10-decanediol and 1 ,4- butanediol; dialkylene glycols containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably selected from di- ethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol; polyoxyalkylene glycols; branched chain and/or unsaturated alkanediols, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-propanediol, 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol methyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-propane- diol, 2-butyl- 2-ethyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2-butene-1 ,4-diol and 2-butene-1 ,4-diol; diesters of terephthalic acid with glycols comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid-bis-ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid-bis-1 ,4-butanediol; hydroxyalkylene ethers of hydroquinone or resorcinol, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,4-di-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-hydroquinone and 1 ,3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)- resorcinol; alkanolamines comprising 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine, 2-aminopropanol and 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropanol; N- alkyldialkanolamines, preferably selected from the group consisting of N-methyl- and N- ethyl-diethanolamines; (cyclo)aliphatic diamines comprising 2 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-ethylenediamine, 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,4-butylene-diamine and 1 ,6-hexamethylenediamine, isophoronediamine, 1 ,4-cyclohexa- methylenediamine and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane; N-alkyl-, N,N'-dialkyl-substituted and aromatic diamines, which may also be substituted by a Iky I groups on their aromatic radical, and comprising 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl radical, preferably selected from the group consisting of Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, N,N'-di-sec.-pentyl-, Ν,Ν'-di- sec.-hexyl-, Ν,Ν'-di-sec.-decyl- and Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, (p- or m-) phenylenediamine, Ν,Ν'- dimethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diisopropyl-, Ν,Ν'-di-sec.-butyl-, Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, 4,4'- diamino-diphenylmethane, Ν,Ν'-di-sec.-butylbenzi- dine, methylene-bis(4-amino-3-benzoic acid methyl-ester), 2,4-chloro-4,4'-diamino-diphenylmethane, 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, and mixtures of one or more of these chain extenders.

The composite element according to embodiment 24, wherein a crosslinker (d2) is selected from the group of compounds having at least three groups which are functional towards isocyanate groups and having a molecular weight of less than 600 g/mol, wherein the groups, which are functional towards isocyanate are preferably selected from hydroxy group, amino group and thio group, more preferably selected from the group consisting of glycerine, triethanolamine and diethanolamine, more preferably diethanolamine.

The composite element according to embodiment 24, wherein a catalyst (d3) is selected from the group consisting of amine catalyst, organic metal compound and mixtures thereof, wherein the amine catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tertiary amines, preferably selected from the group consisting of tributylamine, tri-ethanolamine, triisopro- panolamine, N-methyl-diethanolamine, N-ethyl-diethanolamine, N,N- dimethylethanolamine, N-methyl-morpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'-tetramethyl- ethylenediamine, penta-methyldiethylene-triamine; 1 ,4-diaza-bicyc!o-(2,2,2)-octane, N- methyl-N'-dimethylaminoethyl-piperazine, bis-(dimethylaminoalkyl)-piperazine, N,N- dimethylbenzylamine, Ν,Ν-di-methylcyclohexylamine, Ν,Ν-diethylbenzylamine, bis-(N,N- diethylaminoethyl) adipate, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1 ,3-butanediamine, N,N-dimethyl-beta- phenylethyl-amine, bis-(dimethyl-aminopropyl)-ure-a, 1 ,2-dimethylimidazole, 2- methylimidazole, monocyclic and bicyclic amidines, bis-(dialkylamino)-alkyl ethers, secondary amines, preferably dimethylamine; aldehydes, preferably formaldehyde, ketones, preferably selected from the group consisting of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexa- none, phenols, preferably selected from the group consisting of phenol, nonylphenol and bisphenol and mixtures of two or more of these amine catalysts;

wherein the organic metal compound is selected from organic metal compounds of a metal selected from the group consisting of zin, zinc, bismuth, titan, zirconium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and aluminum, preferably selected from the group of zinn-(ll)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of zin-(ll)-acetate, zin-(ll)-octoate, zin-(ll)-ethylhexoate and zin-(ll)-laurat, dialkyl zin-(IV)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of dibutyl-zin diacetate, dibu- tyl-zin dilaurate, dibutyl-zin-maleate and dioctyl-zin-diacetate; bismuth carboxylates, preferably selected from the group consisting of bismuth(lll)-neodecanoate, bismuth-2- ethylhexanoate and bismut-octanoate; titan compounds, preferably selected from the group consisting of titan-IV-(triethanolamito)-isopropxide and titan-IV- bis(triethanolamito)diisopropoxide; and mixtures of two or more of these organic metal compounds.

The composite element according to any one of embodiments 20 to 27, wherein the poly- urethane foam is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c) and further (d1 ) to (d3):

(a) a polyisocyanate composition comprising at least 4,4'-MDI;

(b) a polyol composition comprising at least one polyetherol;

(c) water;

(d1 ) a chain extender comprising at least monoethylene glycol or propylene glycol;

(d2) optionally, a crosslinker comprising at least diethanolamine;

(d3) a catalyst comprising at least triethylene diamine, bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether or bismuth neodecanoate.

The composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the shape of each element having body, a longitudinal extension and a height h vertical to the longitudinal extension is independently selected from the group of cuboid, especially rectangular cuboid or cube; prism; cylinder (height h = 2x cylinder radius, longitudinal extension = cylinder height); and sphere (height h = sphere diameter), wherein preferably all elements of one composite element have the same shape.

A method for producing a composite element, which comprises at least two elements, wherein each element has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a poly- meric material with cellular structure, wherein the elements are at least in partial contact parallel to the longitudinal extension and have a closed surface (skin) at least in the contact area, comprising:

(iv) Optionally preparing elements by foaming, preferably in a mold, wherein each element has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure and has at least partially a closed surface;

(v) Superimposing at least two elements, wherein superimposition is done so that the elements are at least partially in contact over their closed surfaces (contact area);

(vi) Adhesive bonding the elements. The method according to embodiment 30, wherein step (i) comprises

(11.1 ) introducing into a mold at least the components

(a) Polyisocyanate composition;

(b) polyol composition;

(c) blowing agent composition;

(11.2) reacting components (a) and (b) by foaming,

resulting in an element which has a body having a longitudinal extension and comprises a polymeric material with cellular structure and has at least partially a closed surface.

The method according to embodiment 31 , wherein the adhesive bonding in (iii) is done by a method selected from the group consisting of stitching, steam-chest molding, welding, microwave bonding, hot-pressing, reactive bonding and gluing.

The method according to embodiment 31 or 32, wherein the polyisocyanate composition (a) comprises at least one polyisocyanate selected from the group consisting of diisocya- nates and prepolymers thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic diisocyanates and prepolymers thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of iso- phorondiisocyanate (IPDI), toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), 2,2'- diphenyl- methanediisocyanate (2,2'- DI), 2,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (2,4'-MDI), 4,4'- diphenylmethanediisocyanate (4,4'-MDI), hexamethylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and 4,4 ^' - , 2,4 ^' - methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate, 2,2 ^' -methylenedicyclohexyldiisocyanate (H12 DI) 1 ,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI), 3,3'~dimethyldiphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate (TODI) and prepolymers, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 2,2'-MDI, 2,4'-MDI, 4,4'-MDI and prepolymers thereof.

The method according to any one of embodiments 31 to 33, wherein the polyol composition (b) comprises at least one polyol selected from the group consisting of polyesterols, poiyetherols, polycarbonates and block copolymers thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF), polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene, polyadipates, polycarbonate(diol)s and poly- caprolactons, more preferably PTHF.

The method according to any one of embodiments 31 to 34, wherein step (i) comprises (ii.1 ) introducing into a mold at least the components

(a) polyisocyanate composition comprising at least 4,4'-MDI;

(b) polyol composition comprising at least one polyetherol;

(c) blowing agent composition comprising at least water.

The method according to any one of embodiments 31 to 35, wherein the polyurethane foam is is obtained or obtainable by reacting at least components (a) to (c) and further at least one component (d) selected from the group consisting of chain extenders (d1 ) cross- linkers (d2) and catalysts (d3).

The method according to embodiment 36, wherein a chain extender (d1 ) is selected from the group consisting of alkanediols containing 2 to 12, preferably 2, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,7- heptanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, 1 ,10-decanediol and 1 ,4-butanediol; dial- kylene glycols containing 4 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably selected from diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol; polyoxyalkylene glycols; branched chain and/or unsaturated alkanediols, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-propanediol, 2-methyl-1 ,3- propanediol methyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-propane- diol, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1 ,3- propanediol, 2-butene-1 ,4-diol and 2-butene-1 ,4-diol; diesters of terephthalic acid with glycols comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid-bis-ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid-bis-1 ,4-butanediol; hydroxy- alkylene ethers of hydroquinone or resorcinol, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,4-di-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-hydroquinone and 1 ,3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-resorcinol; al- kanolamines comprising 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine, 2-aminopropanol and 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropanol; N- alkyldialkanolamines, preferably selected from the group consisting of N-methyl- and N- ethyl-diethanolamines; (cyclo)aliphatic diamines comprising 2 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-ethylenediamine, 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,4-butylene-diamine and 1 ,6-hexamethylenediamine, isophoronediamine, 1 ,4-cyclohexa- methylenediamine and 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane; N-alkyl-, N,N'-dialkyl-substituted and aromatic diamines, which may also be substituted by a Iky I groups on their aromatic radical, and comprising 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl radical, preferably selected from the group consisting of Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, Ν,Ν'-di-sec.-pentyl-, N,N'-di- sec.-hexyl-, N,N'-di-sec.-decyl- and Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, (p- or m-) phenylenediamine, Ν,Ν'- dimethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diethyl-, Ν,Ν'-diisopropyl-, N,N'-di-sec.-butyl-, Ν,Ν'-dicyclohexyl-, 4,4'- diamino-diphenylmethane, N,N'-di-sec.-butylbenzi- dine, methylene-bis(4-amino-3-benzoic acid methyl-ester), 2,4-chloro-4,4'-diamino-diphenylmethane, 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene, and mixtures of one or more of these chain extenders.

The method according to embodiment 36, wherein a crosslinker (d2) is selected from the group of compound having at least three groups which are functional towards isocyanate groups and having a molecular weight of less than 600 g/mol, wherein the groups, which are functional towards isocyanate are preferably selected from hydroxy group, amino group and thio group, more preferably selected from the group consisting of glycerine, tri- ethanolamine and diethanolamine, more preferably diethanolamine.

The method according to embodiment 36, wherein a catalyst (d3) is selected from the group consisting of amine catalysts, organic metal compounds and mixtures of one or more amine catalysts and one or more organic metal compounds, wherein the amine catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tertiary amines, preferably selected from the group consisting of tributylamine, tri-ethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyl- diethanolamine, N-ethyl-diethanolamine, Ν,Ν-dimethylethanolamine, N-methyl- morpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'-tetramethyl-ethylenediamine, penta- methyldiethylene-triamine; 1 ,4-diaza-bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane, N-methyl-N'- dimethylaminoethyl-piperazine, bis-(dimethylaminoalkyl)-piperazine, N,N- dimethylbenzylamine, N,N-di-methylcyclohexylamine, Ν,Ν-diethylbenzylamine, bis-(N,N- diethylaminoethyl) adipate, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1 ,3-butanediamine, N,N-dimethyl-beta- phenylethyl-amine, bis-(dimethyl-aminopropyl)-ure-a, 1 ,2-dimethylimidazole, 2- methylimidazole, monocyclic and bicyclic amidines, bis-(dialkylamino)-alkyl ethers, secondary amines, preferably dimethylamine; aldehydes, preferably formaldehyde, ketones, preferably selected from the group consisting of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexa- none, phenols, preferably selected from the group consisting of phenol, nonylphenol and bisphenol and mixtures of two or more of these amine catalysts;

wherein the organic metal compound is selected from organic metal compounds of a metal selected from the group consisting of zin, zinc, bismuth, titan, zirconium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and aluminum, preferably selected from the group of zinn-(ll)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of zin-(ll)-acetate, zin-(ll)-octoate, zin-(ll)-ethylhexoate and zin-(ll)-laurat, dialkyl zin-(IV)-salts of organic carboxylic acids, preferably selected from the group consisting of dibutyl-zin di acetate, dibu- tyl-zin dilaurate, dibutyl-zin-maleate and dioctyl-zin-diacetate; bismuth carboxylates, preferably selected from the group consisting of bismuth(lll)-neodecanoate, bismuth-2- ethylhexanoate and bismut-octanoate; titan compounds, preferably selected from the group consisting of titan-IV-(triethanolamito)-isopropxide and titan-IV- bis(triethanolamito)diisopropoxide; and mixtures of two or more of these organic metal compounds.

A composite element, obtained or obtainable by the method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39.

Use of a composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29 or of a composite element according to embodiment 40, as a damping element, preferably as damper for seismic vibration control of constructions, preferably buildings or bridges.

Use of a composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29 or of a composite element according to embodiment 40, as a mattress or part of a mattress. 43. Use of a composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29 or of a composite element according to embodiment 40, as furniture element or flouring element.

44. Use of a composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29 or of a compo- site element according to embodiment 40, as element of automotive industry, preferably selected from the group consisting of dashboard, bearing and tire.

45. Use of a composite element according to any one of embodiments 1 to 29 or of a composite element according to embodiment 40, as a part of a shoe, preferably a shoe sole, more preferably a part of a shoe sole.

46. Part of a shoe sole, obtained or obtainable by the method according to any one of

embodiments 30 to 39. The present invention is further illustrated by the following reference examples, comparative examples, and examples.

Examples Chemicals

compound Chemical composition

Chain extender 1 Monoethylene glycol

Chain extender 2 Tripropylene glycol

Amine Catalyst 1 Triethylene diamine

Amine catalyst 2 Bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether (70%)

Metal catalyst 1 Bismuth neodecanoate

Cross linker 1 biethanoiamine

Determination of OH numbers: DIN 53 240.

Example 1 - Preparation of block elements and composite elements The compositions of the prepolymers as used are shown in Table 1 . Table 2 indicates the complete composition including the polyol blend, the corresponding prepolymer of Table 1 , the foaming parameters and general mechanical properties of prepared foams. From each of the three prepolymer formulations as mentioned in Table 1 test plates (block elements) with thickness (height H) of 20 mm were prepared with a constant density of 350 g/l using mould with thickness of 20 mm according to the complete formulations and parameters as indicated in Table 2 (1477-13 comparative, 1477-14 comparative and 1477-15 comparative).

Additionally, from each of the three prepolymer formulations as mentioned in Table 1 five test plates (elements in plate form) with a thickness (height h) of 4 mm were prepared according to the complete formulations and parameters as indicated in Table 2 (1477-13 inventive, 1477-14 inventive and 1477-15 inventive) using a mould with a thickness of 4 mm. The composite elements with overall thickness (height H) of 20 mm were made by superimposition of the five separately made elements in plate form from the same system, each having a thickness (height h) of 4 mm.

Table 1 : composition of prepolymers used

Trial No. ISO 137/53 1477-7 1477-8 ISO 137/28

Prepolymers NCO % OHZ

Isocyanate 1 33,5 61 ,4 60,9 62,1 61 ,4

Isocynate 2 29,5 2 2 2 2

Chain extender 2 0 582 4 4 4 4

Polyol 1 0 55 8,2 32,5

Polyol 2 0 28 24,4

Polyol 3 0 29 33,0

Polyol 4 0 47 31 ,8

Acid 0 0 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,01

NCO-content (measured) [%] 18,4 18,3 18,4

Viscosity (at 25°C) [mPas] 735 1885 996 Table 2: summary table including the polyol blend, corresponding prepolymer of Table 1 , foaming parameters and general mechanical properties of prepared foams

Block elements Composite elements

OHZ

¹⁴¹³⁷⁷ -

Free rise ^it com ^p a ^r ave

g/i 186 175 169 186 175 169 137 density

Hardness of 20

Asker C 48-51 5 ¹⁴⁴⁷⁷¹ -1 -54 47-51 42-45 43-45 37-39 28-33 mm plates

i ^t com ^p a ^r ave

Density of 20

g/i 350 350 342 320 310 300 300 mm plates ¹⁴¹⁷⁷⁵ -

Energy loss of ^it com ^p a ^r ave

Joule 2,4 2,3 2,1 1 ,7 ^* 1 ,9 ^* 1 ,7 ^* 3,5 ^* 20 mm plates

¹⁴³⁷⁷¹ -

Damping of 20

% 35 33 31 24 ^iit* nvenve 25 ^* 23 ^* 51 ^* mm plates

Displacement of

mm 12,9 12,9 13,1 13,1 ^{* 141477} 1-3,6 ^* 15,1 ^* 13,7 ^* 20 mm plates

i ^it nvenve

^* the data belong to 20 mm thick plates (composite elements with a height H of 20 mm) made by superimposition of 5 x 4 mm test plates (elements in plate form).

¹⁴¹⁷⁷⁵ - i ^it nvenve

The densities of resulting composite elements 1477-13 inventive, 1477-14 inventive, 1477-15 inventive and 1477-44 inventive are 320, 310 and 300 g/l. Thus, the densities of tho ¹⁴⁴⁴⁷⁷ s-e materials are 9-14% lower than in comparative block elements 1477-13 comparative, -14 com ^iit nvenveparative and -15 comparative.

Short term mechanical tests (hysteresis profiles after 100 load cycles) of 20 mm block elements and composite elements from all samples were measured by Hydraulic Impact Test according to the test method published in by Brueckner et al. [Brueckner at al., Procedia Engineering 2 (2010) 2789-2793]. Short term mechanical properties after 100 load cycles including energy loss (%) and damping (%) for all foams is shown in Table 2. The "Energy loss" indicated in [J] represents the energy which is absorbed by the materials and dissipated to thermal energy. The "Damping" (known also as relative energy loss) indicated in [%] represents the ratio of energy loss over energy input and can be described as the ability of foam to reduce impact forces and rebound resiliance.

It was surprisingly found that despite even the lower density up to 14%, the same formulation, same machine trial and same conditions test plaques prepared by superimposition of 5 test plates to overall thickness of 20 mm, i.e. the composite elements, provide beneficially lower energy loss and damping compared to the block elements. It is well known that continuous reduction of foam density parallel leads to unfavorable increase of energy loss. Surprisingly, the composite elements according to the present invention result in final elements with higher energy return.

Short description of the Figure

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary composite element comprising five separate elements, wherein each element has a plate like form with a height (h), a longitudinal extension (d) and a lateral extension (I) and wherein the composite element has a longitudinal extension (D), a lateral extension (L) and a height (H), wherein (H) is equal to the sum of the heights (h) of all five elements and wherein (d) is equal to (D) and (I) is equal to

cited Literature "Kunststoffhandbuch, Band 7, Polyurethane" [Plastics handbook, volume 7, Polyurethanes],

Carl Hanser Verlag, 3rd edition, 1993, chapters 3.1 , 3.2, 3.3.2, 3.4.1 , 3.4.4, 3.4.5, 3.4.6 to

3.4.1 1 , 5, 5.4, 6, 7

WO 2006/034800 A1

EP 0090444 A1

WO 2005/090440 A1

WO 2006/042674 A1

EP 0364854 A1

US 5,506,275

EP 0897402 A1

Brueckner at al., Procedia Engineering 2 (2010) 2789-2793