Technical Field

This invention relates to a new and improved design and composition for cellular lattice structural systems; the methods for making same from composite materials; and applications of the system and method for pallets and in- dustrial platforms both stationary and portable and for other structural and load bearing applications including but not limited to building materials and other ancillary equipment. Background Art

A pallet is a horizontal portable platform device used as a base for assembling, storing, handling and transporting in a unit load. Pallet structures must be made of hard durable materials constructed to bear high compressive loads over long periods of time, repeated rough usage and high intensity impacts during handling. As a result, wooden pallets for heavy load requirements may weigh as much as 60 to 90 pounds dry and up to 120 pounds wet for 42 x 48 oak pallets. Wooden pallets also suffer disadvantages in that nails work loose, the pallet skews, unbalancing loads, some¬ times digging into boxes on the side of the tilt. Or, deck- ing surface members may break, digging and gouging a load material. More recently developed plastic pallets manufac¬ tured by conventional molding techniques, such as compres¬ sion molding, injection molding and vacuum molding afford,

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the strength at somewhat reduced weights but only at greatly increased cost. Similarly, materials such as fiberglass and

honeycomb which have also been applied in pallet structures

are expensive in material and labor, disproportionately

increasing the pallet cost. Conventional paperboard and

corrugated board pallets of the disposable type are limited in the compressive strength limits of the paper material

that is used, however it is structured.

Another disadvantage of lumber and wood pallets and

pallets of wood and paper products is that such materials

are hygroscopic, susceptible to changes in moisture content

with changes in ambient humidity and wetness. The intrinsic

strength of such wood and paper products materials varies with degree of moisture content.

Similarly wood and paper products for use in pallets

are normally susceptible to attack and rot by bacteria,

fungi, nematodes, etc. In addition, they provide environ¬

ments which may harbor and support viruses and other human

pathogens and pyrogens. It is difficult if not impossible

to sterilize, steam clean, or otherwise decontaminate

pallets made of such materials for reuse in handling food

for human consumption.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to

provide.- a new and improved lightweight, low-cost material

structural system and method of constructing same which

affords the desired characteristics of toughness, rigidity,

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hardness, high impact, high compressive strength, and durability in rough handling suitable for use in pallets, industrial platforms and in many other load bearing appli¬ cations such as building materials in floors, walls, cεil- ings, etc.

Another object of the invention is to provide a structural system which can be formed from commonly avail¬ able low-cost paper, paperboard, or other fibrous material and plastic materials combined in interpenetrating network composites to give the desired impact and compressive

strength characteristics .

A further object of the invention is to provide new cellular lattice arrangements for structural systems using conventionally available separators for packaging partitions, and separators for packaging elements of the type produced by the paper box manufacturing industry and to new methods and weldments for such partition intersections to rigidify and strengthen partition lattices.

It is also the purpose of this invention to provide structural systems and methods for pallets and other load bearing applications of new material composites impervious

to moisture and wetness and with intrinsic strength inde¬ pendent of ambient humidity and wetness. Similarly, such

composite materials and structural systems in contemplation of the present invention will be resistant to attack or rot from microorganisms and be non^porous to prevent harboring

pathogens, pyrogens, etc.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to accomplish these results, the present in¬ vention contemplates providing a new and improved struc- tural system comprising an interpenetrating plastic and substrate network material composite including two phases, a first phase comprising a substrate of intersecting par¬ titions of paper material or other fibrous or absorbent material defining a cellular lattice, and a second phase comprising a polymerized plastic material penetrating and intimately contacting the structure of the paper or other fibrous or absorbent material filling the voids and inter¬ stices between the fibers of the paper material and hardened to a desired condition of rigidity. According to the in- vention the resulting cellular -lattice of composite material is coated with at least one coating of plastic material adherent to and chemically binding with the hardened com¬ posite surface and with sufficient agglomerating or aggre¬ gative characteristics to form plastic weldments or fillets at the intersections of the substrate partitions. The plastic weld joints at the acute or obtuse angular inter¬ sections of the partition elements afford added rigidity and strength to the cellular lattice.

The invention also contemplates the method of forming such a structural system by assembling a plurality of paper material partitions into a cellular lattice structure; sat-

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urating the lattice structure paper material with a liquid saturating solute system containing polymerizable plastic material sufficiently liquified to saturate and be absorbed by the paper material, filling the voids and interstices of the fibrous structure of the paper material, driving out the air and gases; polymerizing and casting said plastic mat¬ erials from the solute system to form a relatively tough and rigid composite material lattice cellular structure; and coating composite material lattice structure with at least one coating of a plastic material adherent to and bonding with the composite surface and forming agglomerative weld joints or fillets at the intersections of the substrate partitions further rigidifying and strengthening the cell¬ ular lattice structure. A feature of the invention is that the resulting plas¬ tic and paper composite affords the advantages of high com¬ pressive strength fiber filled polymers. In this case the paper material substrate forms a continuous phase fibrous filler, with a polymer phase interspersed throughout and bonded to _. the paper mat and with a resilient surface skin rich in the polymer material. In addition to good adhesion and cohesion between the phas-es, the composite iε charac¬ terized by chemical bonding and linking between the polymer -material and the cellulose of the substrate. The material contemplated by the invention for fabricating the cellular lattice structure therefore yields increased stiffness,

strength, dimensional stability and toughness characteristic of polymer/filler interpenetrating skeletal network compo¬ sites. Other advantageous characteristics of the composite include i perviousness to moisture and microorganisms. Another feature of the invention is that a variety and multiplicity of starting polymers and plastics can be pre¬ pared and liquified in a solute system for polymerization, and casting in accordance with the invention. An advantage of this feature is that the structural characteristics of the final cast polymerized composite can be varied and de¬ termined according to the characteristics of the starting material and the characteristics to which they give rise in co-polymerization, cross-linking, and phase adhesion. For example, in one embodiment the invention contemplates start- ing with a variety of polyblends, including a major portion of a rigid phase ^* such as polystyrene and styrene synthetic resins and a lesser portion of a rubbery phase such as polybutadiene and butyl resins. Such polyblends character¬ istically yield tough, rigid, hard, high impact, high cora- pressive strength heterogenous unoriented polymers suitable for intimate composite bonding with the fibrous network paper "filler".

Starting polymers and polymer blends may include rigid plastics such as polystyrene and styrene blends, high den- sity polyethylene and ethylene co-polymers, polycarbonates, PVC and PVC polyblends; high polarity polymers such as poly-

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acrylonitrile, polypropylene, poly vinyl acetate, polyester resins, cellulosic polymers and nylons; highly cross linked plastics such as phenol formaldehyde resins and epoxy . resins; long chain polymers such as methacrylate polymers; polymer polyblends including rubbery phases such as ABS rubber, and butyl rubbers generally; acetal resins such as Delrins; ring forming polymers; and blends of a multiplicity of the foregoing calculated to give the desired properties to the structural system. in general, a blend of starting polymeric monomer and other plastic materials is liquified in a solvent system. The single polymer or polymer blend is selected so that the composite resulting from saturation, impregnation and the resultant polymerization in the fibrous network of the paper, yields tensile strengths** of 150 to 400 psig and typ¬ ically 200 psig contrasted with the tensile strength of the original paperboard partition substrate of only 10-25 psig. (Psig or psi gauge - takes into account 14.7 psi atmospheric pressure; i.e., the psi at sea level.) The polymeric at- erials combine in a variety of ways including co-polymeri¬ zation, ter-polymerization, graft and block polymerization, building up the structural properties of the composite. A thorough discussion of the use of polyblends in achieving desired- structural -characteristics, and presentation of the fully developed state of the art in plastic and polymer structural design and engineering characteristics is found

in Lawrence E. Nielsen, Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, Volumes I and II, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,

Publisher, New York, 1974, particularly Volume 1, Pages 216 and 217, and the references cited for particular polyblends. In a preferred embodiment of the structural system and method , polymer cross-linking by thermosetting or any other means is effected, building up a. durable, hard, strong and high impact composite through extensive "cis" and "trans" polymer bonding. However, it is also possible to achieve the desired structural characteristics of rigid strength through other molecular characteristics besides cross- linked polymers. For example, linear polymers may produce the desired characteristics through high polarity between adjacent strands, high molecular weight, high crystallinity, polymer chain topology and any other means of strong matri- cizing, etc. All these characteristics are assessed at length and polymers achieving specific characteristics are referenced in the Nielsen work on Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites cited above. In general, the present invention contemplates starting with polyfunctional monomers and polymer fragments to produce a complex compo¬ site. Such polyfunctional starting elements normally lead to cross-linking in the polymerized plastic yield but can also lead to ring forming linear polymers having the de- sired structural characteristics because of high molecular weight, high polarity, etc. and generally good adhesion be-

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tween the phases of the polyblend and cellulosic paper phase. Extensive examples of polyfunctional monomer ring- forming polymerizations are described and referenced in Cotter and Matzner, Ring-Forming Polymerizations, Organic Chemistry Series, Volume 13-A, Academic Press, Publisher, New York, 1969.

Thus, the present invention typically contemplates

starting with a blend of polyfunctional monomer and poly¬ mer fragments sufficiently liquified to penetrate and i - pregnate a fibrous material such as paper and the like.

This is accomplished by incorporating the starting plastic materials in a solute system appropriate to the plastic materials, that is, including a good solvent or solvents

for each constituent. A good solvent will permit closest approach to continuous phase casting of the plastic con¬

stituent to which it is adapted. A poor solvent for a particular plastic constituent will result in greater or lesser amounts of dispersed phase casting of the particular constituent in the paper substrate network. A variety of solvents or solute carriers may be used including, for example, ethyl acetate, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, benzene, and

other well-known organic solvents . The solute carriers selected for the solute system are, of course, those appro-

priate to the starting plastic material or materials and preferably a good solvent or solvents are utilized.

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According to the invention, the starting plastics are in¬ corporated into a solute system so that the plastic polymer fragments and monomers are sufficiently "liquified" and/or gelled so that they can fully migrate throughout the voids and interstices of the fibers of the substrate material, such as paper. In addition to the possibilities of a multiplicity of starting solids or plastics and a multi¬ plicity of solvents or solute carriers, a variety of sta¬ bilizers, hardeners, initiators and terminators may also be used to control subsequent polymerization as is well known in the art, controlling initiation, propagation, and termination of the subsequent polymerization reactions.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the solute system selected from a multiplicity of starting plastics and solvents comprises a solvolysis system from which polymerization of the constituents takes place in the saturated material substrate such as paper in situ by "flashing" off the solvent system vapors. A solvolysis reaction is a reaction involving substances in solution, in which the solvent reacts with the dissolved substance (solute) to form a new substance. Intermediate compounds are usually formed in this process. While in the solvent or liquid state, the monomer and polymer fragments migrate throughout-the fibrous substrate and tend to equalize in distribution. As solvent vapors are removed during air flashing or curing, "cis" and "trans" bonding and linking

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takes place in situ, with migration and adjustment of the constituents as required until the polymerization proceeds to the solid state. As the reaction proceeds to completion, air pressure, gravity forces, absorptive forces, ionic forces, and polymer bonding displacement forces combine to drive the air and solvent system generated vapors and gases from the interstices and voids of the paper fibrous network, nearly completely filling out the substrate, with good ad¬ hesion between the phases and actual chemical bonding be- tween the polymer or pol blend and the cellulose, hemicell- ulose and proteinaceous binding constituents of the paper. While initial solidification takes place in a matter of minutes, final hardening takes place over a period of sev¬ eral weeks with air curing. The period of curing will be accelerated by slightly elevated temperatures (e.g., 85° - 100° F) but not higher, to avoid super gasification which would release bubbles bound in the structure of the coating, weakening it.

In situ polymerization refers to the preferred method of bonding and cross-linking by migration of constituents under influence of natural forces of internal cohesion. Any other accepted method or means may also be used such as application of heat, pressure, gasification or any other in¬ ternal or external drive means to effect polymerization and accelerate, propagate, and terminate polymerization. Thus, the preferred method of polymerization in. situ might be

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characterized as polymerization in ambience without external drive or very little external drive, e.g., slightly elevated temperatures, etc. while other methods of polymerization might also be used, characterized by external drive or imposed gradient of heat, pressure, etc. Turning to the paper material substrate, this sub¬ strate is comprised in the preferred form of interesting paperboard partition elements of the type long manufactured by the paper and box industry. Such partition elements are variously referred to in the trade as partition sections, dividers and separators, and the resulting assemblage of intersecting elements, sections, dividers or separators are known as partitions, egg crates, crates, cells, etc. In addition to paperboard, other materials such as wood, kraft paper, etc. may be used. - These interlocking or intersecting partitions of elongated elements with slots at regular intervals combine to form a lattice of four sided parallelogram cells. According to the invention, the substrate is made of paper material such as paper- board, cardboard, corrugated board, boxboard, chipboard, bogus paper, kraft paper and generally any sheet material of a cellulosic or other nature either fibrous or non fibrous as long as it is absorbent, including wood, pressed-wood, fiberboard and .plastic elements of a structu- ral form. As used herein and in the following claims the phrases "paper-like material" or ^■ "absorbent paper-like

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material" are intended to include the foregoing sheet materials . A feature and advantage of the invention is that the cellulosic, hemicellulosic and proteinaceous constituents of the paper material in some cases chemically

bind or bond and cross-link with the saturating polymer or polyblend to form a composite of great strength per

unit weight.

It is apparent that the molding or casting method of the present invention eliminates the conventional mold by use of a substrate for shaping which in the process itself becomes incorporated into the cast product as a continuous phase in a composite structure. The method of the present invention might be characterized as an in situ casting upon or throughout a fibrous, absorbent or penetrable substrate network, or saturation casting.throughout a substrate from a solute system, solute carrier or solvent system which

involves a dissolved or liquified polymer/plastic blend in solvents for casting from a solvolysis system as described above. The paper material substrate comprises an internal mold, or more accurately, a "ubiquitous" mold or network mold for shaping or determining the shape of the compo¬ site as finally cast, polymerized, solidified, etc. It

is a form of polymerization casting, so to speak, by pro¬ viding _. ^ substrate to support in situ polymerization according to the shape of the substrate which, in addi¬ tion, may enter into the .polymerization of the cast sat-

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urant by chemical bonding. In this respect, the inven¬ tion affords a new method of shaping and casting polymeri¬ zable materials.

After transforming the cellular lattice of the origi- nal paper material partition substrate into a plastic and paper network interpenetrating composite of greatly in¬ creased strength, further steps are contemplated by the - invention. In accordance with these additional procedures, the lattice composite is coated or laminated with at least one additional coating of plastic material adherent to and chemically binding with the composite surface and with sufficient agglomerative or aggregative characteristics to form agglomerative plastic welds at the angular intersec¬ tions of the lattice cells where the original paper parti- tion substrate elements intersect. Thus, the invention contemplates formation of plastic weldments, thickened weld joint or fillets where cell walls meet, in order to further strengthen the lattice structure. Additional coatings may also be provided to thicken once again and build up the welds for heavy duty, heavy load usage. Thus, the original saturating solvolysis system also forms a base coat or layer for receiving additional layers or laminates which cross-link with the base and subsequent -layers--with interpolymerization between the laminates. Each added coating is a similar polymer solvolysis system which softens by solvent action the previous layer, the

of chemical components occurs for an in situ polymerization laminate bond. Thus, the laminate layers are -chemically

bonded one to another by in situ polymerization. Certain characteristics may be imparted to the sub¬

strate paper material, saturating polymer or polyblend material and coating plastic materials in order to effect the methods of the invention. Thus, in a preferred ap¬ proach, where the paper substrate bears an acidic or catio-

nic nature, as may be the case with kraft type papers, the saturating solute system selected from a multiplicity of polyfunctional monomer and polymer constituents and a multiplicity of solute carriers is adjusted by additives to have a slightly anionic or basic character so that it will be more forcefully absorbed by the paper material and will be dispersive within the ^" fibrous network of the paper rather than agglomerative. On the other hand, the initial coating material which is a similar plastic solute and solvolysis system, otherwise prepared in a manner similar to the saturating solute system, is adjusted to be neutral so that internal cohesive agglomerative or aggregating forces can be expressed particularly at the points where walls of cells meet and intersect, selectively building up thickened plastic weldments, _. fillets or gussets at these intersections which rigidify and structurally prepare the lattice for bearing stresses and loads.

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In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a plurality of subsequent coatings may be applied, in each case calculated to adhere and cross-link to the previous surface and further build up the strength of the lattice walls, and particularly, the strength of the lattice inter¬ sections. The coatings may each be of a neutral character, but in one form, may be of alternately opposite character; •i.e., anionic/cationic/anionic, etc. to increase adhesion and cross-linking between the layers. The initial paper network plastic interpenetrating composite thus becomes a component layer in a strongly adhering laminate of layers. While the initial saturation forms the interpenetrating - composite, subsequent coatings are calculated to laminate upon the composite lattice structure rather than penetrate. Cross-linking characterizes the- bonding between chemical or polymer laminate layers and this interpolymerization of the component layers produces a chemically bonded laminate as well as physically bonded. In other words, the compo¬ site base and laminate layers form a monolithic structure. in forming pallets in accordance with the invention, the new and improved lightweight, low-cost, high strength cellular lattice of composite-material is used as the core material for the deck and legs of the pallet structure of the type with a flat deck for supporting a load and legs spacing the deck from the ground to permit entry of fork lift tines for lifting the pallet and supporting the load.

The legs and dec may be held together and bonded by the subsequent coatings or laminates with in situ polymeriza¬ tion across joints as previously described. The cell walls of the lattice are oriented perpendicular to the ground,

that is they are oriented in the direction of bearing of the supported load, and the upper deck surface is covered with a flat sheet paper and plastic material composite including two phases as heretofore described with reference to the paper and plastic composite partition elements. At least one additional plastic coating is applied, adherent to the composite surface, with agglomerative characteris¬ tics forming continuous weldment or plastic weld fillets along the lines of contact of the deck sheet and lattice cell walls at the upper surface of the core where the sheet and lattice wall intersect. Preferably, the decking to lattice fillets or weldments are formed to be a greater thickness than either the deck or partition elements.

A variety of pallet structures, forms and configura¬ tions may be formed incorporating the structural system of the present invention. For example, pallets of different sizes, or with different cell sizes in the lattice struc¬ ture in order to vary the density of material and bearing strength have been fabricated. Both two-way and four-way pallets- may be made with runner legs or pedestal legs. Reversible pallets with decks on the top and bottom and legs or pedestals sandwiched in between may be made. Prior

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to coating or at intermediate coatings, reinforcing parti¬ tion elements of wood or other structural material may be inserted in the legs from below cut to extend a fraction of an inch below the bottom of the lattice to provide floor skids. Similarly, such wood or other structural material element can be inserted prior to coating into the inner walls of the legs, projecting slightly beyond the leg- walls to provide fork lift tine guards. Other features and advantages of such structural floor skids and tine guards inserted into the lattice and subsequently bonded to the pallet are that the durability, as well as the overall strength and rigidity of the pallet is greatly increased. Additional reinforcing fillers, cylinders, pegs, etc. may be used in the cells of the lattice structure particularly in areas where fork lift tines -bear against, the lattice cell walls.

As another basic innovative feature of the new structu¬ ral system, the invention also contemplates a new rigid paper partition structure going beyond the conventional parallelogram cell lattice structure presently manufactured by the paper and boxboard industry. According to this inno¬ vation, triangular cells are distributed throughout the lattice structure to impart rigidity to the otherwise collapsible parallelogram cell lattice formed by two sets of parallel intersecting partition elements. In this aspect of the invention, three sets £f parallel partition

elements are employed, including a first set of parallel elongate partition elements with ^' periodic slits formed in both sides of said elements at regular intervals. That is the first, or base, set of parallel elongate elements has opposing slots formed on both sides of each element at regular intervals. A second set of partition elements with slits formed on one side at regular intervals engages, and intersects the first set to define the conventional lattice structure of parallelogram cell. In addition, however, a third set of parallel partition elements with slits formed at regular intervals on one side engages and intersects the elements of the first set on the other side from the second set, whereby the third set bisects at least some of the parallelogram cells to distribute triangular cells throughout the lattice structure thereby imparting rigidity to the paper partition lattice structure.

A feature and advantage of this new rigid paper parti¬ tion cellular lattice structure is that the lattice may be used in any state of relative collapse along a spectrum from rectangular cells to flattened partition elements by varying the angles of the parallelogram cells formed by the first and second partition elements over a continuous range from zero to right angle before adding the third set of parallel partition elements to rigidify the structure. Thus, the spacing of the slits at regular intervals formed in the third set of parallel partition elements is pre-

selected over a variable range from near total collapse up to the length of the diagonal of the rectangular cell in order to rigidify the lattice structure at the desired state of collapse. The advantage of this feature is that the density of material may therefore also be varied over a wide range to vary the bearing strength of the resulting structure. The new and improved paperboard cellular lat- • tice structure with triangular cells for rigidity can then be transformed into the paper network and plastic inter- penetrating composite described above and into other appli¬ cations of the structural systems and methods of the pre¬ sent invention. For example, it is particularly applicable for use as legs in pallet structures and in building mat¬ erials. It is apparent that many other applications of the structural system and method of the present invention are possible in addition to pallets and industrial platforms; for example, in wall board, furniture, doors, ceilings, prefab structures and other building structures. Other objects, features and advantages of the many facets of the invention will become apparent in the following specifica¬ tion and accompanying drawings. Prior Art Statement

The use of a cellular lattice structure per se in - pallet construction is not new. Patent No. 3,691,965 describes a pallet consisting essentially of a lattice of

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orthogonal longitudinal and cross ribs defining rectangular cells for the structural body of a pallet. This patent, however, contemplates a unitary structure molded of plastic according to conventional plastic molding methods. Other plastic pallet patents such as Patent No. 4,013,021 also appear to incorporate cellular lattice structures in one form or another, but such patents again contemplate a conventionally molded solid plastic pallet of considerable expense. Cellular lattice structures arising from the use of partition elements is described in Patent No. 3,752,089 directed to a load bearing structure made of corrugated cardboard. According to this disclosure, intersecting strip blanks form a grid of rectangular cells whose rigid- ity is then maintained by scored -and folded cardboard ele¬ ments inserted in the cells of the lattice-work. Polymer¬ ized composite material structures and weld-joints are not contemplated here, nor are they in paperboard and card¬ board pallets as described in Patent No. 2,925,947 for collapsible pallets, Patent No. 2,908,464 for pallets easily assembled from fold out parts, and Patent No. 3,131,656- for pallets assembled from interlocking and cooperating blanks scored and folded from slotted flat sheets.-- Many honeycomb pallet structures are described in the prior art such as Patent No. 3,709,161; 3,248,275; and 3,079,876. But a primary object of the present invention

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is to avoid the expense of honeycomb material.

Patent No. 3,880,092 describes a pallet of rigid foamed plastic coated over a wooden core or substrate. This wooden frame is placed in a conventional mold and the foamed plastic is deposited in the mold around the frame. Thus, there is no disclosure of an interpenetrating cell- ulosic and plastic composite base material with bonding laminations and weldments as contemplated by the present invention. In situ polymerization to provide a coupled composite of a polymer and a porous cellulosic material is described in Patent No. 3,765,934. Partial as we11 ^{^} as ^~ completer-im¬ pregnation filling all or substantially all of the voids in the porous cellulosic material with a polymerizable complex is set forth in this patent specification by way of a number of examples, including examples, in which chemical bonds are formed between the polymer and the wood. This patent contemplates an impregnated wood substrate and polymer wood composites for the manufacture of plywood. However, instructive examples of saturation and in situ polymerization of a porous cellulosic substrate are de¬ scribed.

Other examples of plastic and wood composites are ^• described i-n Patent No. 4,057,658 for a method of impreg- nating wood with plastics; Patent No. 3,494,826 for polymer bonded cellulose and its preparations; and Patent No.

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2,298,017 for a process for plasticizing ligno-cellulosic materials. Patent No. 2,434,106 describes the impregna¬ tion of paper material with styrene resins in a solvent with a number of examples while other examples of poly-

5 merization process for treating penetrable receptive sub¬ strates of varied nature are described in Patent No. 3, 466,182. Patent No. 3,936,542 for methods of controlling - migration of synthetic resins applied to porous materials has as its objective the prevention of saturation, impreg-

10 nation and migration in the porous or absorbent substrate material, just the opposite of the present invention.

None of these foregoing patents, however, contemplates the treatment of intersecting or interlocking partition elements of cellulosic, fibrous or absorbent material by

15. impregnation, saturation and in situ polymerization amount¬ ing to "saturation casting" throughout a substrate which functions as a "ubiquitous mold" to form interpenetrating substrate material and plastic composites for cellular lattice structural systems; nor do they contemplate adher-

20 ent and chemically bonded cross-linked laminate layers upon the composite base to build up structural properties and form bonded laminate weldments, weld-joint, or fillets at the angular intersections of the partition elements. Nor do--the .patents contemplate incorporation of such novel

25 structural systems into pallet structures, industrial plat¬ forms and other structural applications as contemplated by

the present invention. Only certain isolated elements or features of the present invention are presented in isola¬ tion in the foregoing described patents. In addition, Patents 3,711,314 and 2,468,086 describe a technique of imparting opposite polar anionic/cationic characteristics to adjacent laminates to increase adherence and bonding. However, this ad hoc assemblage_ of only some of the element of the systems and methods described herein do not lead one skilled in the art to the present unobvious systhesis of these and additional elements as taught herein above and in the following detailed description with reference to the drawings.

Brief Description of Drawings

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic plan view from below of a pallet structure with cellular lattice structural core, all con¬ structed in accordance with the present invention.

Figures 1A and IB are fragmentary diagrammatic views from below of the pallet structure showing some optional rein- forcing features which may be added alone or in combination in the pallet structure to increase durability for rough handling, etc.

Figure-2 is a side view of the pallet structure again showing some optional features for reinforcement.

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Figures 2A and 2B are fragmentary side views of the pallet structure showing structural partition elements inserted and incorporated into the legs of the pallet structure for floor skids, tine guards, side guards and strap bracing.

Figure 2C is a plan view of a double sided partition ele¬ ment with score lines for folding into a plastic filled

runner or strapping or binding guard.

Figure 2D is a perspective view of a plastic filled folded partition element runner or reinforcing element.

Figure 2E is a fragmentary side view of the pallet struc¬ ture incorporating into the leg.a runner of the type shown in Figure 2D.

Figure 3 is a perspective view of the pallet structure showing optional channels in the legs for converting the two-way pallet into a four-way pallet.

Figures 4,5, & 6 are plan views of partition elements which are assembled in intersecting"parallel sets to provide the cellular lattice substrate incorporated in the structures

and methods-of the present invention.

Figures 7 & 8 are diagrammatic plan views of intersecting

joints of the cellular lattice structure after saturation, in situ polymerization, and subsequent lamination showing the plastic weldments, weld joints, or fillets imparting rigidity and strength to the cellular lattice structure of polymer and partition substrate interpenetrating composite

material.

Figures 9 & 10 are diagrammatic views from the bottom and side, respectively, of another pallet structure arrangement and configuration according to the present invention.

Figures 11, 12, & 13 are a plan view, end view turned up, and side view of an elongate pallet leg structure with smaller cells, higher density of material and greater com- pressive strength.

Figure 14 is a perspective view of a reversible pallet structure constructed in a manner similar to that illus¬ trated with reference to Figures 1 and 2 but with both upper and lower decks.

Figure 15 is a perspective view of a four-way pallet con¬ structed in accordance with the present invention including a deck and nine pedestals to permit entry of fork lift tines from any side of the pallet.

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Figures 16,17, & 18 are diagrammatic plan view, side view and end view turned up, respectively of a pedestal with smaller cell size and increased density of material with increased strength for incorporation into four-way pallets of the present invention.

Figures 19 and 20 are diagrammatic plans for new and im¬ proved partition element lattice structures with three parallel sets of partition elements in intersecting rela- tionship so at least some of the parallelogram cells of the conventional partition lattice are bisected to distribute triangular cells throughout the lattice and impart rigidity to the said lattice.

Figure 21 is a plan view of a partition element with two sets of opposing slots at spaced intervals to receive two parallel sets of intersecting partitions, one set on each side, to form the new partition lattice illustrated in Figures 19 and 20.

Figure 22 is a diagrammatic plan view of the plastic weld- ment, weld joint or fillet at the intersection of two par¬ tition elements which are skewed or non-orthogonal and showing .the thicker-build up of agglomerating plastic in the acute angle over the obtuse angle.

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Best. Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

In the embodiment of the present invention illus¬ trated in Figures 1-8 there is shown a pallet 10 whose structural core consists of the cellular lattice structural

5 system of the present invention formed generally into a load bearing deck 12 and three parallel spaced longitudinal legs 14 which support the deck above ground to permit entry of fork lift tines between legs. In this case the deck is formed by two parallel sets of intersecting or interlocking

10 partition elements 15 and 16 defining parallelogram cells 17. The two parallel sets meet orthogonally to define rectangular cells. The cell size may vary over a consider¬ able range depending upon-the density of material and deck strength required to "bridge" the space between legs. In

15 a typical application the cell size might be for example 2" by 2 1/2" with a deck height or thickness of 1 1/2".

Similarly, the legs 14 are formed by two orthogo¬ nally intersecting sets of partition elements in this case long partition elements 20 and shorter elements 22 defining

20 parallelogram rectangular cells 23. Such partition elements are shown in further detail unassembled in Figures 4 & 5. The partition height and leg height may be, for example, 4 1/2". Partition lengths are determined by overall pallet dimensions which may vary typically from 48" x 48" to 48" -25 x 42" and 48" by 40" and also 42" x 48" and 40" x 48" where the first number is the length of the longitudinal

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direction of the leg by convention. Thus, for a typical leg size 48" long, by 4 1/2" height, by 6" width, partition ele¬

ment 20 would by 48" long by 4 1/2" high. If partition ele¬ ment 22 were 12" long one half of it would be used, cut be-

fore or after assembly as hereafter described. While par¬ tition elements 22 and 20 illustrated in Figures 4 & 5 are

assembled by intersecting slot into slot, sets of mating interlocking partition elements of the type shown in Figure 6 may also be used. Such interlocking partitions 25 are formed with locking tabs 26 at the top of the mating slots which engage and lock into the lock slot or back slot 27 of the mating partition elements.

According to a preferred method of forming the cellular lattice structure, the legs and deck are assembled separate- ly. Thus partitions for the legs are assembled and parti¬ tions for the deck are assembled. The assembled partition elements are then immersed in the saturating polymer poly- blend solvolysis system until the paperboard, chipboard or other fibrous or absorbent material of the partition ele- ents is preferably thoroughly penetrated. After in situ

polymerization or other polymerization and hardening of the interpenetrating substrate/polymer-composite material, the legs and deck parts are nearly rigid and can be cut and trimmed,-- for- example by sawing. The deck and legs are then clipped together, or otherwise temporarily held or main¬ tained together in place for a first coating of the poly-

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blend over the composite .core-or base. The polyblend may be of neutral characteristics to yield agglomerative charac¬ teristics during lamination process. As heretofore de¬ scribed, after dipping and removing the assembled deck and legs, the solvent of the coating polyblend softens a sur¬ face layer of the composite base to allow in situ polymeri¬ zation and lamination of the first coating layer to the composite base material, physically adhering and chemically binding and cross linking the legs and decks together at points of contact. Additional interpolymerization and laminating coating layers further strengthen the assembly and in addition from agglomerative weldments 30 at any intersections between any partition elements 31 and 32 as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. _. The result is a plastic welded reinforced cellular lattice structure of chemically bonded and cross linking laminations and fillets upon a composite interpenetrating network polymer/partition sub¬ strate base as illustrated in Figure 8.

After assembly of the partition elements into a deck and legs, after saturation and in situ polymerization of the deck and legs to form the composite material deck base and leg bases, and after coating and lamination of the deck and legs maintained in position for bonding together to form the structural- core of the pallet with plastic weld- ments, fillets or weld joints at all intersections, addi¬ tional features are added to the pallet structure. Thus,

as shown in Figures 2 and 3, a sheet of deck paper/polymer composite 35 is placed over and bonded to the upper surface of deck 12 covering the cells 17 (shown in Figure 1) of the deck lattice and providing a continuous bearing surface for the load. This deck sheet is formed initially by satura¬ tion of paper such as paperboard, chipboard, kraft paper, etc. or other fibrous and/or absorbent material such as veneer, fabrics, fiberglass or any other material suitable for a decking surface in the saturating polyblend followed by in situ polymerization. The composite sheet material is applied while still wet or liquified to the deck lattice for bonding by physical adherence and chemical cross-linking. Additional immersion as a unit further builds up fillets or weldments at the lines of intersection of the deck sheet 35 and deck core lattice walls, greatly increasing the strength of the pallet. A non-skid surface may also be imparted to the deck sheet by a final coating of a poly¬ blend with a rubber content, i.e. proportions of butyl, butadiene, or butyrene content. Other non-skid surfaces, such as a grit surface as is known, may also be applied to the deck surface.

A sheet or membrane similar to deck sheet 35 can also be applied to the bottom of legs 14 to provide a flat con¬ tinuous ^" protective bearing surface 37, protecting the cell walls of the lattice from abrasion or distortion in handl- ^r ing.

As used in this specification the terms "interpolymer¬ ization" and "in situ interpolymerization" are intended to refer not only to the in situ polymerization which takes place within a particular coating or lamination or laminat- ing layer, from a polyblend solute/solvent system and sol¬ volysis system, but also the softening by solvent action of the previous layer or base by the next coating and the in— . ^* termigration of monomer and polymer constituents across ^* the boundary or interface followed by polymerization, chemical bonding, and cross linking between the layers affording overall a unitary laminate structure of great strength, tenacity and durability. Thus, "interpolymeri¬ zation" refers to the intimate bonding and cross linking across boundary or interface layers of the resulting lami- nate structure, effected by the use of polyblends in a solute/solvent system with solvents appropriate to each plastic material of the polyblend; sufficiently liquified for complete saturation and in situ polymerization through¬ out the partition substrate in the initial composite forma- tion, and adjusted for agglomerative fillet and intersec¬ tion weId ent formation in subsequent laminating steps. Other anionic/c tionic adjustments can also be effected.

A number of variations on the basic pallet of Figures -1 & 2 are shown in Figures 1A, IB, and 2A-E. Thus Figures 2A & 2B show the pallet legs reinforced by tine guards and floor skids. The floor runners or skids 40 and the tine

guards 41 are partition elements specially prepared from wood or other structural material of sufficient thickness

to serve the structural purposes hereafter described. In this example, the wood partition elements would be 48 inches long with slots formed at regular intervals for intersecting and engaging the cell walls along the length of a leg. Thus the appearance of such wood partition elements is similar to that illustrated with respect to _. Figures 4 and 5. These reinforcing wood partition elements have a height and slot length sufficient to penetrate in the cellular lattice structure and project beyond the lattice any desired or suitable distance, for example 1/8 to 1/4

inch. Reinforcing wood partition elements inserted from below into the legs form runners or skids 40, while those inserted from the side of the legs form tine guards or side

guards 41, all of which protect the composite material lat¬ tice structure during rough handling and increase the dura¬ bility and life of the pallet. The tine guards and side guards 41 and runners or skids 40 offer an additional ad- vantage where straps 42 are to be used to tie or bind goods to the pallet. Thus, they protect the composite material lattice structure from cutting action by the strap, dis¬ tributing the strap pressure over a larger and more rigid surface;. Another alternative is shown in the right hand leg of the pallet as illustrated in Figure 2 and Figure IB. In

this arrangement a single runner 38 is inserted the length of the leg along the middle, raising the cellular lattice structure slightly off the ground and protecting it from abrasion. It is apparent that wooden reinforcing parti- tion elements can be inserted in a variety of locations to increase the durability of the pallet. In each case the wooden element can be inserted before coating, or at an intermediate coating to physically bond and chemically bind and cross link the reinforcing element to the overall structure, strengthening and further rigidifying cell walls of the lattice in the vicinity of the structural partition element and offering runners, skids, tine guards and side guards where appropriate and required by the uses involved. Another arrangement for runners or skids is. illus¬ trated in Figures 2C & 2D. In this approach, a double sided folding partition element 47 is scored and folded along lines 49 to form a folded partition plastic filled runner 50. After folding, the runner is filled with a plastic and filler material which may include a filler of beaten or shredded paper, for example, waste paper frag¬ ments from the paper partition manufacturing process, or sawdust, or wood, plastic, and any other suitable filler material. -The resulting runner may then be inserted into, and engage, the cell walls of the pallet legs to provide durable runners or skids. Further laminations bond the

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runner to the pallet structure as heretofore described.

Thus, this type of runner also protects the composite material lattice structure from a cutting action of the strap or binding distributing the strap or binding pressure over a larger surface.

Incorporation of such a runner 50 into leg 14 of the pallet is shown in Figure 2E where the runner 50 is insert¬ ed into the outer row of cells in the leg lattice while side guards 41 and floor skid 40 are inserted and incor- porated into the inside row of the leg.

Figures 1A and IB show some additional means for pallet structure reinforcement. In Figure 1A, cups or cylinder segments of paper material, or any other material suitable for reinforcement, are inserted into some of the cells of the lattice. Additional coatings or laminations effected by dipping the structure into a polymer polyblend solvolysis system, incorporate such reinforcing cups or cylinder elements into the structural core by physical adhesion and chemical binding, increasing the material den- sity and strength of the pallet structure. Such cups or cylinders, as well as the wooden partition elements hereto¬ fore described, may be pretreated by solvolysis system sat¬ uration and in situ polymerization to form the stronger com¬ posite material as -described with reference to the partition elements. Other materials such 'as wooden pegs or any other load bearing materials and supports can be incorporated

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into the pallet structure and bonded into the unitary laminated structure without limitation to the particular examples enumerated here.

In Figure IB, reinforcement has been added in the area of the undersurface of the deck where the tines of a fork lift truck bear, to raise the deck and supported load. Such reinforcement has been effected by filling the perti- ; ^• nent cells of the deck 12, that is, cells against which the fork lift tines will bear, with a plastic and filler mix- ture. The plastic may be derived from the same polyblend as the saturating and coating solvolysis systems used in forming the laminate structure, with a filler of beaten or shredded paper fragments such as derived from waste paper in box manufacturing or any other suitable filler material. The plastic and beaten paper fragment composite filler 45 is polymerized and hardened either within the appropriate cells or separately forming the reinforced area on the undersurface of the deck. Such reinforcement might also be effected by inserting a plurality of wooden partition ele- ments in the undersurface of the deck in the manner here¬ tofore described, with reference to the runners or skids 40 and tine guards and side guards 41, illustrated with reference to the legs in Figures 2A and 2B. Similarly, folded partition plastic filled elements 50 of the type illustrated in Figures 2C and 2D might also be used to strengthen the undersurface of the deck where tines bear.

A sheet or membrane similar to deck sheet 35 can also be applied to the undersurface of the deck. Any other means for reinforcing the undersurface of the deck such as wooden pegs, plastic tubes, etc. may also be used In making pallets according to the present invention, the deck portions and leg portions are frequently assembled separately and then joined as heretofore described. As a .' result, the cell structure of the legs is usually not aligned with the cell structure of the-deck, as shown more clearly in the offset juncture between the legs and deck in Figures 2A, 2B, and 2E. It would certainly be possible, however, to manufacture partition elements of full size and form to be assembled into the pallet according to its final shape, in one piece without first assembling separate parts or portions which are then joined together to give the final pallet shape. The assembling of separate parts, however, offers advantages in manufacturing and handling.

A perspective view of the pallet illustrated with reference to Figures 1-8 is shown in Figure 3. The perspec- tive view indicates how the pallet, initially a two-way pallet, may be converted into and four-way pallet so that tines of a fork lift truck may enter below the deck from any side to raise the pallet and its supported load. Such conversion is effected by cutouts leaving channels 52 through the sides of the legs 14 where the fork lift tines can enter. The roof 53 of the channels 52, being the under-

surfaces of the legs in the cutout regions are lined with deck paper or membrane, heretofore described with reference to the deck surface sheet 35. Thus deck type paper sat¬ urated with the polyblend in a solvent system and polymer- ized in situ is bonded to the roof 53 of the channels 52 by laminations and weldments covering the cells of the lattice and protecting the cell walls from abrasions and distortion by the lifting tines.

As is apparent from the nature of the structural sys- tern of the present invention, it can be manifested in a variety of formats and dimensions in pallet structures and industrial platforms. Thus, as shown in the pallet embodiment of Figures 9 and 10 a variety of cell sizes may be incorporated into the cellular lattice and the cell size of the legs may differ from the cell size of the deck lattice. In fact, in some instances for greater strength, it is advantageous to form the legs of higher density cells as shown in the leg illustrated in Figures 11 through 13. In that example, a smaller cell size is utilized giving a higher density of material and higher density of cell walls for greater structural support. Thus, for a leg 48 inches long, by 4 1/2 inches high, by 6 inches or 8 inches wide, 5 cells across are shown with an added strip on the edge •for strength. Figure 14 is a perspective view of a pallet similar in structure to the one illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. How-

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ever, the pallet in Figure 14 is reversible. Thus the pallet 60 includes in addition to the upper deck 61 and

legs 62, a lower deck 63. The upper and lower decks 61 and

63 are formed in the manner described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 consisting of the lattice structure covered by deck sheets or membranes 65 and 67. The legs 62 covered above and below by the upper and lower decks define the boundaries for the holes or ^' openings which receive the tines

of the fork lift truck. In all other respects the legs and decks are formed and joined as heretofore described. The various forms of reinforcement heretofore described may also be incorporated into this form of the pallet as they may be in others described herein.

A four-way pallet based upon pedestals rather than elongate runners is illustrated in Figure 15. In this em¬ bodiment the pallet 70 consists of a deck 71 and nine ped- estals 72 all formed of the cellular lattice structure as heretofore described. The deck 71 is topped by a deck sheet 73 bonded to the lattice while the bottoms of the pedestals 72 are similarly covered by composite material membranes 74 welded to the pedestals at the lines of inter¬ section of the membrane 74 and pedestal cell walls where agglomerative fillets accumulate. For greater strength,

higher -'density of material may be incorporated in the pedestal by smaller cell size and higher cell density in the lattice as is illustrated in the pedestal-for four-

way pallets at Figures 16-18.

A novel and improved partition lattice structure for incorporation into the structural systems and methods of the present invention is illustrated with reference to Figures 19-22. In accordance with this aspect of the invention three sets of parallel partition elements are assembled in intersecting engaging relationship rather than two sets as is conventionally the case in partition assem¬ bly and box manufacture. Thus, as illustrated in Figures ^• 19 and 20 the new structure 80 is formed by a first set of parallel partition elements 81 and a second set of parallel partition elements 82 which intersect with each other to form the parallelogram cells 83 as would occur in a conven¬ tional partition assemblage if it were skewed from ortho- gonality. However, in accordance with the present inven¬ tion, a third set of parallel partition elements 84 is incorporated in the lattice to bisect at least some of the parallelogram cells and distribute triangular cells 85 throughout the lattice imparting rigidity to the lattice. The degree of skew in the lattice prior to insertion of a third set of partitions to introduce triangular cells and rigidity can be varied to vary the density of material in the lattice and hence compressive strength for different ^• purposes as well as triangular to parallelogram. The ratio of triangular cells to parallelogram cells can also be varied to provide a range of rigidity and strength as

required. Thus, for incorporation in a pallet leg, a degree of skew such as illustrated in Figure 20 might be used to increase strength. Once assembled the partition substrate is processed and incorporated into the interpene- trating plastic and paper material composite as heretofore described, and processed into the laminated structural system. After the structure is saturated and the initial casting in situ is completed the hardened lattice may be cut to appropriate shape as required. Or, cutting may be effected after a later coating.

In order to assemble three sets of-partitions into a lattice substrate with triangular cells distributed through the lattice to impart rigidity, at least one set of parti¬ tions is of the ^' form illustrated in Figure 21 with two sets of opposing slits 91 and 92 on each side of the partition element 90 at spaced intervals. The other two sets of partitions may each be of the form for example, as illus¬ trated in Figure 4. Thus, as shown, the three sets of partition elements are formed of equal width and with slot configurations so that upon assembly, the tops and bottoms of the three sets coincide, defining lattice cell walls of co-extensive height.

When the partition elements are skewed, obtuse and acute angles are formed so that in subsequent polymerization steps weldments tend to thicken to an even greater extent in the acute angles than the obtuse as illustrated in Figure

22. The extent of skew desired determines the spacing of the slots in the third set of partitions which will bisect some of the parallelogram cells to form triangular cells.

In another form of the invention, the lattice structure may still be comprised of only two sets of partition ele¬ ments intersecting to form a parallelogram lattice, but skewed to a desired degree and temporarily held in that configuration until saturated, polymerized in situ and hardened. It is apparent that the structural system of the pre¬ sent invention and the preferred embodiments described herein have wide application beyond pallets and industrial platforms to other load bearing and structural applications such as for example, in building materials such as walls, ceilings, doors, etc; sporting equipment such as boats, skis, toboggans, etc; vehicles such as boats, automobiles, trucks, campers and recreational vehicles; and other applications.

In each of the above described applications and embodiments, the best mode of the basic monolithic struc- tural system is the interpenetrating substrate and plastic material cellular lattice composite of first and second phases formed by in situ polymerization from a solvolysis system. Thus, the first phase comprises intersecting •partitions of absorbent fiber-like material forming a continuous phase substrate or filler network, and the second phase comprises polymerized plastic material extend-

ing throughout and filling the voids and interstices of the fibrous network and in fact characterized by chemical

bonding between the phases. In the preferred embodiment this composite is formed by in situ polymerization and casting of the plastic materials from a saturating solvoly¬ sis system dispersed throughout the fibrous network sub¬ strate. By way of example, the solvolysis system may be ^* formed by styrofoam dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) .

In such a system, the solvent reacts with the solute to form intermediate compounds. Thus, the ketone of MEK

becomes a component of the resulting compounds, bonding with the fundamental styrene reactants. Methyl and ethyl alcohol derived from the MEK solvent are driven off as a vapor during in situ polymerization. The intermediate compounds formed by. the initial reactants and solvent com¬

ponents remain as the reactants for in situ polymerization. Hydrocarbons of the original solvent are bound to the inter¬ mediate compounds and reactants while alcohols, esters and acetones are driven off during in situ polymerization. Using methyl butyl ketone (MBK) as the solvent may produce two solvolysis reactants, butyl and ketone, for the poly¬ merization reaction.

The energy level, activity and viscosity of the sol¬ volysis- system are. adjusted with sufficient solvent to provide substantially complete penetration and saturation of the fibrous _, material of the partition lattice substrate

immersed in the solvolysis system. This may be enhanced by slightly elevated temperature, pressure etc. Such external drive by way of elevated temperature, however, should not exceed the boiling temperature of the constituents of the saturant so that during in situ polymerization bubbles will not form.

The character of such solvolysis reactions of sub¬ stances in solution in which the solvent reacts with the dissolved substance forming new substances and intermediate compounds is further described in The Encyclopedia of

Chemistry, George L. Clark, Editor-in-Chief, Van Nostrand Company, 1966, pp. 993-996 et. seq. Briefly, the advant¬ ages of using solvolysis systems such as the above example in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention is twofold. First, the solvolysis system and solvolysis reaction with its greater molecular excitation and motion drive the material to greater depth of penetration and greater saturation of the substrate for a more thorough interpenetrating composite than is otherwise possible. Second, solvolysis enhances the polymerization process with the result that in situ polymerization throughout the sub¬ strate network is possible to-a degree of completion far greater than hardening from an ordinary solution. The greater.-migration and interaction of starting materials driven by the solvolysis in which both solvents and solutes interact permits improved and superior saturation and in

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situ polymerization according to the preferred embodiment

_* of the present invention. Thus, in the solvolysis type solute system of the preferred embodiment the solvent aids the reaction not only by allowing the reactants to diffuse together but also by reacting with the dissolve substance or substances (polyblend) to form- new substances. The resulting composite is monolithic in the interpenetration Y of the two phases, and the unitary structural system pro¬ vided by the present invention. Further laminations over the composite are formed by adjusting the energy level and viscosity of the solvolysis system to be agglomerative rather than saturating ^' . Thus, less solvent is used and less external drive so that the constituents ^* of the solvolysis system tend to agglomerate or .aggregate rather than saturate. However, the superior advantage achieved by this laminar application of the adjusted solvolysis according to the invention is that the laminating solvolysis system liquifies the outer surface of the composite or preceding layer and interpolymerizes with it in situ at the interface between the laminating layer and the composite or between subsequent adjacent layers. The in situ polymerization is- therefore of the same charac¬ ter as the polymer plastic material comprising each layer and the- resulting laminate structure is therefore truly monolithic.