Background Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteins or peptides that can be produced by certain bacteria, which can kill or inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. The bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are of particular importance since they have great potential for the preservation of food and for the control of foodborne pathogens.

(Wessels et al. 1998. ) The most well known bacteriocin is nisin, which is the only bacteriocin currently authorised as a food additive. Nisin is produced by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and is sold as the commercial extract Nisaplin Natural Antimicrobial (Danisco). Nisin has an unusually broad antimicrobial spectrum for a bacteriocin, being active against most Gram-positive bacteria (e. g. species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, lactic acid bacteria). It is not normally effective against Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts or moulds. Nisin is allowed as a food preservative worldwide but its levels of use and approved food applications are strictly regulated, varying from country to country.

Other bacteriocins have since been discovered with potential as food preservatives, e. g. pediocin, lacticin, sakacin, lactococcin, enterococin, plantaricin, leucocin. These are also active, although usually with a more narrow spectrum, against Gram-positive bacteria.

Their food use is at present restricted to production of the bacteriocin in situ, i. e. by growth of the producer organism within the food.

Antioxidants are widely used in food products susceptible to oxidative degeneration. An antioxidant is defined by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 170.3) as"a substance used to preserve food by retarding deterioration, rancidity, or discoloration due to oxidation". Spices or plant extracts can be used in food as antioxidants and to impart flavour. One advantage of such extracts is that they are perceived as natural ingredients when compared to chemical antioxidants such as butyl hydroxyanisol (BHA)

and butylated hydoxytoluene (BHT). Plants of the family Labiatae contain several well known herbs. Extracts from these plants have been shown to have antioxidant and, in some cases, antimicrobial activity (Nychas & Skandamis, 2003; Smid and Gorris, 1999; Loliger, 1989). Such extracts may be essential oils and oleoresins (extracts with essential oil content used in flavours and fragrances) or"deodorised"', extracts that have a high phenolic diterpene content and low level of flavour-inducing compounds.

Essential oils are extracted by simple steam distillation of the plant material. The most effective antioxidant compounds in rosemary and sage are reported to be carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid (Cuvelier et a/. 1996). Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene (C20H2804), occurs naturally in leaves of plants of the Labiatae family, particularly rosemary and sage, but also thyme and marjoram. Dried leaves of rosemary or sage contain 1.5-2. 5% carnosic acid and 0.3-0. 4% carnosol (US6231896). Carnosol is an oxidative artefact of carnosic acid (Wenkert et al. J. Org. Chem 30: 2931,1965). The oxidation takes place in the presence of harvesting in the leaves left to dry in the air and if the leaves are subjected to extraction with solvents. Rosmanol may also be a product of the oxidation of carnosic acid.

The use of extracts of plant material for inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms has been taught in the art. Examples of such teachings include: WO 02/069741 teaches Labiatae herb extracts and hop extracts for extending the colour lie and inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms in fresh meat, fish and poultry. Periago et al. 2001. Food Science & Technology International. 7: 487-492 relates to the use of Carvacrol and thymol at 0.3 mmol/litre in combination with nisin. It is taught that synergy is observed.

JP 2001172159 relates to cosmetics comprising a range of components including antimicrobial agent and Labiatae solvent extract. WO 98/56395 teaches a mix of tea-tree oil and thyme Essential oil. GB 2275 194 A discusses plant extract disinfectant. US 6083921 discusses a combination of plant extracts including one from Labiatae: Scutellaria, preferably root (Radix scutellariae). US 5472684 teaches an oral composition for plaque and gingivitis containing thymol and eugenol Food safety and prevention of food spoilage is an ever present concern worldwide, particularly with the increasing trend for convenience foods such as ready to eat meals, soups, sauces or snacks. Spoilage of food is a major economic problem for the food manufacturer. Food manufacturers need to protect the health and safety of the public by

delivering products that are safe to eat. Such food must have a guaranteed shelf life, either at chilled or ambient temperature storage. Consumers prefer good tasting food of high quality-this is difficult to achieve with chemical preservatives, harsh heating regimes and other processing measures. Food safety and protection is best achieved with a multiple preservation system using a combined approach of milder processing and natural preservatives. Foodborne micro-organisms are also less able to adapt and grow in food preserved with different preservative measures.

There is much concern about food safety and the growth of food pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. This particular pathogen can grow at low temperatures, which are often used as an additional preservative measure. Foodborne pathogens can sometimes adapt to different preservatives and storage conditions, thus a combination of preservative measures can be more successful than individual measures.

There is an increasing need to develop economical, natural and effective food preservative systems to meet the public demand for convenient, natural, safe, healthy, good quality food products with guaranteed shelf life. Bacteriocins such as nisin can be used as preservatives in food to help meet this need. Nisin is a proven safe, natural preservative with GRAS status. Other bacteriocins can be used for preservation if produced in situ, by growth of the bacteriocin producer organism in the food.

In some cases the bacteriocin levels required to ensure preservation or food safety may prove uneconomical, or are below effective levels due to regulatory and legislation constraints. When bacteriocins are produced in situ, the resulting bacteriocin levels may not be high enough to achieve the required preservative effect.

The present invention alleviates the problems of the prior art.

In one aspect the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one aspect the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one aspect the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material ; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material ; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one aspect the present invention provides kit for preparing a composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition, in separate packages or containers; optionally with instructions for admixture and/or contacting and/or use.

Aspects of the invention are defined in the appended claims.

Of the Labiatae plant family, rosemary and sage have antioxidant activity in foods that is mainly related to phenolic diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol, as well as other phenolic compounds, including phenolic triterpenes such as betulinic acid,

oleanolic acid and ursolic acid; and rosmarinic acid. Antimicrobial activity has been attributed to some of these compounds, all of which can be obtained by selective extraction from the plants. The phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid are distinct from the essential oils and oleoresins that are often used in flavours and fragrances. The high flavour and odour levels of essential oils is not conducive to their use in food. One skilled in the art would expect a combination of an antimicrobial material and an extract from the Labiatae plant family to provide a simple additive bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect. However, in vitro studies described herein have demonstrated synergistic enhancement of bacteriocin activity by a deodorised extract of Rosmarinus officinalis. This enhanced activity was also observed in a food model, increasing bacteriocin (for example nisin) kill and growth control of Gram-positive bacteria. Enhanced bacteriocin activity was also observed with rosemary extracts specifically prepared to contain high levels of the phenolic diterpenes camosol and carnosic acid, indicating these compounds play an important role in the synergy.

Enhanced bacteriocin activity was also observed with rosmarinic acid.

The present invention provides a synergistic combination of components for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, such as foodstuff. This combination of components allows lower levels of the antimicrobial material to be used to provide effective action and prevent the development of tolerance to the antimicrobial material. This is particularly important in food applications where reduction of dosage and/or avoidance of development of tolerance is desired for commercial and regulatory reasons.

For ease of reference, these and further aspects of the present invention are now discussed under appropriate section headings. However, the teachings under each section are not necessarily limited to each particular section.

PREFERRED ASPECTS ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIAL In one preferred aspect the antimicrobial material is a bacteriocin.

The antimicrobial material, such as a bacteriocin, may typically be selected from

materials (bacteriocins) that can be used as preservatives in food Preferably the antimicrobial material is selected from lanthionine containing bacteriocins, Lactococcus-derived bacteriocins, Streptococcus-derived bacteriocins, Pediococcus- derived bacteriocins, Lactobacillus-derived bacteriocins, Carnobacterium-derived bacteriocins, Leuconostoc-derived bacteriocins, Enterococcus-derived bacteriocins and mixtures thereof Preferably the antimicrobial material is at least nisin.

Preferably the antimicrobial material consists of nisin.

Nisin is a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin (US 5691301) derived from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus-lactis) (US 5573801). In a preferred aspect of the present invention the bacteriocin used in the present invention is at least nisin.

As discussed in US 5573801 nisin is a polypeptide bacteriocin produced by the lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (formerly known as Streptococcus lactis Group N).

Nisin is reportedly a collective name representing several closely related substances which have been designated nisin compounds A, B, C, D and E (De Vuyst, L. and Vandamme, E. J. 1994. Nisin, a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis : properties, biosynthesis, fermentation and applications. In : Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Microbiology, Genetics and Applications. Eds.: De Vuyst and Vandamme.

Blackie Academic and Professional, London).. The structure and properties of nisin are also discussed in the article by E. Lipinska, entitled"Nisin and Its Applications", The 25th Proceedings of the Easter School in Agriculture Science at the University of Nottingham, 1976, pp. 103-130 (1977), which article is hereby incorporated by reference. In 1969 the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives set specifications for the purity and identity of nisin (FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1969. Specifications for identity and purity of some antibiotics. 12th Report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 430). This committee recognised nisin as a safe and legal preservative based on extensive toxicological testing. Nisin has the food

additive number E234 and is classed as GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe) (Food and Drug Administration. 1988. Nisin preparation: Affirmation of GRAS status as a direct human ingredient. Federal Regulations 53: 11247). The international activity unit (IU hereinafter) was defined as 0.001 mg of an international nisin reference preparation.

NisaplinE Natural Antimicrobial is the brand name for a nisin concentrate containing 1 million IU per g, which is commercially available from Danisco.

Nisin is an acknowledged and accepted food preservative with a long history of safe, effective food use. There have been several reviews of nisin, e. g. Hurst 1981; 1983; Delves-Broughton, 1990; De Vuyst and Vandamme, 1994; Thomas et a/. 2000; Thomas & Delves-Broughton, 2001). Nisin was discovered over 50 years ago and the first commercial preparation, made in 1953, was Nisaplin. Nisin has several characteristics that make it particularly suitable as a food preservative. It has undergone extensive toxicological testing to demonstrate its safety. It is heat-stable, acid-stable and effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. It is not normally effective against Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts or moulds but activity against Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts has been reported in the presence of cheating agents (PCT/US 8902625.

WO 89/12399). Nisin is an effective preservative in pasteurised and heat-treated foods (e. g. processed cheese, cheese, pasteurised milks, dairy desserts, cream, mascarpone and other dairy products, puddings such as semolina, tapioca etc. , pasteurised liquid egg, pasteurised potato products, soy products, crumpets, pikelets, flapjacks, processed meat products, beverages, soups, sauces, ready to eat meals, canned foods, vegetable drinks) and low acid foods such as salad dressings, sauces, mayonnaise, beer, wine and other beverages.

Although some loss of activity may be expected when used with processed foods, this may be ameliorated e. g. by increasing the amount of nisin applied. Effective levels of nisin to preserve foodstuffs reportedly range from 25-500 IU/g or more. Other effective levels would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. For example levels of 50-400 IU/g may be utilised.

Since the discovery of the first bacteriocin, nisin, many other bacteriocins have now been found (Hoover, 1993; Ray & Daeschel, 1994; Axelsen, 1998; Naidu, 2000; Ray et al.

2001; Ray & Miller, 2003). The bacteriocin pediocin, produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus, P. acidilactici, or Lactobacillus plantarum, may be used in the present

invention. Like nisin, different structures of pediocin have been described. At present pediocin and other bacteriocins are not allowed as food additives but their antibacterial activity can be achieved by production of the bacteriocin in situ, as a consequence of the growth of the producer organism in the food. This is the purpose of commercial protective cultures such as HOLDBAC Listeria (Danisco). Pediocin has a more narrow antimicrobial spectrum compared to nisin, but there is much interest in its food safety ability to kill, prevent or control the growth of the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Ray & Miller, 2000). Other bacteriocins may be used in the present invention, including those named generally as divercin, leucocin, mesentericin, sakacin, curvacin, bavaricin, acidocin, bifidocin, carnobacteriocin, pisicocin, piscicolin, mundticin, enterocin, thermophilin, lacticin, plantaricin, lactococcin, divercin, diplococcin, mesenterocin, leuconosin, carnosin, acidophilin, lactacin, brevicin, lactocin, helevticin, reutericin, propionicin.

EXTRACT As discussed herein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.05wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than

0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises carvone in an amount of less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 10wt. %, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises thymol in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition preferably less than 10wt. %, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 10wt. %, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %,

preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises eugenol in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition preferably less than 10wt. %, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition).

In one preferred aspect, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 15wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition).

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15wt. % based on the

composition (preferably less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition).

In one preferred aspect, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and each of carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 15wt. % based on the composition (preferably less than 10wt. % based on the composition, preferably less than 7wt. %, preferably less than 5wt. %, preferably less than 2wt. %, preferably less than 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.75wt. %, preferably less than 0.5wt. %, preferably less than 0.2wt. %, preferably less than 0. 1wt. %, preferably less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the composition).

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1wt. % based on the extract. Preferably when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1wt. % based on the extract. Preferably when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1wt. %

based on the extract. Preferably when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 1wt. % based on the extract. Preferably the composition comprises each of carvacrol and carvone in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in amounts of less than 1wt. % based on the extract. Preferably the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone and thymol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0.04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0. 004wt. %, based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in amounts of less than 1wt. % based on the extract. Preferably the composition comprises each of carvacrol, carvone, thymol and eugenol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. %, preferably less than 0.05wt. %, preferably less than 0. 04wt. %, preferably less than 0.02wt. %, preferably less than 0. 01wt. %, preferably less than 0.004wt. %, based on the extract.

The extract used in the present invention is obtained from or is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family.

In one aspect the extract used in the present invention is obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family.

It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that by the term"extract"or"extracts"it is meant any constituent of the plant which may be isolated from the whole plant.

In one aspect the extract used in the present invention is obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that an extract obtainable from a plant may be obtained from a plant or may be isolated from the plant, identified and then obtained from an alternative source, for example by chemical synthesis or enzymatic production. For example the extract may be produced by a eukaryotic or prokaryotic fermentation, by a process of genetic manipulation. The present applicant have recognised that products present in a plant of the Labiatae family may synergistically increase the activity of a an antimicrobial material, preferably a bacteriocin. These products may be obtained from any source and will fall within the scope of the present invention.

The invention comprises use of a combination of a bacteriocin such as nisin and a of the Labiatae plant family, such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) or sage (Salvia officinalis) that together give enhanced control of Gram-positive bacteria in a food system. The extracts responsible for synergy in the present invention preferably refer to extracts of the plant family Labiatae that have been selectively extracted ("deodorised extracts") to increase their phenolic diterpene content (such as carnosol and carnosic acid), phenolic tripterpene content (such as ursolic acid, betulinic acid and oleanolic acid) or rosmarinic acid content. These deodorised extracts can be distinguished by their high phenolic diterpene content (for example greater than 3.5 wt. %) and their low level (less than 1 wt. %) of flavour-inducing compounds from plant essential oils and oleoresins that are used as flavours or fragrances. Essential oils are typically extracted by simple steam distillation of the plant material.

Essential oils comprise the various essential oils in plants having the odour or the flavour of the plant from which they were extracted. The essential oils are typically terpenoids often comprising monoterpenes. For example an antioxidant type of rosemary extract, which could be described as selectively extracted or deodorised, contains > 3.5% phenolic diterpenes but less than 1 wt. % essential oils. A non-selective, flavouring extract contains 10-30 wt. % essential oils and a phenolic diterpene content of 2- >3.5wt. %.

An essential oil is commonly described as the volatile ethereal fraction obtained from a plant or plant part by a physical separation process such as distillation or chromatographic separation. Essential oils have also been described as a"group of

odorous principles, soluble in alcohol and to a limited extent in water, consisting of a mixtures of esters, aldehydes, ketones and terpenes. Essential oils are typically obtained by distilling plants with water; the oil that separates from distillate usually has highly characteristic odors identified with the plant origin. The resulting mixture of organic compounds was thought, in the days of alchemists, to be the essence of the plant, hence the term"essential oil".

In one preferred aspect the extract is a deodorised extract. Preferably the (deodorised) extract contains from 1.0 to 70 wt. % phenolic diterpenes, preferably 3.5 to 70 wt. % phenolic diterpenes and less than 1 wt. % essential oil.

In one preferred aspect the extract is selected from phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid.

In one preferred aspect the extract is or comprises a phenolic diterpene. Preferably the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid, carnosol and methylcarnosic acid.

Preferably the phenolic diterpene is selected from carnosic acid and carnosol.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract, is greater than 1.0 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the extract, is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the combined amount of phenolic diterpenes, and phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract, is greater than 1.0 wt. %, for example greater than 5.0 wt. %, greater than 10.0 wt. %, greater than 20.0 wt. %, or greater than 25.0 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract, is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based

on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 1.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 2.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.5 wt. %, preferably greater than 5.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 10.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 20.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 40.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 50.0 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is from 2.0 to 2.5 wt. %, such as 2.3 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the composition, is from 4.0 to 4.5 wt. %, such as 4.2 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the amount of phenolic diterpenes, based on the extract, is greater than 1.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 2.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 3.5 wt. %, preferably greater than 5.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 10.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 20.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 40.0 wt. %, preferably greater than 50.0 wt. %.

In one highly preferred aspect the extract contains one or more phenolic triterpenes.

Preferably the phenolic triterpenes are selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.

In one preferred aspect is or comprises a phenolic triterpene. Preferably the phenolic triterpene is selected from betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.

In one highly preferred aspect the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the extract, is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one highly preferred aspect the amount of phenolic triterpenes, based on the composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the extract is or comprises rosmarinic acid.

In one preferred aspect the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the extract, is greater than 3.5 wt. %. In one preferred aspect the amount of rosmarinic acid, based on the

composition, is greater than 3.5 wt. %.

In one preferred aspect the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the composition.

Typically flavour-inducing compounds and/or essential oils are camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa-terpineol.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of camphor present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 1wt. %) based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of verbenone present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 1wt. %) based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of borneol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 15wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 1wt. %) based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of alfa-terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0.15wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 1wt. %) based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the combined amount of camphor, verbenone, borneol and alfa- terpineol present in the extract is less than 1 wt. % (preferably less than 0.2 wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 15wt. %, more preferably less than 0. 1wt. %) based on the extract.

In one preferred aspect the extract contain less than 1 wt. % of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contain less than 1 wt. % of plant essential oils and/or oleoresins based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1

wt. % based on the extract. In one preferred aspect the extract contains essential oils in an amount of less than 1 wt. % based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, savoury and thyme. In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary, sage, oregano, marjoram, mint, balm, and savoury. It will be understood that these name cover all species and varieties of plants known by these names.

In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ), sage (Salvia officinalis L. ) oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L. ), mint (Mentha spp. ), balm (Melissa officinalis L. ), savoury (Satureia hortensis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. ).

In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ), sage (Salvia officinalis L. ), oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L. ), mint (Mentha spp. ), balm (Melissa officinalis L. ), and savoury (Satureia hortensis).

In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is selected from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. ), sage (Salvia officinalis L. ), marjoram (Origanum marjorana L. ), mint (Mentha spp. ), balm (Melissa officinalis L. ), and savoury (Satureia hortensis).

In one preferred aspect the plant of the Labiatae family is rosemary.

In a further preferred aspect the phenolic diterpenes, phenolic triterpenes and rosmarinic acid are obtained by chemical synthesis.

Thus in highly preferred aspects the present invention provides a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid (preferably carnosic acid and carnosol). a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-

organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid (preferably carnosic acid and carnosol). use of (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid (preferably carnosic acid and carnosol), for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material.

MICROORGANISM As discussed herein the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in a material. This may be slowing or arresting a micro-organism, such a bacteria, or by killing the micro-organism present on contact with the present composition.

In one aspect the antimicrobial material and/or the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.

In one aspect the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic effect.

In one aspect the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal or microbiostatic synergistic effect.

In one aspect the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a microbicidal synergistic effect.

In a highly preferred aspect the microbicidal or microbiostatic effect is a bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.

It is advantageous for the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect to be in respect of Gram- positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Preferably the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Gram-positive bacteria.

In a preferred aspect the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of an organism selected from Gram-positive bacteria associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease including Bacillus species, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria species, Listeria monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid spoilage bacteria, Lactobacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium species, C. sporogenes, C. tyrobutyricum.

In a preferred aspect the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of the invention in combination with a cheating agent is in respect of an organism selected from other micro-organisms associated with food spoilage or foodborne disease, including yeasts, moulds and Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, and Pseudomonas species.

In a preferred aspect the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of an organism selected from Bacillus cereus 204, 8. cereus Campden, B. cereus NCTC2599, 8. subtilis Campden, Clostridium sporogenes strain Campden, Clostridium sporogenes strain 1.221, Clostridium sporogenes NCIMB1793, Listeria monocytogenes 272, L. monocytogenes NCTC12426, L. monocytogenes S23, Lactobacillus sake 272, Escherichia coli S15, E. coli CRA109, Salmonella Typhimurium S29, Pseudomonas fluorescens 3756, In a preferred aspect the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect is in respect of Listeria monocytogenes.

FOODSTUFF The composition, process and use of the present invention may prevent and/or inhibit the growth of, and/or kill a micro-organism in any material. However, in view of the problems associated with spoilage and contamination of foodstuffs and in view of the particular effectiveness of the present invention in foodstuffs, preferably the composition is a foodstuff or may be added to a foodstuff. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that when the present composition is a foodstuff the essential components of (a) an antimicrobial material and (b) a extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family are already present in the foodstuff. They may have been provided by one or more means. For example they may have been added in the form of a composition containing the bacteriocin and the extract. The two components (the

bacteriocin and the afore mentioned extract) may have been added to the foodstuff sequentially. In one further aspect one or more of the components may have be formed in situ in the foodstuff. For example the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.

In one aspect the composition of the present invention is a protectant composition suitable for addition to a foodstuff.

Many foodstuffs may be protected by the present invention. Typical foodstuffs are raw meat, cooked meat, raw poultry products, cooked poultry products, raw seafood products, cooked seafood products, ready to eat meals, pasta sauces, pasteurised soups, mayonnaise, salad dressings, oil-in-water emulsions, margarines, low fat spreads, water-in-oil emulsions, dairy products, cheese spreads, processed cheese, dairy desserts, flavoured milks, cream, fermented milk products, cheese, butter, condensed milk products, ice cream mixes, soya products, pasteurised liquid egg, bakery products, confectionery products, fruit products, and foods with fat-based or water-containing fillings.

ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS The composition of the present invention or the composition for use in the present invention may contain one or more additional components. However, in some aspects the protectant composition of the present invention (suitable for addition to a foodstuff) contains no additional components or contains no additional components that materially affect the properties of the composition. In these aspects the present invention provides a composition consisting essentially of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different a composition consisting of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different a composition consisting essentially of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different, wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

a composition consisting of (a) a bacteriocin and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different, wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one preferred aspect the composition further comprises an emulsifier. Preferably the emulsifier is selected from polyoxy-ethylene sorbitan esters (E432-E436) otherwise known as polysorbates (e. g. Tween 80, Tween 20), monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of mono-diglycerides, tartaric acid esters of mono-diglycerides and citric acid esters of mono-diglycerides.

In one preferred aspect the composition further comprises a chelator. Preferably the chelator is selected from EDTA, citric acid, monophosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates and polyphosphates.

Further suitable chelator are taught in US 5573801 and include carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, amino acids and phosphates. In particular, the following compounds and their salts may be useful : Acetic acid, Adenine, Adipic acid, ADP, Alanine, B-Alanine, Albumin, Arginine, Ascorbic acid, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, ATP, Benzoic acid, n-Butyric acid, Casein, Citraconic acid, Citric acid, Cysteine, Dehydracetic acid, Desferri-ferrichrysin, Desferri-ferrichrome, Desferri-ferrioxamin E, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Dimethylglyoxime, O, O-Dimethylpurpurogallin, EDTA, Formic acid, Fumaric acid, Globulin, Gluconic acid, Glutamic acid, Glutaric acid, Glycine, Glycolic acid, Glycylglycine, Glycylsarcosine, Guanosine, Histamine, Histidine, 3-Hydroxyflavone, Inosine, Inosine triphosphate, Iron-free ferrichrome, Isovaleric acid, Itaconic acid, Kojic acid, Lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Maleic acid, Malic acid, Methionine, Methylsalicylate, Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), Ornithine, Orthophosphate, Oxalic acid, Oxystearin, B- Phenylalanine, Phosphoric acid, Phytate, Pimelic acid, Pivalic acid, Polyphosphate, Proline, Propionic acid, Purine, Pyrophosphate, Pyruvic acid, Riboflavin, Salicylaldehyde, Salicyclic acid, Sarcosine, Serine, Sorbitol, Succinic acid, Tartaric acid, Tetrametaphosphate, Thiosulfate, Threonine, Trimetaphosphate, Triphosphate, Tryptophan, Uridine diphosphate, Uridine triphosphate, n-Valeric acid, Valine, and

Xanthosine Many of the above sequestering agents are useful in food processing in their salt forms, which are commonly alkali metal or alkaline earth salts such as sodium, potassium or calcium or quaternary ammonium salts. Sequestering compounds with multiple valencies may be beneficially utilised to adjust pH or selectively introduce or abstract metal ions e. g. in a food system coating. Additional information chelators is disclosed in T. E. Furia (Ed. ), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, 2nd Ed. , pp. 271-294 (1972, Chemical Rubber Co. ), and M. S. Peterson and A. M. Johnson (Eds. ), Encyclopaedia of Food Science, pp. 694-699 (1978, AVI Publishing Company, Inc.) which articles are both hereby incorporated by reference.

The terms"chelator"is defined as organic or inorganic compounds capable of forming co-ordination complexes with metals. Also, as the term"chelator"is used herein, it includes molecular encapsulating compounds such as cyclodextrin. The chelator may be inorganic or organic, but preferably is organic.

Preferred chelator are non-toxic to mammals and include aminopolycarboxylic acids and their salts such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salts (particularly its di- and tri-sodium salts), and hydrocarboxylic acids and their salts such as citric acid.

However, non-citric acid and non-citrate hydrocarboxylic acid chelators are also believed useful in the present invention such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and their salts.

As noted above, the term"chelator"is defined and used herein as a synonym for sequestering agent and is also defined as including molecular encapsulating compounds such as cyclodextrin. Cyclodextrins are cyclic carbohydrate molecules having six, seven, or eight glucose monomers arranged in a donut shaped ring, which are denoted alpha, beta or gamma cyclodextrin, respectively. As used herein, cyclodextrin refers to both unmodified and modified cyclodextrin monomers and polymers. Cyclodextrin molecular encapsulators are commercially available from American Maize-Products of Hammond, Ind. Cyclodextrin are further described in Chapter 11 entitled,"Industrial Applications of Cyclodextrin", by J. Szejtli, page 331-390 of Inclusion Compounds, Vol. III (Academic Press, 1984) which chapter is hereby incorporated by reference.

Preferably the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin. More preferably the chelator enhances the antimicrobial activity and/or antimicrobial spectrum of the bacteriocin in respect of Gram-negative bacteria and other micro-organisms.

In one preferred aspect the composition further comprises a lytic enzyme. Preferably the lytic enzyme is a lysozyme.

PROCESS As discussed herein in one aspect the present invention provides process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one aspect the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material together.

In one aspect the bacteriocin and the extract are added to the material sequentially.

Thus the present invention provides in one aspect a preservative/protectant composition which may be added to a range of materials such as food systems and in another aspect a combination of two separate products which may added sequentially to materials such as food products.

In one aspect the extract is added to the material.

In one aspect the bacteriocin is added to the material.

In one aspect the extract is formed in situ in the material.

In one aspect the bacteriocin is formed in situ in the material. Preferably when the bacteriocin is nisin, the bacteriocin may be formed in situ in the foodstuff by fermentation of the dairy starter culture bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.

HIGHLY PREFERRED ASPECTS As discussed herein in one aspect the present invention provides a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

In one aspect the present invention provides use of (a) an antimicrobial material ; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material ; wherein (a) and (b) are different; and wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

Some highly preferred aspects of the present invention are set out below a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

'for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the

composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

'use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein (a) and (b) are different a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein (a) and (b) are different use of (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein (a) and (b) are different a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. use of (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a

micro-organism in a material. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) carnosic acid. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) carnosic acid.

'use of (a) a bacteriocin, and (b) carnosic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, thyme, mint, balm, savoury, sage and oregano, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a selectively extracted extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a selectively extracted extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition.

'use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oloanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) carnosic acid. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) carnosic acid.

'use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) carnosic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and

(b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, wherein the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family selected from rosemary, sage, thyme, mint, balm, savoury and oregano, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the bacteriocin and the extract are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic

diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, carnosol, methylcarnosic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, and wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect

use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) a compound selected from carnosic acid, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the bacteriocin and the compound are present in an amount to provide a bactericidal or bacteriostatic synergistic effect a composition comprising (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) a bacteriocin; wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04. % based on the composition.. use of (a) a bacteriocin, wherein the bacteriocin is nisin; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material, wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition, wherein the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.04wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 0.04. % based on the composition.

Further broad aspects of the present invention are defined below : a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-

organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %.

'use of (a) an antimicrobial material ; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material ; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %. a kit for preparing a composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein the composition contains phenolic diterpenes in an amount of greater than 1. Owt. %, based on the composition. a composition comprising (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a process for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro- organism in a material, the process comprising the step of contacting the material with (a) an antimicrobial material ; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. use of (a) an antimicrobial material ; and b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, for preventing and/or inhibiting the growth of, and/or killing a micro-organism in a material ; wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition. a kit for preparing a composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) an

antimicrobial material; and (b) an extract obtained from or obtainable from a plant of the Labiatae family, wherein (a) and (b) are different; wherein when the antimicrobial material consists of nisin, the composition comprises carvacrol in an amount of less than 0.075wt. % based on the composition and carvone in an amount of less than 15wt. % based on the composition, in separate packages or containers; optionally with instructions for admixture and/or contacting and/or use.

The present invention will now be described in further detail by way of example only with reference to the accompanying figures in which:- Figure 1 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin cidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes in chicken soup at 25 °C by a selectively extracted rosemary extract Figure 2 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in chilled chicken soup by a selectively extracted rosemary extract (GRE09) Figure 3 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement by a selectively extracted rosemary extract of nisin control of B. cereus spore outgrowth in chilled chicken soup.

Minimal detection limit was 100 cfu/g. For the length of the testing period, the samples containing the combination of nisin and rosemary had Bacillus counts at or below 100 cfu/g.

Figure 4 is a graph showing combined effect of nisin, selectively extracted rosemary extracts and rosemary extract components against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20 °C (Minimum detection limit 100 cfu/g) Figure 5 is a graph showing synergistic enhancement of nisin activity by selectively extracted extracts of rosemary or rosmarinic acid against Listeria monocytogenes in a chicken soup at ambient temperature.

Figure 6 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of L. monocytogenes at 8°C.

Figure 7 is a graph showing a demonstration of synergy between nisin and phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Inhibition of B. cereus at 15 °C.

Figure 8 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of L. monocytogenes in carbonara sauce at 8 °C.

Figure 9 is a graph showing enhanced nisin growth inhibitory activity by a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract. Control of B. cereus spores in carbonara sauce at 15 °C.

Figure 10 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene- containing rosemary extract against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20 °C. a) pH 4.5 Figure 11 is a graph showing enhanced cidal effect of a nisin and phenolic diterpene- containing rosemary extract against L. monocytogenes in chicken soup at 20 °C. b) pH 6.7 The present invention will now be described in further detail in the following examples.

EXAMPLES Experimental evidence of benefit In vitro studies described herein have shown synergy between nisin and extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis containing > 3.5% phenolic diterpenes, increasing the efficacy of nisin significantly. This enhanced activity was also observed in food models, increasing nisin kill and growth control of Gram-positive bacteria. The experimental studies also demonstrated that the phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol were implicated in this synergy. The results also indicated that rosmarinic acid may also enhance nisin activity, although this synergistic effect was not as strong as that observed with the

phenolic diterpenes.

I) In vitro demonstration of nisin and deodorised rosemary extract synergy Materials : GUARDIAN Rosemary Extract 09 (Danisco) (GRE09). This is a water dispersible deodorised rosemary extract containing 4% phenolic diterpenes and < 1% essential oils, extracted from rosemary leaves, combined with the carriers polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and propylene glycol. A commercial extract of nisin at potency of 1 x 1061U/g : Nisaplin (g) Natural Antimicrobial (Danisco).

Test strains : Bacillus cereus 204, 8. cereus Campden, B. cereus NCTC2599, 8. subtilis Campden, Listeria monocytogenes 272, L. monocytogenes NCTC12426, L. monocytogenes S23, Lactobacillus sake 272, Escherichia coli S15, E coli CRA109, Salmonella Typhimurium S29, Pseudomonas fluorescens 3756.

Method of microbial growth curve analysis. A 100,000 ppm GRE09 solution was prepared in water and filter sterilised (0. 2 cm). Further dilutions were prepared in sterile deionised water at 1,250-20, 000 ppm. Brain Heart Infusion broth (Oxoid) was prepared and GRE09 stock solutions were added to give the following test solutions of GRE09; 125,250, 500,750, 1000,1250, 1500,2000 ppm. A 10, 000 IU/ml nisin solution was prepared, filter sterilised and a range of stock solutions then prepared. A range of nisin concentrations was then prepared in Brain Heart Infusion broth. A fully automated microbial growth analyser was used to determine microbial growth curves (Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C analyser linked to a PC with installed software BioLink v 5.30 ; Labsystem Oy, Finland). Tests were prepared in honeycomb 2 (HC 2) microtitre/cuvette plates with a capacity of 100 wells per plate. The wells were loaded with 270 zizi of the prepared media and inoculated at a level of 103 CFU (colony forming units)/ml with 30 gui of microbial suspension. Incubation time and temperature was as appropriate for the test organism. This test allowed suitable test levels for the compounds to be determined.

The rosemary extract and nisin were then tested in combination, using the same procedure. Nisin solutions were prepared at 50-1000 IU/ml in broth as above. GRE09 solutions were prepared at 250,500 and 1000 ppm as above. Combinations of all these test levels were prepared and tested in the Bioscreen as before.

Results : The minimum inhibitory concentration of nisin alone, rosemary extract GRE09

alone and the two in combination in the Bioscreen after 48 h at 30 °C is shown in Table 1. The minimal inhibition was taken as the lowest concentration that caused total inhibition of the bacteria after 48 h at 30 °C. Synergy was observed between nisin and the rosemary extract GRE09 against all Gram-positive bacteria but no significant effect was observed against Gram-negative bacteria. This can be determined from the table by comparing the column of data showing MIC levels of nisin alone, GRE09 alone and the two combined. The latter column gave levels much lower than the other two for Gram- positive bacteria (Bacillus, Listeria) but not for Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella).

Table 1: Synergy tests of nisin and the rosemary extract GRE09 MIC in broth after 48 h at 30 °C (total Other test levels of the Test organism inhibition) combination causing total inhibition Nisin GRE09 MIC of nisin (IU/ml) Nisin (IU/ml) + GRE09 (ppm) (IU/ml) (ppm) +GRE09 (ppm) B. cereus 204 500 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 500 50 + 1000 100 + 250 100 + 500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 B. cereus 500 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 500 NCTC2599 50 + 1000 100 + 250 100 + 500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 B. subtilis 100 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 5000 Campden 50 + 1000 100 + 250 100+500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 L. > 500 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 500 monocytogenes 50 + 1000 S23 100 + 250 100 + 500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 L. > 5000 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 500 MIC in broth after 48 h at 30 °C (total Other test levels of the Test organism inhibition) combination causing total inhibition Nisin GRE09 MIC of nisin (IU/ml) Nisin (IU/ml) + GRE09 (ppm) IU/ml m +GRE09 (ppm) monocytogenes 50 + 1000 272 100 + 250 100 + 500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 L. > 500 > 1000 50 + 250 50 + 500 monocytogenes 50 + 1000 12426 100 + 250 100 + 500 100 + 1000 200 + 250 200 + 500 200 + 1000 E. coRS15 > 500 > 1000 > 1000 +> 1000 - E. coli CRA109 >500 >1000 >1000+>1000 - S. Typhimurium > 500 > 1000 >1000+>1000 - S29 Ps. fluorescens > 500 >1000 >1000+>1000 - 3756

II) Demonstration of nisin and rosemary extract GRE09 synergy in food A) Synergy against Listeria monocytogenes Test compounds : GRE09 at 0. 1%, 0.5%, Nisaplin (Danisco).

Test strains : a cocktail was prepared of L. monocytogenes strains NCTC12426, NCTC5105, NCC FSM60 and CRA3930. The Listeria strains were grown at 30 °C on Brain heart infusion agar overnight then inoculated into broth at 30 °C overnight. A volume of each broth was mixed together to give a cocktail of strains with a cell concentration of approximately 109 CFU/ml.

Media : A chilled pasteurised chicken soup was used as a food model because it was a good mix of different food components including vegetables, dairy products and poultry meat. It was comprised of a chicken stock with the addition of chicken, cream, vegetables, flour and seasonings. The pH was 6.12. After addition of nisin and rosemary extract GRE09, the soup was pasteurised at a core temperature of 80 °C for 2 minutes.

The Listeria cocktail was diluted to 104 CFU/ml and inoculated into soup tests to give a

final cell count of approximately 102 CFU/g (growth inhibitory tests) and 107 CFU/ml (cidal tests). The latter test was incubated at 25 °C for 2 h and then tested by viable count enumeration to estimate the extent of cidal activity. The growth test was incubated at 8 °C with regular sampling to estimate bacteriostatic activity.

Results. The rosemary extract GRE09 alone at 0.5% showed no listericidal activity.

Nisin at 250 IU/g caused a 1 log drop in Listeria numbers after 2 h, but only a slight delay in growth after 24 h (Figure 1). In comparison the combination of the two test products at these levels caused a 2-3 log drop in Listeria numbers after 2 h. After 24 h the cells still had not recovered to their initial inoculum level. This was a particularly harsh test for any preservative system, since the test medium was a rich food model, the incubation temperature was at ambient and the bacterial numbers high. Therefore any enhanced nisin activity was a good indication of synergy.

Incubation for the bacteriostatic test was for 43 days: results of this are shown in Figure 2 and Table 2. The nisin/rosemary synergy was again clearly demonstrated in the food model against the Listeria cocktail. For example, Listeria growth reached 106 CFU/ml after 13 days in the presence of 100 IU/ml nisin; after 10 days in the presence of 0. 1% GRE09 but only after a much longer period, 34 days, in the presence of the combination of these two ingredients. Similarly, Listeria growth reached 106 CFU/ml after 13 days in the presence of 100 IU/ml nisin; after 20 days in the presence of 0.5% GRE09. The combination of the two components resulted in no growth being observed by then end of the test period.

Table 2. Summary of growth inhibition of Listeria in chilled chicken soup (Trial lasted 43 days) Test conditions Days until growth reached 106 CFU/ml Control 6 Nisin at 100 lU/ml 13 Nisin at 250 IU/ml 27 Rosemary extract GRE09 at 0. 1% 10 Rosemary extract GRE09 at 0. 5% 20 Nisin (100 JU/m !) + GRE09 at 0. 1% 34 Nisaplin (100 IU/ml + GRE09 at 0.5% > 43 Nisaplin (250 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 0.1% >43 Nisaplin (250 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 0. 5% > 43

During the test period (a) Nisaplin (100 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 0.5%, (b) Nisaplin (250 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 0. 1%, and (c) Nisaplin (250 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 0.5% did not give any total aerobic viable counts above 100 cfu/g.

B) Synergy against Bacillus cereus Test strains : a cocktail of Bacillus spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Bacillus cereus strain 204, Bacillus cereus strain 199, B. cereus strain Campden, and B. cereus strain ABC 4/9.

Additions of the test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above. The soup was pasteurised at 70 °C for 2 minutes, cooled and inoculated with approximately 103 CFU/g of a cocktail of Bacillus cereus spores. Incubation was for 56 days. Results are shown in Figure 3 and summarised in Table3. Bacteriostatic synergy between the nisin and rosemary extract GRE09 was evident. For example, spoilage (i. e. 106 CFU/ml) resulted after 13 days in the presence of 25 IU/ml nisin, and after 10 days in the presence of 300 ppm GRE09. In the presence of both these ingredients, no spoilage had occurred by the end of the trial (56 days). Table 3. Summary of results of chilled chicken soup trial inoculated with Bacillus cereus spores (Trial lasted 70 days). Test conditions Days until growth reached 106-CFU/ml Control 6 Nisin at25 lU/ml 13 Rosemary extract GRE09 at 300 ppm 10 Rosemary extract GRE09 at 600 m 13 Nisin (25 lU/ml) + GRE09 at 300 m > 70 Nisaplin (25 IU/ml) + GRE09 at 600 ppm > 70

C) Synergy against Clostridium sporogenes Test strains : a cocktail of Clostridium spores was prepared as an inoculum, using Clostridium sporogenes strain Campden, Clostridium sporogenes 1.221, and Clostridium sporogenes NCIMB1793.

Additions of the test compounds were made to chicken soup, prepared as above. The soup was pasteurised at 70 °C for 2 minutes and transferred to sterile test tubes. These were inoculated with a cocktail of heat-shocked Clostridium sporogenes spores, at a level of 2.2 x 102 CFU/g, then anaerobic conditions were created by plugging the tubes with agar. The samples were incubated at 37 °C and checked daily for gas production (observed by blowing of the gas plug and by the distinctive clostridial odour). Results for a 27 day incubation period, demonstrating synergy, are shown in Table 4. For example, synergy was clearly seen by the combined effect of 50 IU/ml nisin and 300 ppm GRE09, which prevented growth for 27 days (the length of the trial), whereas the individual ingredients both prevented clostridial growth for 2 days (the same as the control).

Table 4. Summary of results of chicken soup trial inoculated with Clostridium sporo. genes spores incubated at 37 °C (Trial lasted 27 days). Test conditions Days until growth observed (gas production) Control 2 Nisin at 25 lU/ml 2 Nisin at 50 IU/ml 2 Nisin at 100 lU/ml 7 Rosemary extract GRE 09 at 300 ppm 2 Rosemary extract GRE 09 at 600 ppm 2 Nisin (25 lU/ml) + GRE 09 at 300 ppm3 Test conditions Days until growth observed (gas production) Nisin 50 IU/ml + GRE 09 at 300 m >27 Nisin (100 lU/ml) + GRE 09 at 300 ppm > 27 Nisaplin (25 lU/ml) + GRE 09 at 600 ppm 10 Nisaplin (100 IU/ml) + GRE 09 at 600 ppm >27

III) Demonstration of in vitro synergy with different deodorised, selectively extracted rosemary extracts and rosmarinic acid Growth curves of Listeria monocytogenes and B. cereus strains in laboratory media were analysed as described above using the Bioscreen C analyser. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for the test compounds used singly or in combination after 24 h at 30 °C. Results are shown in Table 5. The test compounds comprised nisin (as Nisap ! in@ ; Danisco), GRE09 (Danisco), pure rosmarinic acid (RA; Sigma) and a range of deodorised rosemary extracts. These had been prepared by selected extraction with either organic solvents or C02 to obtain extracts containing 28% phenolic diterpenes (28RE; Danisco) and a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA; Danisco). Enhanced nisin activity was evident with a combination of nisin combined with pure rosmarinic acid (RA; this may have partly been due to low pH levels), a combination of nisin with a rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA) and a combination of nisin with a deodorised rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes and < 1% essential oils (28RE). The known nisin synergy with Tween 80 was also observed. The other carrier propylene glycol did not enhance nisin activity. The synergies can be observed, as before, by comparing the MIC levels for nisin alone, the other test compound, and the two together (see Table 5).

Table 5. MIC after growth at 30 °C in laboratory medium Test organism MIC in Bioscreen after 24 h at 30 °C Individual components Combination with nisin L. monocytogenes Nisin at 1000 IU/ml- strain S23 0. 1% GRE09 0. 05% GRE09 + 50 lU/mi nisin 1% RA 0. 25% RA + 250 IU/ml nisin 0.5% RA + 100 IUlml nisin 0.75% RA + 50 IU/ml nisin Test organism MIC in Bioscreen after 24 h at 30 °C Individual components Combination with nisin 1% 6RA < 0. 1% 6RA + 250 iU/mi nisin 0.5% 6RA + 50 IU/ml nisin L. monocytogenes 500 IU/ml nisin strain 272 0. 25% GRE09 < 0.05% GRE09 + 50 IU/ml nisin 1% of RE28 < 0. 05% RE28 + 50 IU/ml nisin > 2% Tween 80 0.5% Tween 80 + 250 IU/ml nisin L. monocytogenes 250 IU/ml nisin strain NCTC12426 0. 25% GRE09 < 0.05% GR 09 + 50 IU/ml nisin 1% of RE28 < 0.05% RE28 + 50 IU/ml nisin > 2% Tween 80 0. 5% Tween 80 + 100 IU/ml nisin 8. cereus 500 IU/ml nisin Campden spores 0. 1% GRE09 0.05% GRE09 + 50 IU/ml 1% RA 0. 5% RA + 250 IU/ml nisin 0.75% RA + 100 IU/ml nisin 0.75% RA + 50 IU/ml nisin 1% 6RA 0. 25% 6RA + 100 IU/ml nisin 0.5% 6RA + 50 IU/ml nisin

IV) Demonstration of synergy for nisin activity with different deodorised rosemary extract components in food Test strains: Listeria monocytogenes strains 272, CRA3930 and NCTC12426 The chicken soup model was used as before. The following samples were tested: GRE09, deodorised rosemary extracts containing 28% or 70% phenolic diterpenes (RE28 and RE70; Danisco), a water soluble rosemary extract containing 6% rosmarinic acid (6RA; Danisco) and pure rosmarinic acid (RA; Sigma). Additions to the soup were made as appropriate. The soup was pasteurised (70 °C/2 minutes), the pH recorded and the soup was then inoculated with a cocktail of Listeria cells prepared as described before. The tests were incubated at 20 °C and viable count enumeration performed after 0,2, 4 and 24 h at 20 °C. Initial Listeria levels were 1.3 x 105 CFU/ml. The test was repeated at two nisin levels and over different time periods. The pH of the soup without

addition was pH 6.06-6. 20. Addition of rosmarinic acid at 0. 1% resulted in a slight pH drop to pH 5.75. Addition of 6% RA resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.75-5. 78. Addition of 0.5% RE28 resulted in a soup pH of pH 5.98. Addition of 0.5% RE70 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6.10. Addition of 0.5% GRE09 resulted in a soup pH of pH 6. 02-6. 09.

Results, shown in Figures 4 and 5, indicate that all the deodorised extracts tested and rosmarinic acid contributed to synergy with nisin in achieving kill of Listeria cells. This could not be attributed to the drop in pH caused by some of the additions. The additional synergy with Tween 80 was observed in GRE09. The results indicate that the antioxidant compounds carnosol and carnosic acid, present at 28 and 70% in two of the extracts tested, synergistically enhanced the cidal and growth inhibitory activity of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes. A nisin synergy with rosmarinic acid was evident but not as strong.

V) Demonstration of syneraistic enhancement of nisin's growth inhibitory activity in different food systems using a blend of nisin with a phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract A) Pasteurised chicken soup tests Method : Different additions of nisin (as Nisap) in@, Danisco), a Rosemary extract containing 28% phenolic diterpenes (RE28), and a blend of nisin with the Rosemary extract at levels of 50 IU/mg and 4.2% phenolic diterpenes were added to commercial chicken soup that contained no other preservatives. After addition of the compounds the soup (pH 5.8) was pasteurised at a core temperature of 70 °C for 2 minutes. The soup was cooled to ambient temperature and either inoculated with a cocktail of stationary phase cells of Listeria monocytogenes strains or spores of Bacillus cereus. The strain cocktails comprised: L. monocytogenes strains NCIMB12426, strain 358, strain 272, strain CRA3930. The B. cereus cocktail comprised strains 204,199, ABC4/9 and 3.046. Initial inoculum levels were approximately 102-103 CFU/g. Bacillus tests were incubated at 15 °C, Listeria tests were incubated at 8 °C. Microbiological analysis was conducted at regular intervals (Milk Plate count Agar, Oxford Listeria Selective agar).

Results : The results, shown as the time taken for bacterial numbers to reach 106 CFU/g, are summarised in Table 5. The full data are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The results show

that the Rosemary extract alone had no activity against Bacillus, and only slight activity against Listeria. The Rosemary extract significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of nisin.

Table 5. Summary of results demonstrating nisin/phenolic diterpene synergy against Listeria and Bacillus in a pasteurised chicken soup Test Nisin Phenolic Days until growth reached 106 CFU/g content diterpene L. monocytogenes B. cereus content at 8 °C at 15°C Control 0 3 2 RE28 at 75 ppm 0 IU/g 21 ppm 5 2 Nisaplin at 100 mg/kg 100 IU/g 0 ppm 6 3 Nisaplin at 250 mg/kg 250 U/g 0 ppm 166 Nisin/Rosemary blend A 100 IU/g 8. 4 pm 15 > 26 Nisin/Rosemary blend B 250 IU/g 21 ppm 52 > 26 B) Pasteurised meat pasta sauce tests Method : The sauce was prepared from lean minced beef (50%), tomatoes and juice (48.9%), starch (0.5%), salt (0.4%) and sucrose (0.2%). The beef was fried for 5 minutes until brown, then the dry ingredients mixed in followed by the tomatoes with juice. The sauce was simmered for 10 minutes and allowed to cool before blending to a smooth consistency. Final pH was 5.13. Additions were made of nisin, rosemary extract and blends. The sauce was pasteurised to a core temperature of 80 °C for 2 minutes. A cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes strains (as above) were inoculated after pasteurisation and the tests incubated at 8 °C.

Results : The results, shown as the time taken for bacterial numbers to reach 106 CFU/g, are summarised in Table 6. These show that the rosemary extract alone had no activity against Bacillus, and only slight activity against Listeria. The rosemary extract significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of nisin.

Table 6. Summary of results demonstrating nisin/phenolic diterpene synergy against Listeria in a pasteurised meat sauce at 8 °C Test Nisin Phenolic Days until 106 diterpene CFU/g Control 0 0 4 RE28 at 60 ppm 0 IU/g 16. 8 ppm 5 Nisaplin at 100 mg/kg 100 IU/g 0 ppm 11 Nisin/Rosemary blend A 100 IU/g 8. 4 pm > 76

C) Carbonara pasta sauce tests Method. A commercial chilled pasteurised sauce was used, containing cream, smoked bacon, cheese, mascarpone, butter, starch, onion, garlic puree. Protein 7 g, carbohydrate 6 g, fat 17 g. Additions of test compounds were made prior to the pasteurisation (core temperature of 70 °C for 10 minutes). Inoculations were made once the sauce had cooled. Samples were analysed regularly for microbial numbers.

Results : These are shown in Figures 8 and 9. As before, the phenolic diterpene- containing extract (8.4 ppm) synergistically enhanced the nisin growth inhibitory activity against Listeria cells and Bacillus spores. The rosemary extract alone showed no activity.

VI) Demonstration of synergistic enhancement of nisin's cidal activity in a food system using a blend of nisin with phenolic diterpene-containing rosemary extract Method : The diluted chicken soup (pH 6.2) was prepared as above, and split into 2 batches with one batch being adjusted to pH 4.5 with HCI. Appropriate additions of nisin, rosemary extract and blends were made, then the soup was pasteurised. A cocktail of Listeria strains was inoculated to give an initial inoculum of 105 CFU/g. Viable cells were enumerated by microbiological analysis at 0 and 2 h.

The test blends contained 1) 100 IU/g nisin + 30 ppm rosemary extract (i. e. 8.4 phenolic diterpenes), and 2) 150 IU/g nisin + 45 ppm rosemary extract (i. e. 12.6 phenolic diterpenes).

Results : The results demonstrated that the presence of the phenolic diterpene containing rosemary extract synergistically enhanced the cidal activity of nisin (Figures 10 and 11), particularly at more acidic conditions (Figure 10). The rosemary extract alone had no significant cidal effect.

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A. S. Naidu. Pp. 525-566. USA: CRC Press All publications mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described methods and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in chemistry, biology, food science or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims