COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ZWITTERIONIC ESTER AMMONIOALKANOATES

PARTIES TO JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Inventions described or claimed herein were made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement between Eastman Chemical Company and Johnson & Johnson Consumer & Personal Products Worldwide, a division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions comprising zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants, as defined herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cleansing compositions are used to apply to the hair and/or skin of humans in order to provide cleansing of the respective part of the body to be cleaned. With respect to cl eansing skin, cleansing formulations are designed to remove dirt, sweat, sebum, and oils from the skin, where cleansing is achieved through the use of conventional surfactants that aid in the uplifting of dirt and solubilization and removal of oily soils from the skin. In addition to removing unwanted materials from the skin, cleansing helps to promote normal exfoliation, and thereby rejuvenates the skin. Conventional detergents, such as cationic, anionic and non- ionic surfactants, are widely used in a variety of cleansing compositions to impart such cleansmg properties.

Also, zwitterionic surfactants, like betaiiies, sultaiiies and amphoacetates, are widely- used in a variety of cleansing compositions. They are best known to generate desirable viscosity, foam and mildness in cleansing formulations, the most commonly used being cocamidopropyl betaine. Other examples include lauramidopropyi betame, cocamidopropyl hydroxy! sultaine, lauramidopropyi hydroxyl sultame, sodium lauroamphoacetate, sodium cocoamphoacetate, disodium cocoampho dipropionate and disodium lauroampho

dipropionate, and the like. However, these zwitterionic surfactants all bear an amide-moiety and recently have been recognized as possible allergens. In particular, cocamidopropyl betaine is now part of allergy screening tests. Further, allergens and skin irritants such as alkylamidoamines and ammoalkylamines are present in all of the zwitterionic surfactants noted above, the former an intermediate formed during the synthesis of the above zwitterionic surfactants and the latter an unreacted raw material used for the synthesis.

Applicants have recognized the desirability of developing cleansers that are substantially free of zwitterionic surfactants bearing an amide-moiety and possibly alkylamidoamines and aminoaikyiamines, while still fulfilling the demand for desirable viscosity, foam and mildness.

Zwitterionic surfactants are best suitable to help generating desirable viscosity, foam and mildness in cleansing formulations. Accordingly, applicants have recognized the need to develop cleansing compositions containing zwitterionic surfactantswhich do not contain an amide moiety and that are substantially free of alkylamidoamines and aminoalkylamine impurities, and that exhibit desirable viscosity, foam and mildness for consumer use.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions comprising a zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactant according to Formula I, hereinafter referred to as "ZEA surfactants", and an ingredient selected from the group consisting of a surfactant other than the zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactant according to Formula 1, emuisifiers, conditioning agents, emollients, moisturizers, humectants, thickeners, lubricants, chelating agents, fillers, binding agents, anti-oxidants, preservatives, active ingredients, fragrances, dyes, buffering agents, exfoliants, pH adjusters, inorganic salts, solvents, viscosity controlling agents and opacifying agents, wherein the composition is substantially free of

alkylamidoamme and aminoalkylamine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Applicants have discovered that compositions of the present in vention overcome the disad vantages of the prior art and provide compositions that exhibit desirable viscosity and/or foaming action, as compared to the prior art, while maintaining excellent mi ldness to the skin and eyes. The compositions are substantially free of alkylamidoamine and aminoalkylamine impurities and substantially free of zwitterionic surfactants bearing an amide -moiety. For example, as shown in the Examples, compositions comprising one or more ZEA surfactants tend to exhibit better viscosity building properties, similar or better foaming action, and at least comparable mildness (measured by EpiDerm ¹ and EpiOcuIar ^1M Test) compared to zwitterionic surfactants bearing an amide-moiety and/or containing alkylamidoamine and/or z aminoalkylamine impurities, like cocamidopropvl betaine, cocoamphoactetate and cocamidopropvl hydroxy sultaine.

As used herein the term "zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants" surfactants", refers to a zwitterionic surfactant according to Formula 1 :

(Formula 1) where is a linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated C5 to C21 hydrophobe;

R. ₂ is a linear, branched, or cyclic aikyi, hydroxyalkyl, or aromatic group;

R ₃ is a linear or branched alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aromatic group;

R4 is a linear or branched alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aromatic group;

R5 is a linear or branched alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or aromatic group; and

any of R ₂ , R ₄ , or R5 can by linked in a cyclic structure; and

X is -C02-, -S03-, or -S04-.

One uSpecific example of a ZEA surfactant according to Formula 1 is 3-((3-

(kuroyloxy)buiyl)dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropanesulfona te, shown in Formula 2:

An example of a ZEA surfactant according to Formula 1 bearing a cyclic group is 3- (4-lauroyloxy-l -methy[piperidinium-l-y].)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate, shown in Formula 3,

(Formula 3)

where R ₂ and R4 are linked in a cyclic structure, forming a piperidinium group.

Typically, compositions of the present invention will comprise from about 0.1% to about 30% w. ^' w of ZEA surfactants, or from about 0.5% to about 15% w/w of ZEA surfactants, or from about 1% to about 10% w/w of ZEA surfactants, or from about 1.5% to about 7% w/w of ZEA surfactants, or about 1.5% to about 5% of ZEA surfactants, or about 1.5% to about 3.75% of ZEA surfactants, or about 2,25% to about 3.75% of ZEA surfactants

As used herein the term "zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate sulfonate surfactant" refers to a ZEA surfactant where X is -SO ₃ -.

As used herein the term "zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate sulfate surfactant" refers to a ZEA surfactant where X is -SO ₄ -.

Preferably, ZEA surfactants are free of alkylamidoamines and aminoalkylamines. They exhibit an ester bond between R-. and R?, whereas the prior art exhibits an amide moiety. Thus, they do not contain amidoamines or aminoalkylamines.

All percentages listed in this specification are percentages by weight, unless otherwis specifically mentioned.

As used herein, the term "substantially free of alkylamidoamine and

aminoalkylamine" means a composition that comprises alkylamidoamine and/or

aminoalkylamine at maximum levels that mitigate or avoid the detrimental allergic or skin- irritating effects caused by alkylamidoamine and/or aminoalkylamine, for example, less than 0.05% w/w of alkylamidoamine and/or aminoalkylamine. Even more preferable, compositions are free of alkylamidoamine and aminoalkylamine.

Certain embodiments of the present invention may comprise surfactants other than ZEA surfactants. For example, compositions may further comprise anionic, cationic, non- ionic and/or zwitterionic surfactants other than ZEA surfactants. In other embodiments, compositions may be substantial ly free of surfactants other than ZEA surfactants. As used herein, the term "substantially free of surfactant other than ZEA surfactants" means a composition that comprises less than 0,5%, or less than 0.1 %, and more preferably less than 0,05% by weight of total surfactant other than ZEA surfactants. Even more preferable, compositions are free of surfactants other than ZEA surfactants. When a surfactant other than the ZEA surfactant is used, the ratio of ZEA surfactant to surfactant other than the ZEA surfactant (w/w) may be from about 0,003 to about 300, or about 0.1 to about 100, or about 0.1 to about 10, or about 0.1 to about 5, or about 0.3 to about 3.

As used herein, the term "anionic surfactant" refers to a surfactant molecule bearing a negative charge and no positive charge. Suitable anionic surfactants include those selected from the following classes of surfactants: alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl monoglycery! ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylaryl sulfonates, alky! suifosuccinates, alkyl ether suifosuccinates, alkyl sulfosuccinamates, alkyl amidosulfosuccinates, alkyl carboxyiates, alkyl amidoethercarboxylates, alkyl succinates, fatty acyl sarcosinat.es, fatty acyl amino acids, fatty acyl taurates, fatty alkyl sulfoacetates, alkyl phosphates, and mixtures of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are substantially free of anionic surfactants, and preferably are free of anionic surfactant.

As used herein, the term "sulfated anionic surfactant" refers to anionic surfactants containing a -S0 ₄ ^" M ⁺ group, with IVT being absent, or H ^r or NH ₄ ⁺ or Na ^" or K: or other monovalent or multivalent anion. Examples of sulfated anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are substantially free of sulfated anionic surfactant, and preferably are free of sulfated anionic surfactant.

As used herein, the term "nonionic surfactant" refers to a surfactant molecule bearing no electrostatic charge. Any of a variety of nonionic surfactants are suitabl e for use in the present invention. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, fatty alcohol acid or amide ethoxylates, monogiyceride ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates alkyl polyglycosides, mixtures thereof, and the like. Certain preferred nonionic surfactants include polyethyleneoxy derivatives of polyol esters, wherein the polyethyleneoxy derivative of polyol ester (1 ) is derived from (a) a fatty acid containing from about 8 to about 22, and preferably from about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, and (b) a polyol selected from sorbitol, sorbitan, glucose, a-methyl glucoside, polyglucose having an average of about 1 to about 3 glucose residues per molecule, glycerine, pentaerythritol and mixtures thereof, (2) contains an average of from about 10 to about 120, and preferably about 20 to about 80 ethyleneoxy units; and (3) has an average of about 1 to about 3 fatty acid residues per mole of polyethyleneoxy derivative of polyol ester. Examples of such preferred polyethyleneoxy derivatives of polyol esters include, but are not limited to PEG-80 sorbitan iaurate and Polysorbate 20. PEG-80 sorbitan Iaurate is a sorbitan monoester of iauric acid ethoxylated with an average of about 80 moles of ethylene oxide. Polysorbate 20 is the laurate monoester of a mixture of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide.

Another class of suitable nonionic surfactants includes long chain alkyl glucosides or poivgiucosides, which are the condensation products of (a) a long chain alcohol containing from abou 6 to about 22, and preferably from about 8 to about 14 carbon atoms, with (b) glucose or a glucose-containing polymer. Preferred alkyl ghiocosides comprise from about 1 to about 6 glucose residues per molecule of alkyl glueoside. A preferred glucoside is decyl glycoside, which is the condensation product of decyl alcohol with a glucose oligomer

Another class of suitable nonionic surfactants includes alkano [amides, like cocamide MEA. and cocamide DEA.

As used herein, "zwitterionic surfactant other than a ZEA surfactant" refers to an amphiphilic molecule comprising a hydrophobic group and one or more hydrophilic groups comprising two moieties of opposite formal charges, or capable of bearing opposite formal charges (as a function of acid-base properties and solution pH), Sometimes such surfactants are also referred to as "amphoteric surfactants". Examples of zwitterionic surfactants other than a ZEA surfactan include:

Alkylamidoaikyl betaines of the formula:

where RCO = Ce - C2 acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and x— 1 - 4. Examples include coeamidoethyl betaine (RCO = coco acyl, x = 2), cocamidopropyl betaine (RCO ^:::: coco acyl, x ^:::: 3), lauramidopropyl betaine (RCO ^:::: lauroyl, and x ^:::: 3),

myristamidopropyl betaine (RCO = myristoyl, and = 3), soyamidopropyl betaine (R = soy acyl, x = 3), and oleamidopropyl betaine (RCO = oleoyi, and x = 3).

Alkylamidoaikyl hydroxysultaines of the formula:

O CH ,

.C~~- H-- {CH ₂ ) _X — ~ — CH ₂ — CH-— CH ₂ ~~ S— -O CH ₃ OH O where RCO = C ₆ - C24 acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof. Examples include cocamidopropyi hydroxysultaine (RCO ^:::: coco acyl, x ------ 3), lauramidopropyl. hydroxysultaine

(RCO = lauroyl, and x = 3), myristamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (RCO = myristoyi, and x = 3), and oleamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (RCO = oieoyl, and x = 3).

Alkylamidoalkyl sultaines of the formula:

where RCO = C ₆ - C?4 acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof. Examples include cocamidopropyi sultaine (RCO ^:::: coco acyl, x ------ 3), lauramidopropyl sultaine (RCO ^:::: lauroyl, and x = 3), myristamidopropyl sultaine (RCO = myristoyi, and x = 3), soyamidopropyl betaine (RCO = soy acyl, x ------- 3), and oleamidopropyl betaine (RCO = oieoyl, and x ------- 3).

Amphoaeetates of the formula:

o

^• "-~-~CH ₂ -~-"C

CH ₂ CH ₂ — OH

where RCO = C _(> - C ₂₄ acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and NT = monovalent cation. Examples include sodium lauroamphoacetate (RCO ^:; = lauroyl and Na ^÷ ) and sodium cocoamphoacetate (RCO = coco acyl and M ^T = Na ⁺ ).

Amphodiacetates of the formula:

-GH ₅

^■ CH ₅

where RCO = C ₆ - C ₂₄ acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and M ^" = monovalent cation. Examples include disodium lauroamphodiacetate (RCO = lauroyl and M = Na ⁺ ) and disodium cocoamphodiacetate (RCO = coco acyl and M = Na ^" ). Amphopropionates of the formula:

where RCO = C ₆ - C24 acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and 1VT = monovalent cation. Examples include sodium lauroamphopropionate (RCO = lauroyl and M = a ⁺ ) and sodium cocoamphopropionate (RCO ^;=: coco acyl and M ^"r" = \a ).

Amphodipropionates of the formula:

where RCO = C ₆ - C ₂₄ acyi (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and M = monovalent cation. Examples include disodium lauroamphodipropionate (RCO ^:=: lauroyl and M ^' = Na ⁺ ) and disodium cocoamphodipropionate (RCO = coco acyl and M ^" = Na ^' ).

Amphohydroxypropylsulfonates of the formula:

o OH O

R C H— CH ₂ CH ₂ U C H ™™™~ C H """" C H 2™"™ ^* S o M

CH ₂ CH ₂ — OH O

where RCO = Ce - C ₂₄ acyl (saturated or unsaturated) or mixtures thereof and ΜΓ = monovalent cation, such as sodium lauroamphohydroxypropyisulfonate (RCO ^:::: lauroyl and IVT = Na ⁴ ) and sodium cocoamphohydroxypropylsulfonate (RCO = coco acyi and M ⁴ = Na ^"1" ).

Other examples mclude amphohydroxyalkylphosphat.es and alkylamidoalkyl amine oxides.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the composition may further comprise an inorganic salt. Inorganic salts that are suitable for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium bromide, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide and other mono-valent as well as multivalent ion containing salts. Typically, compositions of the present invention will comprise from about 0.05% to about 6% w/vv of inorganic salt, or from about 0.1 % to about 4% w/w of inorganic salt, or from about 0.1% to about 2% w/w of inorganic salt, or from about 0.1% to about 1.5% w/w of inorganic salt.

The pH of composition of the present invention is adjusted to preferably from about 3 to about 9, more preferably from about 3.5 to about 7, and most preferably from about 4 to about 6. The pH of the composition may be adjusted as low as 3 provided that formula stability and performance (e.g. foaming, mildness and viscosity) are not negatively affected. The pH of the composition may be adjusted to the appropriate acidic value using any cosmetically acceptable organic or inorganic acid, such as citric acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, hy drochloric acid, combinations of two or more thereof or the like.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the composition may further comprise a cationic surfactant. Classes of cationic surfactants that are suitable for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, alkyl quaternaries (mono, di, or tri), benzyl quaternaries, ester quaternaries, ethoxylaied quaternaries, alkyl amines, and mixtures thereof, wherein the alkyl group has from about 6 carbon atoms to about 30 carbon atoms, with about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms being preferred.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the composition comprises cationic conditioning polymers. Examples of suitable cationic conditioning polymers include cationic cellulose and its derivatives; cationic guar and its derivatives; and diallyldimethylammonium chloride. The cationic cellulose derivative may be a polymeric quaternary ammonium salt derived from the reaction of hydroxyethyl cellulose with a trimethylammonium substituted epoxide, known as Poiyquaternium-10. The cationic guar derivative may be a guar hydroxypropyitrimonium chloride. Other useful cationic conditioning polymers are those derived from the monomer diallyldimethylammonium chlori de. The homopolymer of this monomer is Polyquatemium-6. The copolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride with acrylami.de is known as Polyquatemium-7. Other suitable conditioning polymers include those disclosed in United States Patent No. 5,876,705, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The composition of this invention may further contain any other ingredients or additives typically used in personal care products, e.g., dermatological or in cosmetic formulations, including active ingredients. Examples of further ingredients or additives are surfactants, emulsifiers, conditioning agents, emollients, moisturizers, humectants, thickeners, lubricants, chelating agents, fillers, binding agents, anti-ox idants, preservatives, active ingredients, fragrances, dyes, buffering agents, exfoliates, pH adjusters, solvents, viscosity controlling agents and opacifying agents, and the like, provided that they are physically and chemically compatible with the other components of the composition. Active ingredients may include, without limitation, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-bacteria!s, antifungals, anti-itching agents, moisturizing agents, plant extracts, vitamins, and the like. Also included are sunscreen actives which may be inorganic or organi c in nature. Of particular interest are any active ingredients suited for topical application of personal care

compositions. The following examples are meant to illustrate the present invention, not to limit it thereto. EXAMPLES

Test methods used in the Examples are described as follows: Zero-Shear Viscosity Test:

Determinations of zero-shear apparent viscosity of the cleansing compositions were conducted on a controlled-stress rheometer (AR-2000, TA instruments Ltd., New Castle, DE, USA). Steady-state shear stress sweeps were performed at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C using a cone-plate geometry. Data acquisition and analysis were performed with the heology Advantage software v4.1.10 (TA Instruments Ltd., New Castle, DE, USA). Zero-shear apparent viscosities for Newtonian fluids are reported as the average of viscosity values obtained over a range of shear stresses (0.02 - 1.0 Pa). For pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) fluids, zero-shear apparent viscosities were calculated via the fitting of shear stress sweep data to an Ellis viscosity model. Except otherwise stated, viscosities are given in CentiPoise (cps).

Fororalatioii Foam Test:

The following Formulation Foam Test was performed on various cleansing compositions to determine the foam volume upon agitation according to the present invention. First, a solution of the test composition is prepared in simulated tap water. To represent the hardness of tap water, 0,455 g of calcium chloride dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich) is dissolved per 1000 g of DI water, and mixed for 15 minutes prior to use. One (1.0) or five (5,0) grams of test composition is weighed, and this solution is added to 1000 g and mixed until homogeneous for 15 minutes prior to use. To determine the Formulation Foam Volume, the test composition (1000 mL) was added to the sample tank of a SIT A R-2000 foam tester

(commercially available from Future Digital Scientific, Co.; Bethpage, N.Y.). The test parameters were set to repeat three runs (series count = 3) of 250 ml sample size (fill volume = 250 ml) with thirteen stir cycles (stir count = 13) for a 15 second stir time per cycle (stir time = 15 seconds) with the rotor spinning at 1200 RPM (revolution ^:; = 1200) at a temperature setting of 30° C ± 2° C. Foam volume data was collected at the end of each stir cycle and the average and standard deviation of the three runs was determined. The Maximum Foam Volume was reported for each Example as the value after the thirteenth stir cycle. EpiDerm ¹ Test:

Upon receipt of the EpiDerm™ Skin Kit (MatTek Corporation), the solu tions were stored as indicated by the manufacturer. The EpiDerm™ tissues were stored at 2-8°C until use. On the day of dosing, EpiDerm™ Assay Medium was warmed to approximately 37°C. Nine-tenths mL of Assay Medium were aliquotted into the appropriate wells of 6-well plates. The 6-well plates were labeled to indicate test article and exposure time. Each EpiDerm™ tissue was inspected for air bubbles between the agarose gel and cell culture insert prior to opening the sealed package. Tissues with air bubbles covering greater than 50% of the cell culture insert, area were not used. The 24-well shipping containers were removed from the plastic bag and their surfaces were disinfected with 70% ethanol.

The EpiDerm™ tissues were transferred aseptically into the 6-well plates. The

EpiDerm™ tissues were then incubated at 37±1°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5±1% C02 in air (standard culture conditions) for at least one hour. The medium was aspirated and 0.9 mL of fresh Assay M edium were added to each assay wel l below the EpiDerm™ tissues. The plates were returned to the incubator until treatment was initiated. Upon opening the bag, any remaining unused tissues were briefly gassed with an atmosphere of 5% C02/95% air and placed back at 2-8°C for later use. The test articles were administered to the test system as 10% w/v dilutions in sterile, deionized water. Each test article dilution was prepared by weighing approximately 1,000 nig of the test article into a pre-labeled conical tube. Sterile, deionized water was added until a 10% w/v dilution was achieved and the tube was vortexed for approximateiy 1 minute prior to application. In the following, each test article dilution is referred to as the test article.

The test articles were tested in duplicate EpiDermxM tissues at four exposure times of 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours. One hundred microliters of each test article were applied to each EpiDerm™ tissue. The negative control, 100 μΐ. of sterile, deionized water, was treated in duplicate tissues for 1 , 4, 16, and 24 hours. The positive control, 100 fiL of 1% Triton®-X-100 (Fisher), was treated in duplicate tissues for 4 and 8 hours. The treated tissues were then incubated at standard culture conditions for the appropriate exposure time. Two sets of dilutions were prepared for the study: one set for the 4, 8, and 24 hours treatment and one set for the 16 hours treatment. A 1.0 mg/mL solution of MTT in warm MTT Addition Medium was prepared no more than 2 hours before use. After the appropriate exposure time, the EpiDerm™ tissues were extensively rinsed with Calcium and Magnesium- Free Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Ca ²⁺ Mg ²⁺ -Free DPBS) and the wash medium was decanted. Three-tenths mL of MTT reagent were added to designated wells in a prelabeled 24-well plate. The EpiDerm™ tissues were transferred to the appropriate wells after rinsing. The plates were incubated for approximately three hours at standard culture conditions. After the incubation period with MTT solution, the EpiDerm™ tissues were blotted on absorbent paper, cleared of excess liquid, and transferred to a prelabeled 24-well plate containing 2.0 mL of isopropanol in each designated well. The plates were covered with parafilm and stored in the refrigerator (2-8°C) until the last exposure time was harvested. Then the plates were shaken for at least two hours at room temperature. At the end of the extraction period, the liquid within the cell culture inserts was decanted into the well from which the cell culture insert was taken. The extract solution was mixed and 200 μΕ were transferred to the appropriate wells of a 96-well plate. Two hundred uL of isopropanol were placed in the two wells designated as the blanks. The absorbance at 550 nm (ODsso) of each well was measured with a Molecular Devices' Vmax plate reader.

The raw absorbance values were captured. The mean ODsso value of the blank wells was calculated. The corrected mean ODsso value of the negative control(s) was determined by subtracting the mean ODsso value of the blank wells from their mean ODsso values. The corrected ODsso value of the individual test article exposure times and the positive control exposure times w as determined by subtracting the mean ODsso value of the blank wells from their ODsso values.

Corr. test article exposure time OD ₅₅₀ = Test article exposure time OD ₅₅₀ - Blank mean OD ₅₅₀ The following percent of control calculations were made:

Final corrected OD ₅₅ o of Test Article or Positive Control

% Viability X 100 corrected mean OD _5J o of Negative Control

The individual % of control values were then averaged to calculate the mean % of control per exposure time. Test article and positive control viability calculations were performed by comparing the corrected ODsso values of each test article or positive control exposure time to a relevant negative control.

Exposure time response curves were plotted with the % of Control on the ordinate and the test article or positive control exposure time on the abscissa. The ETso value was interpolated from each plot. To determine the ETso, the two consecutive points were selected, where one exposure time resulted in a relative survival greater than 50%, and one exposure time resulted in less than 50% survival. The two select exposures were used to determine the slope and the y- intercept for the equation y = ra(x) + b. Finally, to determine the ETso, the equation was solved for y = 50. If all of the exposure times showed greater than 50% survival, the ETso value was presented as greater than the maximum exposure time.

Upon receipt of the EpiOcular™ Human Cell Construct Kit (MatTek Corporation), the solutions were stored as indicated by the manufacturer. The EpiOcular™ human cell constructs were stored at 2-8°C until used. On the day of dosing, EpiOcular™ Assay Medium was warmed to approximately 37°C. Nine-tenths nxL of Assay Medium were all quoted into the appropriate wells of 6-well plates. The six-well plates were labeled to indicate test article and exposure time. The constructs were inspected for air bubbles between the agarose gel and cell culture insert prior to opening the sealed package. Cultures with air bubbles covering greater than 50% of the cell culture area were not used. The 24-well shipping containers were removed from the plastic bag and their surfaces were disinfected with 70% ethanoi. The EpiOcular™ human ceil constructs were transferred asepticaily into the 6-well plates. The constructs were then incubated at 37±1°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5±1% CO2 in air (standard culture conditions) for at least one hour. The medium was then aspirated and 0.9 mL of fresh Assay Medium were added to each assay well below the EpiOcular™ human cell construct. The plates were returned to the incubator until treatment was initiated.

The test articles were administered to the test system as 3% w/v dilutions in sterile, deionized water (positive and negative control, 1.0% Triton ^® -X-100 and Johnson's Baby- Shampoo, respectively, were administered to the test system as 10% w/v dilutions in sterile, deionized water). Each test article dilution was prepared by weighing the test article into a prelabeled conical tube. Sterile, deionized water was added until a 3% w/v or 10% w/v dilution was achieved and the tube was vortexed prior to application. For the remainder of this report, each test article dilution is referred to as the test article.

The EpiOcular™ cultures were treated in duplicate with the test articles at specific exposure times (from 0.33 up to 16 hours, four time points each). One hundred microliters of each test article were applied to each EpiOcuiar™ human cell construct. Duplicate cultures of the negative control (exposure time control), 100 μΐ, of sterile, deionized water (Quality Biological), were exposed for 0.25, 4, 8, and 24 hours. Duplicate cultures of the positive control, 100 μΕ of 0.3% Triton®-X- 100 (Fisher), were exposed for 15 and 45 minutes. The exposed cultures were then incubated for the appropriate amount of time at standard culture conditions. After the appropriate exposure time, the EpiOcuiar™ cultures were extensively rinsed with Calcium and Magnesium-Free Dulheeco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Ca+÷Mg+÷Free-DPBS) and the wash medium was decanted. After rinsing, the tissue was transferred to 5 mL of Assay Medium for a 10 to 20 minute soak at room temperature to remove any test article absorbed into the tissue, A 1.0 mg/mL solution of MTT in warm MTT Addition Medium was prepared no more than 2 hours before use. Three-tenths mL of MTT solution were added to designated wells in a prelabeled 24- well plate. The EpiOcuiar™ constructs were transferred to the appropriate wells after rinsing with Ca÷+Mg÷+Free-DPBS. The trays were incubated for approximately three hours at standard culture conditions. After the incubation period with MTT solution, the EpiOcuiar™ cultures were blotted on absorbent paper, cleared of excess liquid, and transferred to a prelabeled 24-weil plate containing 2,0 mL of isopropanol in each designated well. The plates were sealed with parafilm and stored in the refrigerator (2-8°C) until the last exposure time was harvested. The plates were then shaken for at least two hours at room temperature. At the end of the extraction period, the liquid within the cell culture inserts was decanted into the well from which the cell culture insert was taken. The extract solution was mixed and 200 μΕ were transferred to the appropriate wells of a 96-well plate. Two hundred microliters of isopropanol were added to the two wells designated as the blanks. The absorbance at 550 rim (ODsso) of each well was measured with a Molecular Devices Vmax plate reader.

The raw absorbance values were captured. The mean ODsso value of the blank wells was calculated. The corrected mean ODsso values of the negative controls were determined by subtracting the mean ODsso v alue of the blank wells from their mean ODsso values. The corrected ODsso values of the individual test article exposure times and the positive control exposure times were determined by subtracting the mean ODsso value of the blank wells from their ODsso values. Ail calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet. The following percent of control calculations were made: corrected ODsso of Test Article or Positive Control Exposure Time

% of Control = X 100 appropriate correc ted mean ODsso Negative Control Exposure time response curves were plotted with the % of Control on the ordinate and the test article or positive control exposure time on the abscissa. The ETso value was interpolated from each plot. To determine the ETso, two consecutive points were selected, where one exposure time resulted in a relative survival greater than 50%, and one exposure time resulted in less than 50% survival. Two select points were used to determine the slope and the y-intercept for the equation y=m(x) + b. Finally, to determine the ETso, the equation was solved for y=50. When all of the exposure time points showed greater than 50% survival, the ETso value was presented as greater than the longest test article exposure time ZEA surfactants (E1-E4) used in Inventive compositions and zwitterionic surfactants other than ZE A surfacta ts (C 1. -C4) used in Comparative Compositions :

Cocamidopropyl betaine, Comparative Examples 1 and 4, were obtained from Evonic Inc. as Tego betaine L7V and Tego betaine F-50, respectively. Sodium lauroamphoacetate, Comparative Example 2, was obtamed from So!vay Inc. as Miranol HMD. Cocamidopropyl hydroxyl sultaine, Comparative Example 3, was obtained from Solvay Inc. as Mirataine CBS.

Table 1 lists the zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants according to

Formula 1 used for Inventive Example Compositions and zwitterionic surfactants used in Comparative Compositions.

Table 1

* Activity in water. The aqueous phase may also contain some amounts of sodium chloride and impurities, such as lauric acid.

**E2 was used as a solid also containing sodium chloride and lauric acid.

The ZEA surfactants, E1-E4, noted in Table 1, were prepared as follows:

The schematic process comprises:

(a) contacting an acid or ester or a mixture of acids or esters of Formula 4 with a dialkylaraino-aicohol of Formula 5:

Formula 4

Formula 5

in the presence of an enzyme at conditions effective to form an intermediate of Formula 6:

Formula 6 wherein R3 , R ₂ , R ₄ ,and R ₅ are as defined above in Formula 1 and R? is hydrogen or Ci-Ce alkyl; and

( b) contacting the intermediate of Formula 6 with a alkylating agent at conditions effective to form the ZEA surfactant of Formula 1 , Suitable alkylating agents are, for example, 2-chloro acetic acid or 2-hydroxy-3-chloro-propansulfonate.

As a specific example, the preparation of 3-(lauryloxybutyldimethylammonio)-2- hydroxypropanesulfonate is described:

Step a) intermediate: 3-dimethylaminopropyl laurate

To a 50-mL conical bottom plastic vial was added methyl laurate (38.5 mmol), dimethyiaminobutanol (46.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), and Novozym 435 (400 mg). A syringe was inserted through the cap and two additional holes were punched for gas to exit. Nitrogen was bubbled at a rate sufficient to mix the contents. The vial was placed in a heatmg block set to 65°C. The reaction was monitored by GC/MS to observe the disappearance of starting material. The reaction was complete after approximately 24 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool. The Novozym 435 was removed by filtration to afford the product as a pale, yellow oil (9.2 g; 67% yield) without further purification.

Step h) Final Product: 3-(lauiyloxypropyidimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate

To a 250-mL round bottom flask with a magnetic stir bar and a condenser was added 3-dimethyl.ammobutyl laurate (33.5 mmol), sodium 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropanesulfonate (about 90 wt%; 35.2 mmol, 1.05 equivalents), sodium carbonate (3.35 mmol; 0.10

equivalents), isopropanol (10 mL), and water (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated in a 90°C oil bath for 18 hours to afford 99.5 area% conversion according to HPLC analysis. The mixture was concentrated at reduced pressure to 28.31 g. Water (23 g) was added and the mixture was heated to afford solution. The mixture was placed in a 65°C oil bath, and the headspace was purged with nitrogen (1500 mL/min) for 2 hours to remove residual isopropanol to a weight of 33.78 g. Water (17.5g) was added and the mixture was stirred at 65°C for 10 min to afford a homogeneous solution. The total weight of the solution was 52 g, indicating a 30% w/w solution of 3-(lauryl.oxybutyldiraethylamraonio)-2- hydroxypropanesulfonate in water. ^¾ H NMR analysis was consistent with the product structure.

The following compositions, Inventive Examples (E5-E66) and Comparative

Examples (C5-C50) were prepared utilizing different types of formulation ingredients (i.e. raw materials from various suppliers) in addition to the ZEA surfactants. These materials, along with 1NCI names, trade names and suppliers are listed below:

Anionic surfactants:

Sodium laureth-2 sulfate was obtained from Solvay Inc. as Rhodapex ^* ' ES-2K.

Ammonium lauryi sulfate was obtained from BASF as Standapol^A.

Alpha olefin sulfonate was obtained from Stepan as Bioterge*AS 40-CP.

Sodium cocoyl. glutamate was obtained from BASF as Plantapon^ACG H2

Sodium starch sulfosuccinate was obtained from Akzo Nobel Personal Care as

Structure PS-111.

Non-ionic surfactants:

PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate was obtained from Croda Inc. as Atlas G-4280. PEG- 150 Distearate was obtained from Ethox Chemical as Ethox PEG-6000 DS Special.

Poiygiycerol-10 laurate and polyglyceroI-10 oleate were obtained from Lonza as

Polyaldo* ^' 10-1-L and Polyaldo ^® 10- 1-0, respectively.

Cationic (quaternary) conditioning polymers:

Poiyquatemium-10 was obtained from Dow Chemical as Ucare* JR-400

Guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride was obtained from Solvay Inc. as Jaguar ^*1

CI 7.

Humectants:

Glycerin was obtained from Emery Oleochemicals as Emery 917.

Chelating Agents:

Tetrasodium EDTA was obtained from Dow Chemical as Versene™ 100XL.

Organic Acids / Preservatives:

Sodium Benzoate, NF, FCC was obtained from Emerald Performance Materials Citric acid was obtained from Formosa Laboratories inc (for DSM) (Taiwan),

Preservatives:

Phenoxy ethanol and ethylhexyiglycerm were obtained from SchOlke Inc. as Euxyl* ^' PE 9010.

Inventive Examples E5-E18 and Comparative Examples C5-C14:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with SLES as the anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative Compositions C5-C14 were made in accord with the following procedure: Unless otherwise indicated, all materials were added in amounts such that the compositions contain resulting weight percent amounts of active as indicated for each composition in Tables 2, 3 and 4. For example, 3.75% w/w active of cocamidopropyi betaine (as given in table 2,€5) corresponds to 12.5% w/w Tego betaine LTV, which has an activity of 30% w/w; 3.75% w/w / 30% w/w = 12.5% w/w.

Preparation of Stock Solutions: Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative

Compositions C5-C14 were made using stock solutions, which had been prepared as follows a) Stock with zwitterionic surfactant: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, the required amount of DI water (MiUipore, Model Direct Q), zwitterionic surfactant, and sodium chloride was added and mixed at 200-350 rpm until the mixture was homogeneous, for CI, El and E4 at room temperature, and for E2 at 50°C, respectively. Then, sodium benzoate and citric acid (20% w/w solution in DI water) were added at room temperature to adjust to the desired pH value 4.4 - 4.6. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batch was allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel; b) Stock with anionic surfactant: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, the required amount of DI water (Miliipore, Model Direct Q), anionic surfactant, and citric acid were added and mixed at 200-350 rpm at room temperature until the mixture is homogeneous. An amount of citric acid (as 20% w/w solution in DI water) was added to adjust to the desired pH value 4.4 - 4.6. Water was added in q.s. to 100% w/w and the batch was allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel.

Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative Compositions C5-C14 were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, the required amount of a) stock with zwitterionic surfactant and b) stock with anionic surfactant were added. Water was added in q.s. to 100% w/w. The batch was heated to 50°C under mixing and mixed at 200-350 rpm for 20 minutes. The batch was allowed to cool to room temperature without mixing.

Tables 2-4 list Inventive Compositions (E5-E18) and Comparative Composition (C5- CI 4) made from the inventive ZEA surfactants (E1-E4) and comparative zwitterionic surfactants (C and C2).

The Zero Shear Viscosity were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test as described herein. The results are shown in Table 5. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants according to Formula 1 have the tendency to build higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic aikylamidoamine betaine surfactants in compositions containing sodium laureth sulfate as the anionic surfactant. Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Inventive Examples E19-E24 and Comparative Examples C15-C16:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with ALS as the anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Inventive Compositions E19-E24 and Comparative Compositions C15-C16 were made in accord with the procedure described for Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative Compositions C5 - CI.4, except that Standapol A was used as the anionic surfactant instead of Rhodapex ES-2 . Table 6 lists such compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test as described herein. The results are shown in Table 7. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants have the tendency to build equivalent or higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic aikyiamidoamme betaine surfactants in compositions containing ammonium lauryl sulfate as the anionic surfactant, especially at salt, concentrations from 0% w/w to around 1% w/w added sodium chloride.

Table 6

Table 7

Inventive Examples E25-E30 and Comparative Examples C17-C22:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with AOS as the anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Compositions E25-E30 and Comparative Compositions C17-C22 were made in accord with the procedure described for Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative

Compositions C5-C14, except that Bioterge-AS 40-CP was used as the anionic surfactant instead of hodapex ES-2 . Table 8 and 9 list such compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity was measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test as described herein. The results are shown in Table 10. As a result and surprisingly, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants can build viscosity in compositions containing alpha olefin sulfonate as the anionic surfactant, whereas zwitterionic alk lamidoamine betaine surfactants cannot.

Table 8

Materia! Trade ame Activity E25 E26 E27 CI 7 C18 C19

(%) wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%

Weight ratio zwitteriomc/amphoteric to 1.67 1 0.51 1.67 I 0.51 anionic surfactant (active to active)

Zwitterionic (weight % active)

E4 N/A 29.7 3.75 3.75 3.75

CI Tego betaine L7V 30 3.75 3.75 3.75

Anionic (weight % active)

Alpha Bioterge-AS 40-CP 39 2 .D 3.75 7.35 2.25 3.75 7.35 olefin

sulfonate

Organic acids

Sodium Sodium Benzoate, 100 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Benzoate NF, FCC

Citric Acid Citric Acid solution 20 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to pH pH pH pH pH pH 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Other

Sodium Sodium Chloride, 100 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 Chloride USP

Water Purified water, USP 100 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to

100 100 100 100 100 100

% % % % % %

Table 9

Table 10

Inventive Examples E31-E36 and Comparative Examples C23-C28:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with SCG as the anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Compositions E31-E36 and Comparative Compositions C23-C28 were made in accord with the procedure described for Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative

Compositions C5 - C 14, except that Plantapon ACG H2 was used as the anionic surfactant instead of Rhodapex ES-2K and while preparing the stock solution with the anionic surfactant, Plantapon ACG H2, the batch was heated to 45°C and kept at 45°C until the stock solution was added to the Compositions E31-E36 and Comparative Compositions C23-C28, as shown in Tables 11 and 12. The Zero Shear Viscosity was measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test as described herein. The results are shown in Table 13. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants are compatible with sodium cocoyl glutamate and have the tendency to build desired viscosity in such compositions, whereas zwitterionic alkylamidoam ne betaine surfactants are not compatible, i.e. precipitation and phase separation occur when combined with sodium cocoyl glutamate at a pH of around 4.5.

Table 1 1

Table 12

Materia! Trade ame Activity E34 E35 E36 C26 C27 C28

(%) wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%

Weight ratio zwitteriomc/arnphoteric to 1 1 1 1 I 1 anionic surfactant (active to active)

Zwitterionic (weight % active)

E2 N/A 88.6 3.75 3.75 3.75

CI Tego betaine L7V 30 3.75 3.75 3.75

Anionic (weight % active)

Sodium Plantapon ACG H2 42.7 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

Cocoyi

Glutamate

Organic acids

Sodium Sodium Benzoate, 100 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Benzoate NF, FCC

Citric Acid Citric Acid solution 20 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to pH pH pH pH pH pH 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Other

Sodium Sodium Chloride, 100 0 0.75 1.25 0 0.75 1.25 Chloride USP

Water Purified water, USP 100 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to

100 100 100 100 100 100

% % % % % %

Table 13

Inventive Examples E37-E42 and Comparative Examples C29-C34:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with SM2S as the anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Compositions E37-E42 and Comparative Compositions C29-C34 were made in accord with the procedure described for Compositions E5-E18 and Comparative

Compositions C5 - C 14, except that Alphastep PC-48 was used as the anionic surfactant instead of Rhodapex ES-2K, as shown in Tables 14 and 15.

The Zero Shear Viscosity was measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test as described herein. The results are shown in Table 16. As a result and surprisingly, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester amnionioaikanoate surfactants can build viscosity in compositions containing SM2S as the anionic surfactant, whereas zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betame surfactants cannot.

Table 14

Material Trade Name Activity E37 E38 E39 C29 C30 C31

(%) wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%

W eight ratio zwitterionic/ amphoteric to 1.67 0.79 0.51 1.67 0.79 0.51 anionic surfactant (active to active)

Zwitterionic (weight % active)

E4 N/A 29.7 3.75 3.75 3.75

CI Tego betaine L7V 30 3. / > 3.75 3.75

Anionic (weight % active)

SM2S Aiphastep PC-48 37 2.25 4.75 7.35 2.25 4.75 7.35

Organic acids

Sodium Sodium Benzoate, 100 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Benzoate NF, FCC

Citric Acid Citric Acid solution 20 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to pH pH pH pH pH pH

4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Other

Sodium Sodium Chloride, 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chloride USP

Water Purified water, USP 100 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to

100 100 100 100 100 100

% % % % % %

Table 15

Materia! Trade ame Activity E40 E4I E42 C32 C33 C34

(%) wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%

Weight ratio zwitteriomc/amphoteric to 1 1 1 1 I 1 anionic surfactant (active to active)

Zwitterionic (weight % active)

E4 N/A 29.7 3.75 3.75 3.75

CI Tego betaine L7V 30 3.75 3.75 3.75

Anionic (weight % active)

SM2S Alphastep PC-48 37 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75

Organic acids

Sodium Sodium Benzoate, 100 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Benzoate NF, FCC

Citric Acid Citric Acid solution 20 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to pH pH H pH pH pH 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Other

Sodium Sodium Chloride, 100 0 0.75 1.25 0 0.75 1 .25 Chloride USP

Water Purified water, USP 100 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

to to to to to to

100 100 100 100 100 100

% % % % % %

Table 16

Inventive Examples E43-E50 and Comparative Examples C35-C42:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with and without PS- 111 as an anionic surfactant and comparative compositions

Compositions E43-E50 and Comparative Compositions C35 - C42 were made in accord with the following procedure: Unless otherwise indicated, all materials were added in amounts such that the compositions contain resulting weight percent amounts of active as indicated for each composition in Tables 17 and 19. For example, 3.75% w/w active of cocamidopropyl betaine (as given in table 17, C35) corresponds to 12.5% w/w Tego betaine L7V, which has an activity of 30% w/w; 3.75% w/w / 30% w/w - 12.5% w/w. Compositions E43-E50 and Comparative Compositions C35 - C42 were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, the required amount of DI water, zwittenonic surfactant, anionic surfactant, and sodium benzoate are added and mixed at 200-350 rpm until the mixture is homogeneous; for E2 at 50 °C, for E4 and CI at room temperature. Then, citric acid (20% w/w solution in Di water) is added at room temperature to adjust to the desired pH value 4.4 - 4.6. Then, Structure PS-111 and Sodium chloride are added and mixed until the mixture is

homogeneous. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batch is allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel. Tables 17 and 19 list such compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity and Max. Foam Volume were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test and Formulation Foam Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 18 and 20. As a result and surprisingly, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants can not only build viscosity in compositions containing AOS and/or SM2S as the anionic surfactant, but that such compositions also exhibit better foamability compared to compositions with zwitterionic alk iamidoamine betaine surfactants.

Table 17

Material Trade Name Activitv E43 E44 E45 E46 C35 C36 C37 C38

(%) wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.% wt.%

Zwitterionic (weight % active)

N/A 88.6 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

CI Tego betaine 30 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

L7V

Anionic (weight % active)

AOS Bioterge AS- 39 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75

40

SM2S Alphastep 37 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25

PC-48

Sodium Structure PS- 94 3 3

hydrolyzed 111

potato

starch

dodecenyl- succinate

Organic acids

Sodium Sodium 100 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Benzoate Benzoate,

NF, FCC

Citric Acid Citric Acid 20 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

solution to to to to to to to to

H _P H pH pH H pH pH pH

4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Other

Sodium Sodium 100 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 Chloride Chloride,

USP

Water Purified 100 Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.

water, USP to to to to to to to to

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

% % % % % % % % Table 18

Example Composition information Viscosity (cps) Foam Volume

(nil)

E43 3.75% w/ ^' w zwitteriomc surfactant 435000 340

3.75% w/w/ anionic surfactant (AOS)

C35 0% w/w Structure PS-111 34 269

0.6%) w/ ^' w sodium chloride

E44 3.75%) w/ ^' w/ zwitteriomc surfactant 46000 360

3.75% w/w/ anionic surfactant (AOS)

C36 3% w/w Structure PS-111 75 280

0.6%) w/ ^' w sodium chloride

E45 3.75% w/ ^' w/ zwitteriomc surfactant 32000 245

2.25% w/w/ anionic surfactant (SM2S)

C37 0%> w/w Structure PS-111 4 154

0.2%) w/ ^' w sodium chloride

E46 3.75% w/ ^' w/ zwitteriomc surfactant 2500 330

2.25% w/w/ anionic surfactant (SM2S)

C38 3% w/w Structure PS-111 30 280

0.2%> w/w sodium chloride

Table 19

Table 20

Inventive Examples E51-E52 and Comparative Example C43 :

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with norsiorsic surfactants and conditioning polymer and comparative compositions

Compositions E51-E52 and Comparative Composition C43 were made in accord with the following procedure: Unless otherwise indicated, all materials were added in amounts such that the compositions contain resulting weight percent amounts of active as indicated for each composition in Table 21. For example, 3.75% w/w active of cocamidopropyl betaine (as given in table 21 , C43) corresponds to 12.5% w/w Tego betaine LTV, which has an activity of 30% w/w; 3.75% w/w / 30% w/w = 12.5% w/w. Compositions E51 -E52 and Comparative Composition C43 were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, 90% of the required amount of DI water, all PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate, and Polyquaternium-10 dispersed in glycerin were added and the batch was heated to 80-85°C under mixing. When temperature reached 55°C, PEG- 150 Distearate was added and mixed until the batch reached 80-85°C and was uniform. The heat was turned off and Rhodapex EST-65 (STDES) was added, mixed until uniform. Then, the zwitterionic surfactant was added and the batch was mixed until die mixture was homogeneous. Versene 100 XL, sodium benzoate, and Euxyl PE 9010 were added and and mixed until the mixture was homogeneous. When die batch had cooled below 50°C, citric acid (20% w/w solution in 131 water) was added to adjust to the desired pH value 5.2 - 5.4. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batch was allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel. Table 21 lists such compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity and Max. Foam Volume were measured in accord with the

Zero Shear Viscosity Test and Formulation Foam Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 22. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants have the tendency to build higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants in compositions containing anionic surfactant and several other formulation ingredients, like non-ionic surfactants (e.g. PEG80 sorbitan laurate), chelating agent, glycerin, a cationic conditioning polymer (Polyquaternium- 10) and different preservatives. Such compositions also exhibit equivalent or better foamability in comparison to the equivalent compositions containing zwitterionic

alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants.

Table 21

I able 22

Tested at 0.5 wt% in simulated hard wate Inventive Examples E53-E60 and Comparative Examples C44-C47:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention with PS-1 11 and nonionic surfactants and comparative compositions

Compositions E53-E60 and Comparative Compositions C44-C47 were made in accord with the following procedure: Unless otherwise indicated, all materials were added in amounts such that the compositions contain resulting weight percent amounts of active as indicated for each composition in Tables 23 and 24. For example, 3.75% w/w active of cocamidopropyl betaine (as given in table 23, C44) corresponds to 12.5% w/w Tego betaine L7V, which has an activity of 30% w/w; 3.75% w/w / 30% w/w = 12.5% w/w.

Compositions E53-E60 and Comparative Compositions C44-C47 were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, 90% of the required amount of Dl water, zwitterionic, anionic surfactants (Rhodapex ES-2K and, Structure PS-111), and the Poiyaldo surfactant were added and the batch was mixed at 200- 350 rpm until the mixture was homogeneous. Citric acid (20% w/w solution in DI water) was added to adjust to the desired pH value 4.4 - 4.6. Sodium benzoate and sodium chloride were added. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batch is allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel. Tables 23 and 24 list such compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity and Max. Foam Volume were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test and Formulation Foam Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 25. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants have the tendency to build higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants in compositions containing anionic surfactants and several other formulation ingredients, like polyglycerol ester surfactants. Such compositions also exhibit equivalent or better foamability in comparison to the equivalent compositions containing zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants. Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Inventive Example E61 and Comparative Example C48:

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention equivalent to

comm ercia 1 formulation s

Composition E61 and Comparative Composition C 8 were made in accord with the following procedure: All materials were added in amounts as indicated for each composition in Tables 26. For example, 16.4% w/w E4 (as given in table 26, E61) had been added, which corresponds to an activity of 4.87% w/w active of the 3-((3-

(lata ^, oyloxy)butyl)dimethylatmiiorao)-2-hydrox propanesulfonate; 16.4% w/w * 29.7% w/w = 4.87% w/w. Compositions E61 and Comparative Composition C48 were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, 90%) of the required amount of DI water was added, stirred at 200-350rpm and heated to 35- 40°C. The Carbopol ETD2020 was sifted slowly into the vortex. The mixture was stirred until the polymer was fully dispersed. The pH was adjusted to 6.0-6.2 by adding 50% w/w NaOH in water. The Structure PS-111 was sifted siowly into the mix under stirring. The mixture was stirred until homogenous. The Rhodapex ES-2 , the zwitterionic surfactant and the sodium benzoate were added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred until homogeneous. The Natural Extract Scent was added and the mixture homogenized. The Jaguar C 17 was dispersed into glycerin in a separate vessel. This dispersion was added slowly into the mixture under stirring. The Euperlan PK3000 AM was added to the mixture under stimng. The pH was adjusted to pH 4.5-4.9 using citric acid. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batc is allowed to mix unti l uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel. Table 26 lists the compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity and Max. Foam Volume were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test and Formulation Foam Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 27. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants have the tendency to build higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants in compositions containing anionic surfactants and several other formulation ingredients, like cationic guar (conditioning polymer), hydrophobically modified acrylate crosspolymer (rheology polymer), glycol distearate (pearlizing agent) and fragrance. Such compositions also exhibit equivalent or better foamability in comparison to the equivalent compositions containing zwitterionic alkylamidoamine betaine surfactants. Applicants note the comparative examples are normalized to the same surfactant concentrations (% w/w active) as corresponding Inventive Example (C48 corresponds to E61).

Table 26

Table 27

Example E62 and Comparative Examples C49-C50 :

Preparation and measurement of certain compositions of the invention containing no anionic surfactant and comparati ye compositions

Composition E62 and Comparative Compositions C49-C50 were made in accord with the following procedure: All materials were added in amounts as indicated for each composition in Tables 28. For example, 7% w/w E4 (as given in table 28, E62) had been added, which corresponds to an activity of 2% w/w active of the 3-((3-

(iauroy]oxy)but ' ^_ i)dimethylammomo)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate; 7% w/w * 29.7% w/w = 2% w/w. Compositions E62 and Comparative Composition C49(50) were made as follows: To an appropriately sized vessel equipped with a hotplate and overhead mechanical stirrer, 90% of the required amount of DI water was added, stirred at 200-350rpm. The Carbopol 1382 was sifted slowly into the vortex. The mixture was stirred until the polymer was fully dispersed. Sodium benzoate was added to the mixture and stirred until uniform. After adding glycerin, the batch was heated to 65-70°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0-6.5 by adding 50% w/w NaOH in water. Plantaren 2000 N UP; Tegobetain L7V; Lamesoft PC) 65; Polyaldo 10-1-L had been added one by one under stirring mixed until uniform. The heating was removed and the mixture was allowed to cool. At 55-60°C Euxyl PE9010 was added. The pH was adjusted to 5.3 - 5.8. Water was added in q.s. to 100 wt%, and the batch is allowed to mix until uniform before being discharged to an appropriate storage vessel. Compositions prepared are listed in Table 28.

The Zero Shear Viscosity and Max. Foam Volume were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test and Formulation Foam Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 29. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioaikanoate surfactants have the tendency to build higher viscosity in comparison to zwitterionic alkylamidoamine hydroxy sultaine (Mirataine CBS) and betaine surfactants in compositions containing anionic surfactants and several other formulation ingredients. Such compositions also exhibit equivalent or better foamability in comparison to the equivalent compositions containing zwitterionic alkylamidoamine hydroxy sultaine and etaine surfactants. Applicants note the comparative examples are normalized to the same surfactant concentrations (% w/w active) as corresponding Inventive Examples (C49 and C50 correspond to E62).

Table 28

Table 29

Inventive Examples E63-E66 and Comparative Example CJ _B SI

Preparation and mildness measurement of certain compositions of the invention and comparative composi tions

Compositions E63-E66 had been made according to the process described for E-5. Table 30 lists these compositions.

The Zero Shear Viscosity, EpiDerm ^* ET ₅₀ and EpiOcular ^{1 *} ET ₅₀ were measured in accord with the Zero Shear Viscosity Test, EpiDerm ^{ll i} Test and EpiOcular ^lM Test, respectively, as described herein. The results are shown in Table 31. As a result, applicants discovered that zwitterionic ester ammonioalkanoate surfactants exhibit similar mildness in comparison to other zwitterionic surfactants like e.g. aikyiamidoamine betaine surfactants in compositions containing anionic surfactants.

Table 30

Table 31 REMOVE VISCOSITY

JBS is Johnson's Baby Shampoo - a commercially available benchmark composition.