Compositions, kits and uses for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms

The present invention relates to compositions and kits comprising

(i) microorganisms which are able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which do not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora and

(ii) microorganisms which are able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which do not inhibit the ^' growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora, in order to protect the skin against pathogenic microorganisms and to treat skin diseases.

The present invention also relates to uses of the above mentioned microorganisms and to methods for the production of compositions and kits comprising such microorganisms.

The human skin is populated by a large variety of microorganisms that mainly live as commensals in a relatively stable composition on the surface of the skin (Roth and James, 1988). This normal skin flora is termed "resident skin flora". The main function of the human skin is to protect the tissue beneath it against the environment (Feingold, 1985). This normal skin flora especially protects the skin against the intrusion of potentially pathogenic microorganisms (Bisno, 1984). Certain microorganisms dominate the resident microbial flora. More than ninety percent of the microorganisms of the resident microbial flora are Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative), Micrococcus spec, Diphteroids and propionibacteria (Leyden et al., 1987). Therefore, a stabilisation of the natural skin flora supports the protection of the skin and prevents the intrusion of pathogens. The health of the skin increases. The importance of the natural skin flora has been described in several clinical studies. It has been shown that in the first days after birth of an infant, where this skin flora has not yet been developed, the danger of a Staphylococcus aureus infection is very high. With increasing development of the flora, the skin is protected from the colonization by pathogenic microorganisms (Hurst, 1959). In another study with infants, it has been observed that after treatment with the antibiotic amoxicillin, the

resident flora was drastically (about 50%) repressed. This led to more than a fourteen-fold increase of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. The discontinuation of the antibiotic treatment led to a regeneration of the resident flora and the repression of Candida albicans (Brook, 2000).

The microorganisms of the resident skin flora prevent the colonization by pathogenic microorganisms by competing for attachment sites and essential nutrients on the skin surface (Sullivan et al. 2001). Pathogenic microorganisms are able to specifically attach to structures of the epidermis using special binding proteins. In this context, different mechanisms are known. From Staphylococcus aureus, for example, specific adhesins are known. These allow the pathogenic microorganism to attach to fibronectin structures. Pathogens generally have a higher potential to attach to the host. This explains the virulence of these microorganisms (Gibbons and Houte, 1975).

The danger of colonization by pathogenic microorganisms increases drastically in the case of small lesions or other damages on the surface of the skin, especially when the normal skin flora is damaged by antibiotics or by excessive washing (Elek, 1956). However, the resident skin flora is better adapted to the skin regarding nutrient utilisation. This leads to an advantage of the resident skin flora (Larson, 2001). Apart from this, the organisms of the resident skin flora are able to produce antimicrobial substances to fight against pathogenic microorganisms. This is also an advantage for resident microorganisms regarding nutrients and energy sources (Selwyn and Ellis, 1972; Milyani and Selwyn, 1978).

Moreover, substances that are secreted by the skin, like complex lipids (triglycerides), are degraded to unsaturated fatty acids that inhibit pathogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus pyrogenes or gram negative bacteria and fungi (AIy et al., 1972).

The microbial skin flora affects several factors of the skin that are of cosmetic relevance. These are pH value of the skin, barrier function and lipid content. S. epidermidis is able to fight against pathogenic microorganisms by lowering the pH value (about 4-6). Pathogens are not able to grow at decreased pH values (Korting et al., 1990; Lukas, 1990; Korting, 1992; Yosipovitch and Maibach, 1996; Gfatter et al., 1997).

The water barrier function and the lipid content of the skin depend on the ceramide content of the horny layers (Imokawa et al., 1986). Lowering of the ceramide content causes a drying and rifting of the skin. A study with atopic dermatitis patients having these appearances of the skin showed that the microbial skin flora dramatically changes to Staphylococcus aureus. This pathogen features a very high ceramidase activity, while normal commensals of the resident skin flora do not have this activity. Sphingomyelinase activities that lead to the release of ceramides in the skin are comparable in the resident and pathogenic flora of atopic dermatitis patients (Ohnishi et al., 1999). Normally, the bacterial skin flora of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is different from that in healthy people. Such patients often suffer from microbial infections such as impetigo, folliculitis, or furunculosis. The microbial flora of atopic dermatitis patients shows striking differences in term of the presence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The relative rarity of colonization by S. aureus on normal skin sites is in sharp contrast to the high carriage rate found in patients with atopic dermatitis ranging from 75% on unaffected areas and up to 99% on acute, weeping lesions. This strong increase of S. aureus colonization on the skin accompanies with a decrease of the number of commensal microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora, especially S. epidermidis.

Thus, there is a need for compositions, kits and uses for protecting the skin, in particular the human skin, against pathogenic microorganisms and for treating skin diseases like atopic dermatitis.

The present invention addresses this need and provides compositions, kits and uses which protect the skin against the colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, it provides the embodiments as characterized in the claims. The subject- matter of the present invention is, e.g., useful in the treatment of skin diseases by rebalancing the skin microflora.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to compositions and kits comprising (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora and

(ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora. The present invention also relates to uses of the above-mentioned microorganisms.

The inventors surprisingly found that an effective protection of the skin against a colonization by pathogenic microorganisms can be achieved by administering to the skin the above described compositions or kits or by applying the corresponding uses. The compositions, kits and uses of the invention comprise or refer to a combination of two different kinds of microorganisms, (i) microorganisms which are able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which do not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora (herein below described as aspect (i) of the invention), and (ii) microorganisms which are able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora (herein below described as aspect (ii) of the invention). The inventors surprisingly found that protection of the skin against a colonization by pathogenic microorganisms can be achieved by administering or using such a combination of microorganisms. The inventors further found that by administering or using such a combination of microorganisms the microflora of the skin can effectively re-balanced, in particular within a short time scale. The microorganisms of aspect (i), as described herein above, i.e. those, which are able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora, are able to regenerate and to stabilize the natural skin flora due to a specific stimulation of the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora. By this, the growth of pathogenic microorganisms is suppressed. Furthermore, the entrance of pathogenic microorganisms into the skin microbial flora can be prevented. This microorganism of the present invention allows, e.g., to stimulate the resident microbial flora in deeper horny layers of the skin when microorganisms in the upper layers of the skin have been removed by washing.

The microorganisms of aspect (ii) as described herein above, i.e. those which are able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, are able to differentially suppress the growth of microorganisms on

the skin, i.e. they selectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, but do not influence the growth of the inhabitants of the healthy commensal micro flora. Thereby these microorganisms are able to regenerate and to stabilize the natural skin flora.

Many different microorganisms exist on the skin. Some belong to the normal

(resident) flora of the skin and are harmless commensals and some are potential pathogens.

Basically, organisms on the skin can be classified into two categories: 1. Resident organisms: resident organisms are permanent inhabitants of the skin which colonise on the surface of the skin, the stratum corneum and within the outer layer of the epidermis and the deeper crevices of the skin and hair follicles. These microorganisms of the resident microbial skin flora can grow and multiply on the skin without invading or damaging the skin tissue. Washing does not easily remove these organisms in deeper skin regions. Resident microorganisms are harmless commensals.

2. Transient organisms: transient organisms are microorganisms which are deposited on the skin but do not multiply there or contaminants which multiply on the skin and persist for short periods. They cannot settle permanently on healthy skin whose microenvironment is heavily determined by the resident micro flora. Transient organisms are potentially pathogenic.

Thus, the term "resident skin microbial flora" relates to the microorganisms which can normally be found on healthy skin, preferably human skin, and which constitute the majority of the microorganisms found on the skin.

In particular, the term "resident skin microbial flora" relates to microorganisms which are permanent inhabitants on the surface of the skin, the stratum corneum and within the outer layer of the epidermis and the deeper crevices of the skin and hair follicles.

These microorganisms are characterized in that they can grow and multiply on the skin without invading or damaging the skin tissue. A characteristic of these microorganisms is that washing does not easily remove them in deeper skin regions.

The microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora are harmless commensals.

The term "resident skin microbial flora" preferably relates to a flora of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms which can be found on skin, preferably human skin. More preferably, it relates to a flora of microorganisms which comprises Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative), Micrococcus spec, Diphteroids and propioni bacteria. Typically, about 90 % of the aerobic resident microbial skin flora consists of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The remaining about 10 % are composed of mainly Micrococcus spec. (80 % Micrococcus luteus) and Diphteroids (13 %). The term "Diphtheroid" denotes a wide range of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. For convenience, cutaneous diphtheroids have been categorized into the following four groups: lipophilic or nonlipophilic diphtheroids; anaerobic diphtheroids; diphtheroids producing porphyrins. Major representatives (90%) of the anaerobic microbial skin flora are propionibacteria; especially Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum can be isolated from the skin. The anaerobic flora accounts for approximately 4 % of the total resident skin flora.

More preferably, more than 90% of the microorganisms of the microbial flora belong to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus spec, Diphteroids and propioni bacteria. Even more preferably, the resident skin microbial flora is characterized in that its major constituent is Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The constituents and the composition of the microbial skin flora can be determined quantitatively and qualitatively, e.g. by peeling off the upper skin layers with scotch tape. Microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora can be identified within the upper ten skin layers peeled off, e.g., by scotch tape. Exemplary, to isolate these microorganisms six 2 cm ² scotch tapes are each pressed on a defined region of the skin, preferably of the forearm and afterwards each tape stripe is transferred from the skin to a selective culture agar plate for either gram positive (e.g. BHI, Difco Inc.) or gram negative bacteria (e.g. MacConkey agar, Difco Inc.) or to a selective culture agar for yeasts and fungi (e.g. Plate Count Agar, Difco Inc.). Afterwards the microorganisms that have been transferred from skin to culture agar plates are cultivated at 30 ⁰ C and 37°C, aerobically and anaerobically for about 24 hours. Colony forming units are determined by morphological and biochemical methods for a qualitative analysis and by counting for quantification. The relative composition and total cell counts are determined. The person skilled in the art can determine the

genus and/or species of the microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora, which have been isolated as described above by methods known in the art. For example, the person skilled in the art may identify said microorganisms due to metabolic footprinting, fatty acid composition and composition of the cell wall etc.

The term "skin" refers to the body's outer covering, as known to the person skilled in the art. Preferably the term relates to three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fatty tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It typically forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina. It usually contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and become sloughed off, or desquamated. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells. Conventionally, the epidermis is divided into 5 sublayers or strata (from superficial to deep): the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum and the stratum germinativum or stratum basale. Typically, the interface between the epidermis and dermis is irregular and consists of a succession of papillae, or fingerlike projections, which are smallest where the skin is thin and longest in the skin of the palms and soles. Typically, the papillae of the palms and soles are associated with elevations of the epidermis, which produce ridges. Subcutaneous fatty tissue is the deepest layer of the skin. A characteristic of this layer is that it is composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, and fat cells. Typically, this layer binds the skin to underlying structures, insulates the body from cold, and stores energy in the form of fat. In general the skin forms a protective barrier against the action of physical, chemical, and bacterial agents on the deeper tissues. This means that tissues belonging, e.g. to the oral cavity or the vaginal region or mucous membranes do not belong to the skin. In a preferred embodiment the term "skin" relates to the outermost layer of the body's covering, i.e. the epidermis. In a more preferred embodiment the term "skin" relates to the stratum

corneum of the epidermis. In an even more preferred embodiment the term skin relates to the outermost 25 to 30 layers of dead cells of the epidermis. In the most preferred embodiment the term "skin" relates to the outermost 10 layers of dead cell of the epidermis.

The term "stimulates" in connection with the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora, preferably in connection with aspect (i) as described herein above, means that the growth of one or more of these microorganisms is increased when contacted with a microorganism according to the invention. An increased growth means preferably an increase in proliferation, i.e. cell divisions per time unit. Alternatively, the term "stimulates" also refers to an increase in size of individual cells. Bacterial cell size can be assessed by flow cytometry (e.g. Becton-Dickinson FACSort flow cytometer, San Jose, CA) after staining with the stain SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes, USA). Bacteria cell size is assessed in Side-Angle Light Scatter (SSC) mode. An increased growth thus means an increase in biomass production per time unit.

The stimulation of growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora can preferably be observed in vitro, more preferably in an assay in which a microorganism according to the invention is contacted with one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and the growth of the(se) microorganism(s) of the resident skin, microbial flora is determined. The growth can be determined by counting the numbers of cells/colonies after different time intervals of incubation and can be compared with a control which does not contain a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, thereby allowing to determine whether there is an increase in growth. An in vitro assay for determining the stimulation of growth is described in the Examples and comprises a so-called "in vitro hole plate assay". In brief, such an assay comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and evenly spreading it/them on a prepared agar plate containing a suitable agar medium for growth, and preferably detection, of the respective microorganism(s);

providing holes in the inoculated agar plate; filling the holes with precultured cells of a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above; incubating the agar plates for an appropriate amount of time and under conditions allowing growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora; and determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora surrounding the holes containing a microorganism according to the invention and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) surrounding a hole which does not contain a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above.

The determination of the growth in the last step may be effected by available means and methods for determining the number of cells and/or colonies, e.g. by staining with an appropriate dye and/or optical means such as densitometry and counting the cells/colonies under the microscope.

Even more preferably, the stimulation of growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora can also be observed in an in situ skin assay. Such assay is described in the Examples and, in brief, comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and evenly spreading it on an area of skin of a test individual; applying an aliquot of a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, in a punctual area within the area on which the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora has/have been spread; incubating the skin for an amount of time sufficient to allow growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora; transferring the upper skin layers, including the microorganisms comprised in these, to an agar plate containing an appropriate growth medium; incubation of the agar plates for a period of time and under conditions allowing the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora; determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora surrounding the area at which the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) in a control in which no microorganism

according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied.

The area of skin used for this assay may be any suitable area of skin of an individual, preferably of a human individual. In a preferred embodiment it is an area of skin on the forearm of a human individual. The size of the area is not decisive, preferably it is about 1 to 40 cm ² , more preferably 5 to 20 cm ² , even more preferably 5 to 10 cm ² ,

2 e.g. about 5,6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 cm .

The microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora are evenly distributed on the area, preferably in a density of approximately 10 ² cfu/cm ² - 10 ³ cfu/cm ² . The microorganism(s) spread on the skin are air dried and an aliquot of a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is applied in a punctual manner within the area. This can be achieved by means known to the person skilled in the art. For example, the microorganisms according to the invention are centrifuged (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet is washed two times with K/Na- buffer (each 1 ml). Cells are resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer and 10 μl of prepared microorganisms are punctual applied on the pre-inoculated skin area with a micro pipet

The incubation of the skin preferably takes place at room temperature for, e.g., two hours. The transfer of the upper skin layers, including the microorganisms comprised therein, may, e.g., be effected with the help of an adhesive tape stripe. The agar plates to which the upper skin layers have been transferred are incubated at a temperature allowing growth of the microorganism(s) or the resident skin microbial flora to be tested and contain a growth medium known to support growth of this (these) microorganism(s). The incubation typically takes place for about 24 hours. The growth of the microorganism(s) can be detected by methods known to the person skilled in the art. Preferably, it is determined by densitometry or by counting the colonies formed in the neighborhood of the point at which an aliquot of the microorganism of the invention was applied. Bacterial cell size can be assessed by flow cytometry (e.g. Becton-Dickinson FACSort flow cytometer, San Jose, CA) after staining with the stain SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes, USA). Bacteria cell size is assessed in Side-Angle Light Scatter (SSC) mode.

A microorganism is regarded to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora if it leads to an increase of growth of at least one such microorganism in an in vitro hole plate assay of at least 5 %", preferably of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, more preferably of at least 75% and even more preferably of at least 80% and most preferably of at least 85% in comparison to a control to which no microorganism has been added. More preferably, a microorganism is regarded as stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora if it leads to an increase of growth of at least one such microorganism in an in situ skin assay of at least 5 %, preferably of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, more preferably of at least 75 %, even more preferably of at least 80 % and most preferably of at least 85 %.

In a preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, stimulates the growth of the major representative of the residual skin flora, i.e. Staphylococcus epidermidis. The meaning of the word "stimulates growth" is as described herein-above and preferably means a stimulation in vitro, more preferably in an in vitro hole plate assay as described herein-above. Even more preferably it means a stimulation in an in situ skin assay as described herein-above. Most preferably it means a stimulation in an in vitro as well as in an in situ assay. The in vitro hole plate assay and the in situ skin assay are preferably carried out as described in the Examples. In a preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, also stimulates the growth of Micrococcus spec, preferably of Micrococcus luteus. In a more preferred embodiment, also the growth of Diphteroids, preferably of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebactehum is stimulated.

In a particularly preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, stimulates the growth of all microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora.

The microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is also characterized in that it does not stimulate the growth of

microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. The term "transient pathogenic micro flora" refers to microorganisms which are deposited on the skin but do not multiply there or to contaminants which multiply on the skin and persist for short periods. In particular, if a microorganism is applied to the skin and is unable to grow and reproduce there under the environmental conditions provided by the healthy skin and cannot permanently colonize this organ (or a region of it), it is considered to belong to the transient pathogenic micro flora. Several bacteria, yeast and fungi can be transiently isolated from human skin but particularly the following microorganism can be classified to the transient micro flora due to their frequent appearance: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, gram-negative bacilli (e.g Acinetobacter calcoaceticus), Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. Microorganisms of the transient micro flora often have pathogenic factors that allow the bacterium to attach to disordered skin regions. This can e.g. be the attachment to collagen structures or keratin structures.

The microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora can be determined, e.g., by metabolic footprinting, the evaluation of fatty acid composition and the composition of the cell wall, sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA or the detection of specific DNA probes encoding specific pathogenic factors.

The term "does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora" means that the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, does not stimulate the growth of at least one, preferably of more than one, preferably of more than two, more preferably of more than five and particularly preferred of any of the microorganisms of the transient pathogenic flora.

A microorganism is regarded as not stimulating the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora if it does not lead to an increased growth of such a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora when contacted with it. The stimulation of growth or its absence can be tested in vitro or in situ as described above in connection with the property of a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, to stimulate the growth of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora. Most preferably the test for determining stimulation or its absence takes place by carrying out an in vitro hole

plate assay and/or an in situ skin assay as described above, more preferably as described in the Examples. A microorganism is regarded as not stimulating the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora if the growth of the latter microorganism is not increased or only slightly increased when contacted with the former microorganism. "Slightly increased" means that the growth is increased not more than by 5% when compared to the control, more preferably not more than 2% when compared to the control. The term "not increased" means that there can be found no statistically relevant difference between the growth of the microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora contacted with a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, when compared to the control where no microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is present.

In another preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. The term "not negatively influence" means that that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora contacted with a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, when compared to the control where no microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is present.

In a further preferred embodiment, the microorganism of aspect (i) of the present invention, as described herein above, does not stimulate the growth of the major representative of the transient pathogenic micro flora, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus. The test for determining whether a microorganism does or does not stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus is preferably an in vitro and/or an in situ test as described herein-above, more preferably a test as described in the Examples.

A microorganism in connection with aspect (ii) as described herein above, i.e. a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, is regarded as inhibiting the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, if it leads to a decrease of growth of such a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora when

contacted with it. The term "inhibits the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora" means that the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, decreases the growth of at least one, preferably of more than one, preferably of more than two, more preferably of more than five and particularly preferred of any of the microorganisms of the transient pathogenic flora. In a further preferred embodiment, the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, inhibits the growth of the major representative of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus. In a further preferred embodiment, the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, specifically inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. "Specifically" preferably means that it inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, but does not significantly or only to a minor degree inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, in particular of those microorganisms which belong to the resident skin micro flora. More preferably, the term "specifically" means that the degree of inhibition on Staphylococcus is much higher than the degree of inhibition on another microorganism, in particular a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora. Particularly preferred, the term "specifically" means that in a suitable growth assay known to the person skilled in the art the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is at the most 50% of the proliferation of another microorganism, in particular another microorganism of the resident skin micro flora in the presence of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. Preferably, the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus is 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, more preferably 5% and most preferably 0% of the proliferation of another microorganism, in particular another microorganism of the resident skin micro flora, in the presence of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. The specific inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus is indicated in Examples 10 and 11 , which show by way of illustration that Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli are not inhibited by a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, in an in vitro liquid assay. In a preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but does not inhibit the growth of Micrococcus luteus and/or Escherichia coli.

In a particularly preferred embodiment the specific inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus can be detected when culture conditions are used which include glycerol.

A decreased growth means preferably a decrease in proliferation, i.e. in cell divisions per unit. Alternatively, the term "inhibits" also refers to a decrease in size of individual cells. Bacterial cell size can be assessed by flow cytometry (e.g. Becton-Dickinson FACSort flow cytometer, San Jose, CA) after staining with the stain SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes, USA). Bacteria cell size is assessed in Side-Angle Light Scatter (SSC) mode. A decreased growth thus means a decrease in biomass production per time unit.

The inhibition of growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora can preferably be observed in vitro, more preferably in an assay in which a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is contacted with one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and the growth of the(se) microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora is determined. The growth can be determined by counting the numbers of cells/colonies after different time intervals of incubation and can be compared with a control which does not contain a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, thereby allowing to determine whether there is an increase or decrease in growth.

An in vitro assay for determining the inhibition of growth is described in the Examples and comprises a so-called "in vitro hole plate assay". In brief, such an assay comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and evenly spreading it/them on a prepared agar plate containing a suitable agar medium for growth, and preferably detection, of the respective microorganism(s); providing holes in the inoculated agar plate; filling the holes with precultured cells of a microorganism according to aspect

(ii) of the invention, as described herein above;

incubating the agar plates for an appropriate amount of time and under conditions allowing growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora; and determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora surrounding the holes containing a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) surrounding a hole which does not contain a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above.

The determination of the growth in the last step may be effected by available means and methods for determining the number of cells and/or colonies, e.g. by staining with an appropriate dye and/or optical means such as densitometry and counting the cells/colonies under the microscope. In a preferred embodiment the diameter of the occurring clearing zone next to the hole may be used to determine the area of inhibition.

More preferably, the inhibition of growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora can be determined in an "in vitro liquid assay". Such an assay is described in the Examples and, briefly, comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora in a liquid culture; applying an aliquot of a liquid culture of the microorganism according to aspect

(ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and an aliquot of a liquid culture of the microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora to a culture medium allowing the growth of the microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora; co-cultivation of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and the microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora in a liquid culture; transferring an aliquot of the co-cultivation liquid culture to an agar plate, containing an appropriate growth medium; incubation of the agar plates for a period of time and under conditions allowing the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora;

determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora by quantification of the colony forming units and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) in a control in which no microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied.

Even more preferably, the inhibition of growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora can also be observed in an "in situ skin assay". Such assay is described in the Examples and, in brief, comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and evenly spreading it on an area of skin of a test individual; applying an aliquot of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, in a punctual area within the area on which the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora has/have been spread; incubating the skin for an amount of time sufficient to allow growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora; transferring the upper skin layers, including the microorganisms comprised in these, to an agar plate containing an appropriate growth medium; incubation of the agar plates for a period of time and under conditions allowing the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora; determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora surrounding the area at which the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) in a control in which no microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied.

The area of skin used for this assay may be any suitable area of skin of an individual, preferably of a human individual. In a preferred embodiment it is an area of skin on the forearm of a human individual. The size of the area is not decisive, preferably it is about 1 to 40 cm ² , more preferably 5 to 20 cm ² , even more preferably 5 to 10 cm ² , e.g. about 5,6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 cm .

The microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora are evenly distributed on the area, preferably in a density of approximately 10 ² cfu/cm ² - 10 ³ cfu/cm ² . The microorganism(s) spread on the skin are air dried and an aliquot of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is applied in a punctual manner within the area. This can be achieved by means known to the person skilled in the art. For example, the microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are centrifuged (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet is washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells are resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer and 10 μl of prepared microorganisms are punctual applied on the pre-inoculated skin area with a micro pipet. The incubation of the skin preferably takes place at room temperature for, e.g., two hours. The transfer of the upper skin layers, including the microorganisms comprised therein, may, e.g., be effected with the help of an adhesive tape stripe. The agar plates to which the upper skin layers have been transferred are incubated at a temperature allowing growth of the microorganism(s) or the transient pathogenic skin micro flora to be tested and contain a growth medium known to support growth of this (these) microorganism(s). The incubation typically takes place for about 24 hours. The growth of the microorganism(s) can be detected by methods known to the person skilled in the art. Preferably, it is determined by densitometry or by counting the colonies formed in the neighborhood of the point at which an aliquot of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied. Bacterial cell size can be assessed by flow cytometry (e.g. Becton- Dickinson FACSort flow cytometer, San Jose, CA) after staining with the stain SYBR Green I (Molecular Probes, USA). Bacteria cell size is assessed in Side-Angle Light Scatter (SSC) mode.

A microorganism is regarded to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the pathogenic transient micro flora if it leads to a decrease of growth of at least one such microorganism in an "in vitro hole plate assay" of at least 5 %, preferably of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, 80%, more preferably of at least 90% and even more preferably of at least 95% and most preferably of at least 99% in comparison to a control to which no microorganism has been added.

More preferably, a microorganism is regarded to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the pathogenic transient micro flora if it leads to a decrease of growth of at least one such microorganism in an "in vitro liquid assay" of at least 5 %, preferably of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, 80%, more preferably of at least 90% and even more preferably of at least 95% and most preferably of at least 99% in comparison to a control to which no microorganism has been added.

Most preferably, a microorganism is regarded as inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora if it leads to an decrease of growth of at least one such microorganism in an in situ skin assay of at least 5 %, preferably of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70%, 80%, more preferably of at least 90%, even more preferably of at least 95 % and most preferably of at least 99 %.

The test for determining whether a microorganism inhibits or does not inhibit the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, is preferably an in vitro and/or an in situ test as described herein-above, more preferably a test as described in the Examples.

In a preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, leads to an inhibition of the growth of one or more microorganisms of the pathogenic transient micro flora, preferably Staphylococcus aureus, which is comparable to the inhibition of growth of at least one such microorganism after the use of an antibiotic. The term "comparable" means that the inhibitory activity of a specific amount of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is within the same range as the activity of an antibiotic. In particular, this effect can be achieved by using preferably an amount of between 1.0 x 10 ⁸ and 3.0 x 10 ⁹ cells, more preferably between 2.0 x 10 ⁸ and 1.0 x 10 ⁹ cells, even more preferably between 3.0 x 10 ⁸ and 5.0 x 10 ⁸ cells and most preferably at 3.4 x 10 ⁸ cells and the inhibitory activity achieved by this amount of cells corresponds preferably to 5 to 15 units of an antibiotic. The term "antibiotic" refers to a chemical substance, which has the capacity to inhibit the growth or to kill microorganisms. Such substances are known to the person skilled in the art. Preferably, the term refers to beta-lactam compounds

like penicillines, cephalosporins or carbapenems; macrolides; tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones; sulphonamides; aminoglycosides; imidazoles; peptide-antibiotics and lincosamides. More preferably, the term relates to bacitracin and erythromycin. In a preferred embodiment the term "comparable" means that the inhibitory activity of about 3.4 x 10 ⁸ cells of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, corresponds to about 150 μg of bacitracin or about 2.5 μg of erythromycin. Most preferably the term "comparable" relates to the inhibitory activity of about 3.4 x 10 ⁸ cells of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, corresponds to about 150 μg of bacitracin or about 2.5 μg of erythromycin on Staphylococcus aureus as indicator strain, as illustrated in Example 12.

The term "microorganisms of the pathogenic transient micro flora" has been described herein above. Preferably, the term relates to Staphylococcus aureus. The degree of growth inhibition of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora in comparison to the inhibition of growth of at least one such microorganism after the use of an antibiotic can preferably be observed in vitro, more preferably in an assay in which a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is contacted with one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and the growth of the(se) microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora is determined. Most preferably, the comparison of growth inhibition can be determined in an "in vitro hole plate assay" as described in the Examples and mentioned herein above. In brief, such a comparison in an "in vitro hole plate assay" comprises the following steps cultivation of at least one microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and evenly spreading it/them on a prepared agar plate containing a suitable agar medium for growth, and preferably detection, of the respective microorganism(s); providing holes in the inoculated agar plate; filling some of the holes with precultured cells of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and filling some of the holes with an antibiotic at different concentrations;

incubating the agar plates for an appropriate amount of time and under conditions allowing growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora; determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora surrounding the holes containing a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) surrounding a hole which contains an antibiotic at different concentrations; measurement of the diameter of the inhibition zones of the holes and calculation of the area of inhibition; and correlation of the growth inhibition caused by a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and an antibiotic.

In a preferred embodiment the term "inhibits the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora" means that the decrease of growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora is due to the release of (defensive) antimicrobial substances. The term "antimicrobial substance" refers to a substance that is able to mediate the selective inhibition of growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora. Preferably the substance is not sensitive against protease digestion. The term "not sensitive" means that the substance is not or only partially affected by protease activity. The term "protease" refers to any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein, known to the person skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment the term refers to proteinase K, a protease from Streptomyces griseus, trypsin or chymotrypsin. The term "protease digestion" refers to a protease reaction under conditions known to the person skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment the term refers to an incubation at 37°C, for example for one our.

In a further preferred embodiment the term "antimicrobial substance" refers to a substance that is characterized by its property not to be disturbed at high or low pH values. The term "not to be disturbed" means that the substance is stable and biologically active. The terms "high pH value" and "low pH value" are known to the

person skilled in the art. Preferably, the property not to be disturbed is present between pH 3 and pH 11.

The term "not inhibit" in connection with the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin micro flora means that the growth of at least one, preferably of more than one, preferably of more than two, more preferably of more than five and particularly preferred of any of the microorganisms of the resident skin micro flora is not altered when contacted with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. A not altered growth means preferably an unchanged proliferation, i.e. cell divisions per time unit.

A microorganism is regarded as not altering the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora if it does not lead to an decreased growth of such a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora when contacted with it. The inhibition of growth or its absence can be tested in vitro or in situ as described above in connection with the property of a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, to inhibit the growth of at least one microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora. Most preferably the test for determining inhibition or its absence takes place by carrying out an "in vitro hole plate assay" and/or "in vitro liquid assay" and/or an "in situ skin assay" with a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora as explained herein below, more preferably as described in the Examples.

In brief, an "in vitro hole plate assay" with a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and evenly spreading it/them on a prepared agar plate containing a suitable agar medium for growth, and preferably detection, of the respective microorganism(s); providing holes in the inoculated agar plate; filling the holes with precultured cells of a microorganism according to aspect

(ii) of the invention, as described herein above;

incubating the agar plates for an appropriate amount of time and under conditions allowing growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora; and determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin microbial flora surrounding the holes containing a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) surrounding a hole which does not contain a microorganism according to the invention.

The determination of the growth in the last step may be effected by available means and methods for determining the number of cells and/or colonies, e.g. by staining with an appropriate dye and/or optical means such as densitometry and counting the cells/colonies under the microscope. In a preferred embodiment the diameter of the occurring clearing zone next to the hole may be used to determine the area of inhibition.

An assay "in vitro liquid assay" with a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora is described in the Examples and, briefly, comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the resident skin micro flora in a liquid culture; applying an aliquot of a liquid culture of the microorganism according to aspect

(ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and an aliquot of a liquid culture of the microorganism of the resident skin micro flora to a culture medium allowing the growth of the microorganism of the resident skin micro flora; co-cultivation of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, and the microorganism of the resident skin micro flora in a liquid culture; transferring an aliquot of the co-cultivation liquid culture to an agar plate, containing an appropriate growth medium; incubation of the agar plates for a period of time and under conditions allowing the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora; determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora by quantification of the colony forming units and comparing it to the growth of

the microorganism(s) in a control in which no microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied.

In brief, an "in situ skin assay" with a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora comprises the following steps: cultivation of at least one microorganism of the resident skin micro flora and evenly spreading it on an area of skin of a test individual; applying an aliquot of a microorganism according aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, in a punctual area within the area on which the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora has/have been spread; incubating the skin for an amount of time sufficient to allow growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora; transferring the upper skin layers, including the microorganisms comprised in these, to an agar plate containing an appropriate growth medium; incubation of the agar plates for a period of time and under conditions allowing the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora; determining the growth of the microorganism(s) of the resident skin micro flora surrounding the area at which the microorganism according according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, was applied and comparing it to the growth of the microorganism(s) in a control in which no microorganism of the invention was applied.

A microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is regarded as not altering the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora if the growth of the latter microorganism is not decreased or only slightly decreased when contacted with the former microorganism. "Slightly decreased" means that the growth is decreased not more than by 5% when compared to the control, more preferably not more than 2% when compared to the control. The term "not decreased" means that there can be found no statistically relevant difference between the growth of the microorganism of the resident skin micro flora contacted with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, when compared to the control where no microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is present.

In another preferred embodiment the microorganism of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganisms of the resident skin micro flora. The term "not negatively influence" means that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism of the resident skin micro flora contacted with a microorganism of the invention when compared to the control where no microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is present.

In a particularly preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) or (ii) of the present invention is a microorganism belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria. The term "microorganism belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria" encompasses (a) microorganism(s) which belong(s) to bacteria, in particular belonging to gram-positive fermentative eubacteria, more particularly belonging to the family of lactobacteriaceae including lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are from a taxonomical point of view divided up into the subdivisions of Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Lactobacillus. The microorganism of the present invention is preferably a Lactobacillus species. Members of the lactic acid bacteria group normally lack porphyrins and cytochromes, do not carry out electron-transport phosphorylation and hence obtain energy only by substrate-level phosphorylation. I.e. in lactic acid bacteria ATP is synthesized through fermentation of carbohydrates. All of the lactic acid bacteria grow anaerobically, however, unlike many anaerobes, most lactic acid bacteria are not sensitive to oxygen and can thus grow in its presence as well as in its absence. Accordingly, the bacteria of the present invention are preferably aerotolerant anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, preferably belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus.

The lactic acid bacteria of the present invention are preferably rod-shaped or spherical, varying from long and slender to short bent rods, are moreover preferably immotile and/or asporogenous and produce lactic acid as a major or sole product of fermentative metabolism. The genus Lactobacillus to which the microorganism of the present invention belongs in a preferred embodiment is divided up by the following characteristics into three major subgroups, whereby it is envisaged that the Lactobacillus species of the present invention can belong to each of the three major subgroups:

(a) homofermentative lactobacilli

(i) producing lactic acid, preferably the L-, D- or DL-isomer(s) of lactic acid in an amount of at least 85% from glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway;

(ii) growing at a temperature of 45°C, but not at a temperature of 15°C;

(iii) being long-rod shaped; and

(iv) having glycerol teichoic acid in the cell wall;

(b) homofermantative lactobacilli

(i) producing lactic acid, preferably the L- or DL-isomer(s) of lactic acid via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; (ii) growing at a temperature of 15°C, showing variable growth at a temperature of 45 ⁰ C;

(iii) being short-rod shaped or coryneform; and (iv) having ribitol and/or glycerol teichoic acid in their cell wall;

(c) heterofermentative lactobacilli

(i) producing lactic acid, preferably the DL-isomer of lactic acid in an amount of at least 50% from glucose via the pentose-phosphate pathway;

(ii) producing carbondioxide and ethanol

(iii) showing variable growth at a temperature of 15°C or 45°C;

(iv) being long or short rod shaped; and

(v) having glycerol teichoic acid in their cell wall.

Based on the above-described characteristics, the microorganisms of the present invention can be classified to belong to the group of lactic acid bacteria, particularly to the genus of Lactobacillus. By using classical systematics, for example, by reference to the pertinent descriptions in "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" (Williams & Wilkins Co., 1984), a microorganism of the present invention can be determined to belong to the genus of Lactobacillus. Alternatively, the microorganisms of the present invention can be classified to belong to the genus of Lactobacillus by methods known in the art, for example, by their metabolic fingerprint, i.e. a comparable overview of the capability of the microorganism(s) of the present invention to metabolize sugars or by other methods described, for

example, in Schleifer et al., System. Appl. Microb., 18 (1995), 461-467 or Ludwiq et al., System. Appl. Microb., 15 (1992), 487-501. The microorganisms of the present invention are capable of metabolizing sugar sources, which are typical and known in the art for microorganisms belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus.

The affiliation of the microorganisms of the present invention to the genus of Lactobacillus can also be characterized by using other methods known in the art, for example, using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis of total protein of the species to be determined and comparing them to known and already characterized strains of the genus Lactobacillus. The techniques for preparing a total protein profile as described above, as well as the numerical analysis of such profiles, are well known to a person skilled in the art. However, the results are only reliable insofar as each stage of the process is sufficiently standardized. Faced with the requirement of accuracy when determining the attachment of a microorganism to the genus of Lactobacillus, standardized procedures are regularly made available to the public by their authors such as that of Pot et al., as presented during a "workshop" organized by the European Union, at the University of Ghent, in Belgium, on Sep. 12 to 16, 1994 (Fingerprinting techniques for classification and identification of bacteria, SDS-PAGE of whole cell protein). The software used in the technique for analyzing the SDS- PAGE electrophoresis gel is of crucial importance since the degree of correlation between the species depends on the parameters and algorithms used by this software. Without going into the theoretical details, quantitative comparison of bands measured by a densitometer and normalized by a computer is preferably made with the Pearson correlation coefficient. The similarity matrix thus obtained may be organized with the aid of the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using average linkage) algorithm that not only makes it possible to group together the most similar profiles, but also to construct dendograms (see Kersters, Numerical methods in the classification and identification of bacteria by electrophoresis, in Computer-assisted Bacterial Systematics, 337-368, M. Goodfellow. A. G. O'Donnell Ed., John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1985).

Alternatively, the affiliation of said microorganisms of the present invention to the genus of Lactobacillus can be characterized with regard to ribosomal RNA in a so

called Riboprinter.RTM. More preferably, the affiliation of the newly identified species of the invention to the genus Lactobacillus is demonstrated by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA of the bacteria of the invention, or of their genomic DNA which codes for the 16S ribosomal RNA, with those of other genera and species of lactic acid bacteria known to date. Another preferred alternative for determining the attachment of the newly . identified species of the invention to the genus Lactobacillus is the use of species-specific PCR primers that target the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. Another preferred alternative is RAPD-PCR (Niαatu et al. in Antonie van Leenwenhoek (79), 1-6, 2001) by virtue of that a strain specific DNA pattern is generated which allows to determine the affiliation of an identified microorganisms in accordance with the present invention to the genus of Lactobacillus. Further techniques useful for determining the affiliation of the microorganism of the present invention to the genus of Lactobacillus are restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (Giraffa et al.. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 82 (2003), 163-172), fingerprinting of the repetitive elements (Gevers et al.. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 205 (2001) 31-36) or analysis of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) pattern of bacterial cells (Heyrman et al.. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 181 (1991), 55-62). Alternatively, lactobacilli can be determined by lectin typing (Annuk et al.. J. Med. Microbiol. 50 (2001), 1069-1074) or by analysis of their cell wall proteins (Gatti et al.. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 25 (1997), 345-348.

In a preferred embodiment of the present application the microorganism is a probiotic Lactobacillus species. The term "probiotic" in the context of the present invention means that the microorganism has a beneficial effect on health if it is topically applied to the skin. Preferably, a "probiotic" microorganism is a live microorganism which, when topically applied to the skin, is beneficial for health of this tissue. Most preferably, this means that the microorganism has a positive effect on the micro flora of the skin.

In a preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, belongs to the species of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum. However, the Lactobacillus species are not limited thereto.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum being deposited at the DSMZ under the accession number DSM 17248 (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei LB-OB-H2), DSM 17247 (Lactobacillus brevis LB-OB-H 1), DSM 17250 (Lactobacillus brevis LB-OB-H4) and DSM 17249 (Lactobacillus fermentum LB-OB-H3). The invention also relates to a mutant or derivative of the above-mentioned deposited Lactobacillus strains wherein said mutants or derivatives have retained their capability to stimulate the growth of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and their property not to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. The term "Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum being deposited at the DSMZ under the accession number" relates to cells of a microorganism belonging to the species Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum deposited at the Deutsche Sammlung fϋr Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) on April 18, 2005 and having the following deposit numbers: DSM 17248 (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei LB-OB-H02), DSM 17247 (Lactobacillus brevis LB-OB-H01 , DSM 17250 (Lactobacillus brevis LB- OB-H04) and DSM 17249 (Lactobacillus fermentum LB-OB-H03). The DSMZ is located at the Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. The aforementioned deposits were made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedures.

In a further preferred embodiment the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, belongs to the species of Lactobacillus buchneri or Lactobacillus delbrϋckii. However, the Lactobacillus species are not limited thereto.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus buchneri, or Lactobacillus delbrϋckii being

deposited at the DSMZ under the accession number DSM 18007 (Lactobacillus buchneh OB-LB-SaI 6) and DSM 18006 {Lactobacillus delbrϋckii ssp. delbrϋckii OB- LB-Sa3). The invention also relates to a mutant or derivative of the above-mentioned deposited Lactobacillus strains wherein said mutants or derivatives have retained their capability to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora.

The term "Lactobacillus buchneri or Lactobacillus delbrϋckii being deposited at the DSMZ under the accession number" relates to cells of a microorganism belonging to the species Lactobacillus buchneri, or Lactobacillus delbrϋckii deposited at the Deutsche Sammlung fϋr Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) on February 24, 2006 and having the following deposit numbers: DSM 18007 (Lactobacillus buchneri OB-LB-SaI 6) and DSM 18006 (Lactobacillus delbrϋckii ssp. delbrϋckii OB-LB-Sa3). The DSMZ is located at the Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. The aforementioned deposits were made pursuant to the terms of the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedures.

In a further, particularly preferred embodiment the present invention relates to any combination of at least one of the deposited microorganisms according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, and at least one of the deposited microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. Preferably, the term "combination" means any possible combination of at least one of the deposited microorganisms according to aspect (i) of the invention and at least one of the deposited microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention, i.e. a combination of at least one of the specific, deposited microorganisms according to aspect (i) of the invention and at least one of the specific, deposited microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention. In a further preferred embodiment, the term "combination" also means a combination of the entire group of all deposited microorganisms according to aspect (i), as described herein above, and the entire group of all deposited microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. In a further preferred embodiment, the term "combination" also means a combination of any subgroup of the group of all deposited

microorganisms according to aspect (i), as described herein above, and any subgroup of the group of all deposited microorganisms according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. Particularly preferred is a combination of Lactobacillus brevis LB-OB-H04, deposited as DSM 17250 and Lactobacillus delbruckii ssp. delbrϋckii OB-LB-Sa3, deposited as DSM 18006.

In a particular preferred embodiment the microorganisms according to aspect (i) or (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are "isolated" or "purified". The term "isolated" means that the material is removed from its original environment, e.g. the natural environment if it is naturally occurring, or the culture medium if it is cultured. For example, a naturally-occurring microorganism, preferably a Lactobacillus species, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such a microorganism could be part of a composition, and is to be regarded as still being isolated in that the composition is not part of its natural environment.

The term "purified" does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative definition. Individual microorganisms obtained from a library have been conventionally purified to microbiological homogeneity, i.e. they grow as single colonies when streaked out on agar plates by methods known in the art. Preferably, the agar plates that are used for this purpose are selective for Lactobacillus species. Such selective agar plates are known in the art.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is in an inactivated form, which is, e.g., thermally inactivated or lyophilized, but which retains the property of stimulating the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and of not stimulating the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. According to the present invention the term "inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above" includes a dead or inactivated cell of such a microorganism, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, which is no longer capable to form a single colony on a plate specific for microorganisms belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus. Said dead or inactivated cell may have either an intact or broken cell membrane. Methods for

killing or inactivating cells of the microorganism of the present invention are known in the art. El-Nezami et a!.. J. Food Prot. 61 (1998), 466-468 describes a method for inactivating Lactobacillus species by UV-irradiation. Preferably, the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, are thermally inactivated or lyophilised. Lyophilisation of the cells according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, has the advantage that they can be easily stored and handled while retaining their property to stimulate growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora while not stimulating the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. Moreover, lyophilised cells can be grown again when applied under conditions known in the art to appropriate liquid or solid media. Lyophilization is done by methods known in the art. Preferably, it is carried out for at least 2 hours at room temperature, i.e. any temperature between 16°C and 25°C. Moreover, the lyophilized cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, are stable for at least 4 weeks at a temperature of 4°C so as to still retain their properties as described above. Thermal inactivation can be achieved by incubating the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, for at least 2 hours at a temperature of 170 ⁰ C. Yet, thermal inactivation is preferably achieved by autoclaving said cells at a temperature of 121 ⁰ C for at least 20 minutes in the presence of satured steam at an atmospheric pressure of 2 bar. In the alternative, thermal inactivation of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, is achieved by freezing said cells for at least 4 weeks, 3 weeks, 2 weeks, 1 week, 12 hours, 6 hours, 2 hours or 1 hour at -20 ⁰ C. It is preferred that at least 70%, 75% or 80%, more preferably 85%, 90% or 95% and particularly preferred at least 97%, 98%, 99% and more particularly preferred, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% and most particularly preferred 100% of the cells of the inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, are dead or inactivated, however, they have still the capability to stimulate growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora but do not stimulate growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. Whether the inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein

above, is indeed dead or inactivated can be tested by methods known in the art, for example, by a test for viability.

The term "inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above" also encompasses lysates, fractions or extracts of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, wherein said lysates, fractions or extracts preferably stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus as described herein. This stimulation can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. In case, a lysate, fraction or extract of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, may stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora, then the skilled person can, for example, further purify said lysate, fraction or extract by methods known in the art, which are exemplified herein below, so as to remove substances which may stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. Afterwards the person skilled in the art can again test said lysate, fraction or extract whether it stimulates the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora but not the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora.

According to the present invention the term "lysate" means a solution or suspension in an aqueous medium of cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, that are broken or an extract. However, the term should not be construed in any limiting way. The cell lysate comprises, e.g., macromolecules, like DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and the like and/or micromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, lipid acids and the like, or fractions of it. Additionally, said lysate comprises cell debris which may be of smooth or granular structure. Methods for preparing cell lysates of microorganism are known in the art, for example, by employing French press, cells mill using glass or iron beads or enzymatic cell lysis and the like. In addition, lysing cells relates to various methods known in the art for opening/destroying cells. The method for lysing a cell is not important and any method that can achieve lysis of the cells of the

microorganism of the present invention may be employed. An appropriate one can be chosen by the person skilled in the art, e.g. opening/destruction of cells can be done enzymatically, chemically or physically. Non-limiting examples for enzymes and enzyme cocktails are proteases, like proteinase K, lipases or glycosidases; non- limiting examples for chemicals are ionophores, detergents, like sodium dodecyl sulfate, acids or bases; and non-limiting examples of physical means are high pressure, like French-pressing, osmolahty, temperature, like heat or cold. Additionally, a method employing an appropriate combination of an enzyme other than the proteolytic enzyme, an acid, a base and the like may also be utilized. For example, the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, are lysed by freezing and thawing, more preferably freezing at temperatures below -70 ⁰ C and thawing at temperatures of more than 3O ⁰ C, particularly freezing is preferred at temperatures below -75°C and thawing is preferred at temperatures of more than 35°C and most preferred are temperatures for freezing below -8O ⁰ C and temperatures for thawing of more than 37°C. It is also preferred that said freezing/thawing is repeated for at least 1 time, more preferably for at least 2 times, even more preferred for at least 3 times, particularly preferred for at least 4 times and most preferred for at least 5 times.

Accordingly, those skilled in the art can prepare the desired lysates by referring to the above general explanations, and appropriately modifying or altering those methods, if necessary. Preferably, the aqueous medium used for the lysates as described is water, physiological saline, or a buffer solution. An advantage of a bacterial cell lysate is that it can be easily produced and stored cost efficiently since less technical facilities are needed.

Preferably, the term "extract" means a subcellular component of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention, e.g., a macromolecule, like a protein, DNA, RNA, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid and the like and/or a micromolecule, like an amino acid, a sugar, a lipid acid and the like or any other organic compound or molecule, or a combination of said macromolecules and/or micromolecules or any fraction of it, wherein said extract stimulates the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and does not stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus as

described herein. This stimulation can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. More preferably, the term "extract" refers to any of the above described subcellular components in a cell-free medium. In a further preferred embodiment an extract may be obtained by lysing cells according to various methods known in the art for opening/destroying cells, as described herein above and/or as supernatant of a centrifugation procedure of a culture of the microorganism of the present invention in any appropriate liquid, medium or buffer known to the person skilled in the art or of a lysate of such a culture or any other suitable cell suspension. More preferably, the extract may be a purified lysate or cell culture supernatant or any fraction or subportion thereof, wherein said purified lysate or cell culture supernatant or any fraction or subportion thereof stimulates the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and does not stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus as described herein. This stimulation can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. Suitable methods for fractionation and purification of a lysate, culture supernatant or an extract are known to the person skilled in the art and comprise, for example, affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size- exclusion chromatography, reversed phase-chromatography, and chromatography with other chromatographic material in column or batch methods, other fractionation methods, e.g., filtration methods, e.g., ultrafiltration, dialysis, dialysis and concentration with size-exclusion in centrifugation, centrifugation in density-gradients or step matrices, precipitation, e.g., affinity precipitations, salting-in or salting-out (ammoniumsulfate-precipitation), alcoholic precipitations or any other suitable proteinchemical, molecular biological, biochemical, immunological, chemical or physical method.

According to the invention, lysates are also preparations of fractions of molecules from the above-mentioned lysates. These fractions can be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., chromatography, including, e.g., affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, reversed phase-chromatography, and chromatography with other chromatographic material in column or batch methods, other fractionation methods, e.g., filtration methods, e.g., ultrafiltration, dialysis, dialysis and concentration with size-exclusion in

centrifugation, centrifugation in density-gradients or step matrices, precipitation, e.g., affinity precipitations, salting-in or salting-out (ammoniumsulfate-precipitation), alcoholic precipitations or other proteinchemical, molecular biological, biochemical, immunological, chemical or physical methods to separate above components of the lysates. In a preferred embodiment those fractions, which are more immunogenic than others, are preferred. Those skilled in the art are able to choose a suitable method and determine its immunogenic potential by referring to the above general explanations and specific explanations in the examples herein, and appropriately modifying or altering those methods, if necessary.

Accordingly, the term "an inactive form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above," also encompasses filtrates of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, wherein said filtrates preferably stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora and does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus as described herein. This stimulation can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. In case, a filtrate of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, may stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora, then the skilled person can, for example, further purify said lysate or fraction by methods known in the art, which are exemplified herein below, so as to remove substances which may stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora. Afterwards the person skilled in the art can again test said filtrate whether it stimulates the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora but not the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic micro flora.

The term "filtrate" means a cell-free solution or suspension of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above which has been obtained as supernatant of a centrifugation procedure of a culture of the microorganism of the present invention in any appropriate liquid, medium or buffer known to the person skilled in the art. However, the term should not be construed in

any limiting way. The filtrate comprises, e.g., macromolecules, like DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and the like and/or micromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, lipid acids and the like, or fractions of it. Methods for preparing filtrates of microorganism are known in the art. In addition, "filtrate" relates to various methods known in the art. The exact method is not important and any method that can achieve filtration of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, may be employed.

The term "an inactive form of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above" encompasses any part of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above. Preferably, said inactive form is a membrane fraction obtained by a membrane- preparation. Membrane preparations of microorganisms belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus can be obtained by methods known in the art, for example, by employing the method described in Rollan et a!.. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 70 (2001), 303-307, Matsuguchi et a!.. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10 (2003), 259-266 or Stentz et a!.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000), 4272-4278 or Varmanen et a!.. J. Bacteriology 182 (2000), 146-154. Alternatively, a whole cell preparation is also envisaged.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is in an inactivated form, which is, e.g., thermally inactivated or lyophilized, but which retains the property of inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and of not inhibiting the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora.

According to the present invention the term "inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above" includes a dead or inactivated cell of such a microorganism, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, which is no longer capable to form a single colony on a plate specific for microorganisms belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus. Said dead or inactivated cell may have either an intact or broken cell membrane. Methods for killing or inactivating cells of the microorganism of the present invention are known in

the art. El-Nezami et a!.. J. Food Prot. 61 (1998), 466-468 describes a method for inactivating Lactobacillus species by UV-irradiation. Preferably, the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are thermally inactivated or lyophilised. Lyophilisation of the cells according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above has the advantage that they can be easily stored and handled while retaining their property of inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and of not inhibiting the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora. Moreover, lyophilised cells can be grown again when applied under conditions known in the art to appropriate liquid or solid media. Lyophilization is done by methods known in the art. Preferably, it is carried out for at least 2 hours at room temperature, i.e. any temperature between 16 ⁰ C and 25°C. Moreover, the lyophilized cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are stable for at least 4 weeks at a temperature of 4°C so as to still retain their properties as described above. Thermal inactivation can be achieved by incubating the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, for at least 2 hours at a temperature of 170 ⁰ C. Yet, thermal inactivation is preferably achieved by autoclaving said cells at a temperature of 121 ⁰ C for at least 20 minutes in the presence of satured steam at an atmospheric pressure of 2 bar. In the alternative, thermal inactivation of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is achieved by freezing said cells for at least 4 weeks, 3 weeks, 2 weeks, 1 week, 12 hours, 6 hours, 2 hours or 1 hour at -20 ⁰ C. It is preferred that at least 70%, 75% or 80%, more preferably 85%, 90% or 95% and particularly preferred at least 97%, 98%, 99% and more particularly preferred, 99.1 %, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% and most particularly preferred 100% of the cells of the inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are dead or inactivated, however, they have still the capability to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora but do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora. Whether the inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, is

indeed dead or inactivated can be tested by methods known in the art, for example, by a test for viability.

The term "inactivated form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above" also encompasses lysates, fractions or extracts of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, wherein said lysates fractions or extracts preferably inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, preferably of Staphylococcus aureus and do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora. This inhibition can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. In case, a lysate, fraction or extract of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, may not inhibit or stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, then the skilled person can, for example, further purify said lysate, fraction or extract by methods known in the art, which are exemplified herein below, so as to remove substances which may stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora. Afterwards the person skilled in the art can again test said lysate, fraction or extract whether it inhibits the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora but not the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora. According to the present invention the term "lysate" means a solution or suspension in an aqueous medium of cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, that are broken or an extract. However, the term should not be construed in any limiting way. The cell lysate comprises, e.g., macromolecules, like DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and the like and/or micromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, lipid acids and the like, or fractions of it. Additionally, said lysate comprises cell debris which may be of smooth or granular structure. Methods for preparing cell lysates of microorganism are known in the art, for example, by employing French press, cells mill using glass or iron beads or enzymatic cell lysis and the like. In addition, lysing cells relates to various methods known in the art for opening/destroying cells. The method for lysing a cell is not important and any method that can achieve lysis of the cells of the

microorganism of the present invention may be employed. An appropriate one can be chosen by the person skilled in the art, e.g. opening/destruction of cells can be done enzymatically, chemically or physically. Non-limiting examples for enzymes and enzyme cocktails are proteases, like proteinase K, lipases or glycosidases; non- limiting examples for chemicals are ionophores, detergents, like sodium dodecyl sulfate, acids or bases; and non-limiting examples of physical means are high pressure, like French-pressing, osmolarity, temperature, like heat or cold. Additionally, a method employing an appropriate combination of an enzyme other than the proteolytic enzyme, an acid, a base and the like may also be utilized. For example, the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, are lysed by freezing and thawing, more preferably freezing at temperatures below -70 ⁰ C and thawing at temperatures of more than 30 ⁰ C, particularly freezing is preferred at temperatures below -75°C and thawing is preferred at temperatures of more than 35°C and most preferred are temperatures for freezing below -80 ⁰ C and temperatures for thawing of more than 37°C. It is also preferred that said freezing/thawing is repeated for at least 1 time, more preferably for at least 2 times, even more preferred for at least 3 times, particularly preferred for at least 4 times and most preferred for at least 5 times.

Accordingly, those skilled in the art can prepare the desired lysates by referring to the above general explanations, and appropriately modifying or altering those methods, if necessary. Preferably, the aqueous medium used for the lysates as described is water, physiological saline, or a buffer solution. An advantage of a bacterial cell lysate is that it can be easily produced and stored cost efficiently since less technical facilities are needed.

Preferably, the term "extract" means a subcellular component of the microorganism microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention, e.g., a macromolecule, like a protein, DNA, RNA, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid and the like and/or a micromolecule, like an amino acid, a sugar, a lipid acid and the like or any other organic compound or molecule, or a combination of said macromolecules and/or micromolecules or any fraction of it, wherein said extract inhibits the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, preferably of Staphylococcus aureus, and does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the

healthy normal resident skin micro flora as described herein. This inhibition can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. More preferably, the term "extract" refers to any of the above described subcellular components in a cell-free medium.

In a further preferred embodiment an extract may be obtained by lysing cells according to various methods known in the art for opening/destroying cells, as described herein above and/or as supernatant of a centrifugation procedure of a culture of the microorganism of the present invention in any appropriate liquid, medium or buffer known to the person skilled in the art or of a lysate of such a culture or any other suitable cell suspension. More preferably, the extract may be a purified lysate or cell culture supernatant or any fraction or subportion thereof, wherein said purified lysate or cell culture supernatant or any fraction or subportion thereof inhibits the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, preferably of Staphylococcus aureus, and does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora as described herein. This inhibition can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. Suitable methods for fractionation and purification of a lysate, culture supernatant or an extract are known to the person skilled in the art and comprise, for example, affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, reversed phase-chromatography, and chromatography with other chromatographic material in column or batch methods, other fractionation methods, e.g., filtration methods, e.g., ultrafiltration, dialysis, dialysis and concentration with size-exclusion in centrifugation, centrifugation in density-gradients or step matrices, precipitation, e.g., affinity precipitations, salting-in or salting-out (ammoniumsulfate-precipitation), alcoholic precipitations or any other suitable proteinchemical, molecular biological, biochemical, immunological, chemical or physical method.

According to the invention, lysates are also preparations of fractions of molecules from the above-mentioned lysates. These fractions can be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., chromatography, including, e.g., affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, reversed phase-chromatography, and chromatography with other chromatographic

material in column or batch methods, other fractionation methods, e.g., filtration methods, e.g., ultrafiltration, dialysis, dialysis and concentration with size-exclusion in centrifugation, centrifugation in density-gradients or step matrices, precipitation, e.g., affinity precipitations, salting-in or salting-out (ammoniumsulfate-precipitation), alcoholic precipitations or other proteinchemical, molecular biological, biochemical, immunological, chemical or physical methods to separate above components of the lysates. In a preferred embodiment those fractions, which are more immunogenic than others, are preferred. Those skilled in the art are able to choose a suitable method and determine its immunogenic potential by referring to the above general explanations and specific explanations in the examples herein, and appropriately modifying or altering those methods, if necessary.

Accordingly, the term "an inactive form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above" also encompasses filtrates of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, preferably of the Lactobacillus species disclosed herein, wherein said filtrates preferably inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, preferably of Staphylococcus aureus and do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora. This inhibition can be tested as described herein and in particular as described in the appended Examples. In case, a filtrate of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, may not inhibit or stimulate the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora, then the skilled person can, for example, further purify said filtrate by methods known in the art, so as to remove substances which may stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora. Afterwards the person skilled in the art can again test said filtrate whether it inhibits the growth of a microorganism of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora but not the growth of a microorganism of the resident skin micro flora.

The term "filtrate" means a cell-free solution or suspension of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, which has been obtained as supernatant of a centrifugation procedure of a culture of the microorganism of the present invention in any appropriate liquid, medium or buffer

known to the person skilled in the art. However, the term should not be construed in any limiting way. The filtrate comprises, e.g., macromolecules, like DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and the like and/or micromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, lipid acids and the like, or fractions of it. Methods for preparing filtrates of microorganism are known in the art. In addition, "filtrate" relates to various methods known in the art. The exact method is not important and any method that can achieve filtration of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, may be employed.

The term "an inactive form of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above" encompasses any part of the cells of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above. Preferably, said inactive form is a membrane fraction obtained by a membrane- preparation. Membrane preparations of microorganisms belonging to the genus of Lactobacillus can be obtained by methods known in the art, for example, by employing the method described in Rollan et a!.. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 70 (2001), 303-307, Matsuquchi et a!.. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10 (2003), 259-266 or Stentz et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000), 4272-4278 or Varmanen et a!.. J. Bacteriology 182 (2000), 146-154. Alternatively, a whole cell preparation is also envisaged.

A composition according to the present invention relates to a composition comprising (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. Preferably, the term "composition" refers to a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of

microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. The term "combination" means any proportion of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above between up to 0.001 % of (i) and at least 99.999% of (ii), and at least 99.999% of (i) and up to 0.001 % of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term refers to a proportion of up to 0.01 % of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1% of (ii), at least 98% of (i) and up to 2% of (ii), at least 95% of (i) and up to 5% of (ii), at least 90% of (i) and up to 10% of (ii), at least 80% of (i) and up to 20% of (ii), at least 75 % of (i) and up to 25% of (ii), at least 70 % of (i) and up to 30% of (ii), up to 30 % of (i) and at least 70% of (ii), up to 25 % of (i) and at least 75% of (ii), up to 20% of (i) and at least 80% of (ii), up to 10% of (i) and at least 90% of (ii), up to 5% of (i) and at least 95% of (ii), up to 2% of (i) and at least 98% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1 % of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), up to 0.01% of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. More preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 65% of (i) and up to 35% of (ii), at least 60 % of (i) and up to 40% of (ii), at least 59% of (i) and up to 41 % of (ii), at least 58% of (i) and up to 42% of (ii), at least 57% of (i) and up to 43% of (ii), at least 56% of (i) and up to 44% of (ii), at least 55% of (i) and up to 45% of (ii), at least 54% of (i) and up to 46% of (ii), at least 53% of (i) and up to 47%

of (ii), at least 52% of (i) and up to 48% of (ii), at least 51% of (i) and up to 49% of (ii), up to 49% of (i) and at least 51% of (ii), up to 48% of (i) and at least 52% of (ii), up to 47% of (i) and at least 53% of (ii), up to 46% of (i) and at least 54% of (ii), up to 45% of (i) and at least 55% of (ii), up to 44% of (i) and at least 56% of (ii), up to 43% of (i) and at least 57% of (ii), up to 42% of (i) and at least 58% of (ii), up to 41% of (i) and at least 59% of (ii), up to 40% of (i) and at least 60% of (ii), up to 35% of (i) and at least 65% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Most preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 50% of (i) and up to 50% of (ii) or of up to 50% of (i) and at least 50% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term "proportion" exclusively refers to the ratio between (i) and (ii) in the composition, the term "proportion", thus, does not exclude the presence of further components in the composition in any suitable amount or concentration, as known to the person skilled in the art. In a further preferred embodiment, a "combination" of microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the present invention means a combination of microorganisms, wherein the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention. The term "negatively influence" preferably means that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (i).

In a preferred embodiment, said composition comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention, as described above in an amount between 10 ² to 10 ¹² cells, preferably 10 ³ to 10^ cells per mg and a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention, as described above in an amount between 10 ² to 10 ¹² cells, preferably 10^ to 10 ⁸ cells per mg, a in a solid form of the composition. In

case of a liquid form of compositions, the amount of the microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention is between 10^ to 10^ 3 cells per ml. In a further preferred embodiment said compositions are in the form of emulsions, e.g. oil in water or water in oil emulsions, in the form of ointments or in the form of microcapsules. In case of emulsions, ointments or microcapsules the compositions comprise a microorganism according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention as described herein in an amount between 10 ² to 10 ¹³ cells per ml. However, for specific compositions the amount of the microorganism may be different as is described herein.

Preferably, the term "composition", as used in accordance with the present invention, relates to (a) composition(s) which comprise(s) at least one microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, or mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and at least one microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, or mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. It is envisaged that the compositions of the present invention, which are described herein below comprise the aforementioned ingredients in any arrangement. It may, optionally, comprise at least one further ingredient suitable for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms. Accordingly, it may optionally comprise any arrangement, mixture of grouping of the hereinafter described further ingredients. The term "ingredients suitable for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms" encompasses compounds or compositions and/or combinations thereof which lower the pH.

The composition may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form and may be, inter alia, in the form of (a) powder(s), (a) solution(s) (an) aerosol(s), suspensions, emulsions, liquids, elixirs, extracts, tincture or fluid extracts or in a form which is particularly suitable for topical administration. Forms suitable for topical application include, e.g., a paste, an ointment, a lotion, a cream, a gel or a transdermal patch.

The term "composition" also includes textile compositions as described further below.

Preferably, the composition of the present invention is a cosmetic composition further comprising a cosmetically acceptable carrier or excipient. More preferably, said cosmetic composition is a paste, an ointment, a lotion, a cream or a gel.

The cosmetic composition of the present invention comprises the microorganism according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate thereof as described above in connection with the composition of the invention and further a cosmetically acceptable carrier. Preferably the cosmetic composition of the present invention is for use in topical applications.

The term "cosmetically acceptable carrier" as used herein means a suitable vehicle, which can be used to apply the present compositions to the skin in a safe and effective manner. Such vehicle may include materials such as emulsions, e.g. oil in water or water in oil emulsions, ointments or micro capsules. It is also advantageous to administer the active ingredients in encapsulated form, e.g. as cellulose encapsulation, in gelatine, with polyamides, niosomes, wax matrices, with cyclodextrins or liposomally encapsulated. The term "safe and effective amount" as used herein, means a sufficient amount to stimulate growth of at least one microorganism of the resident skin microbial flora in accordance to aspect (i) of the present invention and a sufficient amount to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora in accordance to aspect (ii) of the present invention.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the microorganism according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate thereof as described above and further comprising a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or excipient. The pharmaceutical composition preferably is in a form, which is suitable for topical administration.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a kit. The term "kit" refers to a kit comprising (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the

growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above, and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. Preferably, the term "kit" refers to a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above in the form of different container elements. The term "combination in the form of different container elements" means any proportion of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which do not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above between up to 0.001 % of (i) and at least 99.999% of (ii), and at least 99.999% of (i) and up to 0.001 % of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term refers to a proportion of up to 0.01% of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1 % of (ii), at least 98% of (i) and up to 2% of (ii), at least 95% of (i) and up to 5% of (ii), at least 90% of (i) and up to 10% of (ii), at least 80% of (i) and up to 20% of (ii), at least 75 % of (i) and up to 25% of (ii), at least 70 % of (i) and up to 30% of (ii), up to 30 % of (i) and at least 70% of (ii), up to 25 % of

(i) and at least 75% of (ii), up to 20% of (i) and at least 80% of (ii), up to 10% of (i) and at least 90% of (ii), up to 5% of (i) and at least 95% of (ii), up to 2% of (i) and at least 98% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1% of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), up to 0.01% of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. More preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 65% of (i) and up to 35% of (ii), at least 60 % of (i) and up to 40% of (ii), at least 59% of (i) and up to 41% of (ii), at least 58% of (i) and up to 42% of (ii), at least 57% of (i) and up to 43% of (ii), at least 56% of (i) and up to 44% of (ii), at least 55% of (i) and up to 45% of (ii), at least 54% of (i) and up to 46% of (ii), at least 53% of (i) and up to 47% of (ii), at least 52% of (i) and up to 48% of (ii), at least 51% of (i) and up to 49% of (ii), up to 49% of (i) and at least 51% of (ii), up to 48% of (i) and at least 52% of (ii), up to 47% of (i) and at least 53% of (ii), up to 46% of (i) and at least 54% of (ii), up to 45% of (i) and at least 55% of (ii), up to 44% of (i) and at least 56% of (ii), up to 43% of (i) and at least 57% of (ii), up to 42% of (i) and at least 58% of (ii), up to 41 % of (i) and at least 59% of (ii), up to 40% of (i) and at least 60% of (ii), up to 35% of (i) and at least 65% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Most preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 50% of (i) and up to 50% of (ii) or of up to 50% of (i) and at least 50% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml, wherein the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention may be applied in a different container element than the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention. Preferably, the term "proportion" exclusively refers to the ratio between (i) and (ii) in the kit, the term "proportion", thus, does not exclude the presence of further components in the kit in any suitable amount or concentration, as known to the person skilled in the art. The term "container element" refers to any suitable container known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. in solid, liquid, powder, aqueous, lyophilized form. Preferably, the term refers to any suitable container known to the person skilled in the art which also comprises either (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as

described above, or (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above.

In a further preferred embodiment, a "kit" comprising microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the present invention means a combination of microorganisms, wherein the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention. The term "negatively influence" means that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (i).

In a preferred embodiment, said kit comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention, as described above in an amount between 1O^ to 10^2 cells, preferably 10 ³ to 10 ⁸ cells per mg and a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention, as described above in an amount between 1fj2 to 10^2 cells, preferably 10 ³ to 10^ cells per mg, a in a solid form of the composition. In case of a liquid form of compositions, the amount of the microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention is between 1fj2 to 10^ cells per ml. In a further preferred embodiment said compositions are in the form of emulsions, e.g. oil in water or water in oil emulsions, in the form of ointments or in the form of microcapsules. In case of emulsions, ointments or microcapsules the compositions comprise a microorganism according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the invention as described herein in an amount between 1θ2 to 10.13 cells per ml. However, for

specific compositions the amount of the microorganism may be different as is described herein.

Preferably, the term "kit", as used in accordance with the present invention, relates to (a) kit(s) which comprise(s) at least one microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, as described herein above, or mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and at least one microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, as described herein above, or mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. It is envisaged that the kits of the present invention which are described herein below comprise the aforementioned ingredients in any arrangement. It may, optionally, comprise at least one further ingredient suitable for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms. Accordingly, it may optionally comprise any arrangement, mixture of grouping of the hereinafter described further ingredients. The term "ingredients suitable for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms" encompasses compounds or compositions and/or combinations thereof which lower the pH.

In a further preferred embodiment the container elements of the kit as described herein above are further packaged in a kit containment element to make a single, easily handled unit, where the kit containment element, e. g., box or analogous structure, may or may not be an airtight container, e. g., to further preserve the microorganism according to the invention until use.

The kit according to the present invention may also include instructions for how to administer the container elements as described herein above. Preferably, the instructions include information about where to apply the container elements as described herein above, dosing schedules, timing schedules etc. In a further preferred embodiment, the kit includes instructions on how to use the container elements as described herein above to treat a particular disease condition.

The instructions are generally recorded on a suitable recording medium or substrate. For example, the instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic,

etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i. e., associated with the packaging or sub-packaging) etc. In another embodiment, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g. CD-ROM, diskette, etc. In yet another embodiment, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g. via the internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate.

Pharmaceutical compositions, kits or container elements of a kit comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a microorganism of aspect (i)/(ii) of the present invention or of a derivative or mutant of the present invention or an inactive form of said microorganism of the present invention as described above and can be formulated in various forms, e.g. in solid, liquid, powder, aqueous, lyophilized form. The pharmaceutical composition, the kit or the container element of the kit may be administered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to a patient, as described herein. In a specific embodiment, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a regulatory agency or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such a carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable, i.e. is non-toxic to a recipient at the dosage and concentration employed. It is preferably isotonic, hypotonic or weakly hypertonic and has a relatively low ionic strength, such as provided by a sucrose solution. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium ion, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water,

ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of, e.g., solutions, suspensions, emulsion, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E.W. Martin. Some other examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutical carriers are sugars, such as glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethycellulose, ethylcellulose and cellulose acetates; powdered tragancanth; malt; gelatin; talc; stearic acids; magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; calcium carbonate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oils, cotton seed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, manitol, and polyethylene glycol; agar; alginic acids; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; cranberry extracts and phosphate buffer solution; skim milk powder; as well as other non-toxic compatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations such as Vitamin C, estrogen and echinacea, for example. Wetting agents and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents, flavoring agents, lubricants, excipients, tabletting agents, stabilizers, anti-oxidants and preservatives, can also be present. It is also advantageous to administer the active ingredients in encapsulated form, e.g. as cellulose encapsulation, in gelatine, with polyamides, niosomes, wax matrices, with cyclodextrins or liposomally encapsulated.

Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilised powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the kit or the kit container element of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.

In vitro or in situ assays, e.g. those described in the Examples, may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. The topical route of administration is preferred. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or (animal) model test systems. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is administered directly or in combination with an adjuvant. Preferably, the kit or the kit container element also contains an adjuvant. Adjuvants may be selected from the group consisting of a chloroquine, protic polar compounds, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, EtOH, 1 -methyl L-2-pyrrolidone or their derivatives, or aprotic polar compounds such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), diethylsulfoxide, di-n-propylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone, sulfolane, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, acetonitrile or their derivatives. These compounds are added in conditions respecting pH limitations. The composition or the kit of the present invention can be administered to a vertebrate. "Vertebrate" as used herein is intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Particularly, "vertebrate" encompasses mammals, and more particularly humans.

The term "administered" means administration of a therapeutically effective dose of the aforementioned composition or ingredients of a kit container element. By "therapeutically effective amount" is meant a dose that produces the effects for which it is administered, preferably this effect is the protection of skin against pathogenic microorganisms. The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques. As is known in the art and described above, adjustments for systemic versus localized delivery, age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction and the severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be ascertainable with routine experimentation by those skilled in the art.

The methods are applicable to both human therapy and veterinary applications. The compounds described herein having the desired therapeutic activity may be administered in a physiologically acceptable carrier to a patient, as described herein. Depending upon the manner of administration, the compounds may be formulated in

a variety of ways as discussed below. The concentration of the therapeutically active compound in the formulation may vary from about 0.01-100 wt %. The agent or kit may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments. The administration of the pharmaceutical composition or kit can be done in a variety of ways. The preferable route of administering is the topical route. The attending physician and clinical factors will determine the dosage regimen. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. A typical dose can be, for example, in the range of 0.001 to 1000 μg; however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors. The dosages are preferably given once a month, once a week, more preferably 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times or 6 times a week and most preferably daily and even more preferably, 2 times a day or more often. In particular, it may be preferable to give a dosage each time after a disturbance of the resident skin flora occurred, e.g. by washing. However, during progression of the treatment the dosages can be given in much longer time intervals and in need can be given in much shorter time intervals, e.g., several times a day. In a preferred case the immune response is monitored using herein described methods and further methods known to those skilled in the art and dosages are optimized, e.g., in time, amount and/or composition. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment. It is also envisaged that the pharmaceutical compositions or kits are employed in co-therapy approaches, i.e. in co-administration with other medicaments or drugs, for example other drugs for protecting skin against pathogenic microorganisms.

In a preferred embodiment the kit container elements as described herein above may be administered at the same time or at different time points considered to be suitable by a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the kit container element which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract,

fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above, may be administered between up to 1 minute and up to 3 months after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. More preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (ii) may be between up to 10 minute, up to 30 minutes, up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 4 hours, up to 6 hours, up to 10 hours, up to 12 hours, up to 18 hours, up to 2 days, up to 3 days, up to 4 days, up to 5 days, up to 6 days, up to 7 days, up to 2 weeks, up to 3 weeks, up to 4 weeks, or up to 2 months after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention. Even more preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (ii) may be between up to 20 hours, up to 30 hours or up to 36 hours after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention. Most preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (ii) may be between up to 24 hours after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention.

In another preferred embodiment the kit container element which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above, may be administered between up to 1 minute and up to 3 months after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the

healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. More preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) may be between up to 10 minute, up to 30 minutes, up to 1 hour, up to 2 hours, up to 4 hours, up to 6 hours, up to 10 hours, up to 12 hours, up to 18 hours, up to 2 days, up to 3 days, up to 4 days, up to 5 days, up to 6 days, up to 7 days, up to 2 weeks, up to 3 weeks, up to 4 weeks, or up to 2 months after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention. Even more preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) may be between up to 20 hours, up to 30 hours or up to 36 hours after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention. Most preferably, the administration of the kit container element, which comprises a microorganism according to aspect (i) may be between up to 24 hours after the administration of the kit container element comprising a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention.

Topical administration of the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition or of the kit of the present invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical administration. For application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element is preferably formulated with a suitable paste, ointment, lotion, cream, gel or transdermal patches. The cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations can, depending on the field of use, also be in the form of a spray (pump spray or aerosol), foam, gel spray, mousse, suspensions or powders.

A suitable paste comprises the active ingredient suspended in a carrier. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, petroleum, soft white paraffin, yellow petroleum jelly and glycerol.

The cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element may also be formulated with a suitable ointment comprising the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, one or more of

glycerol, mineral oil, liquid oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, yellow petroleum jelly, propylene glycol, alcohols, triglycerides, fatty acid esters such as cetyl ester, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, waxes such as white wax and yellow beeswax, fatty acid alcohols such as cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and cetylstearylalcohol, fatty acids such as stearic acid, cetyl stearate, lanolin, magnesium hydroxide, kaolin and water.

Alternatively, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element may also be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream comprising the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, one or more of mineral oil such as paraffin, vegetable oils such as castor oil, castor seed oil and hydrogenated castor oil, sorbitan monostearat, polysorbat, fatty acid esters such as cetyl ester, wax, fatty acid alcohols such as cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, alcohols, triglycerides and water. Alternatively, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element may also be formulated with a suitable gel comprising the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, one or more of water, glycerol, propyleneglycole, liquid paraffin, polyethylene, fatty oils, cellulose derivatives, bentonite and colloidal silicon dioxide.

Suitable propellants for aerosols according to the invention are the customary propellants, for example propane, butane, pentane and others.

The preparations according to the invention may generally comprise further auxiliaries as are customarily used in such preparations, e.g. preservatives, perfumes, antifoams, dyes, pigments, thickeners, surface-active substances, emulsifiers, emollients, finishing agents, fats, oils, waxes or other customary constituents, of a cosmetic or dermatological formulation, such as alcohols, polyols, polymers, foam stabilizers, solubility promoters, electrolytes, organic acids, organic solvents, or silicone derivatives.

The cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element according to the invention may comprise emollients. Emollients may be used in amounts, which are effective to prevent or relieve dryness. Useful emollients include, without

limitation: hydrocarbon oils and waxes; silicone oils; triglyceride esters; acetoglyceride esters; ethoxylated glyceride; alkyl esters; alkenyl esters; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; fatty alcohol ethers; etheresters; lanolin and derivatives; polyhydric alcohols (polyols) and polyether derivatives; polyhydric alcohol (polyol) esters; wax esters; beeswax derivatives; vegetable waxes; phospholipids; sterols; and amides. Thus, for example, typical emollients include mineral oil, especially mineral oils having a viscosity in the range of 50 to 500 SUS, lanolin oil, mink oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, olive oil, almond oil, macadamia nut oil, aloa extract, jojoba oil, safflower oil, corn oil, liquid lanolin, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, purcellin oil, perhydrosqualene (squalene), caster oil, polybutene, odorless mineral spirits, sweet almond oil, avocado oil, calophyllum oil, ricin oil, vitamin E acetate, olive oil, mineral spirits, cetearyl alcohol (mixture of fatty alcohols consisting predominantly of cetyl and stearyl alcohols), linolenic alcohol, oleyl alcohol, octyl dodecanol, the oil of cereal germs such as the oil of wheat germ cetearyl octanoate (ester of cetearyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid), cetyl palmitate, diisopropyl adipate, isopropyl palmitate, octyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate, butyl myristate, glyceryl stearate, hexadecyl stearate, isocetyl stearate, octyl stearate, octylhydroxy stearate, propylene glycol stearate, butyl stearate, decyl oleate, glyceryl oleate, acetyl glycerides, the octanoates and benzoates of (C12-C15) alcohols, the octanoates and decanoates of alcohols and polyalcohols such as those of glycol and glycerol, and ricin- oleates of alcohols and poly alcohols such as those of isopropyl adipate, hexyl laurate, octyl dodecanoate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, lanolin, lanolin alcohol, lanolin wax, hydrogenated lanolin, hydroxylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin, petrolatum, isopropyl lanolate, cetyl myristate, glyceryl myristate, myristyl myristate, myristyl lactate, cetyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol stearyl alcohol, and isocetyl lanolate, and the like.

Moreover, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element according to the invention may also comprise emulsifiers. Emulsifiers (i.e., emulsifying agents) are preferably used in amounts effective to provide uniform blending of ingredients of the composition. Useful emulsifiers include (i) anionics such as fatty acid soaps, e.g., potassium stearate, sodium stearate, ammonium stearate, and triethanolamine stearate; polyol fatty acid monoesters containing fatty acid soaps, e.g., glycerol monostearate containing either potassium or sodium salt;

sulfuric esters (sodium salts), e.g., sodium lauryl 5 sulfate, and sodium cetyl sulfate; and polyol fatty acid monoesters containing sulfuric esters, e.g., glyceryl monostearate containing sodium lauryl surfate; (ii) cationics chloride such as N(stearoyl colamino formylmethyl) pyridium; N-soya-N-ethyl morpholinium ethosulfate; alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; diisobutylphenoxytheoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; and cetyl pyridium chloride; and (iii) nonionics such as polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, e.g., monostearate; polyoxyethylene lauryl alcohol; polyoxypropylene fatty alcohol ethers, e.g., propoxylated oleyl alcohol; polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate; sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., sorbitan; polyoxyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycol monostearate; and polyol fatty acid esters, e.g., glyceryl monostearate and propylene glycol monostearate; and ethoxylated lanolin derivatives, e.g., ethoxylated lanolins, ethoxylated lanolin alcohols and ethoxylated cholesterol. The selection of emulsifiers is exemplarly described in Schrader, Grundlagen und Rezepturen der Kosmetika, Hϋthig Buch Verlag, Heidelberg, 2 ^nd edition, 1989, 3 ^rd part.

The cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element according to the invention may also include a surfactant. Suitable surfactants may include, for example, those surfactants generally grouped as cleansing agents, emulsifying agents, foam boosters, hydrotropes, solubilizing agents, suspending agents and nonsurfactants (facilitates the dispersion of solids in liquids).

The surfactants are usually classified as amphoteric, anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Amphoteric surfactants include acylamino acids and derivatives and N- alkylamino acids. Anionic surfactants include: acylamino acids and salts, such as, acylglutamates, acylpeptides, acylsarcosinates, and acyltaurates; carboxylic acids and salts, such as, alkanoic acids, ester carboxylic acids, and ether carboxylic acids; sulfonic acids and salts, such as, acyl isethionates, alkylaryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, and sulfosuccinates; sulfuric acid esters, such as, alkyl ether sulfates and alkyl sulfates. Cationic surfactants include: alkylamines, alkyl imidazolines, ethoxylated amines, and quaternaries (such as, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium salts, alkyl betaines, heterocyclic ammonium salts, and tetra alkylammonium salts). And nonionic surfactants include: alcohols, such as primary alcohols containing 8 to 18

carbon atoms; alkanolamides such as alkanolamine derived amides and ethoxylated amides; amine oxides; esters such as ethoxylated carboxylic acids, ethoxylated glycerides, glycol esters and derivatives, monoglycerides, polyglyceryl esters, polyhydric alcohol esters and ethers, sorbitan/sorbitol esters, and triesters of phosphoric acid; and ethers such as ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated lanolin, ethoxylated polysiloxanes, and propoxylated polyoxyethylene ethers.

Furthermore, a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition or a kit, or kit container element according to the invention may also comprise a film former. Suitable film formers which are used in accord with the invention keep the composition smooth and even and include, without limitation: acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymer; ammonium acrylates copolymer; Balsam Peru; cellulose gum; ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; polyacrylamide; polyethylene; polyvinyl alcohol; pvm/MA copolymer (polyvinyl methylether/maleic anhydride); PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone); maleic anhydride copolymer such as PA-18 available from Gulf Science and Technology; PVP/hexadecene copolymer such as Ganex V-216 available from GAF Corporation; acryliclacrylate copolymer; and the like.

Generally, film formers can be used in amounts of about 0.1 % to about 10% by weight of the total composition with about 1 % to about 8% being preferred and about 0.1 DEG/O to about 5% being most preferred. Humectants can also be used in effective amounts, including: fructose; glucose; glulamic acid; glycerin; honey; maltitol; methyl gluceth-10; methyl gluceth-20; propylene glycol; sodium lactate; sucrose; and the like.

Of course, the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element of the present invention can also comprise a preservative. Preservatives according to certain compositions of the invention include, without limitation: butylparaben; ethylparaben; imidazolidinyl urea; methylparaben; O-phenylphenol; propylparaben; quaternium-14; quaternium-15; sodium dehydroacetate; zinc pyrithione; and the like. The preservatives are used in amounts effective to prevent or retard microbial growth. Generally, the preservatives are used in amounts of about 0.1 % to about 1%

by weight of the total composition with about 0.1% to about 0.8% being preferred and about 0.1% to about 0.5% being most preferred.

A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element according to the invention may also comprise a perfume. Perfumes (fragrance components) and colorants (coloring agents) well known to those skilled in the art may be used in effective amounts to impart the desired fragrance and color to the compositions, kit or kit container element of the invention.

Furthermore, a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element of the present invention may also comprise a wax. Suitable waxes which are useful in accord with the invention include: animal waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, or wool wax (lanolin); plant waxes, such as camauba or candelilla; mineral waxes, such as montan wax or ozokerite; and petroleum waxes, such as paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax (a high molecular weight petroleum wax). Animal, plant, and some mineral waxes are primarily esters of a high molecular weight fatty alcohol with a high molecular weight fatty acid. For example, the hexadecanoic acid ester of tricontanol is commonly reported to be a major component of beeswax. Other suitable waxes according to the invention include the synthetic waxes including polyethylene polyoxyethylene and hydrocarbon waxes derived from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Representative waxes also include: cerosin; cetyl esters; hydrogenated joioba oil; hydrogenated jojoba wax; hydrogenated rice bran wax; Japan wax; jojoba butter; jojoba oil; jojoba wax; munk wax; montan acid wax; ouricury wax; rice bran wax; shellac wax; sufurized jojoba oil; synthetic beeswax; synthetic jojoba oils; trihydroxystearin; cetyl alcohol; stearyl alcohol; cocoa butter; fatty acids of lanolin; mono-, di- and 25 triglycerides which are solid at 25 DEG C, e.g., glyceyl tribehenate (a thester of behenic acid and glycerine) and C1g-C36 acid triglyceride (a mixture of triesters of C1g-C36 carboxylic acids and glycerine) available from Croda, Inc., New York, N. Y. under the tradenames Syncrowax HRC and Syncrowax HGL-C, respectively; fatty esters which are solid at 25 DEG C; silicone waxes such as methyloctadecaneoxypolysiloxane and poly (dimethylsiloxy) stearoxysiloxane; stearyl mono- and diethanolamide; rosin and its derivatives such as the abietates of glycol

and glycerol; hydrogenated oils solid at 25 DEG C; and sucroglycerides. Thickeners (viscosity control agents) which may be used in effective amounts in aqueous systems include: algin; carbomers such as carbomer 934, 934P, 940 and 941 ; cellulose gum; cetearyl alcohol, cocamide DEA, dextrin; gelatin; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylcellulose; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; magnesium aluminum silicate; myristyl alcohol; oat flour; oleamide DEA; oleyl alcohol; PEG-7M; PEG-14M; PEG-9OM; stearamide DEA; stearamide MEA; stearyl alcohol; tragacanth gum; wheat starch; xanthan gum; and the likein the above list of thickeners, DEA is diethanolamine, and MEA is monoethanolamine. Thickeners (viscosity control agents) which may be used in effective amounts in nonaqueous systems include aluminum stearates; beeswax; candelilla wax; carnauba; ceresin; cetearyl alcohol; cetyl alcohol; cholesterol; hydrated silica; hydrogenated castor oil; hydrogenated cottonseed oil; hydrogenated soybean oil; hydrogenated tallow glyceride; hydrogenated vegetable oil; hydroxypropyl cellulose; lanolin alcohol; myristyl alcohol; octytdodecyl stearoyl sulfate; oleyl alcohol; ozokerite; microcystalline wax; - paraffin, pentaerythrityl tetraoctanoate; polyacrylamide; polybutene; polyethylene; propylene glycol dicaprylate; propylene glycol dipelargonate; stearalkonium hectorite; stearyl alcohol; stearyl stearate; synthetic beeswax; trihydroxystearin; trilinolein; tristearin; zinc stearate; and the like. Customary native and synthetic thickeners or gel formers in formulations are crosslinked polyacrylic acids and derivatives thereof, polysaccharides, such as xanthane gum or alginates, carboxymethylcellulose or hydroxycarboxymethylcellulose, hydrocolloids such as gum Arabic or montmorillonite minerals, such as bentonites or fatty alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinlypyrrolidone.

Other ingredients which can be added or used in a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition, kit or kit container element according to the invention in amounts effective for their intended use, include: biological additives to enhance performance or consumer appeal such as amino acids, proteins, vanilla, aloe extract, bioflavinoids, and the like; buffering agents, chelating agents such as EDTA; emulsion stabilizers; pH adjusters; opacifying agents; and propellants such as butane carbon dioxide,

ethane, hydrochlorofluorocarbons 22 and 142b, hydrofluorocarbon 152a, isobutane, isopentane, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, pentane, propane, and the like.

Furthermore, the preparations, kits or kit container elements according to the invention may also comprise compounds which have an antioxidative, free-radical scavenger, skin moisturizing or moisture-retaining, antierythematous, antiinflammatory or antiallergic action, in order to supplement or enhance their action. In particular, these compounds can be chosen from the group of vitamins, plant extracts, alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids, ceramides, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial or UV-filtering substances, and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Advantageously, preparations or kits according to the invention can also comprise substances which absorb UV radiation in the UV-B and/or UV-A region. The lipid phase is advantageously chosen from the group of substances of mineral oils, mineral waxes, branched and/or unbranched hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon waxes, triglycerides of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched C.sub.8-C.sub.24-alkanecarboxylic acids; they can be chosen from synthetic, semisynthetic or natural oils, such as olive oil, palm oil, almond oil or mixtures; oils, fats or waxes, esters of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched C.sub.3-C.sub.30-alkane carboxylic acids and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched C.sub.3-C.sub.30-alcohols, from aromatic carboxylic acids and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched C.sub.3-C.sub.30-alcohols, for example isopropyl myristate, isopropyl stearate, hexyldecyl stearate, oleyl oleate; and also synthetic, semisynthetic and natural mixtures of such esters, such as jojoba oil, alkyl benzoates or silicone oils, such as, for example, cyclomethicone, dimethylpolysiloxane, diethylpolysiloxane, octamethylcyclo-tetrasiloxane and mixtures thereof or dialkyl ethers.

The active ingredients according to the invention may, for example, be used in cosmetic compositions for the cleansing of the skin, such as bar soaps, toilet soaps, curd soaps, transparent soaps, luxury soaps, deodorizing soaps, cream soaps, baby soaps, skin protection soaps, abrasive soaps, syndets, liquid soaps, pasty soaps, soft soaps, washing pastes, liquid washing, showering and bath preparations, e.g. washing lotions, shower preparations, shower gels, foam baths, cream foam baths,

oil baths, bath extracts, scrub preparations, in-situ products, shaving foams, shaving lotions, shaving creams. In addition, they are suitable for skin cosmetic preparations, such as W/O or O/W skin and body creams, day and night creams, light protection compositions, aftersun products, hand care products, face creams, multiple emulsions, gelees, microemulsions, liposome preparations, niosome preparations, antiwrinkle creams, face oils, lipogels, sportgels, moisturizing creams, bleaching creams, vitamin creams, skin lotions, care lotions, ampoules, aftershave lotions, preshaves, humectant lotions, tanning lotions, cellulite creams, depigmentation compositions, massage preparations, body powders, face tonics, deodorants, antiperspirants, nose strips, antiacne compositions, repellents and others.

The term "active ingredient" refers, for example, to the microorganism according to the present invention, mutant, derivative, inactive form, lysate, fraction or extract thereof as described above. Preferably, the term "active ingredient" as used in the compositions herein below is a substitute of, e.g., the microorganisms, mutants, derivatives, inactive forms, lysates, fractions or extracts thereof which are described herein above. If not indicated otherwise, the term "active ingredient" as used in the compositions described below refers to the percentage of, e.g., the microorganism according to the present invention, mutant, derivative, inactive form, lysate, fraction or extract thereof as described above, in the composition. Preferably, the term "active ingredient" as used in the compositions described below refers to a combination of (i) microorganisms which are able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which do not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) microorganisms which are able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above. More preferably, the term "active ingredient" refers to a combination of Lactobacillus spec, under aspect (i) as defined herein above, and Lactobacillus spec, under aspect (ii), as defined herein above, in a concentration of e.g. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. More preferably, the term "active ingredient" refers to a solution, e.g. an aqueous solution

or any other suitable solution known to the person skilled in the art, comprising up to 0.001% to up to 99,999% of a combination of Lactobacillus spec, under aspect (i), as defined herein above, and Lactobacillus spec, under aspect (ii), as defined herein above, in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g., a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Even more preferably, the term refers to a solution comprising up to 0.001 %, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, 99.99% or 99.999%, most preferably comprising up to 0.001 to up to 5%, of a combination of Lactobacillus spec, according to aspect (i), and Lactobacillus spec, according to aspect (ii), as defined herein above, in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml.

In a preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a daily care O/W formulation, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI: Active ingredient 1 %:

A 1.7 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

0.7 ceteareth-25

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

2.0 PEG-14 dimethicone

3.6 cetearyl alcohol

6.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 dibutyl adipate

B 5.0 glycerol

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

68.6 aqua dem.

C 4.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

D 0.2 sodium ascorbyl phosphate

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol

1.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium ascorbate, tocopherol, retinol

1.0 active ingredient E q.s. sodium hydroxide

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.7 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

0.7 ceteareth-25

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

2.0 PEG-14 dimethicone

3.6 cetearyl alcohol

6.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 dibutyl adipate B 5.0 glycerol

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

64.6 aqua dem.

C 4.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer D 0.2 sodium ascorbyl phosphate

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol

1.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium ascorbate, tocopherol, retinol

5.0 active ingredient E q.s. sodium hydroxide

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 80 ⁰ C. Phase B is subsequently stirred into phase A and homogenized. Phase C is stirred into a combination of phases A and B and homogenized. The mixture is under agitation cooled down to app. 40 ⁰ C; then phase D is added and the pH is adjusted with phase E to approx. 6.5. The solution is subsequently homogenized and cooled down to room temperature.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a protecting day cream O/W formulation, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 1.7 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

0.7 ceteareth-25

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

2.0 PEG-14 dimethicone

3.6 cetearyl alcohol

6.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 dibutyl adipate

B 5.0 glycerol

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

68.8 aqua dem.

C 4.0 caprylic/caphc triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

D 1.0 sodium ascorbyl phosphate

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol

1.0 active ingredient

E q.s. sodium hydroxide

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.7 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

0.7 ceteareth-25

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

2.0 PEG-14 dimethicone

3.6 cetearyl alcohol

6.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 dibutyl adipate

B 5.0 glycerol

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

64.8 aqua dem.

C 4.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

D 1.0 sodium ascorbyl phosphate

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol

5.0 active ingredient

E q.s. sodium hydroxide

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 80°C. Phase B is subsequently stirred into phase A and homogenized. Phase C is introduced into a combination of phases A and B and homogenized. The mixture is under agitation cooled down to app. 40°C; then phase D is added and the pH is adjusted with phase E to about 6.5. The solution is subsequently homogenized and cooled down to room temperature.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a skin cleanser O/W formulation, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

10.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride

1.5 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasilosane

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

B 3.5 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

C 1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol q.s. preservative q.s. perfume oil

D 3.0 polyquaternium-44

0.5 cocotrimonium methosulfate

0.5 ceteareth-25

2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

4.0 propylene glycol

1.0 active ingredient

60.7 aqua dem.

Active ingredient 5%:

A 10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

10.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride

1.5 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasilosane

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

B 3.5 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

C 1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.2 bisabolol q.s. preservative q.s. perfume oil

D 3.0 polyquaternium-44

0.5 cocothmonium methosulfate

0.5 ceteareth-25

2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

4.0 propylene glycol

5.0 active ingredient

56.8 aqua dem.

Initially, phase A is dissolved and phase B subsequently stirred into phase A. Subsequently, phase C is introduced into the combination of phases A and B. In a next step, phase D is dissolved and stirred into combined phases A, B and C. The mixture is homogenized and stirred for 15 min.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a daily care body spray formulation, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 3.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

1.0 polyquaternium-44

3.0 propylene glycol

2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

1.0 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane

10.0 octyldodecanol

0.5 PVP

10.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride

3.0 C12-15 alkyl benzoate

3.0 glycerol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.3 bisabolol

1.0 active ingredient

59.2 alcohol

Active ingredient 5%:

A 3.0 ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate

2.0 diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate

1.0 polyquaternium-44

3.0 propylene glycol

2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

1.0 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane

10.0 octyldodecanol

0.5 PVP

10.0 caprylic/capric triglyceride

3.0 C12-15 alkyl benzoate

3.0 glycerol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

0.3 bisabolol

5.0 active ingredient

55.2 alcohol

The components of phase A are weighed out and dissolved until clearness.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a skin gel, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

3 .6 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

15.0 alcohol

0 .1 bisabolol

0 .5 tocopheryl acetate q .S. perfume oil

B 3 .0 panthenol

0 .6 carbomer

1 .0 active ingredient

75.4 aqua dem,

C 0 .8 triethanolamine

Active ingredient 5%:

3 .6 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

15.0 alcohol

0. .1 bisabolol

0. .5 tocopheryl acetate q S. perfume oil

B 3. .0 panthenol

0 .6 carbomer

5. .0 active ingredient

71.4 aqua dem,

C 0. 8 triethanolamine

Initially, phase A is dissolved until clearness. Phase B is macerated and subsequently neutralized with phase C. In a next step, phase A is stirred into the homogenized phase B and the mixture is homogenized.

In yet a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an after shave lotion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 tocopherol acetate

1.0 bisabolol

0.1 perfume oil

0.3 acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

B 15.0 alcohol

1.0 panthenol

3.0 glycerol

1.0 active ingredient

0.1 triethanolamine

63.5 aqua dem.

Active ingredient 5%:

A 10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 tocopheryl acetate

1.0 bisabolol

0.1 perfume oil

0.3 acrylates/c10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

B 15.0 alcohol

1.0 panthenol

3.0 glycerol

5.0 active ingredient

0.1 triethanolamine

59.5 aqua dem.

The component of phase A are mixed. In a next step, phase B is dissolved and introduced into phase A and subsequently homogenized.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an after sun lotion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 0.4 acrylates/C 10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

15.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

0.2 bisabolol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate q.s. perfume oil

B 1.0 panthenol

15.0 alcohol

3.0 glycerol

1.0 active ingredient

63.2 aqua dem,

C 0.2 triethanolamine

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 0.4 acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

15.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

0.2 bisabolol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate q.s. perfume oil

B 1.0 panthenol

15.0 alcohol

3.0 glycerol

5.0 active ingredient

59.2 aqua dem.

C 0.2 triethanolamine

The component of phase A are mixed. Phase B introduced into phase A and homogenized. The mixture is neutralized with phase C and subsequently homogenized.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a body balsam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

5.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

4.0 cetyl alcohol

4.0 glyceryl stearate

5.0 mineral oil

0.2 menthol

0.5 camphor

B 69.3 aqua dem. q.s. preservative

C 1.0 bisabolol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

D 1.0 active ingredient

5.0 witch hazel extract

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

5.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

4.0 cetyl alcohol

4.0 glyceryl stearate

5.0 mineral oil

0.2 menthol

0.5 camphor

B 65.3 aqua dem. q.s. preservative

C 1.0 bisabolol

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

D 5.0 active ingredient 5.0 witch hazel extract

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 80°C. Phase B is subsequently stirred into phase A and homogenized. The mixture is under agitation cooled down to app. 40 ⁰ C; then phases C and D are added. Subsequently, the mixture is homogenized and cooled down to room temperature under agitation.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a W/O emulsion with bisabolol, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 6.0 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

8.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 isopropyl myristate

15.0 mineral oil

0.3 magnesium stearate

0.3 aluminum stearate

2.0 PEG-45/dodecyl glycol copolymer

B 5.0 glycerol

0.7 magnesium sulfate

55.6 aqua dem.

C 1.0 active ingredient

0.5 tocopheryl acetate

0.6 bisabolol

Active ingredient 5%:

A 6.0 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

8.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 isopropyl myristate

15.0 mineral oil

0.3 magnesium stearate

0.3 aluminum stearate

2.0 PEG-45/dodecyl glycol copolymer

B 5.0 glycerol

0.7 magnesium sulfate

51.6 aqua dem.

C 5.0 active ingredient

0.5 tocopheryl acetate

0.6 bisabolol

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 85°C. Phase B is subsequently stirred into phase A and homogenized. The mixture is under agitation cooled down to app. 40 ⁰ C; then phase C is added. Subsequently, the mixture is shortly homogenized and cooled down to room temperature under agitation.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a mousse conditioner with holding agent, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 10.0 PVP/VA copolymer

0.2 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.5 dimethicone copolyol q.s. perfume oil

10.0 alcohol

1.0 active ingredient

68.1 aqua dem. 10.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 10.0 PVP/VA copolymer

0.2 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.5 dimethicone copolyol q.s. perfume oil

10.0 alcohol

5.0 active ingredient

64.1 aqua dem. 10.0 propane/butane

The components of phase A are weighed out and stirred until complete dissolution. Subsequently the mixture is bottled.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a mousse conditioner, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 1.0 polyquaternium-4

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

1.0 active ingredient q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

91.5 aqua dem.

6.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.0 polyquaternium-4

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

5.0 active ingredient q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

87.5 aqua dem.

6.0 propane/butane

The components of phase A are weighed out and stirred until clear dissolution. Subsequently the mixture is bottled.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a mousse conditioner, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 1.0 polyquaternium-11

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

1.0 active ingredient q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

91.5 aqua dem.

6.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.0 polyquaternium-11

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate

5.0 active ingredient q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

87.5 aqua dem.

6.0 propane/butane

The components of phase A are weighed out and stirred until clear dissolution. Subsequently the mixture is bottled.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 0.5 laureth-4 q.s. perfume oil

B 77.3 aqua dem.

10.0 polyquatemium-28

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

0.2 hydroxyethylcellulose

C 10.0 HFC 152 A

Active ingredient 5%:

A 0.5 laureth-4 q.s. perfume oil

B 73.3 aqua dem.

10.0 polyquaternium-28

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

0.2 hydroxyethylcellulose

C 10.0 HFC 152 A

The components of phase A are mixed. Then, the components of phase B are successively added and dissolved. The mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil

B 78.5 aqua dem.

6.7 acrylates copolymer

0.6 AMP

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

0.2 hydroxyethylcellulose

C 10.0 HFC 152 A

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil

B 74.5 aqua dem.

6.7 acrylates copolymer

0.6 AMP

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

0.2 hydroxyethylcellulose

C 10.0 HFC 152 A

The components of phase A are mixed. Then, the components of phase B are successively added and dissolved. The mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil

B 7.70 polyquaternium-44

1.0 active ingredient q.s. preservative

79.3 aqua dem.

C 10.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil

B 7.70 polyquaternium-44

5.0 active ingredient q.s. preservative

75.3 aqua dem.

C 10.0 propane/butane

The components of phase A are mixed. The components of phase B are dissolved until cloudlessness and subsequently stirred into phase A. The pH is adjusted to 6-7. The mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 2.00 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil B 72.32 aqua dem.

2.00 VP/acrylates/lauryl methacrylate copolymer

0.53 AMP

1.00 active ingredient

0.20 ceteareth-25

0.50 panthenol

0.05 benzophenone-4

0.20 amodimethicone, cetrimonium chloride, trideceth-12

15.00 alcohol

C 0.20 hydroxyethylcellulose

D 6.00 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.00 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil B 68.32 aqua dem.

2.00 VP/acrylates/lauryl methacrylate copolymer

0.53 AMP

5.00 active ingredient

0.20 ceteareth-25

0.50 panthenol

0.05 benzophenone-4

0.20 amodimethicone, cetrimonium chloride, trideceth-12

15.00 alcohol

C 0.20 hydroxyethylcellulose D 6.00 propane/butane

The components of phase A are mixed. The components of phase B are successively added and dissolved. Phase C is dissolved in the mixture of A and B. Subsequently, the pH is adjusted to 6-7 and the mixture is bottled with phase D.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.00 cetrimonium chloride q.s. perfume oil B 67.85 aqua dem.

7.00 polyquaternium-46

1.00 active ingredient

0.20 ceteareth-25

0.50 panthenol

0.05 benzophenone-4

0.20 amodimethicone, cetrimonium chloride, thdeceth-12

15.00 alcohol

C 0.20 hydroxyethylcellulose D 6.00 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.00 cetrimonium chloride q.s. perfume oil B 63.85 aqua dem.

7.00 polyquaternium-46

5.00 active ingredient

0.20 ceteareth-25

0.50 panthenol

0.05 benzophenone-4

0.20 amodimethicone, cetrimonium chloride, trideceth-12

15.00 alcohol

C 0.20 hydroxyethylcellulose D 6.00 propane/butane

The components of phase A are mixed. The components of phase B are successively added and dissolved. Phase C is dissolved in the mixture of A and B. Subsequently, the pH is adjusted to 6-7 and the mixture is bottled with phase D.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

85.5 aqua dem.

B 7.0 sodium polystyrene sulfonate

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 cetrimonium bromide q.s. preservative

C 6.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

81.5 aqua dem. B 7.0 sodium polystyrene sulfonate

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 cetrimonium bromide q.s. preservative C 6.0 propane/butane

Phase A is solubilized. Then, phase B is weight out into phase A and dissolved until cloudlessness. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 and the mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

92.0 aqua dem.

B 0.5 polyquaternium-10

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 cetrimonium bromide q.s. preservative

C 6.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

88.0 aqua dem.

B 0.5 polyquaternium-10

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 cetrimonium bromide q.s. preservative

C 6.0 propane/butane

Phase A is solubilized. Then, phase B is weight out into phase A and dissolved until cloudlessness. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 and the mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

82.5 aqua dem.

B 10.0 polyquaternium-16

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate q.s. preservative

C 6.0 propane/butane

Active ingredient 5%:

A q.s. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

78.5 aqua dem.

B 10.0 polyquaternium-16

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium phosphate q.s. preservative

C 6.0 propane/butane

Phase A is solubilized. Then, phase B is weight out into phase A and dissolved until cloudlessness. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 and the mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a styling foam, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate q.s. perfume oil

B 84.0 aqua dem.

2.0 chitosan

1.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

10.0 HFC 152 A

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 cocotrimonium methosulfate

q.s. perfume oil

B 80.0 aqua dem.

2.0 chitosan

5.0 active ingredient

0.5 dimethicone copolyol

0.2 ceteareth-25

0.2 panthenol

0.1 PEG-25 PABA

C 10.0 HFC 152 A

The components of phase A are mixed. The components of phase B are successively added and dissolved. The mixture is bottled with phase C.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a care shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 30.0 sodium laureth sulfate

6.0 sodium cocoamphoacetate

6.0 cocamidopropyl betaine

3.0 sodium laureth sulfate, glycol distearate, cocamide mea, laureth-10

1.0 active ingredient

7.7 polyquaternium-44

2.0 amodimethicone q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

1.0 sodium chloride

43.3 aqua dem.

B q.s. citric acid

Active ingredient 5%:

A 30.0 sodium laureth sulfate

6.0 sodium cocoamphoacetate

6.0 cocamidopropyl betaine

3.0 sodium laureth sulfate, glycol distearate, cocamide mea, laureth-10

5.0 active ingredient

7.7 polyquaternium-44

2.0 amodimethicone q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

1.0 sodium chloride

39.3 aqua dem.

B q.s. citric acid

The components of phase A are mixed and dissolved. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 with phase B, i.e. citric acid.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a shower gel, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 40. 0 sodium laureth sulfate

5.0 decyl glucoside

5.0 cocamidopropyl betaine

1.0 active ingredient

1.0 panthenol q.s perfume oil q.s preservative

2.0 sodium chloride

46. 0 aqua dem.

B q.s citric acid

Active ingredient 5%:

A 40. 0 sodium laureth sulfate

5.0 decyl glucoside

5.0 cocamidopropyl betaine

5.0 active ingredient

1.0 panthenol q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

2.0 sodium chloride

42.0 aqua dem.

B q.s. citric acid

The components of phase A are mixed and dissolved. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 with phase B, i.e. citric acid.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 40.0 sodium laureth sulfate

5.0 sodium C12-15 pareth-15 sulfonate

5.0 decyl glucoside q.s. perfume oil

0.1 phytantriol

44.6 aqua dem.

1.0 active ingredient

0.3 polyquaternium-10

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

1.0 laureth-3

2.0 sodium chloride

Active ingredient 5%:

A 40.0 sodium laureth sulfate

5.0 sodium C12-15 pareth-15 sulfonate

5.0 decyl glucoside q.s. perfume oil

0.1 phytantriol

40.6 aqua dem.

5.0 active ingredient

0.3 polyquaternium-10

1.0 panthenol q.s. preservative

1.0 laureth-3

2.0 sodium chloride

The components of phase A are mixed and dissolved. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 with citric acid.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 15.00 cocamidopropyl betaine

10.00 disodium cocoamphodiacetate

5.00 polysorbate 20

5.00 decyl glucoside q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

1.00 active ingredient

0.15 guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride

2.00 laureth-3

58.00 aqua dem. q.s. citric acid B 3.00 PEG-150 distearate

Active ingredient 5%:

A 15.00 cocamidopropyl betaine

10.00 disodium cocoamphodiacetate

5.00 polysorbate 20

5.00 decyl glucoside q.s. perfume oil q.s. preservative

5.00 active ingredient

0.15 guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride

2.00 laureth-3

54.00 aqua dem. q.s. citric acid B 3.00 PEG-150 distearate

The components of phase A are weighed out and dissolved. The pH is adjusted to 6- 7. Then, phase B is added and heated up to 5O ⁰ C. The mixture is cooled down to room temperature under agitation.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a moistening body care creme, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-25

2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

3.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

1.0 dimethicone

4.0 cetearyl alcohol

3.0 glyceryl stearate SE

5.0 mineral oil

4.0 Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil

3.0 mineral oil, lanolin alcohol

B 5.0 propylene glycol

1.0 active ingredient

1.0 panthenol

0.5 magnesium aluminum silicate q.s preservative

65.5 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D q.s. citric acid

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-25

2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

3.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

1.0 dimethicone

4.0 cetearyl alcohol

3.0 glyceryl stearate se

5.0 mineral oil

4.0 simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil

3.0 mineral oil, lanolin alcohol

B 5.0 propylene glycol

5.0 active ingredient

1.0 panthenol

0.5 magnesium aluminum silicate q.s preservative

61.5 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D q.s. citric acid

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 80 ⁰ C. Phase B is briefly pre- homogenized. Subsequently phase B is stirred into phase A and homogenized. The mixture is cooled down to app. 40°C; then phase C is added. Subsequently, the mixture is well homogenized. The pH is adjusted to 6-7 with phase D, i.e. citric acid.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a moistening body care creme, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 6.0 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 isopropyl myhstate

7.0 mineral oil

0.5 shea butter (butyrospermum parkii)

0.5 aluminum stearate

0.5 magnesium stearate

0.2 bisabolol

0.7 quaternium-18-hectorite

B 5.0 dipropylene glycol

0.7 magnesium sulfate q.s. preservative

62.9 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 6.0 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

10.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

5.0 isopropyl myristate

7.0 mineral oil

0.5 shea butter (butyrospermum parkii)

0.5 aluminum stearate

0.5 magnesium stearate

0.2 bisabolol

0.7 quaternium-18-hectorite

B 5.0 dipropylene glycol

0.7 magnesium sulfate

q.s. preservative

58.9 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

5.0 active ingredient

Phases A and B are separately heated to app. 80 ⁰ C. Phase B is stirred into phase A and homogenized. The mixture is cooled down under agitation to app. 40 ⁰ C; then phase C is added. Subsequently, the mixture is homogenized. The mixture is cooled down to room temperature under agitation.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an antitranspiration roll-on, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 0.40 hydroxyethylcellulose

50.0 aqua dem.

B 25.0 alcohol

0.1 bisabolol

0.3 farnesol

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

C 3.0 dipropylene glycol

3.0 PEG-14 demethicone

3.0 polyquaternium-16

8.2 aqua dem.

D 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 0.40 hydroxyethylcellulose

46.0 aqua dem. B 25.0 alcohol

0.1 bisabolol

0.3 farnesol

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil q.s. perfume oil

C 3.0 dipropylene glycol

3.0 PEG-14 demethicone

3.0 polyquaternium-16

8.2 aqua dem.

D 5.0 active ingredient

Phase A is swollen, phases B and C are solubilized independently. Subsequently, phases B and A are stirred into phase C. Finally, phase D is added.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a transparent deo stick, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 3.0 ceteareth-25

3.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.2 bisabolol rac.

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

3.0 perfume oil

5.0 sodium stearate

15.0 glycerol 87%

60.0 propylene glycol

9.3 aqua dem.

B 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 3.0 ceteareth-25

3.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.2 bisabolol rac.

1.0 tocopheryl acetate

3.0 perfume oil

5.0 sodium stearate

15.0 glycerol 87%

60.0 propylene glycol

5.3 aqua dem.

B 5.0 active ingredient

Components of phase A are weighed out and melted. Subsequently, phase B is added.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an antitranspiration spray, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 3.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.2 phytantriol

0.5 perfume oil

40.0 alcohol B 53.49 aqua dem.

2.0 propylene glycol

0.5 panthenol

0.01 BHT C 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 3.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.2 phytantriol

0.5 perfume oil

40.0 alcohol B 49.49 aqua dem.

2.0 propylene glycol

0.5 panthenol

0.01 BHT C 5.0 active ingredient

Phase A is solubilized. In a next step the components of phase B added successively. Finally, phase C is added.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a deo-stick, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 26.0 stearyl alcohol

60.0 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane

5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

2.5 isopropyl palmitate

B 1.44 perfume oil

0.05 BHT

C 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 26.0 stearyl alcohol

56.0 cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane

5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

2.5 isopropyl palmitate

B 1.44 perfume oil

0.05 BHT

C 5.0 active ingredient

The components of phase A are weighed out and melted. Phase A is subsequently cooled down while stirring to about 50 ⁰ C. The components of phase B and C are homogenized and added successively.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a transparent deo-roll on, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 0.40 hydroxyethylcellulose

50.0 aqua dem.

B 2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.1 bisabolol

0.3 farnesol

0.5 perfume oil

7.6 aqua dem.

25.0 alcohol

C 3.0 propylene glycol

3.0 PEG-14 demethicone

3.0 polyquaternium-16

0.1 allantoin

D 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 0.40 hydroxyethylcellulose

46.0 aqua dem.

B 2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.1 bisabolol

0.3 farnesol

0.5 perfume oil

7.6 aqua dem.

25.0 alcohol

C 3.0 propylene glycol

3.0 PEG-14 demethicone

3.0 polyquaternium-16

0.1 allantoin

D 5.0 active ingredient

Phase A is swollen, phase B is solubilized. Subsequently, phase C is added and stirred. Finally, phases B, C and D are stirred into phase A.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an emulsion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1 %:

A 1.5 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

1.5 glyceryl stearate

1.0 cetearyl alcohol

0.5 Eucerinum anhydricum

0.2 phytantriol

1.0 cetyl palpitate

5.0 dicaprylyl ether

0.3 farnesol

B q.s. preservative

72.0 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D 1.0 active ingredient:

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.5 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

1.5 glyceryl stearate

1.0 cetearyl alcohol

0.5 Eucerinum anhydricum

0.2 phytantriol

1.0 cetyl palpitate

5.0 dicaprylyl ether

0.3 farnesol

B q.s. preservative

68.0 aqua dem. C q.s. perfume oil D 5.0 active ingredient:

Phases A and B are heated separtely to approx. 8O ⁰ C. Phase B is stirred into phase A and homogenized for 3 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled down to 40 ⁰ C and phases C and D are added. Finally, the mixture is stirred and cooled down to room temperature.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a deo-pump spray, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.3 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

1.0 glyceryl stearate

1.0 cetearyl alcohol

5.0 cyclopentasiloxane

0.5 Eucerinum anhydricum

0.2 phytantriol

5.0 dicaprylyl ether

0.3 famesol

B q.s. preservative

76.7 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D 1.0 active ingredient

Active ingredient 5%:

A 5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

0.3 PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil

1.0 glyceryl stearate

1.0 cetearyl alcohol

6.0 cyclopentasiloxane

0.5 Eucerinum anhydricum

0.2 phytantriol

5.0 dicaprylyl ether

0.3 farnesol

B q.s. preservative

72.7 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D 5.0 active ingredient

Phases A and B are heated separately to approx. 80 ⁰ C. Phase B is homogenized and stirred into phases A and C. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled down to 40 ⁰ C and phase D is added. Finally, the mixture is stirred and cooled down to room temperature.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a deo-lotion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 1.5 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

1.5 ceteareth-25)

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

2.0 glyceryl stearate

2.0 cetearyl alcohol

2.0 cetyl alcohol

2.0 hydrogenated coco-glycerides

8.0 decyl oleate

0.5 PEG-14 demehicone

0.3 farnesol

B q.s. preservative

75.2 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D 1.0 active ingredient 1 %:

Active ingredient 5%:

A 1.5 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

1.5 ceteareth-25

2.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil

2.0 glyceryl stearate

2.0 cetearyl alcohol

2.0 cetyl alcohol

2.0 hydrogenated coco-glycerides

8.0 decyl oleate

0.5 PEG-14 demehicone

0.3 farnesol

B q.s. preservative

71.2 aqua dem.

C q.s. perfume oil

D 5.0 active ingredient 1%:

Phases A and B are heated separately to approx. 80°C. Phase B is homogenized and stirred into phase A. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled down to 4O ⁰ C and phases C and D are added. Finally, the mixture is stirred and cooled down to room temperature.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a deo-lotion, type O/W, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

Active ingredient 1%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

4.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

2.0 cetearyl alcohol

2.0 hydrogenated coco-glycerides

1.0 glyceryl stearate

1.0 mineral oil

0.5 dimethicone

0.2 bisabolol

B 2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

2.0 propylene glycol q.s. preservative

79.8 aqua dem.

C 1.2 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

D 0.2 tocopherol q.s. perfume oil

E 1.0 active ingredient:

Active ingredient 5%:

A 2.0 ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol

2.0 ceteareth-25

4.0 cetearyl ethylhexanoate

2.0 cetearyl alcohol

2.0 hydrogenated coco-glycerides

1.0 glyceryl stearate

1.0 mineral oil

0.5 dimethicone

0.2 bisabolol

B 2.0 panthenol, propylene glycol

2.0 propylene glycol q.s. preservative

75.8 aqua dem.

C 1.2 caprylic/capric triglyceride, sodium acrylates copolymer

D 0.2 tocopherol q.s. perfume oil

E 5.0 active ingredient:

Phases A and B are heated separately to approx. 80 ⁰ C. Subsequently, phase C is stirred into phases A and B and homogenized. Finally, the mixture is cooled down to 40 ⁰ C and phases D and E are added.

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a clear shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a clear conditioning shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a foam Oλ/V emulsions, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a conditioning shampoo with pearl brilliance, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a clear conditioning shampoo, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a clear conditioner shampoo with volume effect, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a gel creme, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a hydrodispersion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a stick, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a PIT emulsion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

methylparaben 0.50 0.30 0.35 phenoxyethanol 0 .50 0 .40 1 .00 ethylhexylglycerol 0 .30 1 .00 0. 35 ethanol 2 .00 2 .00 5 00 perfume oil 0 .20 0 .20 0 .24 0 16 0. 10 0. 10 aqua dem. ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a gel creme, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a hydrodispersion after sun, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a W/O emulsion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a pickering emulsion, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises a stick, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

oil perfume oil, BHT 0 10 0 .25 0 .35

Ricinus communis ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 (castor) oil

In a further preferred embodiment, a cosmetic composition comprises an oil gel, which may contain, for example, the following ingredients in % in accordance with the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients, INCI:

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for the production of a composition or a kit for protecting the skin against pathogenic microorganisms comprising the steps of formulating a microorganism according to aspect (i) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora the invention or a mutant, derivative or inactive form of this microorganism as described above and a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the invention, i.e. a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative or inactive form of this microorganism as described above with a cosmetically and/or pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or excipient.

In addition, the present invention relates to the use of the above-described microorganisms of aspect (i) and (ii) or of derivative or mutant or inactive forms thereof as described above for the preparation of a combination, e.g. composition or kit, comprising a microorganism of aspect (i) and a microorganism of aspect (ii). Preferably, such a composition is a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition.

The present invention also relates to the use of a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora for the preparation of a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition for protecting skin against pathogenic bacteria.

Furthermore, the present invention also relates to the use a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating dermatitis, preferably atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, poison-ivy dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, kerion or scabies.

The present invention also relates to the use a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of an unfavourable pathogenic ratio of skin microorganisms. The term "unfavourable pathogenic ratio of skin microorgansims" means a ratio between microorgansims of the transient pathogenic microflora and microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin flora of at least 51 to up to 49, preferably of at least 60 to up to 40, at least 70 to up to 30, at least 75 to up to 25, at least 80 to up to 20, at least 85 to up to 15, at least 90 to up to 10, at least 95 to up to 5, more preferably at least 98 to up to 2 and even more preferably at least 99 to up to 1 , at least 99.9 to up to 0.1 , at least 99.99 to up to 0.01 and most preferably at least 99.999 to up to 0.001. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism of the transient pathogenic microflora is Staphylococcus aureus; in a further preferred embodiment, the microorganism of the healthy normal resident skin flora is Staphylococcus epidermidis. More preferably, the ratio between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis is a ratio of at least 99 to up to 1. In a preferred embodiment the "unfavourable pathogenic ratio of skin microorgansims" is a ratio of skin microorganisms as found in skin diseases, preferably in all forms of bacterial dermatitis, more preferably in atopic dermatitis, impetigo, folliculitis, or furunculosis.

The treatment of an unfavourable pathogenic ratio of skin microorgansims comprises a re-balancing of the skin microflora. The term "re-balancing of the skin microflora" means a turn back of an unfavourable pathogenic ratio of skin microorganisms as defined herein above to a healthy ratio of skin microorgansims. The term "healthy ratio of skin microorganisms" means a ratio between microorgansims of the healthy normal resident skin flora and microorganisms of the transient pathogenic microflora of at least 51 to up to 49, preferably of at least 60 to up to 40, at least 70 to up to 30, at least 75 to up to 25, at least 80 to up to 20, at least 85 to up to 15, at least 90 to up to 10, at least 95 to up to 5, more preferably at least 98 to up to 2 and most preferably at least 99 to up to 1. In a preferred embodiment, the microorganism of the transient pathogenic microflora is Staphylococcus aureus; in a further preferred embodiment, the microorganism of the healthy normal resident skin flora is Staphylococcus epidermidis. More preferably, the rebalancing of the skin microflora leads to a ratio between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus of at least 99 to up to 1.

The term "ratio" as used in the context of the treatment of an unfavourable pathogenic ratio and the corresponding re-balancing of the skin microflora relates to the proportion of micoorganisms on the same area of skin in terms of cell numbers. Preferably, the term relates to the proprotion of micoorganisms on the same area of human skin. Means and methods for isolating microorganisms form the skin and for determining their number in a specific area are described herein above and are known to the person skilled in the art.

In a preferred embodiment the re-balancing of the skin microbial flora takes place in a short time scale. The term "short time scale" means a period of time after the application or administration of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention of up to 4 days, preferably of up to 3 day, up to 48 h, up to 36 h, up to 24 h, more preferably up to 12 h, even more preferably up to 8 h and most preferably up to 6 h.

In a further preferred embodiment the protection of the skin against pathogenic bacteria or the prophylaxis or treatment of dermatitis, e.g. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, poison-ivy dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, kerion or scabies, comprises a rebalancing of the skin microflora.

The term "combination" as used in the context of the use for the preparation of a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition means any proportion of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above between up to 0.001 % of (i) and at least 99.999% of (ii), and at least 99.999% of (i) and up to 0.001 % of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term refers to a proportion of up to 0.01 % of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii), up to 0.1 % of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1% of (ii), at least 98% of (i) and up to 2% of (ii), at least 95% of (i) and up to 5% of (ii), at least 90% of (i) and up to 10% of (ii), at least 80% of (i) and up to 20% of (ii), at least 75 % of (i) and up to 25% of (ii), at least 70 % of (i) and up to 30% of (ii), up to 30 % of (i) and at least 70% of (ii), up to 25 % of (i) and at least 75% of (ii), up to 20% of (i) and at least 80% of (ii), up to 10% of (i) and at least 90% of (ii), up to 5% of (i) and at least 95% of (ii), up to 2% of (i) and at least 98% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1 % of (ii), up to 0.1 % of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), up to 0.01 % of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. More preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 65% of (i) and up to 35% of (ii), at least 60 % of (i) and up to 40% of (ii), at least 59% of (i) and up to 41% of (ii), at least 58% of (i) and up to 42% of (ii), at least 57% of (i) and up to 43% of (ii), at least 56% of (i) and up to 44% of (ii), at least 55% of (i) and up to 45% of (ii), at least 54% of (i) and up to 46% of (ii), at least 53% of (i) and up to 47%

of (ii), at least 52% of (i) and up to 48% of (ii), at least 51% of (i) and up to 49% of (ii), up to 49% of (i) and at least 51% of (ii), up to 48% of (i) and at least 52% of (ii), up to 47% of (i) and at least 53% of (ii), up to 46% of (i) and at least 54% of (ii), up to 45% of (i) and at least 55% of (ii), up to 44% of (i) and at least 56% of (ii), up to 43% of (i) and at least 57% of (ii), up to 42% of (i) and at least 58% of (ii), up to 41% of (i) and at least 59% of (ii), up to 40% of (i) and at least 60% of (ii), up to 35% of (i) and at least 65% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Most preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 50% of (i) and up to 50% of (ii) or of up to 50% of (i) and at least 50% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term "proportion" exclusively refers to the ratio between (i) and (ii) in the composition, the term "proportion", thus, does not exclude the presence of further components in the composition in any suitable amount or concentration, as known to the person skilled in the art. The terms "cosmetic compostion" and "pharmaceutical composition" mean any cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition as described herein above.

In a further preferred embodiment, a "combination" of microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the present invention means a combination of microorganisms, wherein the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention. The term "negatively influence" means that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (i).

In another aspect the present invention relates to the use of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient

pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above or (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above in the context of textiles or textile substrates.

Preferably, the present invention relates to the use of a combination of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above in the context of textiles or textile substrates. The term "combination" in the context of textiles or textile substrates means any proportion of (i) a microorganism which is able to stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and which does not stimulate the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above and (ii) a microorganism which is able to inhibit the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora and which does not inhibit the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora or a mutant, derivative, inactive form, extract, fraction or filtrate of this microorganism as described above between up to 0.001 % of (i) and at least 99.999% of (ii), and at least 99.999% of (i) and up to 0.001 % of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Preferably, the term refers to a proportion of up to 0.01% of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1 % of (ii), at least 98% of (i) and up to 2% of (ii), at least 95% of (i) and up to 5% of (ii), at least 90% of (i) and

up to 10% of (ii), at least 80% of (i) and up to 20% of (ii), at least 75 % of (i) and up to 25% of (ii), at least 70 % of (i) and up to 30% of (ii), up to 30 % of (i) and at least 70% of (ii), up to 25 % of (i) and at least 75% of (ii), up to 20% of (i) and at least 80% of (ii), up to 10% of (i) and at least 90% of (ii), up to 5% of (i) and at least 95% of (ii), up to 2% of (i) and at least 98% of (ii), at least 99% of (i) and up to 1 % of (ii), up to 0.1% of (i) and at least 99.9% of (ii), up to 0.01 % of (i) and at least 99.99% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. More preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 65% of (i) and up to 35% of (ii), at least 60 % of (i) and up to 40% of (ii), at least 59% of (i) and up to 41 % of (ii), at least 58% of (i) and up to 42% of (ii), at least 57% of (i) and up to 43% of (ii), at least 56% of (i) and up to 44% of (ii), at least 55% of (i) and up to 45% of (ii), at least 54% of (i) and up to 46% of (ii), at least 53% of (i) and up to 47% of (ii), at least 52% of (i) and up to 48% of (ii), at least 51 % of (i) and up to 49% of (ii), up to 49% of (i) and at least 51% of (ii), up to 48% of (i) and at least 52% of (ii), up to 47% of (i) and at least 53% of (ii), up to 46% of (i) and at least 54% of (ii), up to 45% of (i) and at least 55% of (ii), up to 44% of (i) and at least 56% of (ii), up to 43% of (i) and at least 57% of (ii), up to 42% of (i) and at least 58% of (ii), up to 41 % of (i) and at least 59% of (ii), up to 40% of (i) and at least 60% of (ii), up to 35% of (i) and at least 65% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person, e.g. a concentration of. 10 ² - 10 ¹³ cells per ml. Most preferably, the term refers to a proportion of at least 50% of (i) and up to 50% of (ii) or of up to 50% of (i) and at least 50% of (ii) in any suitable concentration known to the skilled person. Preferably, the term "proportion" exclusively refers to the ratio between (i) and (ii) in a textile or textile substrate, the term "proportion", thus, does not exclude the presence of further components in the textile or textile substrate in any suitable amount or concentration, as known to the person skilled in the art.

In a further preferred embodiment, a "combination" of microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) of the present invention means a combination of microorganisms, wherein the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention does not negatively influence the growth of the microorganism according to

aspect (i) of the present invention. The term "negatively influence" means that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (i) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention and that there can be found no inhibition of the growth of the microorganism according to aspect (ii) of the present invention when used in combination with a microorganism according to aspect (i).

Preferably, the present invention relates to the use of a microorganism according to aspect (i) or (ii) or a combination of microorganisms according to aspect (i) and (ii) as described herein above or of a derivative, mutant or inactive form thereof as described herein above for the conditioning or impregnation of textiles or textile substrates. More preferably, the microorganism according to the invention or a derivative, mutant or inactive form thereof or a combination of the microorganisms or their derivatives, mutants or inactive froms, as described herein above, may be applied into or onto textiles or textile substrates according to any suitable methods known to the person skilled in the art or as exemplified herein below. Therefore the present invention also relates to any of the uses, compositions or methods as described herein above in the ambit of textiles or textile substrates.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for the production of textiles and textile substrates for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and wherby the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora is not stimulated and/or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora whereby the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora is not inhibited according to the invention or a mutant, derivative or inactive form thereof with textiles and textile substrates. Preferably, said textiles and textile substrates may comprise a cosmetically or pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or excipient as described herein above or comprise one or more of the cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions as described herein above.

The term "textile and textile substrates for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and wherby the growth of

microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora is not stimulated and/or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora whereby the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora is not inhibited", as used in accordance with the present invention, relates to (a) textile composition(s) which comprise(s) either at least one microorganism according to aspect (i) or (ii) of the present invention, as described herein above, or a mutant, derivative or inactive thereof, or a combination of microorganisms according to aspect (i) and aspect (ii) of the present invention, as described herein above or a mutant, derivative or inactive thereof. It may, optionally, comprise at least one further ingredient suitable for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora (see also Ullmann. Vol. A 26 S. 227 ff, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference).

According to the present invention, textiles and textile substrates are textile fibres, semi-finished and finished textiles and finished products produced therefrom also comprising - apart from textiles for the clothing industry - for example, carpets and other home fabrics and textile formations serving technical purposes. These formations also include unshaped formations such as flocks, linear formations such threads, fibres, yarns, linens, cords, ropes, ply yarns and solid formations such as, for example, felts, woven fabrics, hosiery, knitted fabrics, bonded fibre fabrics and wadding. The textiles can be made, for example, of materials of natural origin, e.g., cotton wool, wool or flax, or synthetic, e.g., polyamide, polyester, modified polyester, polyester blended fabrics, polyamide blended fabrics, polyacrylonitrile, triacetate, acetate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester microfibres or glass fibre fabrics.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for the production of textiles and textile substrates for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and wherby the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora is not stimulated and/or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora whereby the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora is not inhibited according

to the invention may be carried out with any machine or apparatus for the finishing of textiles known to the skilled person, for example Standard machines such as foulards. Preferably said foulards are foulard machines with, e.g., vertical infeed, which contain, for example, as essential element two rolls pressed together through which the textile is guided. Above the rolls, an aqueous formulation may be filled in which moistens the textile. Typcically, the pressure quetches the textile and ensures a constant application. In another preferred embodiment, in the foulard machines the textile is, for instance, guided first through an immersion bath and subsequently upwards through two rolls pressed together, e.g. in foulards with vertical textile infeed from below. Machines or apparatuses for the finishing of textiles, especially foulard machines, are described, for example, in Hans-Karl Rouette, "Handbuch der Textilveredlung", Deutscher Fachverlag 2003, p. 618 to 620 which herein incorporated by reference.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the method for the production of textiles and textile substrates for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and wherby the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora is not stimulated and/or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora whereby the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora is not inhibited according to the invention can be carried out according to any suitable exhaustion method known to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, spraying, slop padding, kiss-roll or printing. Prefrably, the method for the production of textiles and textile substrates for suppressing the release of 3-methyl-2- hexenoic acid by axillary bacteria according to the invention is carried out according to an exhaustion method with a liquor absorption, for example, in the range from 1 to 50%, preferably from 20 to 40%.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the textile can subsequently be treated thermally by any suitable means known to the person skilled in the art, for example by drying at temperatures in the range of 30 to 100 ⁰ C or by thermal fixing at temperatures in the range of at least 100, preferably at least 101 ⁰ C up to 15O ⁰ C, preferably up to 135°C. In a preferred embodiment, the treatment may be thermal

over a period of 10 seconds up to 30 minutes, preferably 30 seconds up to 10 minutes. In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, two thermal treatment steps are carried out at different temperatures, for example, in the first step, drying takes place at temperatures in the range of, e.g., 30 to 100 ⁰ C over a period of, e.g., 10 seconds to 20 minutes, and then fixing takes place at temperatures in the range of, e.g., 101 to 135°C over a period of, e.g., 30 seconds to 3 minutes.

In a preferred embodiment, the further ingredient comprised in the textile and textile substrates which is suitable for stimulating the growth of one or more microorganisms of the resident skin microbial flora and whereby the growth of microorganisms of the transient pathogenic micro flora is not stimulated and/or for inhibiting the growth of one or more microorganisms of the transient pathogenic skin micro flora whereby the growth of microorganisms of the healthy normal resident skin micro flora is not inhibited according to the present invention may be a cyclodextrin as described in DE 40 35 378 or DE 10101294.2. an amylose-containing substance as described in EP- A1 -1522626.

Typically, cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides, which are formed by the enzymatic degradation of starch. Preferably, the cyclodextrins to be used as ingredients in the textiles or textile substrates according to the invention are [alpha]-, [beta]- or [gamma]-cyclodextrins which consist, for instance, of six, seven or eight, respectively, [alpha]-1 ,4 linked glucose units. A characteristic property of the cyclodextrin molecules is their ring structure with largely constant dimensions. Typically, the internal diameter of the rings is about 570 pm for [alpha]-cyclodextrin, about 780 pm for [beta]-cyclodextrin and about 950 pm for [gamma]-cyclodextrin. Due to their structure, cyclodextrins are in the position to be able to incorporate guest molecules. In a preferred embodiment these guest molecules may comprise volatile fragrances as known to the person skilled in the art: Preferably, these fragrances include the fragrances as described herein herein below .

In a further preferred embodiment the present invention provides the use of amylose- containing substances for modifying the odour properties of textiles or textile substrates according to the invention. Preferably, the amylose content is at least 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the substance. The invention also provides a method of modifying the odour properties of textiles according to the present

invention which is characterized in that, the textile is finished with amylose or an amylose-containing substance, preferably with an amylose content of at least 30% by weight. The term "amylose or amylose-containing substance" means any amylose- containing starches, e.g. native starches, modified starches and starch derivatives, whose amylose content is preferably at least 30% by weight. The starch may be native, e.g. maize starch, wheat starch, potato starch, sorghum starch, rice starch or maranta starch, be obtained by partial digestion of native starch or be chemically modified. Also suitable is pure amylose as it is, e.g. enzymatically obtained amylose, e.g. amylose obtained from sucrose. Also suitable are mixtures of amylose and starch, preferably if the total content of amylose is at least 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the mixture. All data in % by weight which refers to amylose or amylose-containing substances, for mixtures of amylose and starch are always based on the total weight of amylose+starch, unless expressly stated otherwise. Of particular suitability according to the invention are amylose-containing substances, in particular amylose and amylose-containing starches, and amylose/starch mixtures whose amylose content is at least 40% by weight and in particular at least 45% by weight, based on the total weight of the substance. Preferably, the amylose content will not exceed 90% by weight and in particular 80% by weight. Such substances are known to the person skilled in the art and commercially available. To achieve the odour-modifying effect, the textile according to the invention may be finished with the amylose-containing substance generally in any suitable amount, known to the person skilled in the art, preferably of at least 0.5% by weight, more preferably at least 1% by weight and in particular at least 2% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the textile. Preferably, the amylose-containing substance may be used in an amount of not more than 25% by weight, often not more than 20% by weight and in particular not more than 15% by weight, based on the weight of the textile so as not to adversely affect the tactile properties of the textile.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, to improve the odour properties, the textile material according to the invention may be finished with the amylose- containing substance as it is. However, it is also possible to use the amylose- containing substance together with a fragrance in order to achieve a long-lasting pleasant odour, or scent of the textile. Preferably, the procedure involves treating the

textile according to the invention with the amylose-containing substance or to treat the textile with the microorganism according to the present invention and the amylose-containing substance at the same time. The textile finished in this way may then be treated with a fragrance. As a result, the amylose-containing substance is charged with the fragrance.

In a further preferred embodiment the textile or textile substrate according to the invention, which is formulated with a microorganism according to the invention or a mutant, derivative or inactive form of this microorganism as described above may be finished with a frangrance.

Preferably, the fragrance as used according to any of the above embodiments may be used in an amount, which suffices for the desired scent effect, as known to the person skilled in the art. The upper limit is determined by the maximum absorption capacity of the amylose units of the amylose-containing substance used and will generally not exceed 20% by weight and often 10% by weight, based on the amylose content of the substance. If desired, the fragrance is generally used in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 5% by weight.

Suitable fragrances are in principle all volatile organic compounds and mixtures of organic compounds which are known as fragrances. A review of fragrances is given in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed. on CD Rom, Flavours and Fragrances, chapter 2, in particular chapters 2.1 to 2.4. Of particular suitability according to the invention are fragrances of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic nature. These include: aliphatic C4-C12-alcohols, e.g. 3-octanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-3- hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2,6-dimethylheptan-2-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, 9-decen-1-ol, 10- undecen-1-ol, 2-trans-6-cis-nonadien-1-ol, aliphatic C6-C13-aldehydes, e.g. hexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, 2-methyldecanal, 2-methylundecanal, dodecanal and tridecanal, cis-4-heptenal and 10-undecenal, esters of aliphatic C1- C6-carboxylic acids with aliphatic, optionally monounsaturated C1-C8-alcohols such as ethyl formate, cis-3-hexenyl formate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, hexyl acetates, 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl acetate, trans-2-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrates, butyl butyrate, isoamyl butyrate, hexyl

butyrate, cis-3-hexenyl isobutyrate, ethyl isovalerate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, 2-propenyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, 2-propenyl heptanoate and ethyl octanoate, acyclic terpene hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon alcohols, such as nerol, geraniol, tetrahydrogeraniol, linalool, tetrahydrolinalool, citronellol, lavandulol, myrcenol, famesol, nerolidol, the formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, valerates and isobutyrates of these alcohols, the aldehydes corresponding to the abovementioned alcohols, such as citral, citronellal, hydroxydihydrocitronellal, methoxydihydrocitronellal and the dimethyl- and diethylacetals of these aldehydes, such as diethylcitral, methoxydihydrocitronellal-dimethylacetal, also cyclic terpene hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon alcohols and aldehydes. These may also include scents of natural provenance, such as rose oil, lemon oil, lavender oil and oil of cloves scent.

Thus, the present inventin also relates to textiles or textile substrates comprising a microorganism according to aspect (i) or (ii) of the invention as described herein above or a derivative, mutant or inactive form thereof as described herein above, or a combination of a microorganism according to aspect (i) and aspect (ii) of the invention as described herein above. "Comprising" may, e.g., mean associated with or incorporating the microorganism according to the invention or of a derivative, mutant or inactive form thereof as described herein above, in particular, in a form as it results from one of the above-described methods.

It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, bacteria, vectors, and reagents etc. described herein as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which will be limited only by the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Preferably, the terms used herein are defined as described in "A multilingual glossary of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations)", Leuenberqer. H.G.W. Naqel. B. and Kόlbl. H. eds. (1995), Helvetica Chimica Acta, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland).

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integer or step.

Several documents are cited throughout the text of this specification. Each of the documents cited herein (including all patents, patent applications, scientific publications, manufacturer's specifications, instructions, etc.), whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the", include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a reagent" includes one or more of such different reagents, and reference to "the method" includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art that could be modified or substituted for the methods described herein.

The invention is illustrated by Figures 1 to 12 as described in the following:

Figure 1 shows the growth stimulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in-vitro- hole/well plate assay (Example 1). The formation of a black ring around the well indicates growth stimulation of the indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis. Microscopically an increased number of colonies can be observed.

Figure 2 shows stimulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin by lactobacilli. Shown are agar plates with the indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis and a lactobacillus strain that both have been applied to the skin. The upper skin layer has been transferred to an agar plate using an adhesive tape. By this the indicator strain has been transferred to the agar plate. The control plate does not contain the Lactobacillus strain.

Figure 3 shows the lack of stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin by lactobacilli. Shown are agar plates with the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus and a lactobacillus strain that both have been applied to the skin. The upper skin layer has been transferred to an agar plate using an adhesive tape. By this the indicator strain has been transferred to the agar plate. The control plate does not contain the lactobacillus strain.

Figure 4 shows the lack of stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus in an in-vitro- hole/well plate assay (Example 4). No formation of a black ring with increased cell density around the well can be observed. This indicates that the indicator strain is not stimulated by the lactobacillus.

Figure 5 shows the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro hole/well plate assay (Example 5). The formation of a clear ring around the well indicates growth inhibition of the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus.

Figure 6 shows growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro liquid assay (Example 6). Shown is the degree of inhibition which was quantified by counting the

colony forming units of the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to a control without lactic acid bacteria.

Figure 7 shows the lack of growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in vitro liquid assay (Example 7). Shown is the degree of inhibition, which was quantified by counting the colony forming units of the indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis in comparison to a control without lactic acid bacteria.

Figure 8 shows the lack of growth inhibition of Micrococcus luteus in an in an in vitro liquid assay (Example 10). Shown is the degree of inhibition, which was quantified by counting the colony forming units of the indicator strain Micrococcus luteus in comparison to a control without lactic acid bacteria.

Figure 9 shows the lack of growth inhibition of Escherichia coli in an in an in vitro liquid assay (Example 11). Shown is the degree of inhibition, which was quantified by counting the colony forming units of the indicator strain Escherichia coli in comparison to a control without lactic acid bacteria.

Figure 10 shows the degree of growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro hole plate assay in comparison to bacitracin and erythromycin (Example 12). Bacitracin and erythromycin have been filled in precutted holes at different concentrations and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus has been observed. The corresponding calibration curves are shown in Figure 10A. The growth inhibition of S. aureus by a defined number of precultured Lactobacillus cells (DSM 18006) is shown in Figure 10B

Figure 11 shows the protease stability of Lactobacillus inhibitory substances (Example 13). Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus DSM 18006 has been characterized concerning the digestability by proteinase K, chymotrypsin, trypsin and protease from Streptomyces griseus.

Figure 12 shows a liquid inhibition assay with S. aureus, S. epidermidis, OB-LB-Sa3 and OB-LB-H4 (Example 14). S. aureus and S. epidermidis have been inoculated at

a concentration of 1 CFU/ml (S. epidermidis) and 100 CFU/ml (S. aureus). Co- incubation has been done in the presence of OB-LB-Sa3 and OB-LB-H4. The arrow indicates the point of parity between the concentration of S. epidermidis and S. aureus.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples 1 to 14:

Example 1

Growth stimulation of S. epidermidis in an in-vitro- hole plate assay

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified that are able to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis on agar plates in an /n-v/fro-hole plate assay. These lactic acid bacteria are described herein. To test this effect, precultured lactic acid bacteria have been filled into pre-cutted holes and a growth stimulation of the Indicator strain S. epidermidis has been observed. To advance the visual effect of growth stimulation Tellurite has been used. Tellurite specifically stains staphylococci. Stimulance was defined as the formation of a black ring around the hole the lactic acid bacterium was pipetted in and an increase of the colony count. Data are shown in Figure 1.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this preculture were transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in Falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for two days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (1 ml each). The cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM20044). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h preculture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD ₅₉₅ nm of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth and 800 μl were spread on indicator plates (BHI/Tellurite). The agar was stamped using a cork borer. The holes were filled with the pre cultured lactic acid bacteria.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

BHI/Tellurite-Agar like BHI-Agar, after cooling to 50°C 1 ml of a sterile filtered 1% potassium-Tellurite solution are transferred to 100 ml BHI-Medium; 20 ml per plate

MRS-broth Difco, 150 μl/well

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 2

Growth stimulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in-situ- skin assay

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria have been identified that are able to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis directly on the skin.

A culture of Staphylococcus epidermidis was diluted and directly applied to the skin and air dried. Afterwards an aliquot of the lactic acid bacterium was applied punctual on this skin area. The indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis can be stimulated directly on the skin by the lactic acid bacterium. After incubation the staphylococci were transferred from the skin to an agar plate using an adhesive tape. The agar plate was incubated at 37°C. An increased colony count indicates a growth stimulation of the indicator strain on the skin (Figure 2). The lactobacilli strains of the present invention, in particular those deposited with the DSMZ exhibited growth stimulation of the indicator strain as described herein.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this preculture were transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in Falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for two days. After cultivation cells were

harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (1 ml each). The cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM20044). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h preculture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD ₅₉₅ n _m of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth. This solution was diluted again (1 :100).

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco, 150 μl/well

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Application of S. epidermidis on the forearm:

400 μl of a 1 :100 dilution of the prepared indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis was spread evenly on a defined skin area (10 cm x 3 cm) and air dried.

Application of lactobacilli on the S. epidermidis inoculated skin area:

10 μl of prepared lactobacilli were punctually applied to the S. epidermidis pre- inoculated skin area. The arm was incubated for two hours in a normal environment.

Reisolation of microorganisms from the skin:

After 2 h the four upper skin layers were transferred to a BHI-agar plate using adhesive tape stripes. By this the isolated skin bacteria were transferred to the agar plate. The agar plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C.

Example 3

No growth stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus in an in-situ- skin assay

Using this assay it is possible to check whether unwanted bacteria of the transient, pathogenic microbial flora are not stimulated by lactic acid bacteria that are able to stimulate bacteria of the protecting resident skin microbial flora. For this purpose the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus was highly diluted and applied to the skin in the same manner as Staphylococcus epidermidis (see Example 2). Again the stimulating activity of lactic acid bacteria was tested. A stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus by the described lactic acid bacteria could not be observed. The lactobacilli strains of the present invention, in particular those deposited with the DSMZ, did not show stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus. Data are presented in Figure 3.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this preculture were transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in Falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for two days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (1 ml each). The cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h preculture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37 ⁰ C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD _595nm of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth. This solution was diluted again (1 :100).

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco, 150 μl/well

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Application of Staphylococcus aureus on the forearm:

400 μl of a 1 :100 dilution of the prepared indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus was spread evenly on a defined skin area (10 cm x 3 cm) and air dried.

Application of lactobacilli on the S. aureus inoculated skin area:

10 μl of prepared lactobacilli were punctually applied to the S. aureus pre-inoculated skin area. The arm was incubated for two hours in a normal environment.

Reisolation of microorganisms from the skin:

After 2 h the four upper skin layers were transferred to a BHI-agar plate using adhesive tape stripes. By this the isolated skin bacteria were transferred to the agar plate. The agar plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The data are shown in Figure

3.

Example 4 No growth stimulation of S. aureus in an in-vitro- hole plate assay

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified that are able to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis on agar plates in an in-vitro- hole plate assay but not the representative of the transient microbial skin flora Staphylococcus aureus. To test this effect, precultured lactic acid bacteria that are able to stimulate Staphylococcus epidermidis have been filled into pre-cutted holes and absence of growth stimulation of the indictator strain S. aureus has been observed. To advance the visual effect of growth stimulation tellurite has been used. Tellurite specifically stains staphylococci. Stimulance was defined as the formation of a black ring around the hole containing the lactic acid bacterium and an increase of the colony count. The lactobacilli strains of the present invention, in particular those deposited with the DSMZ did not show stimulation of Staphylococcus aureus. Data are shown in Figure 4.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated from a -8O ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this preculture were transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in Falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for two days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (1 ml each). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h preculture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density ODsgs _n m of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth and 800 μl were spread on indicator plates (BHI/Tellurite). The agar was stamped using a cork borer. The holes were filled with the pre cultured lactic acid bacteria.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

BHI/Tellurite-Agar like BHI-Agar, after cooling to 50 ⁰ C 1 ml of a filter sterilized 1 % potassium-Tellurite solution are transferred to 100 ml BHI-Medium; 20 ml are distributed per plate

MRS-broth Difco, 150 μl/well

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7,0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 5

Growth inhibition of S. aureus in an in vitro hole plate assay

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified, that are able to specifically inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on agar plates in an in vitro hole plate assay. To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been filled into pre-cutted holes and a growth inhibition of the indicator strain S. aureus has been observed. Data are shown in Figure 5.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -8O ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37 ^C C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h pre culture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37 ⁰ C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD ₅₉₅ nm of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth and 800 μl spread on indicator plates (BHI). The agar was stamped using a cork borer. The holes were filled with 5 μl or 10 μl of the pre cultured lactic acid bacteria.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 6

Growth inhibition of S. aureus in an in vitro liquid assay

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified, that are able to specifically inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in liquid medium in an in vitro liquid assay. To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been co-incubated with the indictator strain S. aureus in liquid cultivation medium, optimized for the growth of Staphylococci. The degree of inhibition was quantified by counting the colony forming units of the indicator strain in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria. Data are shown in Figure 6.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes was closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer with 250 mM glycerol and incubated for 17 h.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 10 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a freezing culture for a 24 h pre culture. The culture was diluted with fresh BHI broth to a cell concentration of 2.5 x 10 ⁸ cells/ml.

Liquid inhibition assay

For the liquid assay 5 μl of the freshly prepared lactic acid bacteria (out of 200 μl) and

10 μl of the pre cultured indicator strain S. aureus were inoculated for a co-cultivation

in 10 ml of BHI broth. The culture was incubated for 7 h. Afterwards 100 μl of a 1 :10000 dilution was spread on a BHI agar plate for quantification of the colony forming units. The plate was incubated for 24 h hours and the colony forming units were counted.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1 ,8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 7

No growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis an in vitro liquid assay

Using this assay it was possible to check whether selected lactic acid bacteria that were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus did not inhibit the major member of the commensal micro flora of the skin, Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in vitro liquid assay.

To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been co-incubated with the indicator strain in a liquid culture. The degree of inhibition was quantified by counting the colony forming units of both indicator strains in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria. Data are shown in Figure 7.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet

was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer with 250 mM glycerol and incubated for 17 h.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM20044). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask was inoculated with 15 μl of a freezing culture for a 24 h pre culture.

Liquid inhibition assay

For the liquid assay 5 μl of the freshly prepared lactic acid bacteria (out of 200 μl) and 10 μl of the pre cultured indicator strain S. epidermidis were inoculated for a co- cultivation in 10 ml of BHI broth. The culture was incubated for 7 h. Afterwards 100 μl of a 1 :10000 dilution was spread on a BHI agar plate for quantification of the colony forming units. The plate was incubated for 24 h hours and the colony forming units were counted.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 8 Growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in an in situ skin assay

Lactic acid bacteria have been identified that are able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus directly on the skin.

To test this effect, a culture of Staphylococcus aureus was diluted and directly applied to the skin and air dried. Afterwards an aliquot of the lactic acid bacterium was applied on this skin area. Thus the indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus was

inhibited directly on the skin by the lactic acid bacterium. After incubation the staphylococci were transferred from the skin to an agar plate using in an adhesive tape. The agar plate was incubated at 37°C. A decreased colony count in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria indicates a growth inhibition of the indicator strain on the skin.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture were transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells are resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h pre culture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7,0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Application of S. aureus on the forearm:

400 μl of an 1 :100 dilution of the prepared indicator strain Staphylococcus aureus was spread consistently on a defined skin area (10 cm x 3 cm) and air dried.

Application of lactobacilli on the S. aureus inoculated skin area:

10 μl of prepared lactobacilli was applied to the S. aureus pre-inoculated skin area. The arm was incubated for six hours in a normal environment.

Reisolation of microorganisms from the skin:

After 6 h the four upper skin layers were transferred to a BHI-agar plate using adhesive tape stripes. Thus the isolated skin bacteria were transferred to the agar plate. Agar plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C.

Example 9

No growth inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis in an in situ skin assay

Lactic acid bacteria have been identified that inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, while the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis is not affected directly on the skin.

Using this assay it was possible to check if the commensal microorganism Staphylococcus epidermidis of the healthy normal skin flora was not inhibited by lactic acid bacteria that are able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore the indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis was applied highly diluted to the skin in the same manner as Staphylococcus aureus. Again the inhibiting activity of lactic acid bacteria was tested. An inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis has not been observed with the described lactic acid bacteria.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -8O ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet

was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM20044). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h pre culture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Application of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the forearm:

400 μl of a 1 :100 dilution of the prepared indicator strain Staphylococcus epidermidis was spread consistently on a defined skin area (10 cm x 3 cm) and air dried.

Application of lactobacilli on the S. epidermidis inoculated skin area:

10 μl of prepared lactobacilli were applied to the S. epidermidis pre-inoculated skin area. The arm was incubated for six hours in a normal environment.

Reisolation of microorganisms from the skin:

After 6 h the four upper skin layers was transferred to a BHI-agar plate using adhesive tape stripes. Thus the isolated skin bacteria are transferred to the agar plate. Agar plates are incubated for 24 h at 37°C.

Example 10

No growth inhibition of Micrococcus luteus in the in-vitro- liquid assay

The selected lactic acid bacteria that are able to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus do not inhibit the relevant member of the commensal micro flora of the skin, Micrococcus luteus in an in vitro liquid assay. To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been co-incubated with the indictator strain in a liquid culture. The degree of inhibition was quantified by counting the colony forming units of both indicator strains in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria. Data are shown in Figure 8.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006 and OB-LB-Sa16; DSM 18007) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37 ⁰ C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na- buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer with 250 mM glycerol and incubated for 17 h.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Micrococcus luteus. 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask was inoculated with 15 μl of a freezing culture for a 24 h pre culture.

Liquid inhibition assay:

For the liquid assay 5 μl of the freshly prepared lactic acid bacteria (out of 200 μl) and

10 μl of the pre cultured indicator strain M. luteus were inoculated for a co-cultivation in 10 ml of BHI broth. The culture was incubated for 7 h. Afterwards 100 μl of a

1 :1000 dilution was spread on a BHI agar plate for quantification of the colony forming units. The plate was incubated for 24 h and the colony forming units were counted.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 11

No growth inhibition of Escherichia coli in the in-vitro- liquid assay

The selected lactic acid bacteria that are able to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus do not inhibit other human relevant microorganisms, e.g Escherichia coli in an in vitro liquid assay. To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been co-incubated with the indicator strain in liquid culture. The degree of inhibition was quantified by counting the colony forming units of both indicator strains in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria. Data are shown in Figure 9.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006 and OB-LB-SaI 6; DSM 18007) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na- buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer with 250 mM glycerol and incubated for 17 h.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Escherichia coli. 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask was inoculated with 15 μl of a freezing culture for a 24 h pre culture.

Liquid inhibition assay:

For the liquid assay 5 μl of the freshly prepared lactic acid bacteria (out of 200 μl) and 10 μl of the pre cultured indicator strain E. coli were inoculated for a co-cultivation in 10 ml of BHI broth. The culture was incubated for 7 h. Afterwards 100 μl of a 1 :1000 dilution was spread on a BHI agar plate for quantification of the colony forming units. The plate was incubated for 24 h and the colony forming units were counted.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 12

Degree of growth inhibition of S. aureus in an in-vitro- hole plate assay in comparison to bacitracin and erythromycin

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified, that are able to specifically inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on agar plates in an in-vitro- hole plate assay. This effect has been compared to commercial antibiotic cream preparations of bacitracin and erythromycin. To compare this effect, both antibiotics have been filled into pre-cutted holes at different concentrations and a growth inhibition of the indictator strain S. aureus has been observed (calibration curves in Figure 10A). The diameter of the inhibition zones has been measured and the area of inhibition has been calculated thereof. Afterwards this area has been correlated to the growth inhibition of S. aureus by defined numbers of precultured Lactobacillus cells of strain OB-LB-Sa3 (DSM 18006) (see Figure 10B).

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h pre culture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD ₅₉₅ nm of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth and 800 μl spread on indicator plates (BHI). The agar was stamped using a cork borer. The holes were filled with 5 μl or 10 μl of the pre cultured lactic acid bacteria or corresponding volumes of commercial antibiotic preparations.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 13 Protease stability of Lactobacillus inhibitory substance

Specific lactic acid bacteria have been identified, that are able to specifically inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on agar plates in an in-vitro- hole plate assay. The antimicrobial activity of selected lactobacilli has been characterized concerning

digestibility by proteinase K, proteas from Streptomyces griseus, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Cell free preparations of Lactobacillus supematants have been prepared and incubated with different proteases for 1 h at 37°C. Afterwards these preparations have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of the indicator strain S. aureus. The diameter of the inhibition zones has been measured and the area of inhibition has been calculated thereof (see Figure 11).

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria were cultivated (OB-LB-Sa3; DSM 18006) from a -80 ⁰ C freezing culture in 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 7 ml of this pre culture was transferred to the main culture consisting of 40 ml MRS broth in flasks. The culture was incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na-buffer (each 2 ml). Cells were resuspended in 10 ml BHI medium and incubated for 6 h at 37°C. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g) and the supernatant was used for protease incubation. In detail, 150 μl of the supernatant was incubated with 15 μl of a 10 mg/ml protease solution at 37°C.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strain was Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346). 20 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were inoculated with 15 μl of a 24 h pre culture. The indicator strain was cultivated for 24 h at 37°C. An aliquot was diluted to an optical density OD _595H m of 0.025 - 0.05 in BHI-broth and 800 μl spread on indicator plates (BHI). The agar was stamped using a cork borer. The holes were filled with 5 μl or 10 μl of the pre cultured cells and was incubated with 15 μl of a 10 mg/ml protease solution at 37°C for 1 h. Afterwards 5 μl or 10 μl of the protease treated lactobacillus supernatant was used for the inhibition assay

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1.8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Example 14

Skin microfloral re-balancing by a combination of OB-LB-Sa3 (DSM18006) and OB-LB-H4 (DSM17250) in an in-vitro- liquid assay

It has been found, that OB-LB-Sa3 (DSM18006) and OB-LB-H4 (DSM17250) are able to specifically turn back an adverse ratio of S. aureus and S. epidermidis in liquid medium in an in-vitro- liquid assay. To test this effect, pre cultured lactic acid bacteria have been co-incubated with different ratios of the indicator strains S. epidermidis and S. aureus in liquid cultivation medium, optimized for the growth of Staphylococci. The ratio of S. epidermidis and S. aureus was quantified by counting the colony forming units of the indicator strains in comparison to the control without lactic acid bacteria. Data are shown in Figure 12.

Cultivation and preparation of lactobacilli:

Lactic acid bacteria (OB-LB-Sa3 (DSM 18006) and OB-LB-H4 (DSM 17250)) were separately cultivated from a -80°C freezing culture in 1 ml MRS broth in eppendorf tubes. Tubes were closed and cultivated for 2 days at 37°C. 10 μl of each pre culture was transferred to a separate main culture consisting of 7 ml MRS broth in falcon tubes. The cultures were incubated for 2 days. After cultivation cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 4000 x g). The cell pellet was washed two times with K/Na- buffer (each 1 ml). Cells were resuspended in 200 μl K/Na buffer.

Cultivation and preparation of the indicator strain:

The indicator strains Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM20044) and Staphylococcus aureus (DSM346) were cultivated separately. 10 ml BHI broth in a shaking glass flask were each inoculated with 15 μl of a freezing culture for a 24 h pre culture. Both cultures were diluted with fresh BHI broth to a cell number of 1 x 10 ⁷ CFU/ml.

Liquid inhibition assay:

For the liquid assay different volumes of the freshly prepared lactic acid bacteria (out of 200 μl) and different volumes and ratios of pre cultured indicator strains S. epidermidis and S. aureus were inoculated for a co-cultivation in 10 ml of BHI broth. OB-LB-Sa3 (DSM18006) and OB-LB-H4 (DSM17250) were used in a ration of 50:50.The culture was incubated for 24 h. At different time points 100 μl of a suitable dilution was spread on a BHI agar plate for quantification of the colony forming units of both indicator strains. The plate was incubated for 24 h hours at 37°C and the colony forming units of both indicator strains were determined.

Media and buffer:

BHI-Agar Difco Agar 1 ,8%; 20 ml per plate

BHI-Medium Difco

MRS-broth Difco

K/Na-buffer according to Kϋster Thiel, pH 7.0, autoclaved

- 0.066 M Na ₂ HPO ₄ x 2H ₂ O 61.2 ml

- 0.066 M KH ₂ PO ₄ 38.8 ml

Cited References

AIy, R., Maibach, HL ₁ Shinefield, HR., Strauss, WG. (1972): Survival of pathogenic microorganisms on human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 58(4): 205-210.

Bisno, AL. (1984): Cutaneous infections: microbiologic and epidemiologic considerations. Am J Med. 76(5A): 172-179.

Brook, I. (2000): The effects of amoxicillin therapy on skin flora in infants. Pediatr Dermatol. 17(5): 360-363.

Elek, SD. (1956): Experimental staphylococcal infections in the skin of man. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 65: 85-90.

Feingold, DS. (1985): Cutaneous microbial flora. Cutis. 36(5A): 1.

Gfatter, R., Hackl, P., Braun, F. (1997): Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology. 195(3): 258-262.

Gibbons, RJ., Houte, JV. (1975): Bacterial adherence in oral microbial ecology. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1975;29: 19-44.

Hurst, V. (1959): Transmission of hospital staphylococci among newborn infants. Pediatrics 25: 204-214.

Imokawa, G., Akasaki, S., Hattori, M., Yoshizuka, N. (1986): Selective recovery of deranged water-holding properties by stratum corneum lipids. J Invest Dermatol. 87(6): 758-761.

Korting, HC. (1992): Einfluβ des pH-Wertes auf das Wachstum von Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus und Propionibacterium acnes in kontinuierlicher Kultur. ZbI. Hyg. 193: 78-90.

Korting, HC, Hϋbner, K., Greiner, K., Hamm, G., Braun-Falco, O. (1990): Unterschiede des Hautoberflachen-pH-Wertes und der baktehellen Mikroflora durch Langzeit-Anwendung synthetische Detergenz-Zubereitungen mit pH 5,5 und pH 7,0 in Acta Derm Venereol. 70: 429-457.

Larson, E. (2001): Hygiene of the skin: when is clean too clean? Emerg Infect Dis. 7(2): 225-230.

Leyden, JJ., McGinley, KJ., Nordstrom, KM., Webster, GF. (1987): Skin microflora. J Invest Dermatol. 88(3): 65-72.

Lukas, A. (1990): Beeinfluβbarkeit des Wachstums wichtiger Bakterien der Residentflora in-vitro durch den pH-Wert. In: O. Braun-Falco, HC. Korting (Hrsg.): Hautreinigung mit Syndets, 104-112.

Milyani, RM., Selwyn, S. (1978): Quantitative studies on competitive activities of skin bacteria growing on solid media. J Med Microbiol. 11 (4): 379-386.

Ohnishi, Y., Okino, N., Ito, M., Imayama, S. (1999): Ceramidase activity in bacterial skin flora as a possible cause of ceramide deficiency in atopic dermatitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 6(1): 101-104.

Roth, RR., James, WD. (1988): Microbial ecology of the skin. Annu Rev Microbiol. 42: 441-464.

Selwyn, S., Ellis, H. (1972): Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered. Br Med J. 1 (793): 136-140.

Sullivan, A., Edlund, C, Nord, CE. (2001): Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human micro flora. Lancet Infect Dis. 1 (2): 101-114.

Yosipovitch, G., Maibach, HI. (1996): Skin surface pH: A protective acid mantle in Cosmetics Toiletries magazine 111 (12): 101

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

A. The indications made below relate to the deposited microorganism or other biological material referred to in the description on page 29 , line 12-23

B. IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet

Name of depositary institution DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VOM MIKROORGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GMBH

Address of depositary institution (including postal code and country)

Mascheroder Weg 1 b 38124 Braunschweig DE

Date of deposit Accession Number

April 18, 2005 (18/04/2005) DSM 17247

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The indications listed below will be submitted to the International Bureau later (specify the general nature o] the indications e g , "Accession Number of Deposit")

Form PCT/RO/134 (Julyl998; reprint January 2004)

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

(PCT RuIe 13i>«)

A. The indications made below relate to the deposited microorganism or other biological material referred to in the description

B. IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet

Name of depositary institution DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VOM MIKROORGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GMBH

Address of depositary institution (including postal code and country)

Mascheroder Weg 1 b 38124 Braunschweig DE

Date of deposit Accession Number

April 18, 2005 (18/04/2005) DSM 17248

C. ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable) This information is continued on an additional sheet

Applicant makes use of the rights under Rule 28(3) and (4) EPC

D DESIGNATED STATES FOR WHICH INDICATIONS ARE MADE (if the indications are not for all designated Stales)

E. SEPARATE FURNISHING OF INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable)

The indications listed below will be submitted to the International Bureau later (specify the general nature ofthe indications eg "Accession Number of Deposit")

Form PCT/RO/134 (July 1998, reprint January 2004)

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

(PCT RuIe 136«) material referred to in the description

sheet

on an additional sheet Q]

are not for all designated States)

general nature of the indications eg "Accession

Form PCT/RO/134 (Julyl998, reprint January 2004)

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

(PCT Rule 13 bis)

A The indications made below relate to the deposited microorganism or other biological material referred to in the description on page 29 , line 12-23

B IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet

Name of depositary institution

DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VOM MIKROORGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GMBH

Address of depositary institution (including postal code and country)

Mascheroder Weg 1 b 38124 Braunschweig DE

Date of deposit Accession Number

April 18, 2005 (18/04/2005) DSM 17250

C ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable) This information is continued on an additional sheet

Applicant makes use of the rights under Rule 28(3) and (4) EPC

D. DESIGNATED STATES FOR WHICH INDICATIONS ARE MADE (if the indications are not for all designated States)

E. SEPARATE FURNISHING OF INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable)

The indications listed below will be submitted to the International Bureau later (specify the general nature of the indications e g "Accession Number of Deposit ")

Form PCT/RO/134 (Julyl998, repπnt January 20Q4)

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

(PCT RuIe \3bιs)

A. The indications made below relate to the deposited microorganism or other biological material referred to in the description on page 30 , line 8-17

B. IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet | |

Name of depositary institution DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VOM MIKROORGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GMBH

Address of depositary institution (including postal code and country)

Mascheroder Weg 1 b 38124 Braunschweig DE

Date of deposit Accession Number

February 24, 2006 (24/02/2006) DSM 18006

C. ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable) This information is continued on an additional sheet Q]

Applicant makes use of the rights under Rule 28(3) and (4) EPC

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E. SEPARATE FURNISHING OF INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable)

The indications listed below will be submitted to the International Bureau later (specify the general nature of ^" the indications e g , "Accession Number of Deposit")

Form PCT/RO/134 (July 1998; reprint January 2Q04)

INDICATIONS RELATING TO DEPOSITED MICROORGANISM OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL

(PCT RuIe 13 bis)

A. The indications made below relate to the deposited microorganism or other biological material referred to in the description on page 30 , line 8-17

B. IDENTIFICATION OF DEPOSIT Further deposits are identified on an additional sheet | |

Name of depositary institution DEUTSCHE SAMMLUNG VOM MIKROORGANISMEN UND ZELLKULTUREN GMBH

Address of depositary institution (including postal code and country)

Mascheroder Weg 1 b 38124 Braunschweig DE

Date of deposit Accession Number

February 24, 2006 (24/02/2006) DSM 18007

C. ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable) This information is continued on an additional sheet

\

Applicant makes use of the rights under Rule 28(3) and (4) EPC.

D. DESIGNATED STATES FOR WHICH INDICATIONS ARE MADE (if the indications are not for all designated States)

E. SEPARATE FURNISHING OF INDICATIONS (leave blank if not applicable)

The indications listed below will be submitted to the International Bureau later (specify the general nature of the indications e g , "Accession Number of Deposit ")

Form PCT/RO/134 (July 1998, reprint January 2004)