COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING CELLULOSE-BASED MATERIALS WITH MICRONIZED ADDITIVES

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION Applicant hereby claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/570,659, filed on May 13, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Wood and wood-based substrates, such as paper, particleboard, wood composites, plastic lumbers, rope, etc., are often treated in order to impart desired characteristics to or enhance existing characteristics of the substrate. Non-limiting examples of performance characteristics which can be imparted or enhanced by treatment of a substrate with additives are durability, fire resistance and water resistance. Non-limiting examples of such appearance characteristics are color and texture. Non-limiting examples of additives which can be applied are colorants, pigments, polymers, water repellants, dimensional stabilizing agents, UV inhibitors, UV absorbers, UV blockers, antioxidants, fire retardants and biocides, such as, for example, insecticides, fungicides, moldicides, algaecides and bactericides. Many, if not most such additives have little or no water solubility and are thus difficult to apply to wood as a water-based solution. Generally, such additives have been dissolved in organic carriers prior to use, often with the additional step of emulsification in water by the use of various surfactants if a water-based application is desired. Solubilizing agents or surfactants such as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, etc. are added in order to give a product that can be applied as a water-based composition to wood or cellulosic substrates . However, solubilizing agents or surfactants, etc. are costly and the use of these products may also result in enhanced leaching of additive upon exposure of treated wood to moisture. It is thought that the enhanced leaching is due to the fact that solubilizing agents, surfactants, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, etc. remain in the wood after treatment. Upon exposure to moisture, the additives are solubilized or otherwise mobilized, and leach from the wood. Despite the efforts of many inventors, there remains a need for organic preservative systems which do not require organic solubilizing agents, which are suitable for use in the treatment wood and cellulose-based materials, and have only low levels of leaching, if any, upon exposure of treated materials to the environment. This need is satisfied by the compositions disclosed herein

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein are compositions which comprise micronized additives. Also disclosed is a method for the use of the compositions to treat cellulosic materials, particularly wood. ! Current technology typically requires the addition of organic solvents, emulsifying agents, etc. Disadvantages of the typical approach used in the art include increased cost, residue bleeding, environmental damage and harmful exposure to leached additive. With the inventive compositions, disclosed herein, organic solvents and emulsifiers are not required, thus reducing cost. Furthermore, leaching of additives from treated materials is reduced relative to non-micronized or solubilized compositions currently used in the art, thus reducing environmental and exposure risks. Also provided is a method for the treatment of wood or wood product with the compositions of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of 1) providing a mixture comprising micronized additive particles in an aqueous carrier, such as in the form of a dispersion, emulsion, suspension, or other particle/carrier combination, and 2) applying the particles to a wood or wood product. In a further embodiment, the particulate additives have been prepared by the grinding of the additive, optionally in non-micronized particulate form, in wetting agents and/or dispersants such that the additive is reduced to the form of micronized particles. When such a composition is used for preservation of wood, there is minimal leaching of the additive from wood as described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 depicts the anatomy of coniferous wood. A: Resin canal; B: Earlywood tracheids; C: Latewood tracheids; D: Bordered pits. Figure 2 depicts the border pit structure for coniferous woods. RIGHT: Microscopic view of the cross section of a bordered pit. LEFT: Torus in top view. The torus is supported by a net of radial fibril membrane, also called the margo. The flow of fluids between two tracheids through such a membrane is restricted by the size of the membrane openings. A: Pit aperture; B: Torus; C: Margo (microfibrils); D: Pit border :• DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Unless stated otherwise, such as in the examples, all amounts and numbers used in this specification are intended to be interpreted as modified by the term "about." Likewise, elements or compounds identified in this specification, unless stated otherwise, are intended to be non-limiting and representative of other elements or compounds generally considered by those skilled in the art as being within the same family of elements or compounds. Also, the term "additive" refers to water repellants, coloring agents, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, UV blockers, antioxidants, dimensional stabilizing agents, fire retardants or other organic or inorganic compounds which enhance appearance or performance characteristics of the wood; < Disclosed herein is a micronized additive composition and method for use thereof in treatment of cellulosic material, and in aφreferred embodiment, wood. Unlike wood which has been treated with additives solubilized in organic solvents or other solubilizing agents, wood treated with compositions of the present invention have little or no emission of organic solvent. Furthermore, upon exposure to moisture, the leaching of the additive from treated wood is generally significantly less than that associated with solubilized compositions. Non-limiting examples of additives which can be used are inorganic or organic additives, such as organic pigments, inorganic pigments, waxes, polymers, anti- weathering agents (such as, for example, UV absorbers, UV blockers, UV inhibitors, antioxidants), fire retardants and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of additive chemical types to which this strategy has been applied are azoles, carbamates, isothiazolinones, thiocyanates, sulfenamides, quaternary phosphonium compounds, quaternary ammonium, compounds, nitriles, pyridines, etc. and mixtures thereof. Inorganic or organic pigments, water repellants, anti-weathering agents, dimensional stabilization agents, and fire retardants, etc. and mixtures or synergistic mixtures thereof having relatively low solubility can be used with the system and are well known to those skilled in the art and include those listed in the tables below. In general, it is preferable for the additive to comprise particles of sizes in the range of 0.001 microns to 25 microns and a relatively low solubility in water. A water solubility which is less than 0.5g of biocide per 100 grams of water at 250C is preferred. Such additives are referred to hereafter as "suitably insoluble." In general, an "additive" is defined to be a component which is applied to wood as 5 part of a solution. In an embodiment of the present invention, the additive is in addition to a component which has biocidal activity. An additive can, itself, have biocidal ability, and be a co-biocide. An additive may instead be a non-biocidal compound included to enhance the performance or appearance characteristics of the wood to which it is to be applied. An additive may also be a component which does both, i.e., has biocidal activity 0 and also improves an appearance characteristic of the wood. Those of skill in the art will recognize that many compounds have both characteristics. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble inorganic pigments include: iron oxides, including red iron oxides, yellow iron oxides, black iron oxides and brown iron oxides; carbon black, iron hydroxide, graphite, black micaceous iron oxide; aluminum 5 flake pigments, pearlescent pigments; calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate; calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; bismuth oxide; bismuth hydroxide; bismuth carbonate; copper carbonate; copper hydroxide; basic copper carbonate; silicon oxide; zinc carbonate; barium carbonate; barium hydroxide; strontium carbonate; zinc oxide; zinc phosphate; zinc chromate; barium chromate; chrome oxide; titanium dioxide; zinc sulfide and 0 antimony oxide. Non-limiting examples of organic pigments include Monoazo (arylide) pigments such as PY3, PY65, PY73, PY74, PY9? and PY98; Disazo (diarylide); Disazo condensation; Benzimidazolone; Beta Naphthol; Naphthol; metal-organic complexes; Isoindoline and Isoindolinone; Quinacridone; perylene; perinone; anthraquinone; diketo- 5 pyrrolo pyrrole; dioxazine; triacrylcarbonium; the phthalocyanine pigments, such as cobalt phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, copper semichloro- or monochlorophthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, metal-free phthalocyanine, copper polychlorophthalocyanine, etc.; organic azo compounds; organic nitro compounds; polycyclic compounds, such as phthalocyanine pigments, quinacridone pigments, perylene >0 and perinone pigments; diketopyrrolo-pyrrole(DPP) pigments; thioindigo pigments; dioxazine pigments; quinophthalone pigments; triacrylcarbonium pigments, and Diaryl pyrrolopyroles, such as PR254. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble organic pigments, grouped according to the color they produce (e.g. blues, blacks, greens, yellow, reds and browns), based on their color index include: Pigment Yellows 11, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 81, 83, 65, 73, 74, 75, 97, 111, 120, 151, 154, 175, 181, 194, 93, 94, 95, 128, 166, 129, 153, 109, 110, 173, 139, 185, 138, 108, 24; Pigment Oranges 5, 36, 60, 62, 65, 68, 61, 38, 69, 31, 13, 34, 43, 51, 71, 73; Pigment Reds 3, 4, 171, 175, 176, 185, 208, 2, 5, 12, 23, 112, 146, 170, 48, 57, 60, 68, 144, 166, 214, 220, 221, 242, 122, 192, 202, 207, 209, 123, 149, 178, 179, 190, 224, 177, 168, 216, 226, 254, 255, 264, 270, 272; Pigment Violets 32, 19, 29, 23, 37; Pigment Browns 25, 23; Pigment Blacks 1, 31, 32, 20; Pigment Blues 15, 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 15:6, 16, 60; and Pigment Greens 7, 36. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble water repellents include paraffin wax, olefin wax.; petroleum wax, carnauba wax, polyethylene wax, silicone wax, polypropylene wax, PTFE wax and synthetic wax. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble anti-weathering agents include pigments such as zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, iron oxide, carbon black, titanium dioxide; UV absorbers such as hydroxyl-substituted benzophenones, hydroxyphenyl benzotriazides, substituted acrylonitriles; UV stabilizers such as hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS); and anti-oxidants such as amines, imidiazoles or complex hindered phenolics. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble dimensional stabilization agents include waxes such as paraffin wax, olefin wax, petroleum wax, carnauba wax, polyethylene wax, silicone wax, polypropylene wax, PTFE wax and synthetic wax, and polymers such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyester, acrylic polymers, polyamide, polyurethane, phenolic novolacs, phenolic resoles, urea formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, natural resins such as rosin and rosin esters, hydrocarbon resins, ketone resins, terpene resins, alkyd resins, silicone resins and silicate resins, and other water insoluble polymers. Non-limiting examples of suitably insoluble fire retardants are: metal hydroxides such as aluminum trihydroxide and magnesium hydroxide; antimony compounds such as antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and calcium antimonite; zinc compounds such as zinc stannate, zinc hydroxyl-stannate, zinc borate, zinc silicate, zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide; phosphorous based compounds such as phosphate esters red phosphorus melamine phosphate, zinc phosphate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate and ethylenediamine phosphate; silicate compounds such as calcium silicate, silica, magnesium silicate and zinc silicate; halogenated compounds such as terra bromo bisphenol A; nitrogen based compounds such as melamine and its salts, melamine borate and polyamides. Inorganic metal compounds, many having a degree of biocidal activity, can be used as additives in the compositions of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of 5 such additives are suitably insoluble compounds of, for example, copper, tin, silver, nickel. For example, non-limiting examples of specific suitably insoluble metal compounds include cuprous oxide, cupric oxide, copper hydroxide, copper carbonate, basic copper carbonate, copper oxychloride, copper 8-hydroxyquinolate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper omadine, and copper borate. 0 The micronized additive can be obtained by grinding the additive, optionally wetted or present as a dispersion, to the desired particle size using a grinding mill Other particulating methods known in the art can also be used, such as high speed, high shear mixing or agitation. The resulting particulate additive can be mixed with water or other aqueous liquid carrier to form a solution of dispersed additive particles. Optionally, the 5 solution can comprise a thickener, such as, for example, a cellulose derivative, as is known in the art. The solution can, optionally, additionally comprise other biocides, organic or ', inorganic, micronized if desired, to produce a formulation suitable for the preservation of wood and other cellulose-based materials. The particles are preferably dispersed in a dispersant, such as acrylic copolymers, 0 ; aqueous solution of copolymers with pigment affinity groups, modified polyacrylate, , acrylic polymer emulsions, modified lignin and the like. If desired, a stabilizer as is known in the art can be used. ' The penetration of the dispersion formulation into the cellular structure of wood or other cellulose-based material is dependent upon particle size considerations. If the 5 inorganic/organic additive source used in formulating the dispersion formulation disclosed herein has a particle size in excess of 30 microns, the particles may be filtered by the : surface of the wood and thus may not be uniformly distributed within the cell and cell wall. As shown in Figure 1, the primary entry and movement of fluids through wood tissue occurs primarily through the tracheids and border pits. Tracheids have a diameter of 0 about thirty microns. Fluids are transferred between wood cells by means of border pits. Without desiring to be bound by theory, penetration of the micronized dispersion formulation into wood takes place because particles migrate into or are taken up by '•- tracheids in the wood. Figure 1 shows the physiological structure of wood. As shown in Figure 1, the primary entry and movement of fluids through wood tissue occurs primarily through the tracheids and border pits. Fluids are transferred between wood cells by means of border pits. Wood tracheids generally have diameters of around 30 microns, and thus good penetration can be achieved by the use of particles having long axis dimensions ("particle size" which are less than the tracheid diameters of the wood or wood product to 5 be treated. Particles having diameters which are larger than the average diameter of the tracheids will generally not penetrate the wood (i.e., they will be "filtered" by the wood) and may block, or "clog" tracheids from taking in additional particles. The diameter of the tracheids depends upon many factors, including the identity of the wood. As a general rule, if the additives disclosed herein have a particle size in excess '10 of 25 microns, the particles may be filtered by the surface of the wood and thus may not be uniformly distributed within the cell and cell wall. Studies by Mercury-Porosimetry technique indicated that the overall diameter of the border pit chambers typically varies from a several microns up to thirty microns awhile, the diameter of the pit openings (via the microfibrils) typically varies from several 15 hundredths of a micron to several microns. Figure 2 depicts the border pit structure for coniferous woods. Thus, in order to increase penetration and improve the uniformity of distribution of the particulate additive, the particle size should be such that it can travel through the pit openings. hi one embodiment particle size of the micronized particles used in the dispersion f20 formulation disclosed herein can be micronized, i.e., with a long axis dimension between 0.001-25 microns. Li another embodiment, the particle size is between 0.001 - 10 • microns. In another embodiment, the particle size is between 0.01 to 10 microns. If superior uniformity of penetration is desired, particle size of the additive used in the < . dispersion formulation disclosed herein should be between 0.01-1 microns. . ;> 25 ; In addition to a recommended upper limit of 25 microns, Particles which are too small can leach out of the wood over time. It is thus generally recommended that the particulate additive comprise particles which have diameters which are not less than .001 microns. Particles which are too large can clog the wood, preventing it from taking in other 30 particles and particles which are too small can leach from the wood. Thus particle size distributional parameters can affect the uniformity of particle distribution in the wood, as well as the leaching properties of treated wood. It is thus preferable to use particle size distributions which contain relatively few particle sizes outside the range of .001 to 25 microns. It is preferred that no more than 20 weight percent of the particles have diameters which are greater than 25 microns. Because smaller particles have an increased chance of leaching from the wood, it is also preferred that no more than 20 wt % of the particles have diameters under .001 microns. Regardless of the foregoing recommendations, it is generally preferred that greater than 80 wt% of the particles have a diameter in the range of .001 to 25 microns. In more preferred embodiments, greater than 85, 90, 95 or 99 wt percent particles are in the range of .001 to 25 microns. For increased degree of penetration and uniformity of distribution, at least 50 wt % of the particles should have diameters which are less than 10 microns. More preferred are particle distributions which have at least 65 wt % of the particles with sizes of less than 10 microns, hi an additional embodiment, less than 20 wt % of the particles have diameters of less than 1 micron. The present invention also provides a method for preservation of wood. In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of treating wood with a composition (treating fluid) comprising a dispersion of additive particles; In another embodiment, wood is treated with a composition comprising a dispersion comprised of particles of multiple additives, at least two of said additives having different average particle sizes. The size of the micronized particles of the additives is between .001 to 25 microns, preferably between .001 to 10 microns, more preferably between 0.01 to 10 microns and most preferably between 0.01 to 1 microns. In another embodiment, the wood is treated with a composition comprising soluble compounds and micronized additives. The treating fluid may be applied to wood by dipping, soaking, spraying, brushing, or any other means well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, vacuum and/or pressure techniques are used to impregnate the wood in accord with this invention including the standard processes, such as the "Empty Cell" process, the "Modified Full Cell" process and the "Full Cell" process, and any other vacuum and/or pressure processes which are well known to those skilled in the art. The standard processes are defined as described in AWPA Standard C 1-03 "All Timber Products - Preservative Treatment by Pressure Processes". In the "Empty Cell" process, prior to the introduction of preservative, materials are subjected to atmospheric air pressure (Lo wry) or to higher air pressures (Rueping) of the necessary intensity and duration, hi the "Modified Full Cell", prior to introduction of preservative, materials are subjected to a vacuum of less than 77 kPa (22 inch Hg) (sea level equivalent). A final vacuum of not less than 77 kPa (22 inch Hg) (sea level equivalent) should be used. In the "Full Cell Process", prior to introduction of preservative or during any period of condition prior to treatment, materials are subjected to a vacuum of not less than 77 kPa (22 inch Hg). A final vacuum of not less than 77 kPa (22 inch Hg) is used. The following examples are provided to further describe certain embodiment of the disclosure but are in no way limiting to the scope of disclosure.

Example 1 Six hundred grams of red iron oxide, 40Og yellow iron oxide and 1 Og carbon black are added to a container containing 2850.Og of water and 150g of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.3 microns with a ■ distribution range of 0.04 um to 1.5 urn. The resulting brown iron oxide dispersion can be diluted with water to make a ; treating fluid containing 1.0% iron oxide. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform brown color.

Example 2 , . Nine hundred grams of red iron oxide and lOOg yellow iron oxide are added to a ■ container containing 1550g of water and 150g of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.3 microns with a distribution range of 0.005 um to 1.5 um. The resulting dispersion can be diluted with water to make a treating fluid containing 0.5% total iron oxides. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine ■ samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform color.

Example 3 Seven hundred grams of red iron oxide, 20Og yellow iron oxide and 5g black iron oxide are added to a container containing 205Og of water and 180g of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.35 ' microns with a distribution range of 0.005 urn to 2.0 um. The resulting dispersion can be diluted with water to make a treating fluid containing 0.5% total iron oxides. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform color.

Example 4 Eight hundred grams of yellow iron oxide, lOOg red iron oxide and 15g organic pigment blue PB 15 are added to a container containing 3000g of water and 20Og of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.30 microns with a distribution range of 0.005 um to 2.0 um. The resulting dispersion can be diluted with water to make a treating fluid containing 0.5% total iron oxides. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform color.

Example 5 Five hundred grams of organic pigment yellow PY65, 60Og of organic pigments red PR23 and 15g organic pigment blue PB 15 are added to a container containing 300Og of water and 45Og of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.20 microns with a distribution range of 0.001 ran to 2.0 urn. The resulting dispersion can be diluted with water to make a treating fluid containing 0.25% total iron oxides. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform color.

Example 6 Eight hundred grams of organic pigment yellow PY 13 and lOOg of organic pigments red PR254 are added to a container containing 4000g of water and 50Og of a commercially available dispersant. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes and then added to a grinding mill. The sample is ground for about 1 hour and a stable dispersion is obtained. The particle size of the dispersed product can be analyzed ; by Horiba LA-910 Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (PSDA). The average particle size is preferably 0.23 microns with a distribution range of 0.001 urn to 2.0 um. > The resulting dispersion can be diluted with water to make a treating fluid containing 0.25% total iron oxides. The treating fluid can be used to treat southern pine samples using a full cell process. The treated samples can be oven dried and tested to check uniform distribution of iron oxide throughout the cross sections and for the presence of a uniform color. >

Example 7 Five hundred grams of titanium dioxide is mixed with 450 grams of water and 50 grams of commercially available wetting agents/dispersants. The mixture is mechanically stirred for 5 minutes. The mixture is then placed in a grinding mill and ground for about 30 minutes. A stable dispersion is preferably obtained with an average particle size of 0.29 microns. Forty grams of the above obtained titanium dioxide dispersion is mixed with 96Og of water and the resulting composition can be used to treat southern pine stakes. The stakes can be tested for effectiveness against UV degradation and discoloration and compared to untreated samples.

Example 8 Three hundred grams of paraffin wax is mixed with 1855 grams of water and 150 grams of dispersants. The mixture is mechanically mixed for about 5 minutes and placed in a grinding mill. The mixture is ground for about 90 minutes and a stable dispersion obtained with an average particle size of 0.282 microns. After grinding, 200Og of water is added to the dispersion and the final formulation is used to treat wood. The treated samples can be subjected to water repellency test following the procedure described in ■ American Wood Preservers' Association Standard E-4 "Standard Method of Testing Water Repellency of Pressure Treated Wood".

Example 9 One thousand grams of a commercially available acrylic polymer is mixed with 3780 grams of water and 400 grams of wetting agents/dispersants. The mixture is mechanically stirred for about 20 minutes. The mixture is then placed in a grinding mill and ground for about 120 minutes. A stable dispersion is preferably obtained with an average particle size of 0.20 microns. A treating fluid can be prepared by mixing the above acrylic polymer dispersion with water and used to treat southern pine stakes. The treated stakes can be tested for water repellency. ;

Example 10 One thousand grams of zinc borate is mixed with 3000g of water and 200 grams of commercially available wetting agents/dispersants. The mixture is mechanically stirred i for 20 minutes. The mixture is then placed in a grinding mill and ground for about 40 minutes. A stable dispersion is preferably obtained with an average particle size of 0.399 microns. A 3.0% zinc borate treating fluid can be prepared by diluting the above prepared zinc borate dispersion with water. Wood samples can be treated with the 3.0% zinc borate fluid and the treated samples can be oven dried. The samples can be tested for uniform distribution of zinc borate throughout the cross sections. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) tests can be carried out to demonstrate superior fire retardancy to untreated wood samples.