COMPOSITIONS, SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR INTRODUCING POE LUBRICANT INTO AN ELECTRIC (HEV, PHEV, EV) AUTOMOTIVE AIR- CONDITIONING/HEATING SYSTEM OR STATIONARY AIR- CONDITIONING/HEATING SYSTEM OR STATIONARY REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING LOWER OR LOW GWP REFRIGERANT OR REFRIGERANT BLENDS

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to compositions, systems and methods of introducing lubricants, and additives, that are designed to work with environmentally friendly refrigerants into a conventional, hybrid, plug- in hybrid, or electric vehicle heat management systems including passenger compartment air conditioning (A/C) or electric vehicle heat pump systems or stationary air-conditioning or stationary refrigeration systems. More specifically, this invention relates to methods for charging lubricants and specific additives using environmentally desirable (low GWP) refrigerant or refrigerant blend compositions into an environmentally friendly system, such as a system that uses HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, HFO-1234ze, HFO-1233zd, HFO-1336mzzZ, HFO-1336mzzE or blends containing these refrigerant or other low GWP refrigerant blend

components (ie those containing R-32, C02, etc.). This invention also relates to methods for charging refrigerants which contain lubricants and specific additives using environmentally into an environmentally friendly A/C system, such as an A/C system that uses HFO-1234yf

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Since the mid-1990’s, automotive air-conditioning (A/C) systems have used refrigerant R-134a for vapor compression cycle. Now, due to environmental and societal pressures, global automotive manufacturers are transitioning to the low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant, HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), as the vehicle A/C refrigerant. In the traditional vapor compression A/C system, the A/C compressor circulates refrigerant through the A/C system to achieve cooling.

Therefore, the A/C compressor is critical to A/C system operation. A/C compressors function as the heart of the A/C system pumping the operating fluid through the system. Without correct operation of the A/C compressor, the A/C system would fail.

To operate accordingly, A/C compressors require lubricants with the correct physical parameters (viscosity, moisture, TAN, etc.). The lubricant must completely circulate through the A/C system. The lubricant must be carried by the refrigerant from one part of the system to the next and the lubricant must also be able to carry the refrigerant from one part of the system to a different part of the system while providing lubrication when internal to the compressor. Therefore, mutual refrigerant/lubricant compatibility over the A/C system operating range of 0°C to 40°C is essential to effective operation of the system.

As the automotive industry strives to meet ever increasing

environmental goals, vehicle platforms are changing. Conventional vehicles use gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines (ICE) for vehicle propulsion. However, due to environmental benefits, there is a definite shift towards vehicle electrification. Automotive OEMs are designing new vehicles replacing all or part of the propulsion needs with electric motors and batteries. Some vehicles still maintain an ICE and are noted as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) or plug-in hybrids electric vehicle (PHEV) or mild hybrids electric vehicles (MHEV). Other vehicles are fully electric and have no ICE and these are denoted as full EVs.

All of the HEV, PHEV, MHEV and EVs use at least one electric motor, where the electric motor takes the place of the belt-driven pulleys found on gasoline/diesel powered vehicles. It has been noted in various

publications that polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant cannot be used in HEV/PHEV/MHEV/EV systems. The insulation resistance of the electric compressor can be reduced close to zero due to use of PAG. More specifically, the insulation resistance of an electric compressor can be reduced from over 10 Megohms to under 1 Megohms by use of 1 % PAG lubricant. On the other hand, polyol ester or POE type lubricants provide high dielectric properties, which helps to maintain the integrity of the compressor’s electrical windings. Automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) typically add A/C lubricants during the initial vehicle A/C filling process. A/C systems may require repair due to a component failure (hose or line break) or vehicle accident which compromises the A/C system. Typically, the automotive aftermarket or service industry employs a recovery, recycle, recharge or“R/R/R” machine to re-inject/re-fill refrigerant and lubricant into A/C systems after repair. However, the current R/R/R machine designed for use with HFO-1234yf, which is based on SAE J2843, particularly section 8.9.5.1 of said SAE standard (hereby incorporated by reference), does not allow automatic injection of lubricant into the system after repair by the R/R/R machine. The lubricant must be“hand injected” or“mechanically injected.” For each of these options, the lubricant is filled into an injector and then a hose is attached to the low side of the A/C system. The vehicle is turned on, and the A/C system set to maximum cooling, which also starts the A/C compressor. When the A/C compressor starts to cycle, the attached injector is turned to the open position and lubricant is conveyed along the hose to the A/C system.

While this method can be used, it is a tedious process and requires use of a hand-pump type mechanism that pushes the lubricant down the connected hose to an A/C service port. Lubricant is pulled into the system by the A/C compressor. Lubricant can adhere to the walls of the hose during the delivery process thereby making it difficult to delivery an appropriate amount of lubricant into the system. Therefore, there is a need in this art for a quick and convenient way to convey lubricant into the A/C or heating system without the use of a hand injector. There is also a need in this art for a quick and convenient way to convey lubricant into the stationary A/C or heating system or the refrigeration without the use of a hand injector or vacuum pump. For certain applications, it may be advantageous to use a similar delivery process to deliver refrigerant, refrigerant containing lubricant or refrigerant containing other performance enhancing additives into the stationary A/C system using this same method of conveyance SUMMARY

Certain embodiments of the instant disclosure, solve problems associated with conventional compositions, systems and methods by providing a low GWP refrigerant that can be used to inject lubricant into the low GWP HFO-1234yf automotive A/C system including through use of a typical A/C aftermarket recharging hose. In the hand injector or hand pump, lubricant flow is controlled by the lubricant viscosity and suction of the A/C compressor. In the inventive method, refrigerant is used to convey the lubricant and/or lubricant additive package down the A/C hose without sticking on the hose thereby ensuring more lubricant or lubricant/additive package is introduced into the A/C system, thereby material flow is improved.

Using the hand injector or hand pump can lead to lubricant adhering to the hose lines connecting to the A/C system. Use of the refrigerant to transfer the lubricant to the system ensures that more lubricant is introduced into the A/C system versus the hand or pump injectors as the refrigerant carries the lubricant and conveys the lubricant into the A/C system. The lubricant or lubricant/additive and refrigerant are co packaged into a conventional container (e.g., a can) under conditions in which the lubricant and refrigerant are miscible. Upon leaving the small can, the refrigerant will change state from compressed liquefied gas to refrigerant gas. During this process, refrigerant which is miscible with the lubricant will atomize the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture and will convey the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture further along the hose and into the A/C system before the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture can settle out on the A/C recharge hose walls. One aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising about 50 to about 80 wt% POE lubricant and about 20 to about 50 wt% low GWP refrigerant.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising about 60 to about 65wt% POE lubricant and about 35 to about 40 wt% low GWP refrigerant.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the foregoing composition further comprising about 1 to about 5 wt% acid scavengers.

Another aspect of the invention relates to any of the foregoing compositions further comprising about 1 to about 5 wt% performance enhancers.

A further aspect of the relates to any of the foregoing compositions further comprising about 1 to about 10 wt% of flame suppressants.

One aspect of the invention relates to a container comprising any of the foregoing compositions for use to directly deliver the composition into a vehicle A/C system.

One aspect of the invention relates to a method for delivering a POE lubricant into the vehicle A/C system using any of the foregoing

composition or containers. Another aspect of the invention comprises the foregoing method and further comprising delivering acid scavengers into the vehicle A/C system.

Another aspect of the invention comprises the foregoing methods and further comprising delivering performance enhancers into the vehicle A/C system. Another aspect of the invention comprises the foregoing methods and further comprising delivering flame suppressants into the vehicle A/C system.

A further aspect of the invention comprises the foregoing methods wherein the method is conducted under pressure and temperature conditions under which the lubricant is miscible with the refrigerant. One aspect of the invention comprises a system for delivering any of the foregoing compositions, methods and container to an automotive A/C or Heating system comprising: a container comprising the composition, a compressor, condenser, dryer, expansion valve, and an evaporator. Another aspect of the invention comprises a system for delivering any of the foregoing compositions, methods and container to a stationary A/C / Heating system comprising: a container comprising the composition, a compressor, condenser, dryer, expansion valve, and an evaporator with capillary tube. And finally, another aspect of the invention comprises a system for delivering any of the foregoing compositions, methods and container to a stationary refrigeration system comprising: a container comprising the composition, a compressor, condenser, dryer, expansion valve, flash tank and an evaporator. Another aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising about 1 to about 15 wt% POE lubricant and about 85 to about 99 wt% low GWP refrigerant.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising about 1 to about 10 wt% POE lubricant and about 90 to about 99 wt% low GWP refrigerant

A further aspect of this invention relates to a composition comprising about 1 to about 5 wt% POE lubricant and about 95 to about 99 wt% low GWP refrigerant

The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein can be used alone or in various combinations with each other. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a system for introducing the inventive composition to a conventional A/C vehicular system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a system for introducing the inventive composition to an electric type vehicle A/C or heating system.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of system for introducing the inventive composition to a stationary type residential heating/cooling system.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of system for introducing the inventive composition to a stationary type commercial refrigerating system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates generally to compositions comprising, consisting essentially of and in some cases consisting of lubricants, and additives, that are designed to work with environmentally friendly refrigerants. More specifically, this invention relates to compositions comprising or consisting essentially of about 50 to about 80 wt%, about 55 to about 70 wt%, or about 60 to about 65 wt% POE lubricants, about 0 to about 5 wt% additives and about 20 to about 50 wt%, about 30 wt% to about 45 wt%, or about 35 wt% to about 40 wt low GWP refrigerants or refrigerant blends and. This invention can also relate to compositions comprising or consisting essentially of about 1 to about 15 wt%, about 1 to about 10 wt%, or about 1 to about 5 wt% POE lubricants, about 0 to about 5 wt% additives and about 85 to about 99 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 99 wt%, or about 95 wt% to about 99 wt% low GWP refrigerants or refrigerant blends. Lubricant

The lubricant used for this composition preferably has sufficient solubility in the vehicle’s A/C refrigerant to ensure that the lubricant can return to the compressor from the evaporator. Furthermore, the lubricant preferably has a relatively low viscosity at low temperatures so that the lubricant is able to pass through an evaporator (e.g., a low temperature evaporator). In one embodiment, the lubricant and A/C refrigerant are miscible over a broad range of temperatures. Preferred lubricants may be one or more polyol ester type lubricants (POEs). Polyol ester as used herein include compounds containing an ester of a diol or a polyol having from about 3 to 20 hydroxyl groups and a fatty acid having from about 1 to 24 carbon atoms is preferably used as the polyol.

An ester which can be used as the base oil, for example, as disclosed by EP 2 727 980 A1 ; hereby incorporated by reference Here, examples of the diol include ethylene glycol, 1 ,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,2-butanediol, 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-2-methyl-1 ,3- propanediol, 1 ,7-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 2,2- diethyl-1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, 1 ,10-decanediol, 1 ,11 -undecanediol, 1 ,12-dodecanediol, and the like.

Examples of the above-described polyol include a polyhydric alcohol such as trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol,

di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), glycerin, polyglycerin (dimer to eicosamer of glycerin), 1 ,3,5-pentanetriol, sorbitol, sorbitan, a sorbitol- glycerin condensate, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol, mannitol, etc.; a saccharide such as xylose, arabinose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, cellobiose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose, sucrose, raffinose, gentianose, melezitose, etc.; partially etherified products and methyl glucosides thereof; and the like. Among these, a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane,

trimethylolbutane, di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol, di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), etc. is preferable as the polyol. Though the fatty acid is not particularly limited on its carbon number, in general, a fatty acid having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms is used. In the fatty acid having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a fatty acid having 3 or more carbon atoms is preferable, a fatty acid having 4 or more carbon atoms is more preferable, a fatty acid having 5 or more carbon atoms is still more preferable; and a fatty acid having 10 or more carbon atoms is the most preferable from the standpoint of lubricating properties. In addition, a fatty acid having not more than 18 carbon atoms is preferable; a fatty acid having not more than 12 carbon atoms is more preferable, and a fatty acid having not more than 9 carbon atoms is still more preferable from the standpoint of compatibility with the refrigerant.

In addition, the fatty acid may be either of a linear fatty acid and a branched fatty acid, and the fatty acid is preferably a linear fatty acid from the standpoint of lubricating properties, whereas it is preferably a branched fatty acid from the standpoint of hydrolysis stability.

Furthermore, the fatty acid may be either of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. Specifically, examples of the above-described fatty acid include a linear or branched fatty acid such as pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, icosanoic acid, oleic acid, etc.; a so-called neo acid in which a carbon atom thereof is quaternary; and the like. More specifically, preferred examples thereof include valeric acid (n-pentanoic acid), caproic acid (n-hexanoicacid), enanthic acid (n-heptanoic acid), caprylic acid (n- octanoic acid), pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid), capric acid (ndecanoic acid), oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), isopentanoic acid (3- methylbutanoic acid), 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2- ethylhexanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, and the like. Incidentally, the polyol ester maybe a partial ester in which the hydroxyl groups of the polyol remain without being fully esterified; a complete ester in which all of the hydroxyl groups are esterified; or a mixture of a partial ester and a complete ester, with a complete ester being preferable. In the polyol ester, an ester of a hindered alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane,

di(trimethylolpropane), tri(trimethylolpropane), pentaerythritol,

di(pentaerythritol), tri(pentaerythritol), etc. is more preferable, with an ester of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane,

trimethylolbutane, or pentaerythritol being still more preferable, from the standpoint of more excellent hydrolysis stability; and an ester of

pentaerythritol is the most preferable from the standpoint of especially excellent compatibility with the refrigerant and hydrolysis stability. Preferred specific examples of the polyol ester include a diester of neopentyl glycol with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2- ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolethane with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2- methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolpropane with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2- ethylhexanoic acid, and 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexanoic acid; a triester of trimethylolbutane with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2- ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid; and a tetraester of pentaerythritol with one kind or two or more kinds of fatty acids selected from valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, oleic acid, isopentanoic acid, 2- methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid. Incidentally, the ester with two or more kinds of fatty acids may be a mixture of two or more kinds of esters of one kind of a fatty acid and a polyol, and an ester of a mixed fatty acid of two or more kinds thereof and a polyol, particularly an ester of a mixed fatty acid and a polyol is excellent in low-temperature properties and compatibility with the refrigerant.

In a preferred embodiment, the lubricant is soluble in the vehicle A/C system refrigerant at temperatures between about 0°C. and about 100°C., and more preferably in the range of about 0°C. and about 40°C, and even more specifically between 5°C and 40°C. In another embodiment, attempting to maintain the lubricant in the compressor is not a priority and thus high temperature solubility is not preferred. In this embodiment, the lubricant is soluble at temperatures above about 70°C, more preferably at temperatures above about 80°C., and most preferably at temperatures between 90-95°C. The lubricant used for electrified automotive air-conditioning application may have a kinematic viscosity (measured at 40°C., according to ASTM D445) between 75-110 cSt, and ideally about 80 cSt-100 cSt and most specifically, between 85cst-95cSt. However, not wanting to limit the invention, it should be noted that other lubricant viscosities may be included depending on the needs of the electrified vehicle A/C

compressor.

Table 1 illustrates suitable characteristics of an automotive lubricant for use with the inventive composition.

TABLE 1

Additionally, the POE lubricant that are used in this composition should have material compatibility with the elastomers and plastics used in typical vehicle A/C systems. The POE lubricant that is used should have good material compatibility with, such as, Neoprene WRT

(polychloroprene/2,3-dichloro-1 ,3-butadiene copolymer), HNBR

(hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber), NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), silicone and butyl rubber as measured by ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems” for two weeks at 100°C. Similarly, the POE lubricants used should have good material compatibility with plastic materials namely polyester, nylon, epoxy, polyethylene, terephthalate and polyimide as measured by

ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems” for two weeks at 100°C. The plastics and elastomers in conjunction with the said POE lubricants and HFO-1234yf should have a less than about 10%, less than about 8%, or less than about 7% wt gain or less than about 10%, less than about 8%, or less than about 7% linear swell or less than about 10, less than about 8, or less than about 7 hardness change as measured by a durometer. Ideally, the plastics and elastomers will have less than a 10% wt gain or less than 10% linear swell or less than about 10 hardness change in at least two properties, as measured by a durometer, preferably, less than 10% for all three properties.

Several POE lubricants were found that had the required miscibility with a particular low GWP refrigerant, namely HFO-1234yf (available from The Chemours Company as Opteon™ refrigerants), over the desired temperature range, had the desired lubricant viscosity and had the desired elastomer/plastics material compatibility. Specifically, the POEs are commercially noted as automotive type POE lubricant and known by the following tradenames“ND-11” and“SE-10Y”. Acceptable POE lubricants for stationary use were“Emkarate RL 32 3MAF”,“Emkarate RL32FI” and “Solest 35”.

Refrigerant

The refrigerant portion of the inventive composition comprises at least one hydrofluoro-olefin or more commonly called an FIFO type refrigerant, but it not limited to one particular FIFO refrigerant. Flydrofluoro-olefins are low global warming potential (GWP) and zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) periodically reviews and establishes the GWP for fluorocarbons. The hydrofluoro-olefin refrigerant embodied in this invention has a GWP less than about 100 GWP, but typically has GWP less than 10 and even as low as 1 GWP. A particular useful hydrofluoro-olefin comprises FIFO-1234yf. FIFO-1234yf exhibits a GWP of less than 1 according the UN’sIPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5.).

Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100 year time horizon is commonly the value referenced. For mixtures, a weighted average can be calculated based on the individual GWPs for each component. Leek et al. (US Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0187639, paragraph 10, hereby incorporated by reference) further lists examples of unsaturated fluorocarbon refrigerants which may be used as the fluoro- olefins in the present invention. As set forth in paragraph 10 of Leek et al., representative unsaturated fluorocarbon refrigerants or heat storage fluids include 1 ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene, 1 , 1 ,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene,

1 , 1 ,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene, 2, 3,3,3- tetrafluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene, 1 , 1 ,2,3-tetrafluoro-1 - propene, 1 , 1 ,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene, 2,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,1 ,2-trifluoro-1 - propene, 1 ,1 ,3-trifluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,2, 3-trifluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,3,3- trifluoro-1 propene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene, 1 , 1 ,2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4- octafluoro-1 -butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene, 1 , 2, 3, 3, 4,4,4- heptafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,3,3,3- tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-propene, 1 , 1 ,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 - butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-1 - butene, 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene,

1.3.3.4.4.4-hexafluoro-1 -butene, 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene,

1.2.3.3.4.4-hexafluoro-1 -butene 1 ,1 , 2, 3 ,4,4-hexafluoro-2- butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3-hexafluoro-2-butene,

1.1.1.3.4.4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3,4-hexafluoro-1 -butene,

1.1.2.3.4.4-hexafluoro-1 -butene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - propene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene,

3.3.4.4.4-pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3- pentafluoro-2-butene, 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,2,4,4- pentafluoro-2-butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,4- pentafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,2, 3, 3, 4 pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,3,3,3- pentafluoro-2-methyl-1 -propene, 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1 - propene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1 - propene, 1 ,3,3, 3-tetrafluoro-2-methyl-1 -propene, 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3- difluoro-1 -propene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2- butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,2, 3, 3,4,4, 5,5,5- decafluoro-1 -pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2- pentene, 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1 ,1 ,3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5- nonafluoro-1 -pentene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-l -pentene,

1.1.2.3.4.4.5.5.5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1 , 1 , 1 , 12,3,4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2- pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro- 3(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,2,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1 , 1 , 3, 4,4,4- hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-1 - pentene, 1 ,2, 3, 3 ,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-l -butene, 1 , 1 ,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 - butene, 1 , 3,4,4, 4-pentafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1 , 1 ,4,4,4- pentafluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2- pentene, 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5,5,5- heptafluoro-1 -pentene, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluoro-1 -pentene, 1 , 1 , 3, 3, 5,5,5- heptafluoro-1 -pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl 2-butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1 ,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-

(thfluoromethyl)-l -butene, 1 ,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(thfluoromethyl)-2-butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4- trifluoro-2-butene, 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro -2-methyl-2-butene, 3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-1 -pentene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)-l -butene, 1 , 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-1 -hexene,

1.1.1.2.2.3.4.5.5.6.6.6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3- bis(thfluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2thfluoromethyl-2- pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene,

1.1.1.4.5.5.5-heptafluoro-4 (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 , 4, 4, 5, 5, 6,6,6- decafluoro-2-hexene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene,

3.3.4.4.5.5.6.6.6-nonafluoro-1 -hexene, 4,4,4-thfluoro-3,3- bis(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methyl-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-butene, 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(thfluoromethyl)-1 - pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,5,5,5- hexafluoro-4(thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2- hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2- (thfluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(thfluoromethyl)-1 - pentene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1 -pentene,

1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1.1.1.2.2.3.4.5.5.6.6.7.7.7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene,

1.1.1.3.4.4.5.5.6.6.7.7.7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4, 5, 5, 6,6, 7,7,7- tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1 , 1 ,1 ,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene,

1.1.1.2.2.3.5.5.6.6.7.7.7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro- 2-hexene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1 -hexene, 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,2,3, 4-heptafluoro-3- hexene, 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2, 5,5,5- heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2- pentene, 1 ,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene, 3, 3,4,4- tetrafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene,

1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene, 1 , 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5,6,6- decafluorocyclohexene, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2- pentene, pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether; or any combination thereof.

Additionally, there could be one or more non-low GWP refrigerant components comprising the refrigerant portion. Minor et al. (U S Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0289317, hereby incorporated by reference) further lists examples of saturated and unsaturated

fluorocarbon refrigerants which may be used as the fluoroalkane in the present invention. As set forth in paragraph 81 of Minor et al.,

representative hydrofluorocarbons may be represented by the formula CxH2x+2_yFy or CxH2x_yFy, Where, x may equal 3 through 8 and y may equal 1 through 17. The hydrofluorocarbons may be straight chain, branched chain or cyclic; saturated or unsaturated compounds having from about 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Without limitation, exemplary

fluoroalkanes which may be used, as set forth in Minor et al. paragraphs 47-78, include: 1 ,1 ,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3- pentafluoropropane; 1 ,1 ,3-trifluoropropane; 1 ,1 ,3-trifluoropropane; 1 ,3- difluoropropane; 2-(difluoromethyl)-1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane;

1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,4-hexafluorobutane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3- pentafluorobutane; 1 ,1-difluorobutane; 1 ,3-difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1 ,2- difluoro-2-methylpropane; 1 ,2-difluorobutane; 1 ,3-difluorobutane; 1 ,4- difluorobutane; 2,3-difluorobutane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)butane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-undecafluoropentane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane; 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,3, 3, 5,5,5- decafluoropentane;

The refrigerant or refrigerant blend portion of said invention will have GWP less than 300, but specifically less than 150 GWP and more specifically less than 75 GWP and ideally less than 5 GWP. It is possible that a refrigerant is used such that the GWP <1.

The refrigerant portion of the blend mentioned above has a minimum ignition energy (MIE) of at least 300 MJ/kg, preferably higher than 1 ,000 MJ/kg, and more specifically between 1 ,000 MJ/kg to 5,000 MJ and even more specifically at least 5,000 MJ/kg as measured by ASTM E-582. The heat of combustion, as calculated by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 34, should be less than 19,000 kJ/kg and more specifically in the range of 8- 12 kJ/kg and even more specifically, 9.5-11.5 kJ/kg. The lower flammability limit at 21 °C. of the refrigerant portion may actual be non- flammable as measured by ASTM E-681. Alternatively, if the refrigerant portion has flammability limits, the lower flammability limit may be at least 5 volume % but more specifically at least 6 volume % and even more specifically, at least 6.2 volume % as measured by ASTM E-681. The overall resulting composition, i.e. lubricant and refrigerant mentioned herein can be“post-added” to the A/C system, advantageously has relatively low corrosivity, such that a metal (e.g., aluminum, copper, or iron) which is part of the A/C system in contact with the composition experiences relatively low corrosion. Additionally, after testing for 14 days at 175°C, there was no dulling of the steel, no coating or visible corrosion to the metals coupons and no deposits or floes formed during testing.

The relatively low corrosivity of the lubricant/ refrigerant composition may be such that the refrigerant composition portion advantageously exhibits one or any combination of the following properties. A total acid number (TAN), after aging per ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within

Refrigerant Systems” for 14 days at 175°C, less than 3.3 mg KOH/ g, and less than 1.5 mg KOH/g and specifically less than 1.0 mg KOH/g as measured per ASTM D664-01. With aluminum, copper and carbon steel metal strips; a total halides concentration (e. g., a fluorine ion

concentration) of less than about 100 ppm, preferably less than 50 ppm and ideally less than 10 ppm after aging per ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems” for 14 days at 175°C. With aluminum, copper and iron metal strips, as measured by ion chromatography; a total organic acid concentration of less than about 300 ppm after aging per ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of

Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems” for 14 days at 175°C.

Additives which can improve the refrigerant and A/C lifetime and compressor durability are desirable. In one aspect of the invention, the inventive refrigerant containing composition is used to introduce lubricant into the A/C system as well as other additives, such as a) acid

scavengers, b) performance enhancers, and c) flame suppressants.

Acid Scavenger

An acid scavenger may comprise a siloxane, an activated aromatic compound, or a combination of both. Serrano et all (paragraph 38), which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses that the siloxane may be any molecule having a siloxyfunctionality. The siloxane may include an alkyl siloxane, an aryl siloxane, or a siloxane containing mixtures of aryl and alkyl substituents. For example, the siloxane may be an alkyl siloxane, including a dialkylsiloxane or a polydialkylsiloxane. Preferred siloxanes include an oxygen atom bonded to two silicon atoms, i.e. , a group having the structure: SiiOiSi. For example, the siloxane may be a siloxane of Formula IV: R1 [Si(R2R3)40]nSi(R2R3)R4, Where n is 1 or more. Siloxanes of Formula IV have n that is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more, (e.g., about 4 or more). Siloxanes of formula IV have n that is preferably about 30 or less, more preferably about 12 or less, and most preferably about 7 or less. Preferably the R4 group is an aryl group or an alkyl group. Preferably the R2 groups are aryl groups or alkylgroups or mixtures thereof. Preferably the R3 groups are aryl groups or alkyl groups or mixtures thereof. Preferably the R4 group is an aryl group or an alkyl group. Preferably R1 , R2, R3, R4, or any combination thereof are not hydrogen. The R2 groups in a molecule may be the same or different. Preferably the R2 groups in a molecule are the same. The R2 groups in a molecule may be the same or different from the R3 groups. Preferably, the R2 groups and R3 groups in a molecule are the same. Preferred siloxanes include siloxanes of Formula IV, wherein R1 , R2, R3, R4, R5, or any combination thereof is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group, or any combination thereof. Exemplary siloxanes that may be used include hexamethyldisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane,

polymethylphenylsiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, decamethylcyclo- pentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, or any combination thereof. Incorporated by reference from Serrano et al paragraph [0039] notes that in one aspect of the invention, the siloxane is an alkylsiloxane containing from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as

hexamethyldisiloxane. The siloxane may also be a polymer such as polydialkylsiloxane, where the alkyl group is a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or any combination thereof. Suitable polydialkylsiloxanes have a molecular weight from about 100 to about 10,000. Highly preferred siloxanes include hexamethyldisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, and combinations thereof. The siloxane may consist essentially of

polydimethylsiloxane, hexamethyldisoloxane, or a combination thereof. The activated aromatic compound may be any aromatic molecule activated towards a Friedel-Crafts addition reaction, or mixtures thereof.

An aromatic molecule activated towards a Friedel-Crafts addition reaction is defined to be any aromatic molecule capable of an addition reaction with mineral acids. Especially aromatic molecules capable of addition reactions with mineral acids either in the application environment (AC system) or during the ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant

Systems” thermal stability test. Such molecules or compounds are typically activated by substitution of a hydrogen atoms of the aromatic ring with one of the following groups: NH2, NHR, NRz, ADH, AD, NHCOCH3, NHCOR, 40CH3, OR, CH3, 4C2H5, R, or C6H5, where R is a

hydrocarbon (preferably a hydrocarbon containing from about 1 to about 100 carbon atoms). The activated aromatic molecule may be an alcohol, or an ether, where the oxygen atom (i.e. , the oxygen atom of the alcohol or ether group) is bonded directly to an aromatic group. The activated aromatic molecule may be an amine Where the nitrogen atom (i.e., the nitrogen atom of the amine group) is bonded directly to an aromatic group. By way of example, the activated aromatic molecule may have the formula ArXRn, Where X is O (i.e., oxygen) or N (i.e., nitrogen); n: 1 When X:0; n:2 When x:N; Ar is an aromatic group (i.e., group, C6H5); R may be H or a carbon containing group; and When n:2, the R groups may be the same or different. For example, R may be H (i.e., hydrogen), Ar, an alkyl group, or any combination thereof, exemplary activated aromatic molecules that may be employed in a refrigerant composition according to the teachings herein include diphenyl oxide (i.e., diphenyl ether), methyl phenyl ether (e.g., anisole), ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether or any combination thereof. One highly preferred aromatic molecule activated to Wards a Friedel-Crafts addition reaction is diphenyl oxide.

Incorporated by reference from Serrano et al paragraph [0045] The acid scavenger (e.g., the activated aromatic compound, the siloxane, or both) may be present in any concentration that results in a relatively low total acid number, a relatively low total halides concentration, a relatively low total organic acid concentration, or any combination thereof.

Preferably the acid scavenger is present at a concentration greater than about 0.0050 wt%, more preferably greater than about 0.05 wt% and even more preferably greater than about 0.1 wt% (e.g. greater than about 0.5 wt%) based on the total Weight of the refrigerant composition. The acid scavenger preferably is present in a concentration less than about 3 wt%, more preferably less than about 2.5 wt%and most preferably greater than about 2 wt% (e. g. less than about 1.8 wt%) based on the total Weight of the refrigerant composition. Additional examples of acid scavengers Which may be included in the refrigerant composition and preferably are excluded from the refrigerant composition include those described by Kaneko (US. patent application Ser. No. 11/575,256, published as U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0290164, paragraph 42, expressly incorporated herein by reference), such as one or more of: phenyl glycidyl ethers, alkyl glycidyl ethers, alkylene glycol glycidyl ethers, cyclohexene oxides, otolen oxides, or epoxy compounds such as epoxidized soybean lubricant, and those described by Singh et al. (US. patent application Ser. No. 11/250,219, published as U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0116310, paragraphs 34-42, expressly incorporated herein by reference).

Performance Enhancers

Preferred additives include those described in US. Pat. Nos.

5,152,926; 4,755,316, which are hereby incorporated by reference. In particular, the preferred extreme pressure additives include mixtures of (A) tolyltriazole or substituted derivatives thereof, (B) an amine (e.g. Jeffamine M-600) and (C) a third component which is (i) an ethoxylated phosphate ester (e.g. Antara LP-700 type), or (ii) a phosphate alcohol (e.g. ZELEC 3337 type), or (iii) a Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (e.g. Lubrizol 5139, 5604, 5178, or 5186 type), or (iv) a mercaptobenzothiazole, or (v) a 2,5- dimercapto-1 ,3,4-triadiaZole derivative (e. g. Curvan 826) or a mixture thereof. Additional examples of additives which may be used are given in US. Pat. No. 5,976,399 (Schnur, 5:12-6:51 , hereby incorporated by reference). Acid number is measured according to ASTM D664-01 in units of mg KOH/ g. The total halides concentration, the fluorine ion concentration, and the total organic acid concentration is measured by ion

chromatography. Chemical stability of the refrigerant system is measured according to ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems”. The viscosity of the lubricant is tested at 40°C according to ASTM D-445. Mouli et al. (WO 2008/027595) teaches the use of alkyl silanes as a stabilizer in refrigerant compositions containing fluoroolefins. Phosphates, phosphites, epoxides, and phenolic additives also have been employed in certain refrigerant compositions. These are described for example by Kaneko (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/575,256, published as U.S. Publication 2007/0290164) and Singh et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/250,219, published as U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0116310). All of these aforementioned applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Flame Suppressants

Preferred flame suppressants include those described in patent application“Compositions containing fluorine substituted olefins CA 2557873 A1” and incorporated by reference along with fluorinated products such as HFC-125 and/or Krytox® lubricants, also incorporated by reference and described in patent application“Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof” WO 2009018117 A1

Miscibilitv/Packaqe Stability

While HFO-1234yf when used as the main refrigerant for vehicle A/C systems, is generally found to be compatible with polyol ester or POE type lubricants, in certain environments, not all POE lubricants have the required miscibility range, thermal stability, material compatibility, moisture level, among other characteristics to be suitable for use with FIFO-1234yf in automotive A/C systems. Accordingly, the inventive composition is substantially free of POE lubricants lacking the foregoing characteristics. By“substantially free” it is meant that when the inventive composition comprises FIFO-1234yf the composition contains less than 5 wt%, typically less than 3 wt% and in some cases less than 0.5 wt% of the following POE Dow RL244, Zerol 150 and 3GS. The amount of lubricant that is typically used in the A/C or Refrigeration system ranges from about 5 to about 10 wt% of the amount of the refrigerant. For example, a refrigerant charge of 600g, 60g of lubricant will be used (90 wt% refrig/10 wt% lubricant). However, since refrigerant will be used to transfer the lubricant into the system, the amount of POE lubricant that will be used in conjunction with refrigerant, will be relatively large, on the order of 50-80 wt% lubricant/20-50wt% refrigerant (e.g., about 60 to about 65 wt.% lubricant). The major component of the inventive composition can comprise lubricant, while the minor component/s will comprise refrigerant, with some low amount (0-5 wt%) of additives that improve a desired performance property. That is, the refrigerant will be used to convey or transfer the liquid lubricant and additives into the A/C system. The lubricant and refrigerant must have mutual miscibility over a much greater range due to storage and use conditions. There are many global cities that experience temperatures exceeding 37.5°C. Additionally, it is expected that the lubricant/refrigerant composition would be stored at relatively hot warehouse or used in hot garage where temperatures could reach as high as 37.5°C for a period of greater than 70 days.

It is also conceivable that the product could be used during the winter months after a major vehicle system failure such as a front-end collision. Therefore, the lubricant/refrigerant would be stored in cold warehouse and brought into a garage only during servicing. The lubricant/refrigerant composition is stable at temperatures of about -20, -30, -40 and

even -50°C which should aid in storing of said composition at

temperatures of -20°C for longer periods such as 5 days.

It was surprising that the inventive composition maintains miscibility over a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions (e.g., a composition 20-50 wt% refrigerant/50-80 wt% lubricant that is miscible over a temperature range of -18°C to 37°C at a pressure of 160 kPa to 945kPa within a sealed container). POE lubricant/refrigerant miscibility is conducted by loading predetermined amounts of lubricants and

refrigerants (see tables below) into sealed tubes using ASHRAE 97: 2007 “Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems” method. Then, the sealed tubes are set into water baths to determine if a mixture is miscible over a range of temperatures. The test is conducted in two segments with a 24-hour period between each segment to allow tubes to come back to room temperature prior to starting the next segment. The cold segment is started at room temperature and slowly decreases temperature to -50°C in 5°C increments holding at each temperature for 10 minutes and recording visual observation at each temperature hold. The hot segment is started at room temperature and slowly increases temperature to 90°C or critical temperature of the refrigerant being tested in 5°C increments and again holding at each temperature for 10 minutes and recording visual observation at each temperature hold.

POE lubricant/refrigerant compositions were evaluated for thermal stability using ASHRAE 97: 2007“Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems”. The lubricant/refrigerant systems were also placed in sealed tubes containing metal (Al, Cu, carbon steel) coupons and held at 175°C for two weeks. Results indicate that the POE lubricant/low GWP refrigerant/s are thermally stable under elevated temperature which indicates that compositions should not break down during storage. There was no dulling of on the steel, no coating or visible corrosion to the metals and no fluoride ion or acid generation. No deposits or floes formed during testing. There was no color change to the refrigerant/lubricant system.

An unexpected esult was that lubricants which were conventionally listed as“compatible with HFO-1234yf” do not have miscibility across the entire miscibility range. Specifically, the POEs are noted as 86cSt type POE lubricant and known by the following tradenames“ND-11” and“SE- 10Y”. Acceptable POE lubricants for stationary use were“Emkarate RL32- 3MAF”,“Emkarate RL32H” and“Solest 35”.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory or explanation, it is believed that once the refrigerant concentration increases to become the major portion of the composition, the lubricant/lubricant miscibility range changes. For example, a 30 wt% lubricant/70 wt% refrigerant would be marginal for use in an A/C system, but lacks sufficient miscibility to use the refrigerant to transfer the lubricant into the system.

The conventional POE lubricants (Zerol 150 and 3GS) used with R- 134a did not have the same miscibility range with R-1234yf (unsaturated low GWP refrigerant). Therefore, not all POE lubricants are useful for low GWP systems.

Examples of the low GWP refrigerant/P OE lubricant compositions and miscibility range are shown in Table 2 where the upperportion of the table shows product use in A/C system and the lowerportion of the table shows manufacturing and storage temperatures (wherein“M” means miscible and“N” means non-miscible).

TABLE 2

Lubricant: ND11

One aspect of the invention relates to a method for introducing lubricant into the A/C system. In the inventive method, refrigerant is used to convey the lubricant and/or lubricant additive package down the A/C hose substantially without adhering to the hose thereby ensuring more lubricant or lubricant/additive package is introduced into the A/C system (e.g., using the hand injector or hand pump can lead to lubricant adhering to the hose lines connecting to the A/C system). Use of the refrigerant to transfer the lubricant to the system ensures that more lubricant is introduced into the A/C system versus the hand or pump injectors as the refrigerant carries the lubricant and conveys the lubricant into the A/C system. The lubricant or lubricant/additive and refrigerant are co packaged into a conventional container or can under conditions in which the lubricant and refrigerant are miscible. Upon leaving the small container, the refrigerant will change state from compressed liquefied gas to refrigerant gas. During this process, refrigerant which is miscible with the lubricant will atomize the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture and will convey the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture further along the hose and into the A/C system before the lubricant or lubricant/additive mixture can settle out on the A/C recharge hose walls.

In one aspect of the invention, the inventive composition (lubricant or lubricant/additive with refrigerant) can be packaged into a small sealed container that is typically 8 oz or less, and more typically 3-6 oz and even more specifically, 3-4oz.

In one embodiment, the inventive composition may be packaged in a small container that has a piercing can top or self-sealing can top that can be connected to the vehicle’s A/C system using a typical aftermarket refrigerant recharging hose.

In one embodiment, the fittings used on the top of the can should be left-hand thread and meet a male CGA 166 type connection as this product is intended to be used in a low GWP A/C system that contains HFO-1234yf. The type of hose used to convey this product from the can to the vehicle’s A/C system should meet the SAE J2888 standard for construction. The hose should have two different fittings. One end of the A/C recharge hose should be able to connect to the small can and have either a piercing needle or a plunger type mechanism, sometimes called a can tap, which can liberate the product within the container. The fitting that connects to the can will be a female CGA 166 type fitting. The other end of the recharge hose should have the designated SAE J639 low side quick connect coupler for HFO-1234yf and should be able to attach to the vehicle’s A/C system through the low side service port.

In another aspect of the invention, the inventive composition (lubricant or lubricant/additive with refrigerant) can be packaged into a small sealed container that is typically 8 -12 oz or less. The inventive composition should be packaged in a small can that has a piercing can top or self- sealing can top that can be connected to the stationary system using a typical aftermarket refrigerant recharging hose. The fittings used on the top of the can should be left-hand thread and meet a male CGA 164 type connection if this product is intended to be used in a low GWP A/C system that is used for flammable refrigerant systems. The fittings used on the top of the can should be left-hand thread and meet a male CGA 165 type connection if this product is intended to be used in a low GWP A/C system that is used for non-flammable refrigerant systems.

To convey the inventive composition into the A/C system, first the can containing the lubricant or lubricant/additive and refrigerant should be well shaken. The vehicle’s engine should be started and then the A/C system set to maximum cooling. Then, the aftermarket recharge hose as mentioned above, should be attached to the can. The other side of the hose should be connected to the vehicle’s A/C low side service port.

When ready to start dispensing the product, the needle or plunger mechanism should be used to liberate the can contents. The can should be shaken slightly from side to side to help liberate the can contents. This process should take about 10-15 minutes. The instant composition can be used for adding lubricant or

lubricant/additive to the A/C system at temperatures between about 0°C and about 40°C, more specifically, this composition can be used at temperatures of about 10°C and about 35°C, and even more specifically at temperatures of about 15°C to about 30°C. The inventive composition can be stored at temperatures as low as about -20°C and as high as about 40 to about 45°C, but typically, it will be stored at temperatures of about 10 to about 35°C and more specifically at temperatures of about 15 to about 30°C. Typically, when connected to the A/C system, the inventive composition will be delivered to the A/C system at pressures between about 315 kPa and about 435 kPa, or more specifically between about 330 kPa and about 410 kPa, or even more specifically at pressures between about 360 kPa and about 400 kPa.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a system for introducing the inventive composition into a heat management system such as an automotive A/C system. Referring now to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 illustrates a system (100) for introducing lubricant using the inventive composition into an automotive A/C system. The system for delivering the inventive composition to an automotive A/C system comprises a container (110) comprising the composition, a compressor (120), a condenser (130), a dryer (140), an expansion valve (150), and an evaporator (160). The system (100) additionally includes a low side service port (170) and a high side service port (180). A container (110) or can housing the inventive composition is connected via a hose (190) to a low side service port (170) of the compressor (120). The hose (190) and lines (195) connecting the compressor, condenser, dryer, expansion valve and evaporator are constructed and assembled using materials and methods known in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 illustrates another aspect of the invention that comprises a system (200) for introducing the inventive composition into an electric vehicle A/C system. This system for introducing lubricant composition comprises a container (210) comprising the composition, an electric compressor (220), a condenser (230), a dryer (240), an expansion valve (250) or orifice tube (251 ) and an evaporator (260). The system (200) additionally includes a low side service port (270) and a high side service port (280). The container (210) of the inventive composition is connected to the low side service port (270) of the electric compressor (220) via a hose (290). The hose (290) and lines (295) shown in FIG. 2 are constructed and assembled using materials and methods known in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates a further aspect of the invention that comprises a system (300) for introducing the inventive composition into a residential stationary type heating/cooling system. This system (300) for introducing lubricant composition comprises a container (310) comprising the composition, a compressor/condenser (320) located on the exterior of a residence (330) and an evaporator/capillary tube (340) located on an interior of the residence (350). The container (310) is connected to a low side service port (360) of the compressor/condenser (320) via a hose (370). The compressor/condenser (320) additionally includes a high side service port (380). The hose (370) and lines (390) shown in FIG. 3 are constructed and assembled using materials and methods known in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates another aspect of the invention that comprises a commercial stationary type refrigerating system (400). This system (400) for introducing lubricant composition comprises a container (410) comprising the composition, compressors (420), rooftop condensers (430), a flash tank (440) and defined refrigerated area (450) within a commercial structure (460) (e.g., a refrigerated display cabinet). The container (410) is connected to a low side service port (470) of the compressors (420) which can be location remote from the defined refrigerated area (450) via a hose (480). The hose (480) and lines (490) shown in FIG. 4 are constructed and assembled using materials and methods known in the art. As used herein, the terms“comprises,”“comprising,”“includes,”

“including,”“has,”“having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

The transitional phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase "consists of" appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of" is used to define a composition, method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, especially the mode of action to achieve the desired result of any of the processes of the present invention. The term 'consisting essentially of occupies a middle ground between“comprising” and

'consisting of. Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as“comprising,” it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also include such an invention using the terms“consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.” Also, use of“a” or“an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

Although certain aspects, embodiments and principals have been described above, it is understood that this description is made only way of example and not as limitation of the scope of the invention or appended claims.