COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR REDUCING ATXN3 EXPRESSION

Sequence Listing

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled BIOL0331WOSEQ_ST25.txt, created on April 24, 2019, which is 680 KB in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Field

Provided are compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions for reducing the amount or activity of ATXN3 RNA in a cell or animal, and in certain instances reducing the amount of Ataxin-3 protein in a cell or animal. Such compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions are useful to ameliorate at least one symptom or hallmark of a neurodegenerative disease. Such symptoms and hallmarks include ataxia, neuropathy, and aggregate formation. Such neurodegenerative diseases include spinocerebellar ataxia type 3(SCA3).

Background

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is caused by a mutation in the ATXN3 gene and is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and variable findings including a dystonic -rigid syndrome, a parkinsonian syndrome, or a combined syndrome of dystonia and peripheral neuropathy. SCA3 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Offspring of affected individuals have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. The diagnosis of SCA3 rests on the use of molecular genetic testing to detect an abnormal CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in ATXN3. Affected individuals have alleles with 52 to 86 CAG trinucleotide repeats. Such testing detects 100% of affected individuals. Expanded CAG repeats in the ATXN3 gene are translated into expanded poly glutamine repeats (polyQ) in the ataxin-3 protein and this toxic ataxin-3 protein is associated with aggregates. The poly glutamine expanded ataxin-3 protein in these aggregates is ubiquinated and the aggregates contain other proteins, including heat shock proteins and transcription factors. Aggregates are frequently observed in the brain tissue of SCA3 patients. Management of SCA3 is supportive as no medication slows the course of disease; restless legs syndrome and extrapyramidal syndromes resembling parkinsonism may respond to levodopa or dopamine agonists; spasticity, drooling, and sleep problems respond variably to lioresal, atropine-like drags, and hypnotic agents; botulinum toxin has been used for dystonia and spasticity; daytime fatigue may respond to psychostimulants such as modafinil;

accompanying depression should be treated. Riess, O., Riib, U., Pastore, A. et al. Cerebellum (2008) 7: 125.

Currently there is a lack of acceptable options for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as SCA3. It is therefore an object herein to provide compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of such diseases.

Summary of the Invention

Provided herein are compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions for reducing the amount or activity of ATXN3 RNA, and in certain embodiments reducing the amount of Ataxin-3 protein in a cell or animal. In certain embodiments, the animal has a neurodegenerative disease. In certain embodiments, the animal has SCA3. In certain embodiments, compounds useful for reducing expression of ATXN3 RNA are oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound comprises a modified oligonucleotide.

Also provided are methods useful for ameliorating at least one symptom or hallmark of a neurodegenerative disease. In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is SCA3. In certain embodiments symptoms and hallmarks include ataxia, neuropathy, and aggregate formation. In certain embodiments, amelioration of these symptoms results in improved motor function, reduced neuropathy, and reduction in number of aggregates.

Detailed Description of the Invention

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of“or” means“and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term“including” as well as other forms, such as“includes” and“included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as“element” or“component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, and treatises, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for the portions of the document discussed herein, as well as in their entirety.

Definitions

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature used in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Where permitted, all patents, applications, published applications and other publications and other data referred to throughout in the disclosure are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:

As used herein,“2’-deoxynucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’-H(H) deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, as found in naturally occurring deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). In certain embodiments, a 2’ -deoxy nucleoside may comprise a modified nucleobase or may comprise an RNA nucleobase (uracil).

As used herein,“2’ -substituted nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’ -substituted sugar moiety. As used herein,“2’-substituted” in reference to a sugar moiety means a sugar moiety comprising at least one 2'-substituent group other than H or OH.

As used herein,“5-methyl cytosine” means a cytosine modified with a methyl group attached to the 5-position. A 5-methyl cytosine is a modified nucleobase.

As used herein,“administering” means providing a pharmaceutical agent to an animal.

As used herein,“animal” means a human or non-human animal.

As used herein,“antisense activity” means any detectable and/or measurable change attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense activity is a decrease in the amount or expression of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels or target protein levels in the absence of the antisense compound.

As used herein,“antisense compound” means an oligomeric compound capable of achieving at least one antisense activity.

As used herein,“ameliorate” in reference to a treatment means improvement in at least one symptom relative to the same symptom in the absence of the treatment. In certain embodiments, amelioration is the reduction in the severity or frequency of a symptom or the delayed onset or slowing of progression in the severity or frequency of a symptom. In certain embodiments, the symptom or hallmark is ataxia, neuropathy, and aggregate formation. In certain embodiments, amelioration of these symptoms results in improved motor function, reduced neuropathy, or reduction in number of aggregates.

As used herein,“bicyclic nucleoside” or“BNA” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety. As used herein,“bicyclic sugaf’ or“bicyclic sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety comprising two rings, wherein the second ring is formed via a bridge connecting two of the atoms in the first ring thereby forming a bicyclic structure. In certain embodiments, the first ring of the bicyclic sugar moiety is a furanosyl moiety. In certain embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety does not comprise a furanosyl moiety.

As used herein,“cleavable moiety” means a bond or group of atoms that is cleaved under physiological conditions, for example, inside a cell, an animal, or a human.

As used herein,“complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide means that at least 70% of the nucleobases of the oligonucleotide or one or more regions thereof and the nucleobases of another nucleic acid or one or more regions thereof are capable of hydrogen bonding with one another when the nucleobase sequence of the oligonucleotide and the other nucleic acid are aligned in opposing directions. Complementary nucleobases means nucleobases that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with one another. Complementary nucleobase pairs include adenine (A) and thymine (T), adenine (A) and uracil (U), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), 5-methyl cytosine (mC) and guanine (G). Complementary oligonucleotides and/or nucleic acids need not have nucleobase complementarity at each nucleoside. Rather, some mismatches are tolerated. As used herein,“fully complementary” or“100% complementary” in reference to oligonucleotides means that oligonucleotides are complementary to another oligonucleotide or nucleic acid at each nucleoside of the oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“conjugate group” means a group of atoms that is directly or indirectly attached to an oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups include a conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker that attaches the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“conjugate linker” means a single bond or a group of atoms comprising at least one bond that connects a conjugate moiety to an oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“conjugate moiety” means a group of atoms that is attached to an oligonucleotide via a conjugate linker.

As used herein, "contiguous" in the context of an oligonucleotide refers to nucleosides, nucleobases, sugar moieties, or intemucleoside linkages that are immediately adjacent to each other. For example,“contiguous nucleobases” means nucleobases that are immediately adjacent to each other in a sequence.

As used herein,“constrained ethyl” or“cEt” or“cEt modified sugar” means a b-D ribosyl bicyclic sugar moiety wherein the second ring of the bicyclic sugar is formed via a bridge connecting the 4’-carbon and the 2’-carbon of the b- D ribosyl sugar moiety, wherein the bridge has the formula 4'-CH(CH ₃ )-0-2', and wherein the methyl group of the bridge is in the S configuration.

As used herein,“cEt nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising cEt modified sugar.

As used herein,“chirally enriched population” means a plurality of molecules of identical molecular formula, wherein the number or percentage of molecules within the population that contain a particular stereochemical configuration at a particular chiral center is greater than the number or percentage of molecules expected to contain the same particular stereochemical configuration at the same particular chiral center within the population if the particular chiral center were stereorandom. Chirally enriched populations of molecules having multiple chiral centers within each molecule may contain one or more stereorandom chiral centers. In certain embodiments, the molecules are modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the molecules are compounds comprising modified oligonucleotides.

As used herein,“chirally controlled” in reference to an intemucleoside linkage means chirality at that linkage is enriched for a particular stereochemical configuration.

As used herein,“gapmer” means a modified oligonucleotide comprising an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions. The internal region may be referred to as the“gap” and the external regions may be referred to as the“wings.” Unless otherwise indicated,“gapmer” refers to a sugar motif. Unless otherwise indicated, the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of the gap of a gapmer are unmodified 2’-deoxyribosyl. Thus, the term“MOE gapmef’ indicates a gapmer having a sugar motif of 2’ -MOE nucleosides in both wings and a gap of T- deoxynucleosides. Unless otherwise indicated, a MOE gapmer may comprise one or more modified intemucleoside linkages and/or modified nucleobases and such modifications do not necessarily follow the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications.

As used herein,“hotspot region” is a range of nucleobases on a target nucleic acid amenable to oligomeric compound-mediated reduction of the amount or activity of the target nucleic acid.

As used herein, "hybridization" means the pairing or annealing of complementary oligonucleotides and/or nucleic acids. While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleobases.

As used herein, the term“intemucleoside linkage” is the covalent linkage between adjacent nucleosides in an oligonucleotide. As used herein“modified intemucleoside linkage” means any intemucleoside linkage other than a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.“Phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage” is a modified intemucleoside linkage in which one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms of a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage is replaced with a sulfur atom.

As used herein,“linker-nucleoside” means a nucleoside that links, either directly or indirectly, an

oligonucleotide to a conjugate moiety. Linker-nucleosides are located within the conjugate linker of an oligomeric compound. Linker-nucleosides are not considered part of the oligonucleotide portion of an oligomeric compound even if they are contiguous with the oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“non-bicyclic modified sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety that comprises a modification, such as a substituent, that does not form a bridge between two atoms of the sugar to form a second ring. As used herein,“mismatch” or“non-complementary” means a nucleobase of a first oligonucleotide that is not complementary with the corresponding nucleobase of a second oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid when the first and second oligonucleotide are aligned.

As used herein,“MOE” means methoxy ethyl.”2’-MOE” or“2’-MOE modified sugar” means a 2’- OCH2CH2OCH3 group in place of the 2’-OH group of a ribosyl sugar moiety.

As used herein,“2’ -MOE nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’ -MOE modified sugar.

As used herein,“motif’ means the pattern of unmodified and/or modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or intemucleoside linkages, in an oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“motif’ means the pattern of unmodified and/or modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or intemucleoside linkages, in an oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“neurodegenerative disease” means a condition marked by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. In certain embodiments, neurodegenerative disease is spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3).

As used herein, "nucleobase" means an unmodified nucleobase or a modified nucleobase. As used herein an “unmodified nucleobase” is adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U), and guanine (G). As used herein, a “modified nucleobase” is a group of atoms other than unmodified A, T, C, U, or G capable of pairing with at least one unmodified nucleobase. A“5-methyl cytosine” is a modified nucleobase. A universal base is a modified nucleobase that can pair with any one of the five unmodified nucleobases. As used herein,“nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases in a nucleic acid or oligonucleotide independent of any sugar or intemucleoside linkage modification.

As used herein,“nucleoside” means a compound comprising a nucleobase and a sugar moiety. The nucleobase and sugar moiety are each, independently, unmodified or modified. As used herein,“modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase and/or a modified sugar moiety. Modified nucleosides include abasic nucleosides, which lack a nucleobase.“Linked nucleosides” are nucleosides that are connected in a contiguous sequence (i.e., no additional nucleosides are presented between those that are linked).

As used herein, "oligomeric compound" means an oligonucleotide and optionally one or more additional features, such as a conjugate group or terminal group. An oligomeric compound may be paired with a second oligomeric compound that is complementary to the first oligomeric compound or may be unpaired. A“singled-stranded oligomeric compound” is an unpaired oligomeric compound. The term“oligomeric duplex” means a duplex formed by two oligomeric compounds having complementary nucleobase sequences. Each oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex may be referred to as a“duplexed oligomeric compound.”

As used herein, "oligonucleotide" means a strand of linked nucleosides connected via intemucleoside linkages, wherein each nucleoside and intemucleoside linkage may be modified or unmodified. Unless otherwise indicated, oligonucleotides consist of 8-50 linked nucleosides. As used herein,“modified oligonucleotide” means an

oligonucleotide, wherein at least one nucleoside or intemucleoside linkage is modified. As used herein,“unmodified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide that does not comprise any nucleoside modifications or intemucleoside modifications.

As used herein,“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent” means any substance suitable for use in administering to an animal. Certain such carriers enable pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as, for example, tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspension and lozenges for the oral ingestion by a subject. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is sterile water, sterile saline, sterile buffer solution, or sterile artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

As used herein“pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

As used herein“pharmaceutical composition” means a mixture of substances suitable for administering to a subject. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise an oligomeric compound and a sterile aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition shows activity in free uptake assay in certain cell lines.

As used herein,“phosphorus moiety” means a group of atoms comprising a phosphorus atom. In certain embodiments, a phosphorus moiety comprises a mono-, di-, or tri-phosphate, or phosphorothioate.

As used herein“prodrug” means a therapeutic agent in a form outside the body that is converted to a different form within an animal or cells thereof. Typically, conversion of a prodmg within the animal is facilitated by the action of an enzyme (e.g., endogenous or viral enzyme) or chemicals present in cells or tissues and/or by physiologic conditions.

As used herein, "reducing or inhibiting the amount or activity" refers to a reduction or blockade of the transcriptional expression or activity relative to the transcriptional expression or activity in an untreated or control sample and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of transcriptional expression or activity.

As used herein,“RNA” means an RNA transcript and includes pre-mRNA and mature mRNA unless otherwise specified.

As used herein,“RNAi compound” means an antisense compound that acts, at least in part, through RISC or Ago2 to modulate a target nucleic acid and/or protein encoded by a target nucleic acid. RNAi compounds include, but are not limited to double-stranded siRNA, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and microRNA, including microRNA mimics. In certain embodiments, an RNAi compound modulates the amount, activity, and/or splicing of a target nucleic acid.

The term RNAi compound excludes antisense compounds that act through RNase H.

As used herein,“self-complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide means an oligonucleotide that at least partially hybridizes to itself.

As used herein,“standard cell assay” means the assay described in Example 1 and reasonable variations thereof.

As used herein,“standard in vivo assay’ means the experiment described in Example 4 and reasonable variations thereof.

As used herein,“stereorandom” in the context of a population of molecules of identical molecular formula means a chiral center having a random stereochemical configuration. For example, in a population of molecules comprising a stereorandom chiral center, the number of molecules having the ( S) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center may be but is not necessarily the same as the number of molecules having the ( R ) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center. The stereochemical configuration of a chiral center is considered random when it is the results of a synthetic method that is not designed to control the stereochemical configuration. In certain embodiments, a stereorandom chiral center is a stereorandom phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage. As used herein,“sugar moiety” means an unmodified sugar moiety or a modified sugar moiety. As used herein, “unmodified sugar moiety” means a 2’-OH(H) ribosyl moiety, as found in RNA (an“unmodified RNA sugar moiety”), or a 2’-H(H) moiety, as found in DNA (an“unmodified DNA sugar moiety”). Unmodified sugar moieties have one hydrogen at each of the G, 3’, and 4’ positions, an oxygen at the 3’ position, and two hydrogens at the 5’ position. As used herein,“modified sugar moiety” or“modified sugar” means a modified furanosyl sugar moiety or a sugar surrogate.

As used herein, "sugar surrogate" means a modified sugar moiety having other than a furanosyl moiety that can link a nucleobase to another group, such as an intemucleoside linkage, conjugate group, or terminal group in an oligonucleotide. Modified nucleosides comprising sugar surrogates can be incorporated into one or more positions within an oligonucleotide and such oligonucleotides are capable of hybridizing to complementary oligomeric compounds or nucleic acids.

As used herein,“symptom or hallmark” means any physical feature or test result that indicates the existence or extent of a disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, a symptom is apparent to a subject or to a medical professional examining or testing said subject. In certain embodiments, a hallmark is apparent upon invasive diagnostic testing, including, but not limited to, post-mortem tests.

As used herein,“target nucleic acid” and“target RNA” mean a nucleic acid that an antisense compound is designed to affect.

As used herein,“target region” means a portion of a target nucleic acid to which an oligomeric compound is designed to hybridize.

As used herein, "terminal group" means a chemical group or group of atoms that is covalently linked to a terminus of an oligonucleotide.

As used herein,“therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to an animal. For example, a therapeutically effective amount improves a symptom of a disease.

CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure provides the following non-limiting numbered embodiments:

Embodiment 1. An oligomeric compound, comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary to an equal length portion of an ATXN3 nucleic acid, and wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar, a sugar surrogate, and a modified intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 2. An oligomeric compound, comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15-2787.

Embodiment 3. An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising a portion of at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 contiguous nucleobases, wherein the portion is complementary to: an equal length portion of nucleobases 138-175 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 392-436 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 3042-3098 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEQ ID NO: 2;

an equal length portion of nucleobases 39883-39904 of SEQ ID NO: 2; or

an equal length portion of nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

Embodiment 4. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the ATXN3 nucleic acid has the nucleobase sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Embodiment 5. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-4, consisting of a single-stranded modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 6. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein at least one intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 7. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 6, wherein the modified intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 8. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein each intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 9. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein each modified intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 10. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein at least one intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 11. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-7 and 10, wherein each intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is either a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage or a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 12. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein at least one nucleobase of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 13. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 12, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methyl cytosine. Embodiment 14. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a modified sugar moiety.

Embodiment 15. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 14, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety.

Embodiment 16. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 15, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety having a 2’-4’ bridge, wherein the 2’-4’ bridge is selected from -0-CH2-; and -0-CH(CH3)-. Embodiment 17. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-13, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a non-bicyclic sugar moiety.

Embodiment 18. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 17, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a modified non-bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 2’-MOE or 2’-OMe.

Embodiment 19. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 18, wherein each modified nucleoside of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified non-bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 2’-MOE or 2’-OMe.

Embodiment 20. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-13, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a sugar surrogate.

Embodiment 21. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 20, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleoside comprising a sugar surrogate selected from morpholino and PNA.

Embodiment 22. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-18 and 20-21, wherein the modified

oligonucleotide is a gapmer.

Embodiment 23. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-18 and 20-21, wherein the modified

oligonucleotide has a sugar motif comprising:

a 5’ -region consisting of 1-6 linked 5’ -nucleosides;

a central region consisting of 6-10 linked central region nucleosides; and

a 3’ -region consisting of 1-6 linked 5’ -nucleosides; wherein each of the 5’ -region nucleosides and each of the 3’- region nucleosides comprises a modified sugar moiety and each of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’- deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.

Embodiment 24. The oligomeric compound of embodiments 1-7 or 10-23, wherein the modified oligonucleotide consists of 20 linked nucleosides and has the following intemucleoside motif: sooosssssssssssooss; wherein,

s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 25. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-23, wherein the modified oligonucleotide consists of 12-22, 12-20, 14-20, 16-20, 18-20, or 18-22 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 26. The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-23 and 25, wherein the modified oligonucleotide consists of 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 27. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-26 consisting of the modified oligonucleotide. Embodiment 28. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-26 comprising a conjugate group comprising a conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker.

Embodiment 29. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 28, wherein the conjugate group comprises a GalNAc cluster comprising 1-3 GalNAc ligands.

Embodiment 30. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 28 or 29, wherein the conjugate linker consists of a single bond.

Embodiment 31. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 28, wherein the conjugate linker is cleavable.

Embodiment 32. The oligomeric compound of embodiment 28, wherein the conjugate linker comprises 1-3 linker- nucleosides.

Embodiment 33. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 28-32, wherein the conjugate group is attached to the modified oligonucleotide at the 5’ -end of the modified oligonucleotide. Embodiment 34. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 28-32, wherein the conjugate group is attached to the modified oligonucleotide at the 3’ -end of the modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 35. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-26 or 28-34 comprising a terminal group.

Embodiment 36. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-35 wherein the oligomeric compound is a singled-stranded oligomeric compound.

Embodiment 37. The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-31 or 33-34, wherein the oligomeric compound does not comprise linker-nucleosides.

Embodiment 38. An oligomeric duplex comprising an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-35 and 37. Embodiment 39. An antisense compound comprising or consisting of an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-37 or an oligomeric duplex of embodiment 38.

Embodiment 40. A modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 50 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 contiguous nucleobases of any of the nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15-2787.

Embodiment 41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-37, an oligomeric duplex of embodiment 38, an antisense compound of embodiment 39, or a modified oligonucleotide of embodiment 40 and at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Embodiment 42. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the modified oligonucleotide is a sodium salt.

Embodiment 43. A method comprising administering to an animal the pharmaceutical composition of any of embodiments 41-42.

Embodiment 44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the animal is a human.

Embodiment 45. A method of treating a disease associated with ATXN3 comprising administering to an individual having or at risk for developing a disease associated with ATXN3 a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 41 and 42, and thereby treating the disease associated with ATXN3.

Embodiment 46. The method of embodiment 45, wherein the disease associated with ATXN3 is a neurodegenerative disease.

Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is SCA3.

Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein at least one symptom or hallmark of the neurodegenerative disease is ameliorated.

Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the symptom or hallmark is ataxia, neuropathy, and aggregate formation. Embodiment 50. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof.

Embodiment 51. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

or a salt thereof.

Embodiment 53. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:

Embodiment 54. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure

Embodiment 55. A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure

Embodiment 56. The modified oligonucleotide of any of embodiments 50, 52, or 54, which is a sodium salt of the formula.

Embodiment 57. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified oligonucleotide of any of embodiments 50-56 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Embodiment 58. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 57, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

Embodiment 59 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 57, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of the modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

Embodiment 60. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges ^m Ceo Teo ^m Ceo Aes Tds Tds Tds Ads Tds Tds ^m Cds Tds ^m Cds Ads Aeo Geo Tes Aes ^m Ce (SEQ ID NO: 423), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety,

d = a 2 -(i-D deoxyribosyl sugar moiety,

s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 61. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges ^m Ceo Aeo ^m Ceo ^m Ces Ads Tds Ads Tds Ads Tds Ads Tds ^m Cds Tds ^m Ceo Aeo Ges Aes Ae (SEQ ID NO: 1226), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety,

d = a 2 -(i-D deoxyribosyl sugar moiety,

s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 62. A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges Teo Teo Aeo Aes Tds Ads ^m Cds Tds Tds Tds Tds Tds ^m Cds ^m Cds Aeo Geo ^m Ces ^m Ces Te (SEQ ID NO: 1673), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety,

d = a 2 -(i-D deoxyribosyl sugar moiety,

s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 63. The compound of any of embodiments 60-62, comprising the modified oligonucleotide covalently linked to a conjugate group.

Embodiment 64. The compound of any of embodiment 1-63, wherein at least one intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is chirally controlled.

Embodiment 65. The compound of any of embodiments 1-64, wherein at least one intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is stereorandom.

Embodiment 66. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any of embodiments 60-65 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

Embodiment 67. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 66, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

Embodiment 68. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of the modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

Embodiment 69. A chirally enriched population of modified oligonucleotides of any of embodiments 50-55, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having a particular stereochemical configuration.

Embodiment 70. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 69, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having the (Sp) configuration.

Embodiment 71. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 69, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having the (Rp) configuration.

Embodiment 72. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 69, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having a particular, independently selected stereochemical configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage

Embodiment 73. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 73, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Sp) configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 74. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 73, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Rp) configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 75. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 73, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Rp) configuration at one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and the (Sp) configuration at each of the remaining phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 76. The chirally enriched population of embodiment 69 or embodiment 73 wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least 3 contiguous phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages in the Sp, Sp, and Rp configurations, in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Embodiment 77. A chirally enriched population of modified oligonucleotides of any of embodiments 50-55, wherein all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotide are stereorandom.

I. Certain Oligonucleotides

In certain embodiments, provided herein are oligonucleotides, which consist of linked nucleosides.

Oligonucleotides may be unmodified oligonucleotides (RNA or DNA) or may be modified oligonucleotides. Modified oligonucleotides comprise at least one modification relative to unmodified RNA or DNA. That is, modified oligonucleotides comprise at least one modified nucleoside (comprising a modified sugar moiety and/or a modified nucleobase) and/or at least one modified intemucleoside linkage.

A. Certain Modified Nucleosides

Modified nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety or a modified nucleobase or both a modifed sugar moiety and a modified nucleobase.

1. Certain Sugar Moieties

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are bicyclic or tricyclic sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. Such sugar surrogates may comprise one or more substitutions corresponding to those of other types of modified sugar moieties.

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties comprising a furanosyl ring with one or more substituent groups none of which bridges two atoms of the furanosyl ring to form a bicyclic structure. Such non bridging substituents may be at any position of the furanosyl, including but not limited to substituents at the 2’, 4’, and/or 5’ positions. In certain embodiments one or more non-bridging substituent of non- bicyclic modified sugar moieties is branched. Examples of 2’ -substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to: 2’-F, 2'-OCH ₃ (“OMe” or“O-methyl”), and 2'-0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0CH ₃ (“MOE”). In certain embodiments, 2’-substituent groups are selected from among: halo, allyl, amino, azido, SH, CN, OCN, CF ₃ , OCF ₃ , O-Ci-Cio alkoxy, O-Ci-Cio substituted alkoxy, O-Ci-Cio alkyl, O-Ci-Cio substituted alkyl, S-alkyl, N(R _m )-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N(R _m )-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkynyl, N(R _m )-alkynyl, O-alkylenyl-O-alkyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl, O-aralkyl, 0(CF1 ₂ ) ₂ SCF[ ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0N(R _m )(R _n ) or 0CH ₂ C(=0)-N(R _m )(R _n ), where each R _m and R _n is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl, and the 2’ -substituent groups described in Cook et al, U.S. 6,531,584; Cook et ak, U.S. 5,859,221; and Cook et al., U.S. 6,005,087. Certain embodiments of these 2'-substituent groups can be further substituted with one or more substituent groups independently selected from among: hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (N0 ₂ ), thiol, thioalkoxy, thioalkyl, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl. Examples of 4’ -substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to alkoxy (e.g., methoxy), alkyl, and those described in Manoharan et al., WO 2015/106128. Examples of 5’ -substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to: 5’-methyl (R or S), 5'-vinyl, and 5’-methoxy. In certain embodiments, non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties comprise more than one non-bridging sugar substituent, for example, 2'-F-5'-methyl sugar moieties and the modified sugar moieties and modified nucleosides described in Migawa et al., WO 2008/101157 and Rajeev et al.,

US2013/0203836.

In certain embodiments, a 2’ -substituted non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a non-bridging 2’-substituent group selected from: F, NH ₂ , N ₃ , OCF ₃ OCH ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₃ NH ₂ , CH ₂ CH=CH ₂ , OCH ₂ CH=CH ₂ , OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ SCH ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0N(R _m )(R _n ), 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , and N-substituted acetamide (0CH ₂ C(=0)-N(R _m )(R _n )), where each R _m and R _n is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl.

In certain embodiments, a 2’ -substituted nucleoside non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a non-bridging 2’-substituent group selected from: F, OCF ₃ OCH ₃ , OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ SCH ₃ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ , and 0CH ₂ C(=0)-N(H)CH ₃ (“NMA”).

In certain embodiments, a 2’ -substituted non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a non-bridging 2’-substituent group selected from: F, OCH ₃ , and OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₃ .

Certain modifed sugar moieties comprise a substituent that bridges two atoms of the furanosyl ring to form a second ring, resulting in a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain such embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety comprises a bridge between the 4' and the 2' furanose ring atoms. Examples of such 4’ to 2’ bridging sugar substituents include but are not limited to: 4'-CH ₂ -2', 4'-(CH ₂ ) ₂ -2', 4'-(CH ₂ ) ₃ -2', 4'-CH ₂ -0-2' (“LNA”), 4'-CH ₂ -S-2', 4'-(CH ₂ ) ₂ -0-2' (“ENA”), 4'- CH(CH ₃ )-0-2' (referred to as“constrained ethyl” or“cEt”), 4’-CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -2’, 4’-CH ₂ -N(R)-2’, 4'-CH(CH ₂ 0CH ₃ )-0-2' (“constrained MOE” or“cMOE”) and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Seth et al., U.S. 7,399,845, Bhat et al., U.S. 7,569,686, Swayze et al., U.S. 7,741,457, and Swayze et al., U.S. 8,022, 193), 4'-C(CH ₃ )(CH ₃ )-0-2’ and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Seth et al., U.S. 8,278,283), 4'-CH ₂ -N(OCH ₃ )-2' and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Prakash et al., U.S. 8,278,425), 4'- CH ₂ -0-N(CH ₃ )-2' (see, e.g., Allerson et al., U.S. 7,696,345 and Allerson et al., U.S. 8,124,745), 4'-CH ₂ -C(H)(CH ₃ )-2' (see, e.g., Zhou, et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134), 4'-CH ₂ -C(=CH ₂ )-2' and analogs thereof (see e.g. , Seth et al., U.S. 8,278,426), 4’-C(R _a R _b )-N(R)-0-2’, 4 ^, -C(R _a R _¾ )-0-N(R)-2’, 4'-CH ₂ -0-N(R)-2', and 4'-CH ₂ -N(R)-0-2', wherein each R, R _a , and R _b is, independently, H, a protecting group, or Ci-Ci ₂ alkyl (see, e.g. Imanishi et al., U.S. 7,427,672). In certain embodiments, such 4’ to 2’ bridges independently comprise from 1 to 4 linked groups independently selected from: -[C(R _a )(R _b )] _n -, -[C(R _a )(R _b )] _n -0-, -C(R _a )=C(R _b )-, -C(R _a )=N-, -C(=NR _a )-, -C(=0)-, -C(=S)-, -0-, -Si(R _a ) ₂ -, -S(=0) _x -, and -N(R _a )-;

wherein:

x is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R _a and R _b is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkyl, substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkynyl, C ₅ -C ₂₀ aryl, substituted C ₅ -C ₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C ₅ -C ₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C ₅ -C ₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJi, NJ ₁ J ₂ , SJi, N ₃ , COOJi, acyl (C(=0)-H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(=0) ₂ -Ji), or sulfoxyl (S(=0)-Ji); and

each Ji and J ₂ is, independently, H, C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkyl, substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C ₂ -C ₁₂ alkynyl, C ₅ -C ₂₀ aryl, substituted C ₅ -C ₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(=0)-H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C ₁ -C ₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C ₁ -C ₁₂ aminoalkyl, or a protecting group.

Additional bicyclic sugar moieties are known in the art, see, for example: Freier et al, Nucleic Acids Research , 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443, Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740, Singh et al., Chem. Commun. , 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219- 2222; Singh et al., . Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 20017, 129, 8362- 8379;Wengel et a., U.S. 7,053,207; Imanishi et al., U.S. 6,268,490; Imanishi et al. U.S. 6,770,748; Imanishi et al., U.S. RE44,779; Wengel et al., U.S. 6,794,499; Wengel et al., U.S. 6,670,461; Wengel et al., U.S. 7,034,133; Wengel et al., U.S. 8,080,644; Wengel et al., U.S. 8,034,909; Wengel et al., U.S. 8,153,365; Wengel et al., U.S. 7,572,582; and Ramasamy et al., U.S. 6,525,191;; Torsten et al., WO 2004/106356;Wengel et al., WO 1999/014226; Seth et al., WO 2007/134181; Seth et al., U.S. 7,547,684; Seth et al., U.S. 7,666,854; Seth et al., U.S. 8,088,746; Seth et al., U.S.

7,750, 131; Seth et al., U.S. 8,030,467; Seth et al., U.S. 8,268,980; Seth et al., U.S. 8,546,556; Seth et al., U.S. 8,530,640; Migawa et al., U.S. 9,012,421; Seth et al., U.S. 8,501,805; and U.S. Patent Publication Nos. Allerson et al.,

US2008/0039618 and Migawa et al., US2015/0191727.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such bicyclic sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, an LNA nucleoside (described herein) may be in the a-L configuration or in the b-D configuration.

LNA (b-D-configuration) a-L- LNA (a-L-conliguration) bridge = 4'-CH ₂ -0-2’ bridge = 4'-CH ₂ -0-2'

a-L-methyleneoxy (4’-CH ₂ -0-2’) or a-L-LNA bicyclic nucleosides have been incorporated into oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372). Herein, general descriptions of bicyclic nucleosides include both isomeric configurations. When the positions of specific bicyclic nucleosides (e.g., LNA or cEt) are identified in exemplified embodiments herein, they are in the b-D configuration, unless otherwise specified.

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties comprise one or more non-bridging sugar substituent and one or more bridging sugar substituent (e.g., 5’ -substituted and 4’-2’ bridged sugars).

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. In certain such embodiments, the oxygen atom of the sugar moiety is replaced, e.g., with a sulfur, carbon or nitrogen atom. In certain such embodiments, such modified sugar moieties also comprise bridging and/or non-bridging substituents as described herein. For example, certain sugar surrogates comprise a 4’-sulfur atom and a substitution at the 2'-position (see, e.g., Bhat et al., U.S.

7,875,733 and Bhat et al., U.S. 7, 939,677) and/or the 5’ position.

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having other than 5 atoms. For example, in certain embodiments, a sugar surrogate comprises a six-membered tetrahydropyran (“THP”). Such tetrahydropyrans may be further modified or substituted. Nucleosides comprising such modified tetrahydropyrans include but are not limited to hexitol nucleic acid (“HNA”), anitol nucleic acid (“ANA”), manitol nucleic acid (“MNA”) (see, e.g., Leumann, CJ. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 841-854), fluoro HNA:

F-HNA

(“F-HNA”, see e.g. Swayze et al., U.S. 8,088,904; Swayze et al., U.S. 8,440,803; Swayze et al., U.S. 8,796,437; and Swayze et al., U.S. 9,005,906; F-HNA can also be referred to as a F-THP or 3'-fluoro tetrahydropyran), and nucleosides comprising additional modified THP compounds having the formula:

wherein, independently, for each of said modified THP nucleoside:

Bx is a nucleobase moiety;

T ₃ and T ₄ are each, independently, an intemucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide or one of T ₃ and T ₄ is an intemucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide and the other of T ₃ and T is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group, or a 5' or 3'-terminal group;

qi, q2, q ₃ , q ₄ , q q ₆ and q ₇ are each, independently, H, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkenyl, substituted C ₂ - O, alkenyl, C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl, or substituted C ₂ -C ₆ alkynyl; and each of Ri and R ₂ is independently selected from among: hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, NJ _I J ₂ , SJi, N ₃ , OC(=X)Ji, OC(=X)NJ _I J ₂ , NJ ₃ C(=X)NJ _I J ₂ , and CN, wherein X is O, S or NJi, and each Ji, J ₂ , and J ₃ is, independently, H or C1-C6 alkyl.

In certain embodiments, modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein q i. q ₂ , q ₃ , q ₄ , qs. q ₆ and q ₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of qi, q ₂ , q ₃ , q ₄ , qs, q ₆ and q ₇ is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of qi, q ₂ , q ₃ , q ₄ , qs, q ₆ and q ₇ is methyl. In certain embodiments, modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein one of Ri and R ₂ is F. In certain embodiments, Ri is F and R ₂ is H, in certain embodiments, Ri is methoxy and R ₂ is H, and in certain embodiments, Ri is methoxyethoxy and R ₂ is H.

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having more than 5 atoms and more than one heteroatom. For example, nucleosides comprising morpholino sugar moieties and their use in oligonucleotides have been reported (see, e.g., Braasch et al., Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 4503-4510 and Summerton et ah, U.S. 5,698,685; Summerton et ah, U.S. 5, 166,315; Summerton et ah, U.S. 5,185,444; and Summerton et ah, U.S. 5,034,506). As used here, the term“morpholino” means a sugar surrogate having the following structure:

In certain embodiments, morpholinos may be modified, for example by adding or altering various substituent groups from the above morpholino structure. Such sugar surrogates are refered to herein as“modifed morpholinos.”

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise acyclic moieites. Examples of nucleosides and oligonucleotides comprising such acyclic sugar surrogates include but are not limited to: peptide nucleic acid (“PNA”), acyclic butyl nucleic acid (see, e.g., Kumar et ah, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013, 11, 5853-5865), and nucleosides and oligonucleotides described in Manoharan et al., WO2011/133876.

Many other bicyclic and tricyclic sugar and sugar surrogate ring systems are known in the art that can be used in modified nucleosides).

2. Certain Modified Nucleobases

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside comprising an unmodified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside that does not comprise a nucleobase, referred to as an abasic nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines, alkyl or alkynyl substituted pyrimidines, alkyl substituted purines, and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines. In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: 2-aminopropyladenine, 5 -hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-N-methylguanine, 6-N-methyladenine, 2-propyladenine , 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-propynyl (-CºC-CH ₃ ) uracil, 5-propynylcytosine, 6-azouracil, 6-azocytosine, 6-azothymine, 5- ribosyluracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl, 8-aza and other 8-substituted purines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl, 5-halouracil, and 5-halocytosine, 7-methylguanine, 7- methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-aminoadenine, 7-deazaguanine, 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaguanine, 3-deazaadenine, 6-N- benzoyladenine, 2-N-isobutyrylguanine, 4-N-benzoylcytosine, 4-N-benzoyluracil, 5-methyl 4-N-benzoylcytosine, 5- methyl 4-N-benzoyluracil, universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines, such as l,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one, 1,3- diazaphenothiazine-2-one and 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-l,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (G-clamp). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza- adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in Merigan et al, U.S. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, Kroschwitz, J.I., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1990, 858-859; Englisch et al. , Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613; Sanghvi, Y.S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, Crooke, S.T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., CRC Press, 1993, 273-288; and those disclosed in Chapters 6 and 15, Antisense Drug Technology, Crooke S.T., Ed., CRC Press, 2008, 163-166 and 442-443.

Publications that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include without limitation, Manoharan et al., US2003/0158403; Manoharan et al.,

US2003/0175906; Dinh et al., U.S. 4,845,205; Spielvogel et al., U.S. 5,130,302; Rogers et al., U.S. 5,134,066;

Bischofberger et al., U.S. 5,175,273; Urdea et al., U.S. 5,367,066; Benner et al., U.S. 5,432,272; Matteucci et al., U.S. 5,434,257; Gmeiner et al., U.S. 5,457,187; Cook et al., U.S. 5,459,255; Froehler et al., U.S. 5,484,908; Matteucci et al., U.S. 5,502,177; Hawkins et al., U.S. 5,525,711; Haralambidis et al., U.S. 5,552,540; Cook et al., U.S. 5,587,469;

Froehler et al., U.S. 5,594,121; Switzer et al., U.S. 5,596,091; Cook et al., U.S. 5,614,617; Froehler et al., U.S.

5,645,985; Cook et al., U.S. 5,681,941; Cook et al., U.S. 5,811,534; Cook et al., U.S. 5,750,692; Cook et al., U.S. 5,948,903; Cook et al., U.S. 5,587,470; Cook et al., U.S. 5,457,191; Matteucci et al., U.S. 5,763,588; Froehler et al.,

U.S. 5,830,653; Cook et al., U.S. 5,808,027; Cook et al., 6,166,199; and Matteucci et al., U.S. 6,005,096.

3. Certain Modified Intemucleoside Linkages

In certain embodiments, nucleosides of modified oligonucleotides may be linked together using any intemucleoside linkage. The two main classes of intemucleoside linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphoms atom. Representative phosphorus-containing intemucleoside linkages include but are not limited to phosphates, which contain a phosphodiester bond (“P=0”) (also referred to as unmodified or naturally occurring linkages), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, and phosphorothioates (“P=S”), and

phosphorodithioates (“HS-P=S”). Representative non-phosphoms containing intemucleoside linking groups include but are not limited to methylenemethylimino (-CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )-0-CH ₂ -), thiodiester, thionocarbamate (-0-C(=0)(NH)-S-); siloxane (-0-SiH ₂ -0-); and N,N'-dimethylhydrazine (-CH2-N(CH3)-N(CH ₃ )-). Modified intemucleoside linkages, compared to naturally occurring phosphate linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, intemucleoside linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared as a racemic mixture, or as separate enantiomers. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous- containing intemucleoside linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.

Representative intemucleoside linkages having a chiral center include but are not limited to

alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Modified oligonucleotides comprising intemucleoside linkages having a chiral center can be prepared as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising stereorandom intemucleoside linkages, or as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising phosphorothioate linkages in particular stereochemical configurations. In certain embodiments, populations of modified oligonucleotides comprise phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages wherein all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages are stereorandom. Such modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods that result in random selection of the stereochemical configuration of each phosphorothioate linkage. Nonetheless, as is well understood by those of skill in the art, each individual phosphorothioate of each individual oligonucleotide molecule has a defined

stereoconfiguration. In certain embodiments, populations of modified oligonucleotides are enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising one or more particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages in a particular, independently selected stereochemical configuration. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 65% of the molecules in the population. In certain

embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 70% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 80% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 90% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate linkage is present in at least 99% of the molecules in the population. Such chirally enriched populations of modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods known in the art, e.g., methods described in Oka et al, JACS 125, 8307 (2003), Wan et al. Nuc. Acid. Res. 42, 13456 (2014), and WO 2017/015555. In certain embodiments, a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one indicated phosphorothioate in the (.S'p) configuration. In certain embodiments, a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one phosphorothioate in the (Rp) configuration. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprising (Rp) and/or (S'p) phosphorothioates comprise one or more of the following formulas, respectively, wherein“B” indicates a nucleobase:

Unless otherwise indicated, chiral intemucleoside linkages of modified oligonucleotides described herein can be stereorandom or in a particular stereochemical configuration.

Neutral intemucleoside linkages include, without limitation, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, MMI (3 - CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )-0-5'), amide-3 (3'-CH ₂ -C(=0)-N(H)-5'), amide-4 (3'-CH ₂ -N(H)-C(=0)-5'), formacetal (3'-0-CH ₂ -0-5'), methoxypropyl, and thioformacetal (3'-S-CH ₂ -0-5'). Further neutral intemucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising siloxane (dialkylsiloxane), carboxylate ester, carboxamide, sulfide, sulfonate ester and amides (See for example: Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research, Y.S. Sanghvi and P.D. Cook, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 580; Chapters 3 and 4, 40-65). Further neutral intemucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising mixed N, O, S and CH ₂ component parts.

B. Certain Motifs In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified intemucleoside linkage. In such embodiments, the modified, unmodified, and differently modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or intemucleoside linkages of a modified oligonucleotide define a pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, the patterns of sugar moieties, nucleobases, and intemucleoside linkages are each independent of one another. Thus, a modified oligonucleotide may be described by its sugar motif, nucleobase motif and/or intemucleoside linkage motif (as used herein, nucleobase motif describes the modifications to the nucleobases independent of the sequence of nucleobases).

1. Certain Sugar Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more type of modified sugar and/or unmodified sugar moiety arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or sugar motif. In certain instances, such sugar motifs include but are not limited to any of the sugar modifications discussed herein.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a gapmer motif, which is defined by two external regions or“wings” and a central or internal region or“gap.” The three regions of a gapmer motif (the 5’-wing, the gap, and the 3’-wing) form a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each of the wings differ from at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of the gap. Specifically, at least the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each wing that are closest to the gap (the 3’ -most nucleoside of the 5’ -wing and the 5’ -most nucleoside of the 3’ -wing) differ from the sugar moiety of the neighboring gap nucleosides, thus defining the boundary between the wings and the gap (i.e., the wing/gap junction). In certain embodiments, the sugar moieties within the gap are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the gap includes one or more nucleoside having a sugar moiety that differs from the sugar moiety of one or more other nucleosides of the gap. In certain embodiments, the sugar motifs of the two wings are the same as one another (symmetric gapmer). In certain embodiments, the sugar motif of the 5'-wing differs from the sugar motif of the 3'-wing (asymmetric gapmer).

In certain embodiments, the wings of a gapmer comprise 1-5 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer is a modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer is a modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, at least one nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer is a modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, at least two nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, at least three nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, at least four nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer are modified nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer comprises 7-12 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer is an unmodified 2’-deoxy nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the gapmer is a deoxy gapmer. In embodiments, the nucleosides on the gap side of each wing/gap junction are unmodified 2’-deoxy nucleosides and the nucleosides on the wing sides of each wing/gap junction are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the gap is an unmodified 2’ -deoxy nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer is a modified nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a fully modified sugar motif. In such embodiments, each nucleoside of the fully modified region of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the entire modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a fully modified sugar motif, wherein each nucleoside within the fully modified region comprises the same modified sugar moiety, referred to herein as a uniformly modified sugar motif. In certain embodiments, a fully modified oligonucleotide is a uniformly modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of a uniformly modified comprises the same 2’ -modification.

Herein, the lengths (number of nucleosides) of the three regions of a gapmer may be provided using the notation [# of nucleosides in the 5’-wing] - [# of nucleosides in the gap] - [# of nucleosides in the 3’-wing] Thus, a 5- 10-5 gapmer consists of 5 linked nucleosides in each wing and 10 linked nucleosides in the gap. Where such nomenclature is followed by a specific modification, that modification is the modification in each sugar moiety of each wing and the gap nucleosides comprise unmodified deoxynucleosides sugars. Thus, a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer consists of 5 linked MOE modified nucleosides in the 5’-wing, 10 linked deoxynucleosides in the gap, and 5 linked MOE nucleosides in the 3’ -wing.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 3-10-3 BNA gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 3-10-3 cEt gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 3-10-3 LNA gapmers.

2. Certain Nucleobase Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified nucleobases arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, each nucleobase is modified. In certain embodiments, none of the nucleobases are modified. In certain embodiments, each purine or each pyrimidine is modified. In certain embodiments, each adenine is modified. In certain embodiments, each guanine is modified. In certain embodiments, each thymine is modified. In certain embodiments, each uracil is modified. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is modified. In certain embodiments, some or all of the cytosine nucleobases in a modified oligonucleotide are 5-methyl cytosines. In certain embodiments, all of the cytosine nucleobases are 5-methyl cytosines and all of the other nucleobases of the modified oligonucleotide are unmodified nucleobases.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise a block of modified nucleobases. In certain such embodiments, the block is at the 3’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 3’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the block is at the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having a gapmer motif comprise a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain such embodiments, one nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif. In certain such embodiments, the sugar moiety of said nucleoside is a 2’- deoxyribosyl moiety. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is selected from: a 2-thiopyrimidine and a 5- propynepyrimidine.

3. Certain Internucleoside Linkage Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified intemucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, each intemucleoside linking group is a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage (P=0). In certain embodiments, each intemucleoside linking group of a modified oligonucleotide is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage (P=S). In certain embodiments, each intemucleoside linkage of a modified oligonucleotide is independently selected from a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage. In certain embodiments, each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is independently selected from a stereorandom phosphorothioate a (.S'p) phosphorothioate, and a (/(p) phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, the sugar motif of a modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer and the intemucleoside linkages within the gap are all modified. In certain such embodiments, some or all of the intemucleoside linkages in the wings are unmodified phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the terminal intemucleoside linkages are modified. In certain embodiments, the sugar motif of a modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer, and the intemucleoside linkage motif comprises at least one phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage in at least one wing, wherein the at least one phosphodiester linkage is not a terminal intemucleoside linkage, and the remaining intemucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, all of the phosphorothioate linkages are stereorandom. In certain embodiments, all of the phosphorothioate linkages in the wings are (.S'p) phosphorothioates, and the gap comprises at least one .S'p. .S'p. /(p motif. In certain embodiments, populations of modified oligonucleotides are enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising such intemucleoside linkage motifs.

C. Certain Lengths

It is possible to increase or decrease the length of an oligonucleotide without eliminating activity. For example, in Woolf et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7305-7309, 1992), a series of oligonucleotides 13-25 nucleobases in length were tested for their ability to induce cleavage of a target RNA in an oocyte injection model. Oligonucleotides 25 nucleobases in length with 8 or 11 mismatch bases near the ends of the oligonucleotides were able to direct specific cleavage of the target RNA, albeit to a lesser extent than the oligonucleotides that contained no mismatches. Similarly, target specific cleavage was achieved using 13 nucleobase oligonucleotides, including those with 1 or 3 mismatches.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides (including modified oligonucleotides) can have any of a variety of ranges of lengths. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides consist of X to Y linked nucleosides, where X represents the fewest number of nucleosides in the range and Y represents the largest number nucleosides in the range. In certain such embodiments, X and Y are each independently selected from 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50; provided that X<Y. For example, in certain embodiments, oligonucleotides consist of 12 to 13, 12 to 14, 12 to 15, 12 to 16, 12 to

17, 12 to 18, 12 to 19, 12 to 20, 12 to 21, 12 to 22, 12 to 23, 12 to 24, 12 to 25, 12 to 26, 12 to 27, 12 to 28, 12 to 29, 12 to 30, 13 to 14, 13 to 15, 13 to 16, 13 to 17, 13 to 18, 13 to 19, 13 to 20, 13 to 21, 13 to 22, 13 to 23, 13 to 24, 13 to 25,

13 to 26, 13 to 27, 13 to 28, 13 to 29, 13 to 30, 14 to 15, 14 to 16, 14 to 17, 14 to 18, 14 to 19, 14 to 20, 14 to 21, 14 to

22, 14 to 23, 14 to 24, 14 to 25, 14 to 26, 14 to 27, 14 to 28, 14 to 29, 14 to 30, 15 to 16, 15 to 17, 15 to 18, 15 to 19, 15 to 20, 15 to 21, 15 to 22, 15 to 23, 15 to 24, 15 to 25, 15 to 26, 15 to 27, 15 to 28, 15 to 29, 15 to 30, 16 to 17, 16 to 18,

16 to 19, 16 to 20, 16 to 21, 16 to 22, 16 to 23, 16 to 24, 16 to 25, 16 to 26, 16 to 27, 16 to 28, 16 to 29, 16 to 30, 17 to

18, 17 to 19, 17 to 20, 17 to 21, 17 to 22, 17 to 23, 17 to 24, 17 to 25, 17 to 26, 17 to 27, 17 to 28, 17 to 29, 17 to 30, 18 to 19, 18 to 20, 18 to 21, 18 to 22, 18 to 23, 18 to 24, 18 to 25, 18 to 26, 18 to 27, 18 to 28, 18 to 29, 18 to 30, 19 to 20,

19 to 21, 19 to 22, 19 to 23, 19 to 24, 19 to 25, 19 to 26, 19 to 29, 19 to 28, 19 to 29, 19 to 30, 20 to 21, 20 to 22, 20 to

23, 20 to 24, 20 to 25, 20 to 26, 20 to 27, 20 to 28, 20 to 29, 20 to 30, 21 to 22, 21 to 23, 21 to 24, 21 to 25, 21 to 26, 21 to 27, 21 to 28, 21 to 29, 21 to 30, 22 to 23, 22 to 24, 22 to 25, 22 to 26, 22 to 27, 22 to 28, 22 to 29, 22 to 30, 23 to 24,

23 to 25, 23 to 26, 23 to 27, 23 to 28, 23 to 29, 23 to 30, 24 to 25, 24 to 26, 24 to 27, 24 to 28, 24 to 29, 24 to 30, 25 to 26, 25 to 27, 25 to 28, 25 to 29, 25 to 30, 26 to 27, 26 to 28, 26 to 29, 26 to 30, 27 to 28, 27 to 29, 27 to 30, 28 to 29, 28 to 30, or 29 to 30 linked nucleosides

D. Certain Modified Oligonucleotides

In certain embodiments, the above modifications (sugar, nucleobase, intemucleoside linkage) are incorporated into a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are characterized by their modification motifs and overall lengths. In certain embodiments, such parameters are each independent of one another. Thus, unless otherwise indicated, each intemucleoside linkage of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer sugar motif may be modified or unmodified and may or may not follow the gapmer modification pattern of the sugar modifications. For example, the intemucleoside linkages within the wing regions of a sugar gapmer may be the same or different from one another and may be the same or different from the intemucleoside linkages of the gap region of the sugar motif.

Likewise, such sugar gapmer oligonucleotides may comprise one or more modified nucleobase independent of the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications. Unless otherwise indicated, all modifications are independent of nucleobase sequence.

E. Certain Populations of Modified Oligonucleotides

Populations of modified oligonucleotides in which all of the modified oligonucleotides of the population have the same molecular formula can be stereorandom populations or chirally enriched populations. All of the chiral centers of all of the modified oligonucleotides are stereorandom in a stereorandom population. In a chirally enriched population, at least one particular chiral center is not stereorandom in the modified oligonucleotides of the population. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotides of a chirally enriched population are enriched for b-D ribosyl sugar moieties, and all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages are stereorandom. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotides of a chirally enriched population are enriched for both b-D ribosyl sugar moieties and at least one, particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage in a particular stereochemical configuration.

F. Nucleobase Sequence

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides (unmodified or modified oligonucleotides) are further described by their nucleobase sequence. In certain embodiments oligonucleotides have a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a second oligonucleotide or an identified reference nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, a region of an oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a second

oligonucleotide or an identified reference nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequence of a region or entire length of an oligonucleotide is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary to the second oligonucleotide or nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid.

II. Certain Oligomeric Compounds

In certain embodiments, provided herein are oligomeric compounds, which consist of an oligonucleotide (modified or unmodified) and optionally one or more conjugate groups and/or terminal groups. Conjugate groups consist of one or more conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker which links the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups may be attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide and/or at any internal position. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached to the 2'-position of a nucleoside of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups that are attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide are terminal groups. In certain such embodiments, conjugate groups or terminal groups are attached at the 3’ and/or 5’-end of oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 3’-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 3’-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 5’-end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 5’-end of oligonucleotides.

Examples of terminal groups include but are not limited to conjugate groups, capping groups, phosphate moieties, protecting groups, modified or unmodified nucleosides, and two or more nucleosides that are independently modified or unmodified.

A. Certain Conjugate Groups

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are covalently attached to one or more conjugate groups. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, tissue distribution, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups impart a new property on the attached oligonucleotide, e.g., fluorophores or reporter groups that enable detection of the oligonucleotide. Certain conjugate groups and conjugate moieties have been described previously, for example: cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et ak, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 1053- 1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533- 538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO ./., 1991, 10, 1111- 1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac -glycerol or triethyl-ammonium l,2-di-0-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 3(5, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), an octadecylamine or hexylamino- carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., ./. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937), a tocopherol group (Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids, 2015, 4, e220; and Nishina et al., Molecular Therapy, 2008, 16, 734- 740), or a GalNAc cluster {e.g., WO2014/179620).

1. Conjugate Moieties

Conjugate moieties include, without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, vitamin moieties, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, fluorophores, and dyes.

In certain embodiments, a conjugate moiety comprises an active drag substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (,S')-(+)-pranoprofcn. carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid, fingolimod, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drag, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.

2. Conjugate Linkers

Conjugate moieties are attached to oligonucleotides through conjugate linkers. In certain oligomeric compounds, the conjugate linker is a single chemical bond (i.e., the conjugate moiety is attached directly to an oligonucleotide through a single bond). In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises a chain structure, such as a hydrocarbyl chain, or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol, nucleosides, or amino acid units.

In certain embodiments, a conjugate linker comprises one or more groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide, disulfide, polyethylene glycol, ether, thioether, and hydroxylamino. In certain such embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and amide groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphorus moiety. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphate group. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker includes at least one neutral linking group.

In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers, including the conjugate linkers described above, are bifunctional linking moieties, e.g., those known in the art to be useful for attaching conjugate groups to parent compounds, such as the oligonucleotides provided herein. In general, a bifunctional linking moiety comprises at least two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a particular site on a parent compound and the other is selected to bind to a conjugate group. Examples of functional groups used in a bifunctional linking moiety include but are not limited to electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In certain embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties comprise one or more groups selected from amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl.

Examples of conjugate linkers include but are not limited to pyrrolidine, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- 1-carboxy late (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other conjugate linkers include but are not limited to substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise 1-10 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise 2-5 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise exactly 3 linker- nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise the TCA motif. In certain embodiments, such linker- nucleosides are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments such linker-nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides are unmodified. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides comprise an optionally protected heterocyclic base selected from a purine, substituted purine, pyrimidine or substituted pyrimidine. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a nucleoside selected from uracil, thymine, cytosine, 4-N- benzoylcytosine, 5-methyl cytosine, 4-N-benzoyl-5-methyl cytosine, adenine, 6-N-benzoyladenine, guanine and 2-N- isobutyrylguanine. It is typically desirable for linker-nucleosides to be cleaved from the oligomeric compound after it reaches a target tissue. Accordingly, linker-nucleosides are typically linked to one another and to the remainder of the oligomeric compound through cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, such cleavable bonds are phosphodiester bonds.

Herein, linker-nucleosides are not considered to be part of the oligonucleotide. Accordingly, in embodiments in which an oligomeric compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of a specified number or range of linked nucleosides and/or a specified percent complementarity to a reference nucleic acid and the oligomeric compound also comprises a conjugate group comprising a conjugate linker comprising linker-nucleosides, those linker-nucleosides are not counted toward the length of the oligonucleotide and are not used in determining the percent complementarity of the oligonucleotide for the reference nucleic acid. For example, an oligomeric compound may comprise (1) a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and (2) a conjugate group comprising 1-10 linker-nucleosides that are contiguous with the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotide. The total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such an oligomeric compound is more than 30. Alternatively, an oligomeric compound may comprise a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and no conjugate group. The total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such an oligomeric compound is no more than 30. Unless otherwise indicated conjugate linkers comprise no more than 10 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 5 linker- nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 3 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 2 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 1 linker-nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, it is desirable for a conjugate group to be cleaved from the oligonucleotide. For example, in certain circumstances oligomeric compounds comprising a particular conjugate moiety are better taken up by a particular cell type, but once the oligomeric compound has been taken up, it is desirable that the conjugate group be cleaved to release the unconjugated or parent oligonucleotide. Thus, certain conjugate linkers may comprise one or more cleavable moieties. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a cleavable bond. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is a group of atoms comprising at least one cleavable bond. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises a group of atoms having one, two, three, four, or more than four cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved inside a cell or subcellular compartment, such as a lysosome. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved by endogenous enzymes, such as nucleases.

In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is selected from among: an amide, an ester, an ether, one or both esters of a phosphodiester, a phosphate ester, a carbamate, or a disulfide. In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is one or both of the esters of a phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises a phosphate or phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, the cleavable moiety is a phosphate linkage between an oligonucleotide and a conjugate moiety or conjugate group.

In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises or consists of one or more linker-nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the one or more linker-nucleosides are linked to one another and/or to the remainder of the oligomeric compound through cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, such cleavable bonds are unmodified phosphodiester bonds. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety is 2'-deoxy nucleoside that is attached to either the 3' or 5'-terminal nucleoside of an oligonucleotide by a phosphate intemucleoside linkage and covalently attached to the remainder of the conjugate linker or conjugate moiety by a phosphate or phosphorothioate linkage. In certain such embodiments, the cleavable moiety is 2'-deoxyadenosine.

B. Certain Terminal Groups

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise one or more terminal groups. In certain such embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise a stabilized 5’-phophate. Stabilized 5’-phosphates include, but are not limited to 5’-phosphanates, including, but not limited to 5’-vinylphosphonates. In certain embodiments, terminal groups comprise one or more abasic nucleosides and/or inverted nucleosides. In certain embodiments, terminal groups comprise one or more 2’-linked nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the 2’-linked nucleoside is an abasic nucleoside.

III. Oligomeric Duplexes In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds described herein comprise an oligonucleotide, having a nucleobase sequence complementary to that of a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound is paired with a second oligomeric compound to form an oligomeric duplex. Such oligomeric duplexes comprise a first oligomeric compound having a region complementary to a target nucleic acid and a second oligomeric compound having a region complementary to the first oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the first oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex comprises or consists of (1) a modified or unmodified oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group and (2) a second modified or unmodified oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group. Either or both oligomeric compounds of an oligomeric duplex may comprise a conjugate group. The oligonucleotides of each oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex may include non-complementary overhanging nucleosides.

IV. Antisense Activity

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds and oligomeric duplexes are capable of hybridizing to a target nucleic acid, resulting in at least one antisense activity; such oligomeric compounds and oligomeric duplexes are antisense compounds. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds have antisense activity when they reduce or inhibit the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid by 25% or more in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds selectively affect one or more target nucleic acid. Such antisense compounds comprise a nucleobase sequence that hybridizes to one or more target nucleic acid, resulting in one or more desired antisense activity and does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid or does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid in such a way that results in significant undesired antisense activity.

In certain antisense activities, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in recruitment of a protein that cleaves the target nucleic acid. For example, certain antisense compounds result in RNase H mediated cleavage of the target nucleic acid. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. The DNA in such an RNA:DNA duplex need not be unmodified DNA. In certain embodiments, described herein are antisense compounds that are sufficiently“DNA-like” to elicit RNase H activity. In certain embodiments, one or more non-DNA-like nucleoside in the gap of a gapmer is tolerated.

In certain antisense activities, an antisense compound or a portion of an antisense compound is loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), ultimately resulting in cleavage of the target nucleic acid. For example, certain antisense compounds result in cleavage of the target nucleic acid by Argonaute. Antisense compounds that are loaded into RISC are RNAi compounds. RNAi compounds may be double-stranded (siRNA) or single-stranded (ssRNA).

In certain embodiments, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid does not result in recruitment of a protein that cleaves that target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of the antisense compound to the target nucleic acid results in alteration of splicing of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in inhibition of a binding interaction between the target nucleic acid and a protein or other nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in alteration of translation of the target nucleic acid.

Antisense activities may be observed directly or indirectly. In certain embodiments, observation or detection of an antisense activity involves observation or detection of a change in an amount of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid, a change in the ratio of splice variants of a nucleic acid or protein, and/or a phenotypic change in a cell or animal. V. Certain Target Nucleic Acids

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is an endogenous RNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a protein. In certain such embodiments, the target nucleic acid is selected from: a mature RNA and a pre-mRNA, including intronic, exonic and untranslated regions. In certain embodiments, the target RNA is a mature mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a pre- mRNA. In certain such embodiments, the target region is entirely within an intron. In certain embodiments, the target region spans an intron/exon junction. In certain embodiments, the target region is at least 50% within an intron. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is the RNA transcriptional product of a retrogene. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a non-coding RNA. In certain such embodiments, the target non-coding RNA is selected from: a long non-coding RNA, a short non-coding RNA, an intronic RNA molecule.

A. Complementaritv/Mismatches to the Target Nucleic Acid

It is possible to introduce mismatch bases without eliminating activity. For example, Gautschi et al (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:463-471, March 2001) demonstrated the ability of an oligonucleotide having 100% complementarity to the bcl-2 mRNA and having 3 mismatches to the bcl-xL mRNA to reduce the expression of bothbcl-2 and bcl-xL in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, this oligonucleotide demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Maher and Dolnick (Nuc. Acid. Res. 16:3341-3358, 1988) tested a series of tandem 14 nucleobase oligonucleotides, and 28 and 42 nucleobase oligonucleotides comprised of the sequence of two or three of the tandem oligonucleotides, respectively, for their ability to arrest translation of human DHFR in a rabbit reticulocyte assay. Each of the three 14 nucleobase oligonucleotides alone was able to inhibit translation, albeit at a more modest level than the 28 or 42 nucleobase oligonucleotides.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides that are complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%

complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are at least 80% complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide and comprise a region that is 100% or fully complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the region of full complementarity is from 6 to 20, 10 to 18, or 18 to 20 nucleobases in length.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more mismatched nucleobases relative to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense activity against the target is reduced by such mismatch, but activity against a non-target is reduced by a greater amount. Thus, in certain embodiments selectivity of the oligonucleotide is improved. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is specifically positioned within an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 from the 5’-end of the gap region. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is at position 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 from the 3’-end of the gap region. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, or 4 from the 5’-end of the wing region. In certain embodiments, the mismatch is at position 4, 3, 2, or 1 from the 3’-end of the wing region.

B. ATXN3

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid, wherein the target nucleic acid is ATXN3. In certain embodiments, ATXN3 nucleic acid has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No: NM 004993.5); SEQ ID NO: 2 (the complement of GENBANK Accession No NC 000014.9 truncated from nucleotides 92,056,001 to 92,110,000); SEQ ID NO: 3 (GENBANK Accession No: NM 001164781.1); SEQ ID NO: 4 (GENBANK Accession No: NM 001127697.2); and SEQ ID NO: 5 (ensemble transcript No: ENST00000558190.5).

In certain embodiments, contacting a cell with an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5 reduces the amount of ATXN3 RNA, and in certain embodiments reduces the amount of Ataxin-3 protein. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound consists of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, contacting a cell in an animal with an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5 ameliorate one or more symptom or hallmark of a neurodegenerative disease. In certain embodiments, the symptom or hallmark is ataxia, neuropathy, and aggregate formation. In certain embodiments, contacting a cell in an animal with an oligonucleotide complementary to any of SEQ ID Nos: 1-5 results in improved motor function, reduced neuropathy, and/or reduction in number of aggregates. In certain embodiments, the oligomeric compound consists of a modified oligonucleotide.

C. Certain Target Nucleic Acids in Certain Tissues

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid, wherein the target nucleic acid is expressed in a pharmacologically relevant tissue. In certain embodiments, the pharmacologically relevant tissues are the cells and tissues that comprise the central nervous system (CNS), including spinal cord, cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, and pons.

VI. Certain Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, the one or more oligomeric compounds each consists of a modified

oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of a sterile saline solution and one or more oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade saline. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and sterile water. In certain embodiments, the sterile water is pharmaceutical grade water. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and phosphate- buffered saline (PBS). In certain embodiments, the sterile PBS is pharmaceutical grade PBS. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, the artificial cerebrospinal fluid is pharmaceutical grade.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, the artificial cerebrospinal fluid is pharmaceutical grade.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more oligomeric compound and one or more excipients. In certain embodiments, excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone . In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds may be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable active and/or inert substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions depend on a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an oligomeric compound encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the oligomeric compound, esters of the oligomeric compound, or salts of such esters. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising oligomeric compounds comprising one or more oligonucleotide, upon administration to an animal, including a human, are capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of oligomeric compounds, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts. In certain embodiments, prodrugs comprise one or more conjugate group attached to an oligonucleotide, wherein the conjugate group is cleaved by endogenous nucleases within the body.

Lipid moieties have been used in nucleic acid therapies in a variety of methods. In certain such methods, the nucleic acid, such as an oligomeric compound, is introduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures of cationic lipids and neutral lipids. In certain methods, DNA complexes with mono- or poly -cationic lipids are formed without the presence of a neutral lipid. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to a particular cell or tissue. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to fat tissue. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to muscle tissue.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprise a co-solvent system. Certain of such co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. In certain embodiments, such co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds. A non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80™ and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300. The proportions of such co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80™; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or

polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for oral administration. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for buccal administration. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal (IT), intracerebroventricular (ICV), etc.). In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. In certain embodiments, other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives). In certain embodiments, injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain.

Under certain conditions, certain compounds disclosed herein act as acids. Although such compounds may be drawn or described in protonated (free acid) form, in ionized (anion) form, or ionized and in association with a cation (salt) form, aqueous solutions of such compounds exist in equilibrium among such forms. For example, a phosphate linkage of an oligonucleotide in aqueous solution exists in equilibrium among free acid, anion, and salt forms. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds described herein are intended to include all such forms. Moreover, certain

oligonucleotides have several such linkages, each of which is in equilibrium. Thus, oligonucleotides in solution exist in an ensemble of forms at multiple positions all at equilibrium. The term“oligonucleotide” is intended to include all such forms. Drawn structures necessarily depict a single form. Nevertheless, unless otherwise indicated, such drawings are likewise intended to include corresponding forms. Herein, a structure depicting the free acid of a compound followed by the term“or salts thereof’ expressly includes all such forms that may be fully or partially protonated/de-protonated/in association with a cation. In certain instances, one or more specific cation is identified.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are in aqueous solution with sodium. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are in aqueous solution with potassium. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are in PBS. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are in water. In certain such embodiments, the pH of the solution is adjusted with NaOH and/or HC1 to achieve a desired pH.

VII. Certain Compositions

1. Compound No 1100673

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1100673 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence of (from 5’ to 3’) GCTCATTTATTCTCAAGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 423), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) comprise a 2’-MOE sugar moiety and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides wherein the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1100673 is represented by the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges ^m Ceo Teo ^m Ceo Aes Tds Tds Tds Ads Tds Tds ^m Cds Tds ^m Cds Ads Aeo Geo Tes Aes ^m Ce (SEQ ID NO: 423), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety,

d = a 2 -(i-D deoxyribosyl sugar moiety,

s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1100673 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 1. Compound No. 1100673 In certain embodiments, the sodium salt of Compound No. 1100673 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 2. The sodium salt of Compound No. 1100673

2. Compound No. 1101657

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1101657 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence of (from 5’ to 3’) GCACCATATATATCTCAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 1226), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) comprise a 2’-MOE sugar moiety and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ^‘ -[l-D-dcoxy nucleosides (from 5’ to 3’), wherein the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages (from 5’ to 3’) and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages (from 5’ to 3’), and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1101657 is represented by the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges ^m Ceo Aeo ^m Ceo ^m Ces Ads Tds Ads Tds Ads Tds Ads Tds ^m Cds Tds ^m Ceo Aeo Ges Aes Ae (SEQ ID NO: 1226), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety,

d = a 2 -(i-D deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, s = a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1101657 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 3. Compound No. 1101657

In certain embodiments, the sodium salt of Compound No. 1101657 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 4. The sodium salt of Compound No. 1101657

3. Compound No 1102130

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1102130 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence of (from 5’ to 3’) GTTAATACTTTTTCCAGCCT (SEQ ID NO: 1673), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) comprise a 2’-MOE sugar moiety and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ^‘ -[l-D-dcoxy nucleosides (from 5’ to 3’), wherein the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages (from 5’ to 3’) and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages (from 5’ to 3’), and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1102130 is represented by the following chemical notation (5’ to 3’): Ges Teo Teo Aeo Aes Tds Ads ^m Cds Tds Tds Tds Tds Tds ^m Cds ^m Cds Aeo Geo ^m Ces ^m Ces Te (SEQ ID NO: 1673), wherein,

A = an adenine nucleobase,

mC = a 5-methyl cytosine,

G = a guanine nucleobase,

T = a thymine nucleobase,

e = a 2’ MOE sugar moiety, d = a 2 -b-ϋ deoxyribosyl sugar moiety,

s— a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage, and

o = a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1102130 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 5. Compound No. 1102130

In certain embodiments, the sodium salt of Compound No. 1102130 is represented by the following chemical structure:

Structure 6. The sodium salt of Compound No. 1102130

VIII. Certain Comparator Compositions

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 650528, which has been described in Moore, et al, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 2017, 7:200-210 (Moore, 2017) (“ASO-5”), WO 2018/089805, and McLoughlin et al., Ann. Neurol., 2018, 84:64-77 (McLoughlin, 2018) (each of which are incorporated herein by reference) was used as a comparator compound. Compound No. 650528 is a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’)

GCATCTTTTCATACTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 2788), wherein each cytosine is a 5’-methylcytosine, each intemucleoside linkage is either a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage or a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and the intemucleoside linkage motif is sooosssssssssooss, wherein‘s’ represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage, and wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 14-18 comprise a 2’-MOE sugar moiety.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 650668, which has been described in Moore, 2017 (”ASO-2”), WO 2018/089805, and McLoughlin, 2018 was used as a comparator compound. Compound No. 650668, is a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) AGCCATTAATCTATACTG (SEQ ID NO: 2792), wherein each cytosine is a 5’-methylcytosine, each intemucleoside linkage is either a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage or a

phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and the intemucleoside linkage motif is sooosssssssssooss, wherein‘s’ represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage, and wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 14-18 comprise a 2’-MOE sugar moiety.

Compound No. 650528 and Compound No. 650668 were selected as comparator compounds because according to Moore, 2017 these compounds were“top ASO candidates” that were effective and tolerable. See, e.g., page 206, column 2, paragraph 1. In a follow up manuscript, Compound No. 650528 was further characterized as“ ...the best ASO candidate ... [f]rom this short-term safety and efficacy study...” See, McLoughlin, 2018.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1244463 (“SH06”), which has been described in WO2013/138353 (incorporated by reference) is a comparator compound. Compound No. 1244463 is a 3-9-3 LNA gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) ATAGGTCCCGCTGCT (SEQ ID NO: 2793), and wherein each intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1244464 (“SH10”), which has been described in WO2013/138353 is a comparator compound. Compound No. 1244464 is a 3-10-3 LNA gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’)

TGATAGGTCCCGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 2794), and wherein each intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1244465 (“SH13”), which has been described in WO2013/138353 is a comparator compound. Compound No. 1244465 is a 3-10-3 LNA gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’)

CTGATAGGTCCCGCTG (SEQ ID NO: 2795), and wherein each intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1244466 (“SH16”), which has been described in WO2013/138353 is a comparator compound. Compound No. 1244466 is a 3-9-3 LNA gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’)

CTGATAGGTCCCGCT (SEQ ID NO: 2796), and wherein each intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, Compound No. 1244467 (“SH20”), which has been described in WO2013/138353 is a comparator compound. Compound No. 1244467 is a 2-9-3 LNA gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’)

CTGATAGGTCCCGC (SEQ ID NO: 2797), and wherein each intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.

Compound No. 1244463, Compound No. 1244464, Compound No. 1244465, Compound No. 1244466, and Compound No. 1244467 were selected as comparator compounds because according to Example 2 of WO2013/138353 these compounds were selected for further study. Accordingly, these compounds were tested in further studies.

In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are superior relative to compounds described in Moore, 2017, WO 2018/089805, and WO2013/138353 because they demonstrate one or more improved properties, such as, potency and tolerability.

For example, as described herein, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved an IC50 in Example 7, hereinbelow, of 0.10 mM, 0.69 pM, and 0.47 pM, respectively, whereas comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) achieved an IC50 in Example 7, hereinbelow, of 2.03 pM and Compound No. 650668 (“ASO-2”) achieved an IC50 in Example 2 of WO 2018/089805 of 1.7 pM. Therefore, certain compounds described herein are more potent than comparator compounds, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) and Compound No. 650668 (“ASO-2”) in this assay.

For example, as described herein, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 are more efficacious and potent than comparator compounds in vivo. See, e.g., Examples 4, 6, and 9, hereinbelow. For example, as provided in Examples 4 and 6, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved an average expression level (% control) of 13%, 23%, and 27%, respectively, in spinal cord of transgenic mice whereas comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) achieved an average expression level (% control) of 32% in spinal cord of transgenic mice. For example, as provided in Examples 4 and 6, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved an average expression level (% control) of 13%, 23%, and 42%, respectively, in cortex of transgenic mice whereas comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) achieved an average expression level (% control) of 43% in cortex of transgenic mice. For example, as provided in Examples 4 and 6, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved an average expression level (% control) of 60%, 62%, and 68%, respectively, in cerebellum of transgenic mice whereas comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) achieved an average expression level (% control) of 75% in cerebellum of transgenic mice. For example, as provided in Examples 4 and 6, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved an average expression level (% control) of 14%, 26%, and 23%, respectively, in brain stem of transgenic mice whereas comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO- 5”) achieved an average expression level (% control) of 35% in brain stem of transgenic mice. Therefore, certain compounds described herein are more efficacious than comparator compound, Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) in this assay. Specifically, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No.

1102130 are more efficacious than Compound No. 650528 (“ASO-5”) in every tissue tested in this assay.

For example, as described herein, certain compounds Compound No. 1100673, Compound No. 1101657, and Compound No. 1102130 achieved 3-hour FOB scores in mice of 1.00 (table 9) and 0.00 (table 20), 1.00 (table 9) and 0.00 (table 20), and 0.00 (table 8 and table 20), respectively, whereas each of comparator compounds Compound No. 1244463, Compound No. 1244464, Compound No. 1244465, Compound No. 1244466, and Compound No. 1244447 achieved 3-hour FOB scores in mice of 7.00 (table 26). Therefore, certain compounds described herein are more tolerable than comparator compounds Compound No. 1244463, Compound No. 1244464, Compound No. 1244465, Compound No. 1244466, and Compound No. 1244447 in this assay.

IX. Certain Hotspot Regions

1. Nucleobases 138-175 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 138-175 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 138-175 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, and 1065 are complementary to nucleobases 138-175 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 138-175 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve at least 79% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

2. Nucleobases 392-436 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 392-436 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 392-436 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 196, 197, 198 ,199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209 are complementary to nucleobases 392-436 of SEQ ID NO 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 392-436 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve an average of 77% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

3. Nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 313, 314, 315, 316, and 317 are complementary to nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 1120-1146 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve at least 60% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

4. Nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEP ID NO: l

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 413-423 are complementary to nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEQ ID

NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 1823-1882 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve at least 60% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

5. Nucleobases 3042-3098 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 3042-3098 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 3042-3098 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos:43, 44, 45, and 635-653 are complementary to nucleobases 3042- 3098 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 3042-3098 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve at least 64% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

6. Nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 719-732 are complementary to nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEQ ID

NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 3749-3801 of SEQ ID NO: 1 achieve at least 52% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

7. Nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEP ID NO: 1

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 920-924 are complementary to nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEQ ID

NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 5997-6021 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 75% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

8. Nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEP ID NO: 2

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 1671, 1672, 1673, and 1674 are complementary to nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 19437-19476 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 83% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

9. Nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEP ID NO: 2

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and

phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 2233, 2234, 2235, 2236, and 2237 are complementary to nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 34440-34486 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 71% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

10. Nucleobases 39883-39904 of SEP ID NO: 2

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 39883-39904 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 39860-39904 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 2510, 2511, and 2512 are complementary to nucleobases 39883- 39904 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 39883-39904 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 89% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

11. Nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEP ID NO: 2

In certain embodiments, nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are complementary to nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified

oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotides are linked by phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.

The nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 1226, 1227, and 1228 are complementary to nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases 6597-6618 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 75% reduction of ATXN3 RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.

Nonlimiting disclosure and incorporation bv reference

Each of the literature and patent publications listed herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with

specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the

compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references, GenBank

accession numbers, and the like recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Although the sequence listing accompanying this filing identifies each sequence as either“RNA” or“DNA” as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical

modifications. One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that such designation as“RNA” or“DNA” to describe modified oligonucleotides is, in certain instances, arbitrary. For example, an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleoside comprising a 2’ -OH sugar moiety and a thymine base could be described as a DNA having a modified sugar (2’ -OH in place of one 2’-H of DNA) or as an RNA having a modified base (thymine (methylated uracil) in place of a uracil of RNA). Accordingly, nucleic acid sequences provided herein, including, but not limited to those in the sequence listing, are intended to encompass nucleic acids containing any combination of natural or modified RNA and/or DNA, including, but not limited to such nucleic acids having modified nucleobases. By way of further example and without limitation, an oligomeric compound having the nucleobase sequence“ATCGATCG” encompasses any oligomeric compounds having such nucleobase sequence, whether modified or unmodified, including, but not limited to, such compounds comprising RNA bases, such as those having sequence“AUCGAUCG” and those having some DNA bases and some RNA bases such as“AUCGATCG” and oligomeric compounds having other modified nucleobases, such as “AT ^m CGAUCG,” wherein ^m C indicates a cytosine base comprising a methyl group at the 5-position.

Certain compounds described herein (e.g., modified oligonucleotides) have one or more asymmetric center and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as ( R ) or ( S ), as a or b such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L), such as for amino acids, etc. Compounds provided herein that are drawn or described as having certain stereoisomeric configurations include only the indicated compounds. Compounds provided herein that are drawn or described with undefined stereochemistry include all such possible isomers, including their stereorandom and optically pure forms, unless specified otherwise. Likewise, tautomeric forms of the compounds herein are also included unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds described herein are intended to include corresponding salt forms.

The compounds described herein include variations in which one or more atoms are replaced with a nonradioactive isotope or radioactive isotope of the indicated element. For example, compounds herein that comprise hydrogen atoms encompass all possible deuterium substitutions for each of the ¾ hydrogen atoms. Isotopic substitutions encompassed by the compounds herein include but are not limited to: ² H or ³ H in place of Ή. ¹³ C or ¹⁴ C in place of ¹² C, ¹⁵ N in place of ¹⁴ N, ¹⁷ 0 or ¹⁸ 0 in place of ¹⁶ 0, and ³³ S, ³⁴ S, ³⁵ S, or ³⁶ S in place of ³² S. In certain embodiments, non-radioactive isotopic substitutions may impart new properties on the oligomeric compound that are beneficial for use as a therapeutic or research tool. In certain embodiments, radioactive isotopic substitutions may make the compound suitable for research or diagnostic purposes such as imaging.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate certain embodiments of the present disclosure and are not limiting.

Moreover, where specific embodiments are provided, the inventors have contemplated generic application of those specific embodiments. For example, disclosure of an oligonucleotide having a particular motif provides reasonable support for additional oligonucleotides having the same or similar motif. And, for example, where a particular high- affinity modification appears at a particular position, other high-affinity modifications at the same position are considered suitable, unless otherwise indicated. Example 1: Effect of 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages on human ATXN3 in vitro, single dose

Modified oligonucleotides complementary to a human ATXN3 nucleic acid were designed and tested for their effect on ATXN3 RNA in vitro. The modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions.

Cultured A431 cells at a density of 10,000 cells per well were transfected by free uptake with 4,000 nM concentration of modified oligonucleotide or no modified oligonucleotide for untreated controls. After approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells and ATXN3 RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Human primer probe set RTS38920 (forward sequence CTATCAGGACAGAGTTCACATCC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 6; reverse sequence GTTTCTAAAGACATGGTCACAGC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 7; probe sequence AAAGGCCAGCCACCAGTTCAGG, designated herein as SEQ ID: 8) was used to measure RNA levels. ATXN3 RNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RiboGreen®. Results are presented in the table below as percent ATXN3 RNA levels relative to untreated control cells. The modified oligonucleotides marked with an asterisk (*) target the amplicon region of the primer probe set. Additional assays may be used to measure the potency and efficacy of oligonucleotides targeting the amplicon region.

The modified oligonucleotides in the tables below are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. The gapmers are 20 nucleobases in length, wherein the central gap segment comprises ten 2’-deoxynucleosides and is flanked by wing segments on both the 5’ end and on the 3’ end comprising five 2’ -MOE nucleosides each. The sugar motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeeddddddddddeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2’-deoxyribose sugar and‘e’ represents a 2’-MOE modified sugar. All cytosine residues throughout each gapmer are 5-methyl cytosines. The intemucleoside linkages are mixed phosphodiester and phosphorothioate linkages. The intemucleoside linkage motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): sooosssssssssssooss; wherein‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage and‘s’ represents a

phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.“Start Site” indicates the 5’-most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence.“Stop Site” indicates the 3’ -most nucleoside to which the gapmer is complementary in the human nucleic acid sequence.

Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the tables below is complementary to human ATXN3 nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID No: 1, SEQ ID No: 2, SEQ ID No: 3, SEQ ID No: 4, or SEQ ID No: 5, as indicated.‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not complementary to that particular nucleic acid sequence with 100%

complementarity. As shown below, modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 reduced the amount of human ATXN3 RNA.

Table 1

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers

with mixed intemucleoside linkages

Table 2

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages

Table 3

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages

Table 4

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages

Table 5

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages

Table 6

Percent control of human ATXN3 RNA with 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages

Example 2: Effect of 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages on human ATXN3 in vitro, multiple doses

Modified oligonucleotides selected from the examples above were tested at various doses in A431 cells by free uptake. Compound No. 650528, described in WO 2018/089805, was also tested. Compound No. 650528 is a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer, having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) GCATCTTTTCATACTGGC (incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2788), wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine, each intemucleoside linkage is either a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage or a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and the intemucleoside linkage motif is sooosssssssssooss, where‘s’ represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage, and each of nucleosides 1-5 and 14-18 comprise a 2’-0-methyoxyethyl group.

Cells were plated at a density of 10,000 cells per well with 109.4 nM, 437.5 nM, 1,750.0 nM, and 7,000.0 nM concentrations of modified oligonucleotide, as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, total RNA was isolated from the cells and ATXN3 RNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Human ATXN3 primer probe set RTS38920 (described hereinabove in Example 1) was used to measure RNA levels. ATXN3 RNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RiboGreen®. Results are presented in the table below as percent ATXN3 RNA levels relative to untreated control cells. As illustrated in the table below, ATXN3 RNA levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner in modified oligonucleotide-treated cells. IC ₅₀ was calculated using the “log(inhibitor) vs. response - variable slope (4 parameters)” formula using Prism6 software.

Table 7

Dose-dependent reduction of human ATXN3 RNA by modified oligonucleotides

Example 3: Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in wild-type mice

Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in wild-type female C57/B16 mice to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides. Wild-type female C57/B16 mice each received a single ICV dose of 700 pg of modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below. Each treatment group consisted of 2 mice. A group of 2 mice received PBS as a negative control. At 3 hours post-injection, mice were evaluated according to 7 different criteria. The criteria are (1) the mouse was bright, alert, and responsive; (2) the mouse was standing or hunched without stimuli; (3) the mouse showed any movement without stimuli; (4) the mouse demonstrated forward movement after it was lifted; (5) the mouse demonstrated any movement after it was lifted; (6) the mouse responded to tail pinching; (7) regular breathing. For each of the 7 criteria, a mouse was given a subscore of 0 if it met the criteria and 1 if it did not (the functional observational battery score or FOB score). After all 7 criteria were evaluated, the scores were summed for each mouse and averaged within each treatment group. The results are presented in the table below. Table 8

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 9

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Example 4: Activity of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in transgenic mice

Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in the ATXN3 YAC transgenic mouse model which contains the full-length human ATXN3 disease gene harboring an expanded CAG repeat (CAGxi. Q84). The hemizygous SCA3-Q84.2 mice are designated as wt/Q84 and were described in Costa Mdo C., et al., Toward RNAi

Therapy for the Polyglutamine Disease Machado-Joseph Disease. Mol Ther, 2013. 21 (10): 1898-908.” Compound No. 650528, described hereinabove and in WO 2018/089805, was also tested

The ATXN3 transgenic mice were divided into groups of 3 mice each. Mice in each group were given a single ICV bolus of oligonucleotide at a dose of 300 pg and sacrificed two weeks later. A group of 4-6 mice was injected with PBS and served as the control group to which oligonucleotide-treated groups were compared. After two weeks, mice were sacrificed and RNA was extracted from brain tissue for real-time PCR analysis of measurement of RNA expression of ATXN3 using primer probe set RTS39540 (forward sequence CCTTCTTCCTGCGCCTTATT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12; reverse sequence TCATGGTGGGTACGTATGTTTAG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 13; probe sequence AGTATGCAGGCAAGTCTCCTTCTGT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 14). Results are presented as percent change of RNA, relative to PBS control, normalized with cyclophilin A. As shown in the tables below, human ATXN3 RNA was reduced in various tissues.

Table 10

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 11

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 12

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 13

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 14

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 15

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 16

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 17

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 18

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Example 5: Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in wild-type mice

Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in wild-type female C57/B16 mice to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides. Wild-type female C57/B16 mice each received a single ICV dose of 700 pg of modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below. Each treatment group consisted of 4 mice. A group of 3-4 mice received PBS as a negative control. Also tested in several studies were comparator Compound No. 650528, a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3 described hereinabove and in WO 2018/089805 and the following LNA comparator compounds: Compound No. 1244463 (a 3-9-3 LNA gapmer with uniform PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3); Compound No. 1244464 (a 3-10-3 LNA gapmer with uniform PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3); Compound No. 1244465 (a 3-10- 3 LNA gapmer with uniform PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3); Compound No. 1244466 (a 3-9-3 LNA gapmer with uniform PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3); and Compound No. 1244467 (a 2-9-3 LNA gapmer with uniform PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3), described in WO2013/138353 were tested.

At 3 hours post-injection, mice were evaluated according to 7 different criteria. The criteria are (1) the mouse was bright, alert, and responsive; (2) the mouse was standing or hunched without stimuli; (3) the mouse showed any movement without stimuli; (4) the mouse demonstrated forward movement after it was lifted; (5) the mouse demonstrated any movement after it was lifted; (6) the mouse responded to tail pinching; (7) regular breathing. For each of the 7 criteria, a mouse was given a subscore of 0 if it met the criteria and 1 if it did not (the functional observational battery score or FOB score). After all 7 criteria were evaluated, the scores were summed for each mouse and averaged within each treatment group. The results are presented in the table below. Table 19

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 20

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 21

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 22

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 23

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 24

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 25

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Table 26

FOB scores in wild-type mice

Example 6: Activity of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Modified oligonucleotides were tested in the ATXN3 YAC transgenic mouse model which contains the full- length human ATXN3 disease gene harboring an expanded CAG repeat (C’AGsi. Q84). The hemizygous SCA3-Q84.2 mice are designated as wt/Q84 and were described in Costa Mdo C., et al, Toward RNAi Therapy for the Polyglutamine Disease Machado-Joseph Disease. Mol Ther, 2013. 21 (10): 1898-908.

The ATXN3 transgenic mice were divided into groups of 2-3 mice each. Mice in each group were given a single ICV bolus of oligonucleotide at a dose of 300 pg and sacrificed two weeks later. A group of 2 to 5 mice was injected with PBS and served as the control group to which oligonucleotide-treated groups were compared. After two weeks, mice were sacrificed, and RNA was extracted from various regions of the central nervous system. ATXN3 RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR using human primer probe set RTS43981 (forward sequence TGACACAGACATCAGGTACAAATC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2798; reverse sequence

TGCTGCTGTTGCTGCTT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2799; probe sequence

AGCTTCGGAAGAGACGAGAAGCCTA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2800). Results are presented as percent change of RNA, relative to PBS control, normalized to mouse cyclophilin A measured using mouse primer probe set m_cyclo24 (forward sequence TCGCCGCTTGCTGCA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2801; reverse sequence ATCGGCCGTGATGTCGA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2802; probe sequence

CCATGGTCAACCCCACCGTGTTC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2803). Also tested in several studies was comparator Compound No. 650528, a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3 described hereinabove and in WO 2018/089805. As shown in the tables below, human ATXN3 RNA was reduced in various tissues.

Table 27

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 28

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 29

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 30

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 31

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 32

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 33

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

* Group has only 1 animal

Table 34

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

†Average of 2 PCR points Table 35

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 36

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 37

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

†Average of 2 PCR points Table 38

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

†Average of 2 PCR points

Table 39

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

†Average of 2 PCR points

Example 7: Effect of 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed internucleoside linkages on human ATXN3 in vitro, multiple doses

Modified oligonucleotides selected from the examples above were tested at various doses in A431 cells by free uptake. Also tested was comparator Compound No. 650528, a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3, described hereinabove and in WO 2018/089805.

Cells were plated at a density of 10,000 cells per well, and treated with 109.4 nM, 437.5 nM, 1,750.0 nM, and 7,000.0 nM concentrations of modified oligonucleotide, as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, total RNA was isolated from the cells and ATXN3 RNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Human ATXN3 primer probe set RTS38920 (described hereinabove in Example 1) was used to measure RNA levels. ATXN3 RNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RiboGreen®. In addition, ATXN3 RNA levels were also normalized to human GAPDH levels measured by human GAPDH primer-probe set RTS 104 (forward sequence GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2804; reverse sequence GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2805; probe sequence

CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC, designated herein as SEQ ID: 2806). Results are presented in the table below as percent ATXN3 RNA levels relative to untreated control cells. IC50 was calculated using the“log(inhibitor) vs.

normalized response - variable slope” formula using Prism7.01 software. In some cases, an IC50 could not be reliably calculated and the data point is marked as“N.C.”.

Table 40

Dose-dependent reduction of human ATXN3 RNA by modified oligonucleotides

Example 8: Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in rats, 3 mg dose

Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in rats to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides. Sprague Dawley rats each received a single intrathecal (IT) dose of 3 mg of oligonucleotide listed in the table below. Each treatment group consisted of 4 rats. A group of four rats received PBS as a negative control. At 3 hours postinjection, movement in 7 different parts of the body were evaluated for each rat. The 7 body parts are (1) the rat’s tail; (2) the rat’s posterior posture; (3) the rat’s hind limbs; (4) the rat’s hind paws; (5) the rat’s forepaws; (6) the rat’s anterior posture; (7) the rat’s head. For each of the 7 different body parts, each rat was given a sub-score of 0 if the body part was moving or 1 if the body part was paralyzed. After each of the 7 body parts were evaluated, the sub-scores were summed for each rat and then averaged for each group. For example, if a rat’s tail, head, and all other evaluated body parts were moving 3 hours after the 3 mg IT dose, it would get a summed score of 0. If another rat was not moving its tail 3 hours after the 3 mg IT dose but all other evaluated body parts were moving, it would receive a score of 1. Results are presented as the average score for each treatment group. A comparator compound, 650528, a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages complementary to human ATXN3 described hereinabove and in WO 2018/089805 was also tested. Table 41

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 42 Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 43

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 44 Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 45

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 46 Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 47

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 48 Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 49

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 50

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 51

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 52

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 53

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 54

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 55

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Table 56

Tolerability scores in rats at 3 mg dose

Example 9: Activity of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in transgenic mice, multiple dose

Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in the ATXN3 YAC transgenic mouse model which contains the full-length human ATXN3 disease gene harboring an expanded CAG repeat (CAGxi. Q84) previously described herein.

The ATXN3 transgenic mice were divided into groups of 4 mice each. Mice in each group were given a single ICV bolus of oligonucleotide at a dose of 10 pg. 30 pg. 100 pg, 300 pg, or 700 pg, and sacrificed two weeks later. A group of 3-4 mice was injected with PBS and served as the control group to which oligonucleotide-treated groups were compared. After two weeks, mice were sacrificed, and RNA was extracted from brain cortex, spinal cord, brain stem and/or cerebellum for real-time PCR analysis of measurement of RNA expression of ATXN3 using primer probe set

RTS43981. Results are presented as percent change of RNA, relative to PBS control, normalized to mouse cyclophilin A measured using mouse primer probe set m_cyclo24 as previously described herein. As shown in the tables below, human ATXN3 RNA was reduced in various tissues. ED ₅ o was calculated for the compounds using the“non-linear fit of transform ED50” formula in GraphPad Prism 7.01. In some cases, ED ₅ o could not be reliably calculated and is represented as“N.C.” (not calculated).

Table 57

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Table 58

Reduction of human ATXN3 RNA in transgenic mice

Example 10: Effect of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3 in cynomolgus monkeys following repeat-dose intrathecal injection, 13-week study

Cynomolgus monkeys are treated with modified oligonucleotides to determine the local and systemic tolerability and pharmacokinetics at 1 dose level, following 3 intrathecal lumbar bolus injections administered 4 weeks apart. Cynomolgus monkeys in groups of 4 are treated with either artificial CSF or modified oligonucleotide. Tissues are collected 1 week after the final injection.

Assessment of tolerability is based on clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, physical and neurological examinations including sensorimotor reflexes, cerebral reflexes and spinal reflexes, coagulation, hematology, clinical chemistry (blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)), cell count, and anatomic pathology evaluations. Complete necropsies are performed with a recording of any macroscopic abnormality. Organ weights are taken and microscopic examinations are conducted. Blood was collected for complement analysis. In addition, blood, CSF, and tissues (at necropsy) are collected for toxicokinetic evaluations.

Activity of modified oligonucleotides is analyzed in brain and spinal cord tissue by measuring cynomolgus monkey ATXN3 RNA. Brain and spinal cord samples are collected and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored frozen (-60°C to -90°C). At time of sampling, 2 mm biopsy punches are used to collect samples from frozen tissues for RNA analysis. Punches are taken from multiple brain and spinal cord regions.

Example 11. Human Clinical Trial with modified oligonucleotides complementary to human ATXN3

Ascending doses of modified oligonucleotide are evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and clinical efficacy in patients with confirmed genetic mutation in SCA3. Patient safety will be monitored closely during the study. Safety and tolerability evaluations include: physical examination and standard neurological assessment, vital signs, ECG, AEs and concomitant medications, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), CSF safety labs, plasma laboratory tests, urinalysis, and neuroimaging studies.