COMPOUNDS AND USES THEREOF FOR THE MODULATION OF HEMOGLOBIN

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/905,802 entitled "COMPOUNDS AND USES THEREOF FOR THE MODU LATION OF HEMOGLOBIN" filed November 18, 2013; and U.S. Patent Application No. 13/815,776 entitled "COM POUN DS AN D USES THEREOF FOR THE MODULATION OF HEMOGLOBIN" filed March 15, 2013, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin, methods and intermediates for their preparation, and methods for their use in treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

STATE OF THE ART

[0003] Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the red blood cells, found particularly among those of African and Mediterranean descent. The basis for sickle cell disease is found in sickle hemoglobin (HbS), which contains a point mutation relative to the prevalent peptide sequence of hemoglobin (Hb).

[0004] Hemoglobin (Hb) transports oxygen molecules from the lungs to various tissues and organs throughout the body. Hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen through conformational changes. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) contains a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced with valine, allowing HbS to become susceptible to polymerization to give the HbS containing red blood cells their characteristic sickle shape. The sickled cells are also more rigid than normal red blood cells, and their lack of flexibility can lead to blockage of blood vessels. US 7, 160,910 discloses compounds that are allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. However, a need exists for additional therapeutics that can treat disorders that are mediated by Hb or by abnormal Hb such as HbS. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] This invention relates generally to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions suitable as allosteric modulators of hemoglobin. In some aspects, this invention relates to methods for treating disorders mediated by hemoglobin and disorders that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation.

[0006] In certain aspects of the invention, a compound of Formula (A) is provided:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof, wherein

ring A is an optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing up to 3 ring N, O, and/or S atoms, and oxidized forms of N and/or S atoms; wherein ring A is a or β substituted relative to the Y substituent;

ring B is an optionally substituted C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl or 4-10 membered heterocycle

containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S;

each Y and Z is independently CR ¹⁰ R ⁿ , O, S, SO, S0 _2, or NR ¹² ; each R ¹⁰ and R ¹¹

independently is hydrogen or Ci-C ₃ alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, OH, or alkoxy, or CR ¹⁰ R ⁿ is C=0; R ¹² is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; provided that if one of Y and Z is O, S, SO, S0 ₂ , then the other is not CO, and provided that Y and Z are both not heteroatoms or oxidized forms thereof;

ring C is C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, optionally subtituted; V ¹ and V ² independently are Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; or V ¹ and V ² together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a rin of formula:

wherein each V ³ and V ⁴ are independently O, S, or N H, provided that when one of V ³ and V ⁴ is S, the other is NH, and provided that V ³ and V ⁴ are both not NH; q is 1 or 2; each V ⁵ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl or C0 ₂ R ⁶ °, where each R ⁶⁰ independently is Ci-C ₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or CVV ² is C=V, wherein V is O, NOR ⁸⁰ , or N NR ⁸¹ R ⁸² ;

R ⁸⁰ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁸¹ and R ⁸² independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C C ₆ alkyl, COR ⁸³ , or C0 ₂ R ⁸⁴ ;

R ⁸³ is hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; and

R ⁸⁴ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment, thecompound provided is of formula (I):

(I)

wherein

R ⁵ is hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl or a prodrug moiety R , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is

optionally substituted with 1-5 halo; R ⁶ is a substituent that is halo, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ alkylthio, Ci-C ₆ S(O)-, Ci- C ₆ S(0) ₂ -, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally su bstituted with 1-5 halo; or

R ⁶ is 4-10 membered cycloalkyl or heterocycle su bstituted with an R'R'N- moiety wherein each R' is independently C1-C6 alkyl or hydrogen;

k is 0 or 1; and

p is 0, 1, 2, or 3. and the remaining varia bles are defined as a bove.

[0008] In further aspects of the invention, a composition is provided comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically accepta ble excipient.

[0009] In still further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a su bject, the method comprising administering to a su bject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

[0010] In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a su bject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

[0011] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a solvent" includes a plurality of such solvents.

[0012] As used herein, the term "comprising" or "comprises" is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others.

"Consisting essentially of" when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, a composition or process consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. "Consisting of" shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

[0013] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations. Each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. The term "about" when used before a numerical designation, e.g., temperature, time, amount, and concentration, including range, indicates approximations which may vary by ( + ) or ( - ) 10 %, 5 % or 1 %.

[0014] As used herein, C _m -C _n , such as C1-C12, Ci-Cg, or C1-C6 when used before a group refers to that group containing m to n carbon atoms.

[0015] The term "alkoxy" refers to -O-alkyl. The term alkylthio refers to -S-alkyl.

[0016] The term "alkyl" refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms (i.e., Ci-C ₃₀ alkyl) or 1 to 22 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-C22 alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., Ci-C ₈ alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH3-), ethyl

(CH3CH2-), n-propyl (CH ₃ CH ₂ CH ₂ -), isopropyl ((CH ₃ ) ₂ CH-), n-butyl (CH3CH2CH2CH2-), isobutyl ((CH ₃ ) ₂ CHCH ₂ -), sec-butyl ((CH ₃ )(CH ₃ CH ₂ )CH-), i-butyl ((CH ₃ ) ₃ C-), n-pentyl (CH ₃ CH ₂ CH2CH ₂ CH2- ), and neopentyl ((CH ₃ ) ₃ CCH ₂ -).

[0017] The term "aryl" refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono- or bicyclic ring having 6-10 ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include phenyl and naphthyl. The condensed ring may or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is an aryl group: [0018] The term "-C0 ₂ H ester" refers to an ester formed between the -C0 ₂ H group and an alcohol, preferably an aliphatic alcohol. A preferred example included -C0 ₂ R ^E , wherein R ^E is alkyl or aryl group optionally substituted with an amino group.

[0019] The term "chiral moiety" refers to a moiety that is chiral. Such a moiety can possess one or more asymmetric centers. Preferably, the chiral moiety is enantiomerically enriched, and more preferably a single enantiomer. Non limiting examples of chiral moieties include chiral carboxylic acids, chiral amines, chiral amino acids, such as the naturally occurring amino acids, chiral alcohols including chiral steroids, and the likes.

[0020] The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent, preferably saturated, hydrocarbyl mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 3-12 ring carbon atoms. While cycloalkyl, refers preferably to saturated hydrocarbyl rings, as used herein, it also includes rings containing 1- 2 carbon-carbon double bonds. Nonlimiting examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamentyl, and the like. The condensed rings may or may not be non-aromatic hydrocarbyl rings provided that the point of attachment is at a cycloalkyl carbon atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is a cycloalkyl group:

[0021] The term "halo" refers to F, CI, Br, and/or I.

[0022] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent, aromatic mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring having 2-16 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 5 ring atoms. Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl include furan, imidazole, oxadiazole, oxazole, pyridine, quinoline, and the like. The condensed rings may or may not be a heteroatom containing aromatic ring provided that the point of attachment is a heteroaryl atom. For example, and without limitation, the following is a heteroaryl group: [0023] The term "heterocyclyl" or heterocycle refers to a non-aromatic, mono-, bi-, or tricyclic ring containing 2-12 ring carbon atoms and 1-8 ring heteroatoms selected preferably from N, O, S, and P and oxidized forms of N, S, and P, provided that the ring contains at least 3 ring atoms. While heterocyclyl preferably refers to saturated ring systems, it also includes ring systems containing 1-3 double bonds, provided that the ring is non-aromatic. Nonlimiting examples of heterocyclyl include, azalactones, oxazoline, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydropyranyl. The condensed rings may or may not contain a non-aromatic heteroatom containing ring provided that the point of attachment is a heterocyclyl group. For example, and without limitation, the following is a hetero

[0024] The term "hydrolyzing" refers to breaking an R ^H -0-CO-, R ^H -0-CS-, or an R ^H -0-S0 ₂ - moiety to an R ^H -OH, preferably by adding water across the broken bond. A hydrolyzing is performed using various methods well known to the skilled artisan, non limiting examples of which include acidic and basic hydrolysis.

[0025] The term "oxo" refers to a C=0 group, and to a substitution of 2 geminal hydrogen atoms with a C=0 group.

[0026] The term "optionally substituted" refers to a substituted or unsubstituted group. The group may be substituted with one or more substituents, such as e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, -CN, N0 ₂ , -N ₂₊ , -CO ₂ R ¹⁰ °, -OR ¹⁰⁰ , -SR ¹⁰⁰ , -SOR ¹⁰⁰ , -SO ₂ R ¹⁰ °, -NR ¹⁰¹ R ¹⁰² , -CONR ¹⁰¹ R ¹⁰² , - SO ₂ NR ¹⁰¹ R ¹⁰² , Ci-C ₆ alkyl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, -CR ¹⁰⁰ =C(R ¹⁰⁰ ) ₂ , -CCR ¹⁰⁰ , C ₃ -Ci ₀ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -Ci ₀ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl and C ₂ -Ci ₂ heteroaryl, wherein each R ¹⁰⁰ independently is hydrogen or Ci-C ₈ alkyl; C ₃ -Ci ₂ cycloalkyl; C ₃ -Ci ₀ heterocyclyl; C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl; or C ₂ -Ci ₂ heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, 1-3 Ci-C ₆ alkyl, 1-3 Ci-C ₆ haloalkyl or 1-3 Ci-C ₆ alkoxy groups. Preferably, the substituents are selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, -OCH ₃ , methyl, ethyl, / ^' so-propyl, cyclopropyl, vinyl, ethynyl, -C0 ₂ H, -C0 ₂ CH ₃ , -OCF ₃ , -CF ₃ and -OCHF ₂ . [0027] R and R independently is hydrogen; Ci-C ₈ alkyl, optionally substituted with - C0 ₂ H or an ester thereof, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, oxo, -CR =C(R ) ₂ , -CCR, C ₃ -Ci ₀ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -Ci ₀ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₂ aryl, or C ₂ -Ci ₂ heteroaryl, wherein each R ¹⁰³ independently is hydrogen or Ci-Cg alkyl; C3-Ci ₂ cycloalkyl; C3-C10 heterocyclyl; C6-Ci ₂ aryl; or C ₂ -Ci ₂ heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-3 alkyl groups or 1-3 halo groups, or R ¹⁰¹ and R ¹⁰² together with the nitrogen atom they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle.

[0028] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to safe and non-toxic for in vivo, preferably, human administration.

[0029] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that is

pharmaceutically acceptable.

[0030] The term "salt" refers to an ionic compound formed between an acid and a base. When the compound provided herein contains an acidic functionality, such salts include, without limitation, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and ammonium salts. As used herein, ammonium salts include, salts containing protonated nitrogen bases and alkylated nitrogen bases. Exemplary, and non-limiting cations useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include Na, K, Rb, Cs, N H ₄ , Ca, Ba, imidazolium, and ammonium cations based on naturally occurring amino acids. When the compounds utilized herein contain basic functionality, such salts include, without limitation, salts of organic acids, such as carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, and mineral acids, such as hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the likes. Exemplary and non-limiting anions useful in pharmaceutically acceptable salts include oxalate, maleate, acetate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, chloride, sulfate, bisalfate, mono-, di-, and tribasic phosphate, mesylate, tosylate, and the likes.

[0031] The terms "treat", "treating" or "treatment", as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or condition or one or more symptoms thereof, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting or suppressing the

development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or suppressing the symptoms of the disease or condition, and are intended to include prophylaxis. The terms also include relieving the disease or conditions, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms. The terms further include achieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the individual, notwithstanding that the individual is still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions are administered to an individual at risk of developing a particular disease, or to an individual reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.

[0032] The terms "preventing" or "prevention" refer to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a su bject that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease). The terms further include causing the clinical symptoms not to develop, for example in a su bject at risk of suffering from such a disease or disorder, thereby su bstantially averting onset of the disease or disorder.

[0033] The term "effective amount" refers to an amount that is effective for the treatment of a condition or disorder by an intranasal administration of a compound or composition described herein. In some em bodiments, an effective amount of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein is the amount used to treat a disorder mediated by hemoglobin or a disorder that would benefit from tissue and/or cellular oxygenation of any of the compositions or dosage forms described herein to a su bject in need thereof.

[0034] The term "carrier" as used herein, refers to relatively nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the incorporation of a compound into cells, e.g., red blood cells, or tissues.

[0035] As used herein, a "prodrug" is a compound that, after administration, is metabolized or otherwise converted to an active or more active form with respect to at least one property. To produce a prodrug, a pharmaceutically active compound can be modified chemically to render it less active or inactive, but the chemical modification is such that an active form of the compound is generated by metabolic or other biological processes. A prodrug may have, relative to the drug, altered metabolic stability or transport characteristics, fewer side effects or lower toxicity. For example, see the reference Nogrady, 1985, Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392. Prodrugs can also be prepared using compounds that are not drugs.

Compounds

[0036] In certain aspects of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) is provided:

ί A

2H

(I)

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof, in

ring A is an optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl containing up to 3 ring N, O, and/or S atoms, and oxidized forms of N and/or S atoms; wherein ring A is a or β substituted relative to the Y substituent;

ring B is an optionally substituted C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl or 4-10 membered heterocycle

containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S;

each Y and Z is independently CR ¹⁰ R ⁿ , O, S, SO, S0 _2, or NR ¹² ; each R ¹⁰ and R ¹¹

independently is hydrogen or Ci-C ₃ alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, OH, or alkoxy, or CR ¹⁰ R ⁿ is C=0; R ¹² is hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl; provided that if one of Y and Z is O, S, SO, S0 ₂ , then the other is not CO, and provided that Y and Z are both not heteroatoms or oxidized forms thereof; ring C is C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl;

V ¹ and V ² independently are Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; or V ¹ and V ² together with the carbon atom they are attac la:

wherein each V ³ and V ⁴ are provided that when one of V ³ and V ⁴ is S, the other is NH, and provided that V ³ and V ⁴ are both not NH; q is

1 or 2; each V ⁵ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl or C0 ₂ R ⁶ °, where each R ⁶⁰ independently is Ci-C ₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or CVV ² is C=V, wherein V is O, NOR ⁸⁰ , or N NR ⁸¹ R ⁸² ;

R ⁵ is hydrogen, Ci-C ₆ alkyl or a prodrug moiety R , wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is

optionally substituted with 1-5 halo;

R ⁶ is a substituent that is halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 S(O)-, Ci-

C ₆ S(0) ₂ -, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 halo; or R ⁶ is 4-10 membered cycloalkyi or heterocycle substituted with an R'R'N- moiety wherein each R' is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl or hydrogen;

R ⁸⁰ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁸¹ and R ⁸² independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

optionally substituted Ci-Ce alkyl, COR ⁸³ , or C0 ₂ R ⁸⁴ ;

R ⁸³ is hydrogen or optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

R ⁸⁴ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

k is 0 or 1; and

p is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

[0037] In certain embodiments, t is 0. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2. In certain embodiments, t is 3.

[0038] As used herein, R ⁶⁰ can be hydrogen, provided that the C0 ₂ R ⁶ ° is not joined to a nitrogen atom.

[0039] In certain embodiments, Y and Z are both not a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety. In some preferred embodiments, one of Y and Z is a methylene or substituted methylene and the other is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety. More preferably, Y is an alkylene, and Z is a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing moiety, which, yet more preferably is oxygen.

[0040] In certain embodiments, V ¹ and V ² together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:

[0041] In certain embodiments, V ¹ and V ² independently are Ci-C ₆ alkoxy; or V ¹ and V ² together with the carbon atom they are attached to form a ring of formula:

wherein each V ³ and V ⁴ are independently O, S, or N H, provided that when one or V ³ and V ⁴ is S the other is N H, and provided that V ³ and V ⁴ are both not N H; q is 1 or 2; each V ⁵ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl or C0 ₂ R ⁶ °, where each R ⁶⁰ independently is Ci-C ₆ alkyl or hydrogen; t is 0, 1, 2, or 4; or CVV ² is C=V, wherein V is O, and wherein the remaining variables are defined herein.

[0042] In certain embodiments, ring B contains a double bond. In some other

embodiments, ring B contains no double bonds.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the compound is of Formula (Γ): wherein

is an optionally substituted 4-10 membered heterocycle as defined herein, and the remaining variables are defined herein.

[0045] In certain embodiments, ring A is substituted with 1-3: halo, OH, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, and/or Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, wherein the Ci-C ₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 halo.

[0046] In certain embodiments, ring B is substituted with 1-3: halo, OH, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, COR ¹⁵ , and/or COOR ¹⁵ ; and

R ¹⁵ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or a 4-10 membered

heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted.

[0047] In certain embodiments, Y-Z is -CH ₂ 0-, -CH ₂ CH ₂ -, -CON H- or -N HCO-, wherein the right hand side of the substituent is joined with the substituted aryl or substituted phenyl ring.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

or an N oxide thereof wherein

Y and Z are as defined herein;

x is 0, 1, or 2;

R ¹⁴ is Ci-Ce alkyl or C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, COR ¹⁵ , or COOR ¹⁵ ;

and R ¹⁵ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl or optionally substituted 4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

or an N oxide thereof wherein

x is 0, 1, or 2;

R ¹⁴ is Ci-Ce alkyl and C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, COR ¹⁵ , CNR ¹⁵ 'R ¹⁵ or COOR ¹⁵ ;

and R ¹⁵ is optionally substituted Ci-C ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl or optionally substituted 4-10 membered heterocycle containing up to 5 ring heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and oxidized forms of N and S. [0050] In certain aspects of the invention, a compound is provided, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

' ' is a double or a single bond.

or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof.

[0051] In certain aspects of the invention, a compound is provided, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

or a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceuticlaly acceptable salt of each thereof.

[0052] Other compounds provided herein are included in the Examples section.

Prodrug Moiety

[0053] In one aspect, R is hydrogen, a phosphate or a diphosphate containing moiety, or another promoiety or prodrug moiety. Preferably the prodrug moiety imparts at least a 2 fold, more preferably a 4 fold, enhanced solubility and/or bioavailability to the active moiety (where R is hydrogen), and more preferably is hydrolyzed in vivo. The promoieties are structurally and functionally defined herein.

[0054] In one embodiments, R is -COR ⁹⁰ , C0 ₂ R ⁹¹ , or CON R ⁹² R ⁹³ wherein R and R independently are Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and

R ⁹² and R ⁹³ independently are Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5- 10 membered heteroaryl, each containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; or R ⁹² and R ⁹³ together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to for a 4-9 member heterocycle substituted with at least 1 amino, Ci-C ₆ alkyl amino, or di Ci-C ₆ alkylamino group.

[0055] In certain embodiments, R is -C(0)R ³¹ , C(0)OR ³¹ , or CON(R ¹³ ) ₂ ,

each R ³¹ is independently a Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; and

each R ¹³ independently are Ci-C ₆ alkyl; C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, 4-9 membered heterocycle, or a 5-10 membered heteroaryl, containing at least 1 basic nitrogen moiety; or 2 R ¹³ moieties together with the nitrogen atom they are bonded to for a 4-9 member heterocycle substituted with at least 1 amino, Ci-C ₆ alkyl amino, or di Ci-C ₆ alkylamino group.

[0056] In one aspect, R is C(0)OR ³¹ , C(S)OR ³¹ , C(0)SR ³¹ or COR ³¹ , wherein R ³¹ is as defined herein.

[0057] In one embodiment, R ³¹ is a group of the formula (CR ³² R ³³ ) _e N R ³⁴ R ³⁵ , wherein

each R ³² and R ³³ is independently H, a Ci-C ₈ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, C ₃ -Cg heteroaryl or R ³² and R ³³ together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl ring system, or 2 adjacent R ³² moieties or 2 adjacent R ³³ moieties together with the carbon atom they are bond to form a C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl ring system;

each R ³⁴ and R ³⁵ is a Ci-C ₈ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, or R ³⁴ and R ³⁵ together with the nitrogen atom they are bond to form a C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl or C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl ring system;

each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with Ci-C ₃ alkyl, -OH, amino and carboxyl groups; and

e is an integer of from 1 to 4.

[0058] In some less preferred embodiments R ³⁴ and R ³⁵ can be hydrogen. [0059] In one embodiment, the subscript e is preferably 2 and each R and R is preferably independently selected from the group, H, CH ₃ , and a member in which R ³² and R ³³ are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or l,l-dioxo-hexahydro-IA ⁶ -thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.

[0060] With regard to the prodrug group, preferred embodiments are compounds wherein NR ³⁴ R ³⁵ is morpholino.

[0061] In one embodiment, R is:

wherein

each R and R is independently H, Ci-C ₈ alkyl, or optionally, if both present on the same substituent, may be joined together to form a C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, C3-C9 heterocyclyl or C3-C9 heteroaryl ring system.

[0062] Within this embodiment, each R ³² and R ³³ is independently, H, CH ₃ , or are joined together to form a cyclopropyl, cyclopbutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1,1-dioxo- hexahydro- I ⁶ -thiopyran-4-yl or tetrahydropyran-4-yl group.

[0063] In a preferred embodiment, linkage of the prodrug moiety to the rest of the active molecule is stable enough so that the serum half life of the prodrug is from about 8 to about 24 hours.

[0064] In an embodiment of the invention, the prodrug moiety comprises a tertiary amine having a pKa near the physiological pH of 7.5. Any amines having a pKa within 1 unit of 7.5 are suitable alternatives amines for this purpose. The amine may be provided by the amine of a morpholino group. This pKa range of 6.5 to 8.5 allows for significant concentrations of the basic neutral amine to be present in the mildly alkaline small intestine. The basic, neutral form of the amine prodrug is lipophilic and is absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood. Following absorption into the bloodstream, the prodrug moiety is cleaved by esterases which are naturally present in the serum to release an active compound.

[0065] Examples of R include, without limitation:

[0001] In another embodiment, R is as tabulated below:

an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each thereof.

[0066] In another aspect, R is,

wherein R is lower alkyl (e.g. Ci-C ₆ alkyl).

[ pect, R is: wherein X ¹ , Y ¹ and X ² are as defined herein.

[0068] In one embodiment, X ¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NR ³⁷ wherein R ³⁷ is hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl;

Y ¹ is -C(R ³⁸ ) ₂ or a sugar moiety, wherein each R ³⁸ is independently hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl;

X ² is selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, diacylglycerol, amino, Ci-C ₆ alkylamino, Ci-C ₆ dialkylamino, Ci-C ₆ alkylthio, a PEG moiety, a bile acid moiety, a sugar moiety, an amino acid moiety, a di-or tri-peptide, a PEG carboxylic acid, and -U-V wherein

U is O or S; and

V is selected from the group consisting of Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉

heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl, C(W ² )X ³ , PO(X ³ ) ₂ , and S0 ₂ X ³ ;

wherein W ² is O or NR ³⁹

wherein R ³⁹ is hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ hetrocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl; and

each X ³ is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, Ci-C ₆ alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyi, hetrocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ alkylamino, Ci-C ₆ dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and

-O-CH ₂ -CH(OR ⁴⁰ )CH ₂ X ⁴ R ⁴⁰ ,

wherein:

X ⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S=0, and S0 ₂ ; and

each R ⁴⁰ is independently Ci ₀ -C ₂₂ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl, Ci-C ₈ alkylene, or Ci-C ₈ heteroalkylene. [0069] Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with C alkyl, -OH, amino and carboxyl groups.

[0070] In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes the following Y ¹ groups: CH CH Me, CH(isopropyl), CH (tertiarybutyl), C(Me)2, C(Et)2, C(isopropyl)2, and C(propyl)2.

[0071] In another em bodiment, the present invention utilizes the following X ² groups

-OMe, -OEt, -O-isopropyl, O-isobutyl, O-tertiarybutyl, -O-COMe, -0-C(=0)(isopropyl), -0-C(=0)(isobutyl), -0-C(=0)(tertiarybutyl), -0-C(=0)-N Me ₂ , -0-C(=0)-N H Me, -0-C(=0)-N H ₂ , -0-C(=0)-N(H )-CH (R ⁴¹ )-C0 ₂ Et wherein R ⁴¹ is a side chain C C ₆ alkyl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl group selected from the side chain groups present in essential amino acids; -0-P(=0)(OMe)2, -0-P(=0)(0-isopropyl) ₂ , and -0-P(=0)(0-isobutyl) ₂ . Each heterocyclic is optionally su bstituted with one or more, preferably, 1-3, Ci-C ₃ alkyl, -OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

[0072] In another em bodiment, In one em bodiment, R is:

wherein

X ³ is independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -

C ₉ heteroaryl; and

RR ⁴⁴²² iiss iinnddeeppendently hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Cio aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl. [0073] Each heterocyclic is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably, 1-3, Ci-C ₃ alkyl, -OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

[0074] In one embodiment, R is:

wherein

each X ³ is independently amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyi, C ₃ - C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ alkylamino, Ci-C ₆

dialkylamino, Ci-C ₆ alkylthio, a bile acid based alkoxy group, a sugar moiety, a PEG moiety, and -O-CH ₂ -CH(OR ⁴⁰ )CH ₂ X ⁴ R ⁴⁰ ,

wherein:

X ⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, S=0, and S0 ₂ ; and

each R ⁴⁰ is independently C10-C22 alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl,

C3-C9 heteroaryl, Ci-C ₈ alkylene, or Ci-C ₈ heteroalkylene; and

R ⁴² is independently hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl,

C ₆ -Cio aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl.

[0075] In some embodiments, R ⁴² is independently hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl; and each X ³ independently is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyi, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl, Ci-C ₆ alkoxy, Ci-C ₆ alkylamino, Ci-C ₆ dialkylamino, or Ci-C ₆ alkylthio.

[0076] In some embodiments, R is represented by the following structures:

 wherein R is (CH ₂ ) _n , f=2-4, and CO-R -NH ₂ represents an aminoacyl group; or

wherein R ^4fa is (CH ₂ ) _n , n=2-4, R is (CH ₂ ) _n , n=l-3 and R ^4S is O or N Me.

[0077] In one embodiment, R is:

[0078] In one aspect, R is -C(R ²⁰⁰ R ²⁰¹ )O(R ²⁰² R ²⁰³ )P(O)OR ²⁰⁴ N R ²⁰⁵ R ²⁰⁶ , wherein each R ²⁰⁰ , R ²⁰¹ , R ²⁰² , R ²⁰³ , R ²⁰⁴ R ²⁰⁵ and R ²⁰⁶ is independently H, a C C ₈ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0079] In some embodiments, R is -CH(R ²⁰¹ )OCH ₂ P(O)OR ²⁰⁴ N HR ²⁰⁶ , wherein R ²⁰¹ is Ci-C ₈ alkyl, R ²⁰⁴ is phenyl, optionally substituted. In one embodiment, R ²⁰⁶ is -CH R ²⁰⁷ C(O)OR ²⁰⁸ wherein R ²⁰⁷ is selected from the group consisting of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains and C0 ₂ H esters thereof and R ²⁰⁸ is Ci-C ₈ alkyl. In one embodiment, R ²⁰⁶ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, optionally susbtitued with 1-3, C0 ₂ H, SH, NH ₂ , C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, and C ₂ -Ci ₀ heteroaryl.

[0080] In some embodiments, R is:

[0081] In one embodiment, R is:

r = 0 to 12 wherein Y ¹ is -C(R ³⁸ ) ₂ , wherein each R ³⁸ is independently hydrogen or Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ - C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl.

[0082] Various polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties and synthetic methods related to them that can be used or adapted to make compounds of the invention are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,608,076; 6,395,266; 6,194,580; 6,153,655; 6,127,355; 6,111,107; 5,965,566; 5,880,131; 5,840,900; 6,011,042 and 5,681,567.

[0083] In one embodiment, R is

R is -OH, or hydrogen;

W is- CHiCHsjW ¹ ;

wherein W ¹ is a substituted Ci-C ₈ alkyl group containing a moiety which is optionally negatively charged at physiological pH,

said moiety is selected from the group consisting of C0 ₂ H, S0 ₃ H, S0 ₂ H,

-P(0)(OR ⁵² )(OH), -OP(0)(OR ⁵² )(OH), and OS0 ₃ H,

wherein R ⁵² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl.

[0084] Each heterocyclic and heteroaryl ring system is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1-3, C1-C3 alkyl, -OH, amino and/or carboxyl groups.

[0085] In one embodiment, R is:

wherein R is H or C1-C6 alkyl In another aspect, R is S0 ₃ H [0087] In another aspect, R comprises a cleavable linker, wherein the term "cleavable linker" refers to a linker which has a short half life in vivo. The breakdown of the linker Z in a compound releases or generates the active compound. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has a half life of less than ten hours. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has a half life of less than an hour. In one embodiment, the half life of the cleavable linker is between one and fifteen minutes. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one connection with the structure: C*- C(=X*)X*-C* wherein C* is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene group, and X* is S or O. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one C*-C(=0)0-C* connection. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one C*- C(=0)S-C* connection. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker has at least one -C(=0)N*- C*-S0 ₂ -N*-connection, wherein N* is -NH- or Ci-C ₆ alkylamino. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker is hydrolyzed by an esterase enzyme.

[0088] In one embodiment, the linker is a self-immolating linker, such as that disclosed in U.S. patent publication 2002/0147138, to Firestone; PCT Appl. No. US05/08161 and PCT Pub. No. 2004/087075. In another embodiment, the linker is a substrate for enzymes. See generally Rooseboom et al., 2004, Pharmacol. Rev. 56:53-102.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0089] In further aspects of the invention, a composition is provided comprising any of the compounds described herein, and at least a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0090] In another aspect, this invention provides a composition comprising any of the compounds described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0091] Such compositions can be formulated for different routes of administration.

Although compositions suitable for oral delivery will probably be used most frequently, other routes that may be used include transdermal, intravenous, intraarterial, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous, intracranial, and subcutaneous routes. Suitable dosage forms for administering any of the compounds described herein include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used, for example, in a transdermal patch form. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16 ^th ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

[0092] Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of this invention. Such excipients may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention are prepared by conventional means using methods known in the art.

[0093] The compositions disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with any of the vehicles and excipients commonly employed in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., talc, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, oils, paraffin derivatives, glycols, etc. Coloring and flavoring agents may also be added to preparations, particularly to those for oral administration. Solutions can be prepared using water or physiologically compatible organic solvents such as ethanol, 1,2- propylene glycol, polyglycols, dimethylsulfoxide, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, partial esters of glycerin and the like.

[0094] Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. In certain embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprises one or more of a-tocopherol, gum arabic, and/or hydroxypropyl cellulose.

[0095] In one embodiment, this invention provides sustained release formulations such as drug depots or patches comprising an effective amount of a compound provided herein. In another embodiment, the patch further comprises gum Arabic or hydroxypropyl cellulose separately or in combination, in the presence of alpha-tocopherol. Preferably, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 10,000 to 100,000. In a more preferred embodiment, the hydroxypropyl cellulose has an average MW of from 5,000 to 50,000. [0096] Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention maybe used alone or in combination with other compounds. When administered with another agent, the coadministration can be in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both are manifest in the patient at the same time. Thus, co-administration does not require that a single pharmaceutical composition, the same dosage form, or even the same route of administration be used for administration of both the compound of this invention and the other agent or that the two agents be administered at precisely the same time. However, co-administration will be accomplished most conveniently by the same dosage form and the same route of administration, at substantially the same time. Obviously, such

administration most advantageously proceeds by delivering both active ingredients simultaneously in a novel pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention.

Methods of Treatment

[0097] In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing tissue

and/or cellular oxygenation, the method comprising administering to a subject in

need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or

compositions described herein.

[0098] In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for increasing oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

[0099] In aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating a condition associated with oxygen deficiency, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or

compositions described herein.

[0100] In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating oxygen deficiency associated with sickle cell anemia, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or compositions described herein. [0101] In further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein. In still further aspects of the invention, a method is provided for treating cancer, a pulmonary disorder, stroke, high altitude sickness, an ulcer, a pressure sore, Alzheimer's disease, acute respiratory disease syndrome, and a wound, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any of the compounds or compositions described herein.

Synthetic Methods

[0102] Certain methods for making the compounds described herein are also provided. The reactions are preferably carried out in a suitable inert solvent that will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, for a sufficient period of time to ensure substantial completion of the reaction as observed by thin layer chromatography, ¹ H-NM R, etc. If needed to speed up the reaction, the reaction mixture can be heated, as is well known to the skilled artisan. The final and the intermediate compounds are purified, if necessary, by various art known methods such as crystallization, precipitation, column chromatography, and the likes, as will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure.

[0103] An illustrative and non-limiting method for synthesizing a compound of formula (I), is schematically shown below. A ¹ B ¹ C

In the following Schemes, ^s - -', and refer to rings A, B and C as described herein.

A ⁵ and B ⁵ are independently N R ⁷⁰ , O, S, S(0)x, NBoC, CH ₂ , CHR ⁷⁰ , C(R ⁷⁰ ) ₂ provided that when only one of A ⁵ or B ⁵ is present, then A ⁵ or B ⁵ is not CH ₂ , CH R ⁷⁰ , C(R ⁷⁰ ) _2, and when both A ⁵ and B ⁵ are present in a ring, both are not CH ₂ , CH R ⁷⁰ , C(R ⁷⁰ ) ₂ ; wherein R ⁷⁰ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl or defined as R ¹⁴ as defined herein;

X, and X ⁵ represent a leaving group and are independently selected from CI, F, Br, and I.

R ⁷¹ is Ci-C ₆ alkyl; R ⁷² is Ci-Ce alkyl; n is 0, 1, or 2; and

Where variables already used in the structures hereinabove are used in the shcemes, the context makes it unam biguous as to what the varia ble refers to.

General Synthetic Schemes

32 (R A /H t A )

[0104] Compounds of structure 34 can be synthesized via general synthetic scheme 1. Reduction of carboxylic acid derivative 31 gives hydrxoymethyl analog 32, which can be N- derivativtized at via copper-mediated N-arylation reaction (Cu l, Ar-I, base such as N, N- dimethylethylenediamine and potassium phosphate, heat) to give key hydroxymethyl intermediate 32. Coupling of 32 with phenol aldehyde 33 produces the desired aldehyde analog 34 via typical M istunobu conditions using either triphenylphosphine or polymer supported triphenylphosphine.

[0105] General method step 1 - reduction of carboxylic acid derivative 1 to methyl alcohol 2: To a suspension of carboxylic acid l(l-lOmmol) in MeOH or EtOH (2-10 mL) at 0 °C was added SOCI ₂ (1.5eq). After stirred at room temperature for l-12h, it was

concentrated to remove all solvents, dried under high vacuum to give corresponding methyl or ethyl ester. The ester was dissolved in MeOH or EtOH (5-30 mL), to this solution, was added Na BH ₄ (l-4eq) at 0 °C, the mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for additional 1-24 h. The mixture was quenched with Sat. N H ₄ CI, filtered off the insolu bles and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to give the corresponding hydroxymethylene compound 32.

[0106] General method step 2 - N-alkylation (la to lb): The carboxylate 31a (Ri=H) can be first alkylated and then reduced to give N-alkyl hydroxymethylene analog 31b ( Ri=alkyl). In a typical procedure, the carboxylate 31a (l-lOmmol) is first dissolved in DMF (2-20 mL); to this was then added a base such as NaH or Cs ₂ C0 ₃ (1-1.2eq), followed by the addition of alkyl halide (eg, BnBr) (0.9-1.5eq). The reaction allowed to proceed at room temperature of heat at 40 to 115 °C for 0.5 to 24 h. In workup A, water was added to the reaction mixture, the precipitated product was collected, washed with water, and then subjected to preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography purification. In workup B (for products that did not precipitate), diluted HCI or aqueous N H ₄ CI was added at 0 °C to adjusted the pH to ~7, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate or dichloromethane and aqueous sodium chloride and the organic layer separated, dried, and solvent removed under vacuum to afford crude product which was purified by automated silica gel column chromatography, reaction appropriate solvents mixture (e.g., ethyl acetate/hexanes).

[0107] General method step 3 - Copper-mediated N-arylation from 32a to 32c: For cyclic amines (X=H, H), to a solution of hydroxymethylene compound 32a (1-10 mmol) and aryl/hetero iodide (1-1.5eq) in iPrOH (0.5-10 mL) was added ethylene diol (1.3eq) and Cul (6.7mol%), followed by K ₃ P0 ₄ (1.3eq), then it was degassed and heated at 88 °C for 6-24 h. Alternatively, for lactams (X=0), to a solution of hydroxymethylene compound 32a (1- lOmmol) and aryl/hetero iodide (1-1.5eq) in Dioxane (2-20 mL) was added Cul (0.17eq), Ν,Ν-dimethylethylenediamine (0.17eq), K ₃ P0 ₄ (1.7eq), then it was degassed and heated at 100 °C for 6-48 h.

[0108] Workup for both procedures: the reaction mixture was cooled to room

temperature the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water, organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, organic layer was combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to give N-aryl/heteroaryl compound 32c.

[0109] General method C -Mitsunobu conditions A hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (34) (0.1-2 mmol) mixture with substituted methylene alcohol (33) (0.8 to 1.2eq) and (polymer-supported) PPh ₃ (1-1.5eq) in anhydrous THF (1-lOmL) was stirred under nitrogen until complete dissolution. The solution was cooled to 0 °C on ice bath and DIAD or DEAD (1.1 eq) in TH F or toluene was added dropwise over a 1-20 min period. The ice cooling bath was allowed to expire over 90 min and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2-48 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica. The silica was washed with ethyl acetate 2- 20mL. The combined filtrates were evaporated and the residue was dried on highvac. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography.

[0110] General method A for preparing aryloxy ether analogs (4a) from substituted methylene alcohol (1) and hydroxyl aryl aldehyde derivatives (3a). A hydroxyl

(hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a) (0.1-2 mmol) mixture with substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.8 to 1.2eq) and PPh ₃ (1-1.5eq) in anhydrous THF (1-lOmL) was stirred under nitrogen until complete dissolution. The solution was cooled to 0 °C on ice bath and DIAD or DEAD (1.1 eq) in TH F or toluene was added dropwise over a 1-20 min period. The ice cooling bath was allowed to expire over 90 min and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2-48 hours. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, then filtered through a pad of silica. The silica was washed with ethyl acetate 2-20mL The combined filtrates were evaporated and the residue was dried on highvac. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography.

[0111] General method B for preparing aryloxyether analogs (4a) from substituted methylene halide (2) and hydroxyl aryl aldehyde derivatives (3a). A mixture of hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a) (0.1-2 mmol, 1-4 eq.), substituted methylene chloride or bromide (2) (leq), and K ₂ C0 ₃ (2-5 eq.) (catalytic amount of Nal or Bu ₄ NI may also be added) in DMF or acetonitrile (1 to 10 mL) was stirred at RT or heating up to 120 °C for 0.5-8 h under nitrogen atmosphere. In workup A, water was added to the reaction mixture, the precipitated product was collected, washed with water, and then subjected to preparative HPLC or flash silica gel chromatography purification. In workup B (for products that did not precipitate), diluted HCI or aqueous NH ₄ CI was added at 0 °C to adjusted the pH to ~7, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate or dichloromethane and aqueous sodium chloride and the organic layer separated, dried, and solvent removed under vacuum to afford crude product which was purified by automated silica gel column chromatography using appropriate solvents mixture (e.g., ethyl acetate/hexanes).

[0112] General method C for preparing substituted methylene chloride (2a). To a solution of substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.1 to 2 mmol) in DCM (1-10 mL) was added SOCI ₂ dropwise (2eq to 5eq ) at 0 °C or RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for lOmin to 6 h, or until reaction is judged complete (LC/MS). The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness over a rotavap. The crude chloride residue was suspended in toluene, sonicated and concentrated to dryness. The process was repeated three times and dried under vacuum to give the substituted methylene chloride (2), usually as an off-white solid, which was used for next step without further purification. Alternatively, a solution of aqueous IN Na ₂ C0 ₃ is then added to produce a solution of pH~ 8. the mixture was extracted with DCM (3 xlO-50mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to the crude substituted methylene chloride (2a), which is then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (0- 100% ethyl acetate-hexanes).

[0113] General method D for preparing substituted methylene bromide (2b). To a solution of substituted methylene alcohol (1) (0.1 to 2 mmol) in DCM (1-10 mL) was added Ph ₃ P Br ₂ dropwise (2eq to 5eq ) at 0 °C or RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 10 min to 2 h, or until reaction is judged complete (LC/MS). The reaction mixture is

concentrated to dryness over a rotavap. The residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to afford the pure bromide 2b.

13-X-trans 13-X-cis

[0114] General method E for preparing heterocyclic methylene derivatives 9, 10, 12 and

13. Condensation of heterocyclic ketone analog 5 with chlorformate or dialkyl carbonate gives (hetero)cyclic beta-ketone ester 6 (Step 1). The ketone ester 6 is converted to the triflate intermediate 7 by treating with a triflating agent (e.g, triflic anhydride) in the presence of an organic base such as Hunig's base (Step 2). Suzuki coupling of the triflate 7 with a boronic acid or ester affords heterocyclohexene carboxylate 8 (Step 3). Subsequent reduction of the ester group by LAH or DIBAL gives the corresponding alcohol 9-OH (Step 4). Further reaction of the alcohol 9-OH with thionyl chloride, Ph ₃ PBr ₂ (or CBr ₄ -Ph ₃ P or PBr ₃ ), or alkyl/aryl sufonyl chloride produces the corresponding 10-X chloride, bromide or sulfonate (Step 5).

[0115] Alternatively, the double bond of heterocyclohexene carboxylate 8 is reduced to give the c/ ^' s-heterocyclohexane 11-cis carboxylate under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 6). Reduction of the ester group of 11-cis by LAH or DIBAL yields cis-alcohol 12-OH-cis (Step 8). Conversion of the alcohol 12-OH-cis to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 13-X-cis can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph ₃ PBr ₂ , or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 9). The cis- cyclohexane carboxylate 11-cis can also be isomerized to the thermodynamically more stable trans-isomer 11-trans by the treatment with an alcoholic alkoxide (e.g., ethoxide) solution. Analogously, transformation of 11-trans ester to 12-trans alcohol and 13-X-trans halide is accomplished by applying conditions of Step 8 and Step9 similar to these for the corresponding cis-isomers.

12-OH-trans 13-X-cis

13-X-trans

[0116] Coupling of the (hetero)cyclic methylene derivatives 9, 10, 12 and 13 with hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the

corresponding aryloxy/heteroarylether analogs (4c and 4d).

Step5 [H]

Step6

Scheme 1

Scheme 1

[0117] General method F Scheme 2 for preparing heterocyclic methylene derivatives 18,

19, 20 and 21. The ketone ester 14 is converted to the triflate intermediate 15 by treating with a triflating agent (e.g, triflic anhydride) in the presence of an organic base such as Hunig's base (Step 1). Suzuki coupling of the triflate 15 with a boronic acid or ester affords heterocyclo carboxylate 16 (Step 2). Subsequent reduction of the ester group by LAH or DIBAL gives the corresponding alcohol 18 (Step 3). Further reaction of the alcohol 18 with thionyl chloride, Ph ₃ PBr ₂ (or CBr ₄ -Ph ₃ P or PBr ₃ ), or alkyl/aryl sufonyl chloride produces the corresponding 19 chloride, bromide or sulfonate (Step 4).

[0118] Alternatively, the double bond of 16 is reduced to give the saturated heterolic analog 17 under palladium catalyzed hydrogenation conditions (Step 5). Reduction of the ester group of 17 by LAH or DIBAL yields alcohol 20 (Step 7). Conversion of the alcohol 20 to its chloride, bromide or sulfonate (such as mesylate, tosylate) 21 can be achieved by reacting with thionyl chloride, or Ph ₃ PBr ₂ , or sufonyl chloride (such as mesyl chloride or tosyl chloride) (Step 8). [0119] Coupling of the (hetero)cyclic methylene derivatives 18, 19, 20 and 21 with hydroxyl (hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the corresponding aryloxy/heteroaryloxyether analogs (4e and 4f).

[0120] Chiral pyrrolidine methylene derivatives 25 and 26 can be prepared according to reaction sequence depicted herein. The pyrrolidine ester 24 is produced via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkene 22 with azomethine-ylide generated in situ from formaldehyde and amino acid 23 alkene (Stepl). Subsequent reduction of the ester to alcohol 24 and further conversion 25 are accomplished by analogous methods described herein. If a chiral auxiliary group such as chiral oxazolidinone derivative 22a is used, optically active pyrrolidine derivatives 25 and 26 can also be obtained. Coupling of 25 and 26 with hydroxyl

(hetero)arylaldehyde derivatives (3a/3b) by general method A or B affords the

corresponding aryloxy/heteroaryloxyether analogs (4).

[0121] Separate from the general synthesis of tetrahydrothiophenes (i.e., 20 and 21, A ⁵ described herein, also described is a different synthetic approach to this class of analogs.

[0122] Other heterocyclic analogs (compound 5) with C-N linkage are synthesized by applying Buchwald/Hartwig amination conditions. Many of the cyclic amines (1) are available commercially (e.g., la, lb, lc, Id, and le).

[0123] Protected amides of formula -CON H R and -CON HOR can be converted e.g., hydrolyzed to the corresponding amides according to methods known to the skilled artisan.

Prodrug Synthesis

[0124] Syntheses of the ester prodrugs start with the free carboxylic acid bearing the tertiary amine. The free acid is activated for ester formation in an aprotic solvent and then reacted with a free alcohol group in the presence of an inert base, such as triethyl amine, to provide the ester prodrug. Activating conditions for the carboxylic acid include forming the acid chloride using oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride in an aprotic solvent, optionally with a catalytic amount of dimethyl formamide, followed by evaporation. Examples of aprotic solvents, include, but are not limited to methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, and the like. Alternatively, activations can be performed in situ by using reagents such as BOP (benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorolphosphate, and the like (see Nagy et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6373-6376) followed by reaction with the free alcohol. Isolation of the ester products can be affected by extraction with an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate or methylene chloride, against a mildly acidic aqueous solution; followed by base treatment of the acidic aqueous phase so as to render it basic; followed by extraction with an organic solvent, for example ethyl acetate or methylene chroride; evaporation of the organic solvent layer; and recrystalization from a solvent, such as ethanol. Optionally, the solvent can be acidified with an acid, such as HCI or acetic acid to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Alternatively the crude reaction can be passed over an ion exchange column bearing sulfonic acid groups in the protonated form, washed with deionized water, and eluted with aqueous ammonia; followed by evaporation.

[0125] Suitable free acids bearing the tertiary amine are commercially available, such as 2- (N-morpholino)-propionic acid, N,N- dimethyl-beta-alanine, and the like. Non- commercial acids can be synthesized in straightforward manner via standard literature procedures.

[0126] Carbonate and carbamate prodrugs can be prepared in an analogous way. For example, amino alcohols and diamines can be activated using activating agents such as phosgene or carbonyl diimidazole, to provide an activated carbonates, which in turn can react with the alcohol and/or the phenolic hydroxy group on the compounds utilized herein to provide carbonate and carbamate prodrugs.

[0127] Various protecting groups and synthetic methods related to them that can be used or adapted to make compounds of the invention can be adapted from the references Testa et al., Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism, June 2003, Wiley- VCH, Zurich, 419-534 and Beaumont et al., Curr. Drug Metab. 2003, 4:461-85.

[0128] Provided herein is a method of synthesizing an acyloxymethyl version of a prodrug by adapting a method from the reference Sobolev et al., 2002, J. Org. Chem. 67:401-410.

FT ¹ is Ci-Ce alkyl-

[0129] Provided herein is a method for synthesizing a phosphonooxymethyl version of a prodrug by adapting a method from Mantyla et al., 2004, J. Med. Chem. 47:188-195.

[0130] Provided herein is a method of synthesizing an alkyloxymethyl version of a prodrug

R ⁵² is Ci-C ₆ alkyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₉ heterocyclyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, or C ₃ -C ₉ heteroaryl. Examples

[0131] The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. The present examples, along with the methods described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

[0132] In the examples below as well as throughout the application, the following abbreviations have the following meanings. If not defined, the terms have their generally accepted meanings.

°C = degrees Celsius

RT = Room temperature

min = minute(s)

h = hour(s)

μΐ = Microliter mL = Milliliter

mmol = Millimole

eq = Equivalent

mg = Milligram

ppm = Parts per million

atm = Atmospheric pressure

MS = Mass spectrometry

LC-MS = Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

HPLC = High performance liquid chromatography

N MR = Nuclear magnetic resonance

Sat. Saturated

MeOH = Methanol

EtOH = Ethanol

EtOAc = Ethyl acetate

Et ₃ N = Triethylamine

ACN = Acetonitrile

Ac ₂ 0 = Acetic anhydride

Na(OAc) ₃ BH = Sodium triacetoxy borohydride

PBr3 = phosphorus tribromide

Ph ₃ P = Triphenylphosphine

Ph ₃ PBr ₂ = Triphenylphosphine dibromide

CBr ₄ Tetrabromomethane

DM F = N, N-Dimethylformamide

DCM = Dichloromethane

LAH/ LiAIH ₄ = Lithium aluminum hydride

THF = Tetrahydrofuran

DIBAL = Diisobutylaluminium hydride

DIAD = Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate

DEAD = Diethyl azodicarboxylate

DIPEA = N,N-Diisopropylethylamine

Tf ₂ 0 = Trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) anhydride Pd(dppf)CI ₂ = [l,l'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]

dichloropalladium(ll), complex

[0133] Preparation of 2-hydroxy-6-((5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H -pyran- 4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0134] Step 1: To a solution of ethyl 3-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (1.0 g, 5.81 mmol)in DCM (30 mL) was added DIPEA (1.22 mL, 6.97 mmol) and Tf ₂ 0 (1.08 mL, 6.39 mmol) at -78 °C, then it was warmed up to room temperature and stirred at room temeperature for 2 h, the solution was diluted with DCM, washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried and concentrated to give ethyl 5-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,6-dihydro-2H- pyran-4-carboxylate as crude product (2 g).

[0135] Step 2: To a solution of ethyl 5-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,6-dihydro-2H- pyran-4-carboxylate (crude from step 1) and l-isopropyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazole (1.37 g, 5.82 mmol) in dioxane (20 ml) was added

Pd(dppf)CI ₂ (430 mg, 0.58 mmol) and Na ₂ C0 ₃ (1.85 g, 17.46 mmol) in water (6 mL), the mixture was degased with N2 for 5 min, and was heated at 100 °C for 15 h, after cooling to room temperature the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ and brine, organic layer was combined, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc=3:l) to give ethyl 5-(l-isopropyl- lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (850 mg).

[0136] Step 3: To a solution of ethyl 5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran- 4-carboxylate (600 mg, 2.27 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LiAIH ₄ (1M in THF, 2.72 mL, 2.72 mmol) at -20 °C, the reaction was stirred at -20 °C for 30 min, and was quenched with Sat. NH ₄ CI, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, the combined organics were washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc= 100:0 to 20:80) to give (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)methanol (500 mg).

[0137] Step 4: To a solution of (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4- yl)methanol (300 mg, 1.35 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added dibromotriphenylphosphorane (630 mg, 1.35 mmol) at room temperature, after stirring for 30 min, it was diluted with DCM, organic layer was washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column(Hexanes/EtOAc= 4:1) to give 5-(4- (bromomethyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)-l-isopropyl-lH-pyra zole (360 mg).

[0138] Step 5: To a solution of 5-(4-(bromomethyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)-l- isopropyl-lH-pyrazole (110 mg, 0.38 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (100 mg, 0.76 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added K ₂ C0 ₃ (110 mg, 0.76 mmol). After stirred at room temperature for 1 h, it was diluted with water and EtOAc, organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. Organic layer was combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column

(Hexanes/EtOAc=l:l) to give 2-hydroxy-6-((5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H - pyran-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (90 mg). IH NMR (400 MHz, CDCI ₃ ) δ (ppm) 11.89 (s, IH), 10.33 (s, IH), 7.53 (d, J=1.6 Hz, IH), 7.33(t, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 6.51 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 6.16 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 6.08 (d, J=2.0 Hz, IH), 4.40 (dd, J = 12.8, 6.4 Hz, IH), 4.35 (s, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (s, 2H), 1.40 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 343.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0139] Preparation of 2-[[l-acetyl-5-(2-propan-2-ylpyrazol-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-py ridin-4- yl]methoxy]-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde

[0140] Step 1: To a solution of (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin- 4-yl)methanol hydrochloride (110 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) at 0 °C was added Et ₃ N (0.12 mL, 0.82 mmol) and a solution of Ac ₂ 0 (0.04 mL, 0.41 mmol) in DCM (0.4 mL), after stirred for 15 min, it was diluted with Sat. NH ₄ CI and EtOAc, organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were combined, washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and was concentrated to give l-(4- (hydroxymethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydrop yridin-l(2H)-yl)ethan-l as crude product.

[0141] Step 2: To a solution of l-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyridin-l(2H)- yl)ethanone (88 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added SOCI ₂ (0.58 mL, 8.25 mmol). After stirred at RT for 15 min, the mixture was concentrated and dried under high vacuum to give l-(4-(chloromethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihy dropyridin-l(2H)-yl)ethan-l-one as crude product (80 mg).

[0142] Step 3: To a suspension of K ₂ C0 ₃ (80 mg, 0.56 mmol) and 2,6- dihydroxybenzaldehyde (80 mg, 0.56 mmol) in DMF (2 ml) was added a solution of l-(4- (chloromethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydropy ridin-l(2H)-yl)ethan-l-one (80 mg, 0.28 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), the mixture was heated at 50 °C for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, and was diluted with EtOAc, organic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. EtOAc layers were combined, washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and was concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by preparative HPLC (eluted with ACN/H ₂ 0) to give 2-((l-acetyl-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)- l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methoxy)-6-hydroxybenzaldehyd e (9 mg). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI ₃ , NMR shows rotamer exist, only one set of signal was reported) δ (ppm) 11.87 (s, 1H), 10.34 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.11(d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 3.71 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 384.3 [M+H] ⁺ [0143] Preparation of 2-hydroxy-6-[[l-methyl-5-(2-propan-2-ylpyrazol-3-yl)-3,6-dih ydro- 2H-pyridin-4-yl]methoxy] benzaldehyde

[0144] Step 1: To a solid of tert-butyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)- 3,6-dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.47 mmol) in round bottom flask was added 4N HCI in dioxane (3 mL) at room temeprature, and was stirred for 1 h, then the mixture was concentrated and dried under high vacuum to give (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol- 5-yl)-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methanol as HCI salt (120 mg).

[0145] Step 2: To a solution of (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin- 4-yl)methanol hydrochloride in ACN (3 mL) was added Et ₃ N followed by formalin. After stirred at room temperature for 10 min, it was added Na(OAc) ₃ BH and after another 30 min, the mixture was concentrated and pass through a short silica gel column, the column was washed with 10% MeOH in CHCI3, and then the filtrated was collected and concentrated to give crude product, which was further diluted with EtOAc, filtered to get rid of triethylamine HCI salt, the filtrate was concentrated again to give (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l- methyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methanol (100 mg).

[0146] Step 3: To a solution of (5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-l,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methanol (100 mg, 0.42 mmol) in DCM (2.5 mL) was added SOCI ₂ (0.76 mL, 10.5 mmol) at room temperature and then was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, the mixture was concentrated and diluted with toluene and concentrated, dried under high vacuum to give 4-(chloromethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine as crude product.

[0147] Step 4: To a suspension of K ₂ C0 ₃ (230 mg, 1.68 mmol) and 2,6- dihydroxybenzaldehyde (120 mg, 0.84 mmol) in DMF (2 ml) was added a solution of 4- (chloromethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-l,2, 3,6-tetrahydropyridine (110 mg, 0.42 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), the mixture was heated at 50 °C for 4 h, cooled to room temperature, and was diluted with EtOAc, organic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. EtOAc layer was combined, washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and was concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by column (Hexane/EtOAc= 65:35 followed by DCM/MeOH= 95:5) to give 2-hydroxy-6-((5-(l-isopropyl- lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)met hoxy)benzaldehyde (44 mg). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI ₃ ) δ (ppm) 11.89 (s, 1H), 10.34 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 8.4 , 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J =1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (m, 1H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 2.71 (s, 2H), 2.52 (s, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 356.3 [M+H] ⁺ . [0148] The following exemplary A-ring and B-ring intermediates may also be incorporated into the compounds of the invention.

[0149] Preparation of:

[0150] Step 1: To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 4-ethyl 3-oxopiperidine-l,4-dicarboxylate (2.0g, 7.37 mmol) in DCM (45 mL) was added DIPEA (1.54 ml, 8.84 mmol) and Tf ₂ 0 (1.36 mL, 8.11 mmol) at -78 °C, then the temperature was warmed up to room temperature and the solution was stirred at RT for 1.5 h, the mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), organic layer was washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried and concentrated to give l-(tert-butyl) 4- ethyl 5-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,6-dihydropyridine-l,4(2 H)-dicarboxylate, which was used for next step without purification.

[0151] Step 2: To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 4-ethyl 3-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-5,6- dihydropyridine-l,4(2H)-dicarboxylate (1.49 g, 3.7 mmol) and (l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)boronic acid (0.57 g, 3.7 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added Pd(dppf)CI ₂ (0.27 g, 0.37 mmol) and a solution of sodium carbonate (1.18 g, 11.10) in water (3 ml), the mixture was degased with N ₂ for 5 min, and was heated at 100 °C for 15 h, after cooling to room temperature the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ and brine, organic layer was combined, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc=3:l) to give desired product 830 mg (62%).

[0152] Step 3: To a solution of l-(tert-butyl) 4-ethyl 5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6- dihydropyridine-l,4(2H)-dicarboxylate (450 mg, 1.24 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added LiAIH ₄ (1M in THF, 1.49 mL, 1.49 mmol) at -20 °C, the reaction was stirred at -20 °C for 30 min, and was quenched with Sat. NH ₄ CI, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, the combined organics were washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc= 100:0 to 40:60) to give tert-butyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5- (l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carb oxylate (370 mg, 91%).

[0153] Step 4: To a solution of give tert-butyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH- pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (25 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added triphenylphosphine bromine adduct (40 mg, 0.09 mmol) at room temperature, after stirring for 30 min, it was diluted with DCM, washed with Sat. NaHC03, brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column to give tert-butyl 4- (bromomethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydropyr idine-l(2H)-carboxylate (18 mg). [0154] Preparation of 2-hydroxy-6-[[cis-3-(2-propan-2-ylpyrazol-3-yl)oxan-4- yl]methoxy]benzaldehyde

[0155] Step 1: To a solution of ethyl 5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran- 4-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.38 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added Pd/C (50 mg), then it was charged with H ₂ (latm) and stirred at room temperature for 3 days, Mass spec shows about 50% conversion. The mixture was then added a solution of N H4CO2H (200 mg) in water (2 ml) and additional Pd/C , and the mixture was further heated at 75 °C for 1.5 h, after cooled to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOH, pd/C was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude oil, which was diluted with CHCI3, organic layer was washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc=65:35) to give (±) ethyl (3S,4R)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (70 mg).

[0156] Step 2: To a solution of (±) (3S,4R)-ethyl 3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (70 mg, 0.26 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) at -15 °C was added 1M LiAH ₄ solution in THF (0.34 mL, 0.34 mmol) slowly. After stirred for 30 min, it was quenched with Sat. N H4CI; the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. Organic layers were combined, dried and concentrated to give (±) (3S,4R)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4 - yl)methanol as crude product (60 mg).

[0157] Step 3: To a solution of (±) ((3S, 4R)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)methanol (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (60 mg, 0.44 mmol)in THF (1 mL) was added PPh ₃ (120 mg, 0.44 mmol) and DIAD (0.09 mL, 0.44 mmol) at 0 °C. After stirred for 30 min, the solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc=60:40) to give impure product, which was further purified by prep HPLC (eluted with ACN/H ₂ 0) to give (±) 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4R)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (6 mg). 1H N MR (400 M Hz, CDCI ₃ ) δ (ppm) 11.90 (s, 1H), 10.36 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.13 (dt, J = 11.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J= 11.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J = 11.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J = 9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dt, J = 11.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 334.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0158] Step 5: To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(bromomethyl)-5-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-

OH

L

3,6-dihydropyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (18 mg, 0.05 mmol) and .'V; 10 mg, 0.06 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) is added K ₂ C0 ₃ (14 mg, 0.1 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, it is diluted with water and EtOAc, organic layer is separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc, organic layer is combined, washed with brine, dried and concetrated to give crude product, which is purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc=2:l.

GBT902

2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-3-(1 -isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0159] GBT902- (±) 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S, 4S)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized in three steps starting from (±) (3S,4R)-ethyl S-il-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-S-ylJtetrahydro^H-pyran^-carboxyla te^

[0160] Step 1: To EtOH (2 mL) in round bottom flask was added NaH (65% dispersion in mineral oil, 60 mg, 1.36 mmol), after stirring for 5 min, the mixture was added a solution of (±) (3S,4R)-ethyl 3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxy late (297 mg, 1.13 mmol) in EtOH. The mixture was heated at 80 °C for 3 h, cooled and diluted with EtOAc and Sat. NH4CI, organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, organic layer was combined, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc=2:l) to give ethyl (35,45)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol- 5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate 190 mg.

[0161] Step 2: To a solution of (3S,4S)-ethyl 3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-carboxylate (190 mg, 0.71 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at -20 °C was added LiAIH ₄ (1M in THF, 0.89 mL, 0.89 mmol). After stirring at -20 °C for 15 min, the reaction was quenched with Sat. NH ₄ CI, extracted with EtOAc, organic layer was combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give ((35,45)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 4-yl)methanol as crude product (160 mg).

[0162] Step 3: To a solution of ((3S,4S)-3-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)methanol (160 mg, 0.71 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added 2,6- dihydroxybenbzaldehyde (0.15 g, 1.06 mmol) at room temperature, then it was cooled to 0 °C and added DIAD (0.20 mL, 1.06 mmol). After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was concentrated and subjected to column chromatography to (±) 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S, 4S)-3-(l- isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methoxy)b enzaldehyde 104 mg

(Hexanes/EtOAc=100:0 to 65:35 to 55:45) to give *H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.90 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 10.35 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dt, J = 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 1.9, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (p, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.21 - 4.07 (m, 1H), 3.99 - 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.80 (dd, J = 9.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 - 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.36 (t, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (td, J = 11.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.29 - 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.95 - 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.33 - 1.21 (m, 3H). MS (M+H)+ found for

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(1-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-2- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0163] GBT906 - Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((l-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was prepared from (S)-pyrrolidin- 2-ylmethanol and 5-iodo-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole according to scheme 1, reaction steps 3 and 4. *H NM R (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.92 (s, 1H), 10.07 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.91 - 5.81 (m, 1H), 4.70 - 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J = 9.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dddd, J = 7.6, 6.6, 5.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 - 3.37 (m, 1H), 2.94 (dt, J = 9.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.31 - 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.09 - 1.81 (m, 3H), 1.45 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). MS (M+H)+ found for CisHzsNsOs: 330.3.

GBT918

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1-(1-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperidin-2- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0164] GBT918 - Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((l-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)piperidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was prepared from (S)-piperidin- 2-ylmethanol hydrochloride and 5-iodo-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole according to scheme 1, reaction steps 3 and 4. H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.88 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 10.31 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.49 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (hept, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.87 - 3.75 (m, 2H), 3.17 (dq, J = 8.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (dt, J = 11.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (td, J = 11.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.03 - 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.71 (dddd, J = 16.8, 15.4, 11.8, 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.59 - 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H). MS (M+H)+ found for C19H25N3O3: 344.4.

GBT919

[0165] GBT919- 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized according to scheme 2 in five steps starting from ethyl 4-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate using reaction steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and method B.

[0166] Step 1: To a solution of ethyl 4-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (1.13 g, 7.15 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was added DIPEA (1.38 mL, 7.87 mmol) and Tf ₂ 0 (1.20 mL, 7.15 mmol) at -78 °C, then it was warmed up to room temperature and was further stirred for 15 h, the mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried and concentrated to give ethyl 4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carbox ylate as crude product, which was used for next step without purification (2.3 g).

[0167] Step 2: To a solution of ethyl 4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (2.3 g) and (2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)boronic acid (1.09 g, 7.15 mmol) in Dioxane (20 mL) was added Pd(dppf)CI ₂ (530 mg, 0.72 mmol) and a solution of Na ₂ C0 ₃ (2.27 g, 21.45 mmol) in water (10 mL), the mixture was degassed and heated at 100 °C for 15 h, the solution was diluted with EtOAc, organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate (1.1 g).

[0168] Step 3: To a solution of ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (146 mg, 0.60 mmol) in THF (2 ml) at -20 °C was added 1M LiAIH ₄ in THF (0.72 mL, 0.72 mmol). After stirred for 20 min, it was quenched with Sat. NH ₄ CI, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3X), organic layers were combined, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give (4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)methanol as crude product (120 mg), which was used without purification in next step. [0169] Step 4: To a solution of (4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)methanol (120 mg, 0.58 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added PPh ₃ Br ₂ (300 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirred at room temperature for 30 min, it was diluted with DCM and washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over MgSC and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give 3-(4-(bromomethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridine (62 mg).

[0170] Method B: To a solution of 3-(4-(bromomethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-2- methoxypyridine (62 mg, 0.22 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (60 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added K ₂ C0 ₃ (90 mg, 0.66 mmol). After stirred at room temperature for 30 min, the mixture was added water, extracted with EtOAc (3X), organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5- dihydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (47 mg). H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.93 (s, 1H), 10.20 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (dd, J = 5.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J = 7.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 - 6.87 (m, 1H), 6.52 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (ddq, J = 4.9, 2.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 4.97 - 4.90 (m, 2H), 4.73 - 4.67 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H). MS(M-H) found for C18H17N05: 326.2.

[0171] GBT928- 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofur an-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized in three steps according to scheme 2 starting from ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate using reaction steps 5, 6 and method A.

[0172] Step 5: To a solution of ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (500 mg, 1 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was added Pd/C (50 mg), charged with H ₂ (1 atm). After stirred for 24 h, Pd/C was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give (±) ethyl (35,45)-4-(2- methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (140 mg) and (±) ethyl (3/?,45)-4-(2- methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (100 mg).

[0173] Step 6: To a solution of (3S,4S)-ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3- carboxylate (140 mg) in THF (2 mL) was added LiAIH ₄ in TH F at -20 °C, then after 30 min, it was quenched with Sat. N H ₄ CI, extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give ((3/?,45)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3- yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methanol as crude oil 120 mg.

[0174] Method A: To a solution of ((3/?,4S)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methanol (120 mg, 0.57 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.10 g, 0.71 mmol) in THF (lmL) was added PPh ₃ (0.22 g, 0.85 mmol) and DIAD (0.17 mL, 0.85 mmol) at room temperature, after stirred for 1 h, it was concentrated to give drude oil, which was purified by column chromatography followed by preparative HPLC to give 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-4-(2- methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyd e 6 mg. ¹ H N MR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.90 (s, 1H), 10.12 (t, J = 0.5 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (dd, J = 5.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (ddd, J = 7.3, 1.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (ddd, J = 7.4, 5.0, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (dq, J = 8.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.23 - 4.12 (m, 3H), 3.92 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 3H), 3.90 - 3.77 (m, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 9.3, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (qt, J = 7.6, 6.2 Hz, 1H). MS found for C18H 19N05: 330.3.

GBT929

2-hydroxy-6-((4-(1 -isopropyl-1 /-/-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0175] GBT929- 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofur an-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized according to scheme 2 in four steps starting from ethyl 4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carbox ylate

[0176] Step 2: To a solution of ethyl 4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (2.76 g, 9.5 mmol) and l-isopropyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxa borolan-2- yl)-lH-pyrazole (2.24 g, 9.50 mmol) in Dioxane (20 m L) was added Pd(dppf)CI ₂ (700 mg, 0.95 mmol) and a solution of Na ₂ C0 ₃ (3.02 g, 28.50 mmol) in water (10 mL), the mixture was degassed and heated at 100 °C for 15 h, the solution was diluted with EtOAc, organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over MgS04 and was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc=3: l) to give ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate (900 mg).

[0177] Step 3: To a solution of ethyl 4-( l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (250 mg, 1 mmol) in TH F (3 m L) at -20 °C was added LiAI H ₄ (1M in TH F, 1.2 m L, 1.2 mmol). After stirred for 20 min, it was quenched with Sat. N H ₄ CI and was extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were com bined, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give (4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)metha nol as crude product (210 mg).

[0178] Step 4: To a solution of (4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- yl)methanol (210 mg, 1 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added PPh ₃ Br ₂ (420 mg, lmmol) at room temperature, after stirred for 20 min, it was diluted with DCM, organic layer was washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Hexanes/EtOAc=3:l) to give 5-(4- (bromomethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole (110 mg).

[0179] Method B: To a solution of 5-(4-(bromomethyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-l-isopropyl- lH-pyrazole (110 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added K ₂ C0 ₃ (170 mg, 1.23 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.11 g, 0.82 mmol) at room temperature, after stirred for 30 min, it was diluted with water and EtOAc, EtOAc layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc=2:l) to give 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofur an-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (101 mg). H NM R (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.93 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 10.23 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J = 1.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J = 8.5, 1H), 6.55 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dt, J = 4.9, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.93 - 4.86 (m, 2H), 4.70 - 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.44 - 4.32 (m, 1H), 1.67 - 1.41 (m, 6H). MS found for Ci ₈ H ₂ oN ₂ 0 ₄ : 329.3.

GBT932

[0180] GBT932- 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4 ?)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized in two steps starting from (35,45)-ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate using reaction steps 6 and method A. [0181] Step 6: To a solution of (35,45)-ethyl 4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3- carboxylate (100 mg, 0.40 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added LiAIH4 (1M in THF, 0.48 mL, 0.48 mmol) at -20 °C, after stirred for 30 min, it was quenched with Sat. NH ₄ CI, extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgSC , and was concentrated to give ((3S,4S)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)metha nol as crude oil 80 mg.

[0182] Method A: To a solution of ((3R,4S)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methanol (80 mg, 0.40 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (0.07 g, 0.52 mmol) in THF (lmL) was added PPh ₃ (0.16 g, 0.60 mmol) and DIAD (0.12 mL, 0.60 mmol) at room temperature, after stirred for 1 h, it was concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by column chromatography to give 2-hydroxy-6-(((35,4/?)-4-(2-methoxypyridin-3- yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde 20 mg. Η NM R (400 M Hz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.93 (d, J = 0.3 Hz, 1H), 10.13 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J = 5.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (ddd, J = 7.3, 1.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 - 7.32 (m, 1H), 6.93 - 6.83 (m, 1H), 6.52 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (ddd, J = 8.7, 7.6, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.14 - 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.92 - 3.80 (m, 2H), 3.52 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dq, J = 7.4, 6.6 Hz, 1H). MS found for Ci ₈ Hi ₉ N0 ₅ : 330.3.

GBT947

2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-4-(1 -isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0183] GBT947- 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahy drofuran-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized according scheme 2 in three steps starting from ethyl 4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxyla te using reaction steps 5, 6 and method A.

[0184] Step 5: To a solution of ethyl 4-( l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- carboxylate (325 mg, 1.32 mmol) in EtOH (4 m L) was added Pd/C (150 mg), then it was charged with H ₂ (latm) and then stirred at room temperature for 3 h, H ₂ balloon was removed and the mixture was added N H ₄ C0 ₂ H in water (1 mL) and was heated at 75 °C for 3 h, the mixture was cooled and diluted with EtOAc and water, aqueous layer was separated and extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and concentrated to give crude oil, which was purified by column

(Hexanes/EtOAc=60:40) to give ethyl (3S,4S)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (216 mg).

[0185] Step 6: To a solution of (4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-3- yl)methanol (216 mg, 0.87 mmol) in TH F (4 m L) at -20 °C was added LiAI H ₄ (1M in TH F, 1.04 m L, 1.04 mmol). After stirred for 20 min, it was quenched with Sat. N H4CI, aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, organic layers were com bined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give ((3/?,4S)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-y l)methanol as crude oil ( 180 mg).

[0186] Method A; To a solution of ((3/?,4S)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)tetrahydrofuran- 3-yl)methanol (180 mg, 0.86 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (150 mg, 1.12 mmol) in TH F (1.6 mL) was added PPh ₃ (340 mg, 1.29 mmol) and DIAD (0.25 mL, 1.29 mmol) at 0 °C, then it was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and was concentrated and purified by column (Hexanes/EtOAc = 60:40) to give 2-hydroxy-6-(((3S,4S)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde 82 mg. H N M R (400 M Hz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.88 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 10.27 (t, J = 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 1.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H ), 7.35 (t, J = 8.5, 1H), 6.51 (dq, J = 8.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (ddt, J = 5.4, 3.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H ), 4.53 (h, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.29 - 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J = 8.9, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (dd, J = 8.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.79 - 3.69 (m, 2H ), 3.60 (dd, J = 9.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H ), 3.02 (dtd, J = 13.6, 7.7, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (dd, J = 14.1, 6.6 Hz, 6H). MS found for C^INIOA- 331.3. GBT966

[0187] GBT966- 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2H -pyran-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized in five steps starting from oxan- -one.

[0188] Step 1: Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of oxan-4-one (5.0 g, 49.94 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (60 mL). This was followed by the addition of LDA (newly prepared from diisopropylamine and BuLi) (1.20 equiv) dropwise with stirring at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. HM PA (9.8 g, 54.69 mmol, 1.10 equiv) was then added to the reaction dropwise at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred for another 15 min at the same temperature. 2-Ethoxy-2-oxoacetonitrile (5 g, 50.46 mmol, 1.01 equiv) was then added to the reaction dropwise at -78 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C, and then it was quenched with 50 mL of water. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum, and then it was extracted with EA (50 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with 2x80 mL of water and 1x80 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:30) as eluent to yield 1.82 g (21%) of ethyl 4- oxooxane-3-carboxylate as a colorless oil. [0189] Step 2: Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl 4-hydroxy- 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-carboxylate (570 mg, 3.31 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and DIEA (2.5 mL, 5.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (20 mL). Tf ₂ 0 (1.0 mL, 2.00 equiv) was added to the reaction dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C and for another 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2x40 mL of ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layers were washed with 3x20 mL of water and 1x20 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:25) as eluent to yield 0.67 g (67%) of ethyl 4- [(trifluoromethane)sulfonyloxy]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-carbo xylate as a light yellow oil.

[0190] Step 3: Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl 4- [(trifluoromethane)sulfonyloxy]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-carbo xylate (540 mg, 1.77 mmol, 1.00 equiv), l-(propan-2-yl)-5-(tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-lH-p yrazole (543 mg, 2.30 mmol, 1.30 equiv) in a solvent mixture of toluene (15.0 mL), aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (2M) (5.0 mL) and ethanol (5.0 mL). This was followed by the addition of Pd(dppf)CI ₂ CH2CI ₂ (115 mg, 0.08 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at 100 °C under N ₂ . The reaction was then quenched with 15 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 2x50 mL of water and 1x50 mL of brine. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:15-1:6) as eluent to yield 372 mg (79%) of ethyl 4-[l- (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-carbox ylate as a light yellow oil.

[0191] Step 4: Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of ethyl 4-[l- (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-carbox ylate (234 mg, 0.89 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL). This was followed by the addition of LAH (51 mg, 1.34 mmol, 1.52 equiv) at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of 2.5 M sodium hydroxide aq. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The resulting mixture was washed with 1x20 mL of water and 1x20 mL of brine. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (2:3) as eluent to furnish 124 mg (63%) of [4-[l-(propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3- yl]methanol as a colorless oil.

[0192] Step 5: Into a 25-m L round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of [4-[l-(propan-2- yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]methanol (124 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (116 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1.50 equiv), and PPh ₃ (220 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1.50 equiv), in tetrahydrofuran (10 m L). This was followed by the addition of DIAD ( 170 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1.50 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0 °C and for an additional 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with 3x25 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The resulting mixture was washed with 2x60 m L of water and 1x40 m L of brine. The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether ( 1: 10-1:7) as eluent. The crude product was further purified by Prep-H PLC with the following conditions (Prep-H PLC-010) : Column, Sun Fire Prep C18 OBD Col umn,5um, 19* 150mm,; mobile phase, water with 0.05%TFA and MeCN (42.0% MeCN up to 55.0% in 8 min, up to 95.0% in 2 min,down to 42.0% in 2 min); Detector, Waters2545 UvDector 254&220nm. This provided 68 mg (36%) of 2-hydroxy-6-([4-[l- (propan-2-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]met hoxy)benzaldehyde as a light yellow solid. ¹ HN M R (400M Hz, CDCI ₃ , ppm): 11.90 (s, 1H), 10.32 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 4.44-4.40 (m, 5H), 3.96 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 2H), 1.43 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H); MS (ES, m/z:) 343.2 [M+l] ⁺

GBT999

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1 -(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzal dehyde [0193] GBT999- Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((l-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-5- oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0194] The compound was prepared from (5)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one and 3- iodo-2-methoxypyridine according to scheme 1, reaction steps 3 and 4. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.91 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H), 9.85 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.16 - 8.09 (m, 1H), 7.56 - 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.35 (ddd, J = 8.8, 8.1, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 - 6.90 (m, 1H), 6.53 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dtd, J = 8.5, 4.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.07 - 3.95 (m, 2H), 3.93 (d, J = 0.5 Hz, 3H), 2.76 - 2.56 (m, 2H), 2.50 (dddd, J = 13.0, 9.5, 8.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.20 - 2.04 (m, 1H). MS found for Ci ₈ Hi ₈ N ₂ 0 ₅ : 343.3.

GBT1000

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((1 -(1 -isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0195] GBT1000 - Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((l-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-5- oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was prepared from (S)-5- (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one and 5-iodo-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole according to scheme 1, reaction steps 3 and 4. *H N MR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.92 (s, 1H), 10.13 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J = 1.9, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 - 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.08 (dd, J = 10.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (dd, J = 10.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.79 - 2.60 (m, 2H), 2.52 (dddd, J = 13.3, 9.7, 8.4, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (dddd, J = 13.3, 9.9, 6.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). MS found for Ci ₈ H ₂ iN ₃ 0 ₄ : 344.3.

GBT1042

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((4-(1-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)morpholin-3- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0196] GBT1042 - Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5- yl)morpholin-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was prepared from (/?)-tert-butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)morpholine-4-carboxylate and 3-iodo-2-methoxypyridine according to scheme 1, reaction stepsl, 3 and 4. H NM R (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.88 (s, 1H), 10.26 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.51 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (dd, J = 8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (hept, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (ddd, J = 11.4, 3.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.98 - 3.86 (m, 3H), 3.86 - 3.73 (m, 2H), 3.42 - 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.04 - 2.91 (m, 2H), 1.52 - 1.37 (m, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H). MS found for C18H23N3O4: 346.3. GBT1059

(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((5-oxo-1 -(pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde

[0197] GBT1059- Preparation of (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((5-oxo-l-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-2- yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was prepared from (S)-5- (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one and 3-iodopyridine according to scheme 1, reaction steps 3 and 4. ^X H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-^ δ 11.88 (s, 1H), 10.05 (s, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J= 2.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J= 4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (ddd, J= 8.3, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39 - 7.28 (m, 2H), 6.55 (dd, J= 8.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dt, J= 8.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dq, J= 8.3, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.19 - 4.05 (m, 2H), 2.84 - 2.61 (m, 2H), 2.54 (ddt, J= 13.2, 10.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (dddd, J= 13.5, 9.9, 4.9, 3.7 Hz, 1H). MS found for Ci7Hi _{6 2} 0 ₄ : 313.3. GBT1060

2-hydroxy-6-((4-(1-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1-methyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrol-3-yl)methoxy)benzald

[0198] GBT1060- 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-2,5-d ihydro-lH- pyrrol-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde. The compound was synthesized in 7 steps according to a modified scheme 2 starting from 1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 4-oxopyrrolidi -l,3-dicarb

[0199] Steps 1&2: To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 4-oxopyrrolidine-l,3-dicarboxylate (1.49 g, 5.81 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) at -78 °C was added DIPEA (1.22 mL) and Tf ₂ 0 (1.08 mL), then it was warmed to room temperature and was further stirred for 2 h, mixture was diluted with more DCM, DCM layer was washed with Sat. NaHC0 ₃ , brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and concentrated to give crude triflate. To a solution of this crude triflate in Dioxane (15 mL) was added l-isopropyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- lH-pyrazole (1.37 g, 5.81 mmol) and Pd(dppf)CI ₂ (0.42 g, 0.58 mmol) and a solution of Na ₂ C0 ₃ (1.23 g, 11.62 mmol) in water (5 mL). After heated at 100 °C for 15 h the solution was diluted with EtOAc, organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give ethyl 1-tert-butyl 3- ethyl 4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-lH-pyrrole-l,3(2H,5H)-dicarb oxylate (0.59 g).

[0200] Step 3: To a solution of 1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-lH- pyrrole-l,3(2H,5H)-dicarboxylate (590 mg, 1.69 mmol) in THF (6 ml) at -20 °C was added 1M LiAIH ₄ in THF (2.03 mL, 2.03 mmol). After stirred for 20 min, it was quenched with Sat.

NH ₄ CI, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3X), organic layers were combined, dried over MgS0 ₄ and was concentrated to give tert-butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(l-isopropyl-lH- pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-l-carboxylate as crude product, which was used without purification in next step.

[0201] Steps 4a&4: To a suspension of (4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,5-dihydro-lH- pyrrol-3-yl)methanol (200 mg, 0.96 mmol) in AcCN (2 mL) was added TEA (0.14 mL, 0.96 mmol) and HCHO aqueous solution (0.24 g). After stirred for 30 min, it was added

NaB(OAc) ₃ H (0.41 g, 1.92 mmol). Another 15 min later, it was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by column (DCM/MeOH=100:0 to 80:20) to give (4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyr rol-3- yl)methanol (170 mg). To a solution of 4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl-2,5-dihydro- lH-pyrrol-3-yl)methanol in DCM (3mL) was added SOCI2 (0.2 mL) at 0 °C, after stirred for 30 min, it was then concentrated to give 5-(4-(chloromethyl)-l-methyl-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-3- yl)-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole as crude HCI salt (140 mg).

[0202] Method B: To a solution of 5-(4-(chloromethyl)-l-methyl-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-3- yl)-l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazole (140 mg, 0.60 mmol) and 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (170 mg, 1.20 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added K ₂ C0 ₃ (330 mg, 2.4 mmol). After stirred at 50 °C for 30 min, the mixture was added water, extracted with EtOAc (3X), organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried and concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by preparative HPLC to give 2-hydroxy-6-((4-(l-isopropyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-l-methyl- 2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrrol-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (6 mg). H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.26 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 1.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dt, J = 8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.47 - 4.33 (m, 1H), 3.98 - 3.88 (m, 4H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H). MS (M+H) found for C19H23N3O3: 342.2.

[0203] From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0204] Throughout the description of this invention, reference is made to various patent applications and publications, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.