Using Electromagnetic Fields

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of, and priority to, United States Provisional Patent application serial number 61/364,759 filed on July 15, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the field of tissue repair and regeneration. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to medical devices, materials or constructs, such as conductive biopolymers, that enhance tissue repair and regeneration using electromagnetic fields.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The regenerative capacity of injured tissues in adult humans is often limited, particularly with advancing age or diseases such as diabetes. Literature suggests that electrical, electrothermal, and electromechanical stimulation can enhance repair of wounds by stimulating vascularization, cell migration and cell proliferation as well as other processes. This process is often referred to as electrotherapy or electromagnetic therapy. The process depends on the application of an electric current via electrodes or an electromagnetic field to an area of a tissue, usually a wound. The flow of electricity is dependent upon the natural conductive processes of the treated tissues. Nerve repair is also reported to be stimulated by this process. In general, there are many clinical situations which would benefit from the directed application of electrotherapy, particularly if more effectively applied and if repair was directed and localized rather than random. Synthetic polymers have been used to enhance current flow to stimulate neurite outgrowth in tissue culture.

[0004] While it is possible to incorporate a variety of growth factors into these materials, there are advantages in accelerating repair and regeneration by enhancing the body's natural repair processes. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy has been investigated, particularly with respect to bone repair. In brief, an electromagnetic field is generated with a device over the tissue site of interest and maintained for various periods of time. Among the results reported are more rapid healing of fractures, particularly recalcitrant fractures, induction of vascularization in ischemic tissues, and enhanced nerve growth. Further silver ions generated by the field may have the ability to suppress bacterial growth.

[0005] Methods to deposit collagen molecules in defined structures including aligned, woven and transparent materials convertible into bandages, sutures and multilayered structures for diverse indications are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial nos. 1 1/951 ,324, 1 1/986,263, 12/106,214, and 12/539,563, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. One advantage of these collagen materials is that they closely approximate the natural structures of tissues, are biocompatible and induce the guided growth of cells attaching to them. The collagen materials appear to be an excellent substrate for applying mesenchymal and other stem cells to precise tissue sites. While these advances have been made, there is need for continued advancement and development of materials, constructs, implants and methods that promote and/or enhance tissue repair and regeneration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Accordingly, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide medical devices, materials or constructs and methods that enhance and/or promote tissue repair and regeneration. In some embodiments a material or construct is provided comprised of: a composition of at least one biocompatible polymer (also referred to as "biopolymer") and one or more metal nanowires. A medical device is also described, comprising: at least one connected network of metal nanowires and at least one biocompatible polymer, and wherein the device exhibits electric conductivity in at least one direction across the device, and at least some of the network of metal nanowires are disposed in at least part of the biocompatible polymer. The concentration of the metal in the biocompatible polymer does not exceed a toxic level. In some embodiments the one or more network of metal nanowires have a concentration in the range from about 50μ to 50mg per liter. In some embodiments, the metal nanowires are at least partially aligned in at least one direction.

[0007] The at least one biocompatible polymer may be comprised of a fibrillar biopolymer. In this instance, the fibrillar biopolymer may have at least partially aligned fibrils in at least one direction. In some embodiments, this partial alignment of the fibrils substantially coincides with the partial alignment of the metal nanowires.

[0008] The at least one biocompatible polymer may be comprised of collagen. The one or more metal nanowires may be selected from any one or more of: Ag, Au, Pt, Ti, Fe, Ni, Si, V, Co, Cu or Zn and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a plurality of metal nanowires are provided and the nanowires form a conductive net or network.

[0009] Of particular advantage, the one or more network metal nanowires can be aligned within the material in a desired orientation. In some embodiments the nanowires are aligned in the material to provide the material with conductivity in at least one direction. In some embodiments the metal nanowires are augmented and/or coated by fibrils of the biopolymer.

[0010] The concentration of metal nanowires present in the biocompatible polymer may be selected as desired. In some embodiments the concentration of the metal nanowires is below, or does not exceed, the level at which the metal would be considered toxic to a human or animal. In some embodiments, the concentration of the metal nanowires is sufficient to enable or promote antimicrobial properties of the material or medical device. [0011] Methods are also provided according to additional aspects of the present invention. In one aspect, a method is described for producing a medical device having at least one connected network of metal nanowires and at least one biocompatible polymer wherein the device exhibits electric conductivity at least in one direction, comprising the steps of: depositing a water-based solution or gel containing metal nanowires on a first biocompatible polymer layer. Water is removed to form at least one connected metal nanowire network on the first biocompatible polymer layer. Then, the first biocompatible polymer layer with the metal nanowire network formed thereon is laminated to a second biocompatible layer to form a laminated construct. The laminated construct is then treated to enhance the connection between metal nanowires and to cross-link at least one biocompatible polymer included in the construct. In one example the laminated construct is treated by applying a dehydrothermal treatment. The method for producing a medical device according to the claim 12 wherein.

[0012] The water-based solution or gel may be comprised of a mixture of biopolymer and metal nanowires. In another example the solution or gel of metal nanowires may be comprised of at least one type of cross-linking molecules, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, bioactive or chemically active materials. Preferably the concentration of metal nanowires does not exceed a level toxic to humans or animals. In one example, the biopolymer solution or gel is comprised of an acidic water-based solution or acidic water-based gel of collagen.

[0013] In a different example, methods of making a material or construct are provided comprising the steps of: mixing one or more nanowires in a biopolymer solution to form a mixture having a concentration of the one or more nanowires of less than 50mg per liter of biopolymer solution; and coating or depositing the mixture on a substrate under shear. In some embodiments, methods further comprise: drying the mixture on the substrate to preserve the orientation of the nanowires. Methods may further comprise laminating the material to form a multilayer stack. In some embodiments the material is laminated into a multilayer stack such that at least one interface between the multilayers has the mixture of deposited biopolymer solution and metal nanowires. [0014] Additional components may be added to the mixture and then coated or deposited onto a substrate under a shear force. In some embodiments, the mixture of nanowires in a biopolymer solution further comprises one more of: crosslinking molecules, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, bioactive or chemically active materials, and mixtures thereof.

[0015] Of particular advantage, embodiments of the present invention find wide use as biomaterials, implants, constructs and medical devices. For example, and without limitation, materials or constructs of the present invention may be used for the treatment of wounds, or in the repair of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments and the like. In some embodiments materials of the present invention are used to enhance repair and/or regeneration of tissues, such as the myocardium and the like to provide electrical connection between the areas in a heart isolated by scars.

[0016] In other embodiments, the device and materials of the present disclosure are used in the construction of a vascular conduit. Of particular advantage, flow through a vascular conduit of the present invention may be detected by detection of an electromagnetic field generated around the vascular conduit. Such vascular conduits may find use in a variety of applications, such as for example without limitation: as a bypass graft for vascular disease or for arteriovenous fistula formation for renal dialysis.

[0017] In further embodiment, the device of the present disclosure is used for the detection of flow through the vascular conduit described by detection of the electromagnetic field generated around the conduit.

[0018] Optionally, electromagnetically-active biodegradable, antibacterial material can be used to create devices inside of the body tissue, such as for examples: antennas, capacitors, conductors, and other piezoelectric and electromagnetic elements. In some embodiments the biocompatible polymer is aligned collagen, which is a good piezoelectric material.

[0019] In some embodiments, materials of the present invention are used for healing of tissue by application of pulse electromagnetic field. Moreover, methods are provided comprising applying a pulse electromagnetic field to a material comprised of at least one biopolymer and one or more nanowires to promote healing, repair and/or regeneration of tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0020] The foregoing and other aspects of embodiments of the present invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating a connected network of metal nanowires according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of multilayered device or construct showing two conductive layers formed by metal nanowire networks according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] FIG. 3 depicts a 2-D wire grid model of a connected nanowire network according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0024] FIGs. 4A and 4B are atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements of a collagen material with silver nanowires formed therein according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 5A is an AFM of a conductive network of silver nanowires formed in a material according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] FIG. 5B illustrates a histogram of angles of the silver nanowires in the material of FIG. 4A;

[0027] FIGs. 6A and 6B are photographs showing human fibroblast cells aligned on a fibilar collagen material with silver nanowires according to embodiments of the present disclosure at day 5 and day 1 1 of growth, respectively; and

[0028] FIGs. 7A and 7B illustrate electrical properties of a collagen material scaffold with silver nanowires formed therein according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the methods and devices described herein. In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically state otherwise. Also, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Similarly, "comprise," "comprises," "comprising," "include," "includes," "including," "has," "have," and "having" are not intended to be limiting.

[0030] Example embodiments are described herein in the context of medical devices and biocompatible materials, and methods of making. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this 'disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to various implementations of the example embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The same reference indicators will be used to the extent possible throughout the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or like items.

[0031] Embodiments of the present invention describe methods to produce medical devices, constructs or implants comprised of compatible polymers with metal nanowires useful for implantation or applied to various tissues to enhance repair and regeneration when used with electrotherapy, among other uses. In some embodiments the biopolymer material or implants are comprised of collagen with silver nanowires. Of particular advantage the conductivity of such devices, materials or implants may be selectively controlled by inducing magnetic fields and thus inducing cellular activities to enhance or promote tissue healing as well as provide antibacterial properties and active electric stimulation.

[0032] For purposes of the following description, "Nanowire" means an elongated nanoparticle with an aspect ratio at least 2. In some embodiments, and without limitation, a typical aspect ratio is at least 100.

[0033] "Nanoparticle" means a particle which has at least one dimension less than l OOnm.

[0034] "Partially align(ed) nanowires" means that at least about 20% of the nanowires are oriented within about ± 15 degree from a chosen direction.

[0035] Various embodiments of the medical devices and materials of the present invention are also referred to as constructs, scaffolds, collagen scaffolds, implants and/or bio-devices. The terms biocompatible polymer and biopolymer are sometimes used interchangeably.

[0036] In some embodiments the one or more metal nanowires have a concentration in the range from about 50μg to 50mg per liter. In some embodiments, the metal nanowires are at least partially aligned in at least one direction.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic drawing illustrating one example of a connected network of metal nanowires 100. As used herein the term "connected" sometimes refers to electrical connection or electrical coupling between one or more of the individual metal nanowires as shown in FIG. 1. In this example a plurality of connected networks 102, 104, 106, 108 are shown and the networks are substantially oriented in a similar direction. An electric potential of alternating polarity is applied to each of the networks. Those of skill in the art will recognize that other arrangements and configurations are possible given the teaching herein, and that all such modifications are within the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims. [0038] The at least one biocompatible polymer may be comprised of a fibrillar biopolymer. In this instance, the fibrillar biopolymer may have at least partially aligned fibrils in at least one direction. In some embodiments, this partial alignment of the fibrils substantially coincides with the partial alignment of the nanowires.

[0039] The at least one biopolymer may be comprised of collagen, such as but not limited to collagen 1 . The one or more metal nanowires may be selected from any one or more of: Ag, Au, Pt, Ti, Fe, Ni, Si, V, Co, Cu or Zn, and combinations thereof. In one example the metal nanowires are comprised of silver. In some embodiments, a plurality of metal nanowires are provided and the nanowires form a conductive net or network.

[0040] Of particular advantage, the one or more metal nanowires can be aligned within the material in a desired orientation. In some embodiments the nanowires are aligned in the material to provide the material with conductivity in at least one direction. The metal nanowires are augmented or coated by fibrils of the biopolymer.

[0041] The concentration of metal nanowires present in the biopolymer may be selected as desired. In some embodiments the concentration of the metal nanowires is below, or does not exceed, the level at which the metal would be considered toxic to a human or animal. In some embodiments, the concentration of the metal nanowires is sufficient to enable antimicrobial properties of the material.

[0042] Additional components may be added, for example the mixture of nanowires in the biocompatible polymer may further include one more of: crosslinking molecules, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, bioactive or chemically active materials, or mixtures thereof.

[0043] FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of multilayered device or construct 200 showing two conductive layers formed by metal nanowire networks according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In one example, the multilayered device is broadly comprised of two conductive layers 202, 204 separated by an insulator 206. Top conductive layer 202 has formed therein a network of metal nanowires 1 formed primarily near the top surface of the layer 202. Bottom conductive layer 204 is a biopolymer and has a network of metal nanowires 208 formed therein that are substantially encapsulated within the layer 204. Preferably, layer 204 exhibits a low metal ion diffusion speed.

[0044] In one example illustration we have incorporated silver nanowires into reconstituted collagen constructs. The ratio of collagen to silver nanowires can be varied depending on the usage of the material. Silver nanowires can be dispersed throughout the collagen or instead deposited in a layer on the surface of the collagen or between collagen sheets. Application of an external instrument to generate an electric current can be achieved throughout the collagen as in an application for wound healing. Alternatively, the collagen/silver nanowire construct can be assembled into a suture-like construct and inserted, for example, in the heart to act as a pacemaker or into ischemic tissue to induce vascularization. Also, silver nanowire constructs can be assembled into tubes to act to accelerate nerve regeneration, other constructs are made for specific uses in tissues to enhance repair and restore function.

[0045] There are two important limitations for the concentration of silver nanowires in the biopolymer. They are: (1) silver (Ag) toxicity level measured in mg/g (ratio of the nanowire amount to the weight of the biopolymer or scaffold material), which is reported to be lOmg/g; and (2) the silver antimicrobial level measured in mg/g (ratio of the nanowire amount to the weight of the biopolymer or scaffold material), which is reported to be 0.01 mg/g.

[0046] One model of a connected nanowire network is a 2D wire-grid, as shown in FIG. 3, where L is the length of the nanowires and a is the diameter of nanowires.

[0047] The corresponding concentration of the silver nanowires in the collagen scaffold of the thickness h is:

a ²

3.7 * π* -— - L * h where the dry collagen density is 1.42 g/cm3 and silver density is 10.5 g/cm3. Thus, the electrically conductive collagen scaffold that includes this 2D wire-grid has antimicrobial effect and has no toxicity if:

10 ^{" 5} < 3.7 * πτ *— < lCr ² .

is ft

[0048] In the case of collagen scaffold with thickness h=5 micron, L=10 micron, and a=50nm we have:

3.7 * π *— = 0.00058.

[0049] Therefore this collagen scaffold has electrical conductivity and antimicrobial properties. The concentration of silver is significantly below the toxic level. This design is possible because the silver nanowires have a high aspect ratio (200).

[0050] The sheet resistance of the 2D silver wire-grid model is equal to:

β _ *Pe ^L where p _e = 1.6 * 10 ^-8 Ω-m. In the considered model we have L=10 micron, a=50nm, and therefore R=81.6 Ω/sq. The ideal contact between nanowires is assumed in this model. In an operating system one would assume at least one order of magnitude higher resistance for the same concentration of nanowires as in the model.

[0051] It should be noted that a variety of other metal nanowires can be introduced into similar constructs according to the present teaching.

[0052] Embodiments of the present invention are useful in a number of applications. In one example, the material may be used as a sheet of material, such that the invention can be applied to cover a dermal wound or the surface of a fracture. The material may be used as a tube, wherein the inventive material can be used as a nerve guide for the repair of damaged nerves. The material my be used as a suture, and can be inserted into failing and/or ischemic tissues such as the kidney, heart, or muscle to enhance blood flow and repair as well as enhance function, for example, to induce insulin secretion by the pancreas or contraction of the heart muscles.

[0053] Flowing blood contains electrolytes with positive and negative charges. The flow of electrolytes through the silver wire impregnated conduit will induce a small electromagnetic field. Such fields are known to enhance healing. Accordingly the 'silvered conduit will promote endothelial regeneration, thereby accelerating the resurfacing of the lumen of the conduit by a monolayer of endothelial cells. Restoration of a normal and complete endothelial lining will promote vascular homeostasis, as the endothelium produces panoply of paracrine factors that induce vasorelaxation; that inhibit abnormal vascular smooth muscle growth and re-narrowing of the lumen; that inhibit immune cell infiltration and inflammation; and that prevent thrombus from forming on the vessel wall and obstructing blood flow.

[0054] Alternatively, an external magnetic field can be imposed on the conduit, causing a weak electrical current to be generated in the silver wires of the conduit. Weak electrical currents are known to enhance healing. It is expected that in this situation, the endothelial monolayer would be regenerated at an accelerated rate. The rapid endothelialization of the conduit would preserve its patency, due to the mechanisms described above (i.e. inhibition of aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell growth, platelet adherence and immune cell infiltration).

[0055] The weak magnetic field generated by the blood flowing through the conduit, is proportional to the amount of electrolyte solution flowing through the conduit. Since the concentration of electrolytes in the blood are tightly regulated in a narrow range, the strength of the magnetic field is directly proportional to blood flow. It is possible to measure the strength of the magnetic field by external devices. Because the strength of the magnetic field is dependent upon blood flow, its detection and quantification permits an assessment of blood flow through the conduit. Since the flow of blood through the conduit is dependent upon its patency, the magnetic field is an indication of the patency of the conduit. Furthermore, since the flow of blood through the conduit is directly related to the fourth power of the internal radius of the conduit, one can determine if the internal radius of the conduit has become smaller (as would occur with the adherence of thrombus, or with abnormal thickening of the vessel wall, ie. restenosis).

EXPERIMENTAL

[0056] A number of experiments were conducted as described below. These examples are shown for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

[0057] Examples of multilayer collagen scaffolds with silver nanowires are shown in the figures. FIGs. 4A and 4B are AFM measurements of impregnated nanowires in the tendon-like collagen layer. FIGs. 5A and 5B are AFM measurements of connected network of silver nanowires on the interface of one layer. Photos of human fibroblast cells plated on aligned fibrilar collagen matrix with impregnated silver nanowires are presented in FIGs. 6A and 6B, and show a high degree of cell alignment indicating that the impregnated nanowires have not altered the aligned fibrillar structure of the collagen.

[0058] Electrical properties of the collagen scaffold with impregnated silver nanowires are shown in FIG. 7A and 7B. The nanowires are augmented by collagen fibrils therefore only the traces of nanowires are seen at the map of the electrical current distribution.

[0059] Typical sheet resistance of the scaffold with silver nanowires varies from Ι ΟΟΩ/sq (interface deposition - FIGs. 5A and 5B) to 100kΩ/sq (impregnated coating - FIGs. 4A and 4B).

[0060] The foregoing methods, materials, constructs and description are intended to be illustrative. In view of the teachings provided herein, other approaches will be evident to those of skill in the relevant art, and such approaches are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.