The invention relates to a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter; a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter; an operating device for lighting means, the operating device comprising at least one of such control apparatuses; and to a luminaire comprising such an operating device. The invention further relates to a method for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter; and a method for controlling two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter.

A synchronous buck converter is an example of a DC-to-DC converter. It differs from a buck converter, in that in the synchronous buck converter the diode of the buck converter is replaced by a further switch (second switch). Thus, the synchronous buck converter comprises two switches for controlling an inductor current flowing through an inductor of the synchronous buck converter, in particular for controlling rising and falling of the inductor current. This allows controlling an output of the synchronous buck converter, e.g. current, voltage or electrical energy providable by the synchronous buck converter. For example, by controlling the two switches to control rising and falling of the inductor current of the inductor of the synchronous buck converter a current, e.g. a temporal average current, providable by the synchronous buck converter at its output maybe controlled. The terms “increase” and “decrease” maybe used as synonyms for the terms “rise” and “fall”.

For determining points in time at which switching of a respective switch of the two switches of the synchronous buck converters is to be controlled, a comparator may be used for comparing the inductor current (rising inductor current) with a higher threshold (a desired maximum inductor current) and the inductor current (falling inductor current) with a lower threshold (a desired minimum inductor current). For this, it is problematic, that the a clock signal’s frequency, with which the output of the comparator is sampled is not synchronous with the temporal position of the inductor current’s rise respectively fall. In particular, the frequency is not synchronous with occurrence of the desired inductor current’s maximum and minimum. As a result, the actual reaching of a respective threshold may be sampled and, thus, wrongly determined up to a period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal later than the actual point in time at which the respective threshold is actually reached. In case the synchronous buck converter is used for electrically supplying lighting means, such as at least one light emitting diode (LED), this may cause flickering of the light emission of the lighting means. That is, a light intensity variation of the light emitted by the lighting means may be caused. The frequency used for sampling corresponds to the frequency of the clock signal that is used for clocking a control apparatus for controlling switching of the two switches. The clock signal may be referred to as “system clock signal” or “system clock”.

A problem is that the aforementioned error regarding determination of reaching a respective threshold may often occur in a row near the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal until the error suddenly is change by a whole period. This new value may then be kept for a time until the error is compensated again. This slow change of the aforementioned occurring error causes flickering in the light emission, i.e. a light intensity variation of the light emission, which is visible to a person, i.e. the human eye.

The aforementioned problem accordingly exists when switching two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter instead of a synchronous buck converter. The resonant hybrid flyback converter differs structurally from the synchronous buck converter in that the resonant hybrid flyback converter comprises instead of the inductor of the synchronous buck converter a resonant tank comprising a transformer with a primary side and a secondary side. Instead of controlling an inductor current flowing through an inductor (as it is the case for the synchronous buck converter), the resonant hybrid flyback converter comprise the two switches for controlling a primary side current flowing through the primary side of the transformer of the resonant tank, in particular for controlling rising and falling of the primary side current. This allows controlling an output of the resonant hybrid flyback converter, e.g. current, voltage or electrical energy providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter. For example, by controlling the two switches to control rising and falling of the primary side current flowing through the primary side of the transformer of the resonant hybrid flyback converter a current, e.g. a temporal average current, providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter at its output may be controlled.

Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter and/ or two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter, which overcomes or at least reduces the above-described problem. It is in particular an object of the invention to provide a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter and/ or two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter, which allows countering the above-described problem caused by sampling and, thus, digitalization.

These and other objects, which become apparent upon reading the following description, are solved by the subject-matter of the independent claims. The dependent claims refer to preferred embodiments of the invention. According to a first aspect of the invention, a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter is provided. The control apparatus is configured to receive a measurement signal of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of the synchronous buck converter and compare the measurement signal with an upper threshold and a lower threshold. Further, the control apparatus is configured to determine a first point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold and a second point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or falls below the lower threshold. Furthermore, the control apparatus is configured to control at least one of the two switches to switch at a third point in time or a fourth point in time. The third point in time is equal to the first point in time delayed by a first variable delay time. The fourth point in time is equal to the second point in time delayed by a second variable delay time.

Alternatively, the measurement signal is a result of monitoring an output voltage of the synchronous buck converter. In this case, the upper threshold and the lower threshold are thresholds for the measured output voltage value. Hereinafter, for conciseness of the explanations, the details will be provided specifically for measuring the inductor current. However, it is apparent that an analogous proceeding is possible in case of monitoring an output voltage of a synchronous buck converter is possible.

The first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may be referred to as first configurable delay time and second configurable delay time, respectively. The term “variable or configurable dither delay” may be used as a synonym for the term “variable or configurable delay time”. The passage “an inductor current of an inductor of the synchronous buck converter” may be synonymously used for the passage “an inductor current flowing through an inductor of the synchronous buck converter”.

Thus, the first aspect proposes to counter the aforementioned described error due to digitization by switching at least one switch of the two switches at a point in time that is variably delayed with respect to a previous point in time at which the measurement signal of the inductor current has reached a respective threshold. This allows variably delaying the switching of the two switches with regard to points in time, at which switching should actually occur, so that a flickering in a light emission of lighting means that may be electrically supplied by the asynchronous buck converter is not visible to a person, i.e. the human eye. In other words, the control apparatus of the first aspect allows the frequency of occurrence of the above-described error to be modulated to a higher frequency that is not visible to a person. The measurement signal may be a voltage that indicates or equals (corresponds) to the inductor current. That is, the measurement signal may be a voltage that represents the inductor current according to Ohm’s law. Thus, the upper threshold may be a value of the measurement signal that indicates or equals to a desired maximum value of the inductor current (i.e. indicates the desired maximum inductor current). The lower threshold maybe a value of the measurement signal that indicates or equals to a desired minimum value of the inductor current (i.e. indicates the desired minimum inductor current).

The control apparatus maybe a digital control apparatus. For example, the control apparatus may be a controller, microcontroller, processor, microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or any combination thereof.

The two switches of the synchronous buck converter may be transistors. Examples of transistors comprise insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs); bipolar junction transistors (BJTs); fieldeffect transistors (FETs), e.g. metal-oxide semiconductor FETs; etc. The two switches may be referred to as “controllable switches”.

The first variable delay time may be understood as a first delay time that changes or varies over time. The second variable delay time may be understood as a second delay time that changes or varies over time.

The first variable delay time may be tens of nanoseconds. The second variable delay time may be tens of nanoseconds. Optionally, a value of the first variable delay time may be zero seconds. In this case, there is no delay and, thus, the third point in time equals to the first point in time. That is, the first variable delay time may be equal to or greater than zero seconds. Optionally, a value of the second variable delay time may be zero seconds. In this case, there is no delay and, thus, the fourth point in time equals to the second point in time. That is, the second variable delay time may be equal to or greater than zero seconds.

For example the first variable delay time may be zero seconds, 20 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds etc. The same may apply for the second variable delay time.

The control apparatus may be configured to control a respective switch of the two switches to switch at a respective point in time by providing at the respective point in time a control signal or instruction to the respective switch, which instructs the respective switch to switch. The passage “the control apparatus may be configured to control a respective switch to switch at a respective point in time” may be understood such that the control apparatus may be configured to control at the respective point in time the respective switch to switch (e.g. by providing at the respective point in time an instruction or control signal to the respective switch). In practice, the actual switching of the respective switch may not occur exactly at the respective point in time due to a time needed for the control by the control apparatus (e.g. the time it takes for an instruction or control signal to be communicated from the control apparatus to the respective switch). That is, such a delay is depend on the structure and function of the control apparatus and its components as well as the structure and function of the synchronous buck converter and its components. The above described first variable delay time and second variable delay times are different and much greater than the aforementioned delay. Namely, they are introduced on purpose for a control of the two switches by the control apparatus.

Optionally, the first variable delay time and the second variable delay time are different to each other.

The first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may be independent of each other. In other words, the first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may change or vary over time differently to each other.

The control apparatus may be configured to control a first switch of the two switches to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time or to the conducting state at the fourth point in time. In addition or alternatively, the control apparatus may be configured to control a second switch of the two switches to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time or to the conducting state at the third point in time.

The first point in time may be a point in time at which switching of the first switch to the nonconducting state is to be actually controlled. That is, the first switch is actually to be controlled to switch to the non-conducting state when the control apparatus determines that the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold. The second point in time may be a point in time at which switching of the second switch to the non-conducting state is to be actually controlled. That is, the second switch is actually to be controlled to switch to the nonconducting state when the control apparatus determines that the measurement signal reaches or falls below the lower threshold.

The first switch may be configured to cause, in its conducting state, the inductor current to rise. The second switch may be configured to cause, in its conducting state, the inductor current to fall. Thus, the control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to rise by controlling the first switch to switch to the conducting-state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to stop rising by controlling the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to fall by controlling the second switch to switch to the conducting-state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to stop falling by controlling the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state.

The control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to rise by controlling the two switches such that the first switch is in the conducting state while the second switch is in the non-conducting state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the inductor current to fall by controlling the two switches such that the second switch is in the conducting state while the first switch is in the non-conducting state.

The first switch may be referred to as high-side switch of the synchronous buck converter. The second switch may be referred to as low-side switch of the synchronous buck converter.

Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to control the first switch to switch to the nonconducting state at the third point in time, and the control apparatus is configured to control the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the second point in time or at the fourth point in time.

That is, according to an embodiment, the control apparatus may be configured to control the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time and the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the second point in time. According to another embodiment the control apparatus may be configured to control the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time and the second switch to switch to the nonconducting state at the fourth point in time.

Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to control the second switch to switch to the nonconducting state at the fourth point in time, and the control apparatus is configured to control the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the first point in time or at the third point in time.

That is, according to an embodiment, the control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time and the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the first point in time. According to another embodiment, the control apparatus maybe configured to control the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time and the first switch to switch to the nonconducting state at the third point in time.

The control apparatus may be configured to control the two switches such that the two switches are inversely switched between the conducting state and the non-conducting state.

The control apparatus may be configured to control a first switch of the two switches to switch to the conducting state after a first dead time has passed since the control apparatus has controlled a second switch of the two switches to switch to the non-conducting state. Further, the control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch to switch to the conducting state after a second dead time has passed since the control apparatus has controlled the first switch to switched to the non-conducting state. During the first dead time and the second dead time the two switches are both in the non-conducting state.

The first dead time and the second dead time may be equal to each other.

The first variable delay time and the second variable delay time (when being greater than zero seconds) may be greater than the first dead time and the second dead time.

The control apparatus may be configured to be clocked with a clock signal, and compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at each clock of the clock signal. Optionally the control apparatus is configured to compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at a rising edge or at a falling edge of each clock of the clock signal. Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to be clocked with a clock signal, and compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at a clock of the clock signal. Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at a rising edge or at a falling edge of the clock of the clock signal.

In other words, the control apparatus may be configured to evaluate the measurement signal at each clock, optional at a rising edge or at a falling edge of each clock, of the clock signal for determining whether the first point in time or the second point in time is present. That is, the control apparatus may be configured to evaluate the measurement signal with the frequency of the clock signal. The clock signal may be referred to as “system clock signal” or “system clock”.

The first variable delay time may be smaller than or equal to the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal. The second variable delay time may be smaller than or equal to the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal. The control apparatus may be configured to compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold using at least one comparator. Thus, for comparing the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at each clock of the clock signal, the control apparatus may be configured to sample the output of the at least one comparator at each clock, optional at a rising edge or at a falling edge of each clock, of the clock signal. That is, the control apparatus may be configured to sample the output of the at least one comparator with the frequency of the clock signal.

For example, the control apparatus may be configured to compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold using a comparator, wherein the measurement signal is input to the comparator and the upper threshold or lower threshold is input as reference value to the comparator. According to another example, the control apparatus may be configured to compare the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold using two comparators. The measurement signal may be input to the two comparators, the upper threshold may be input to a first comparator and the lower threshold may be input to a second comparator of the two comparators.

Within a range for the first variable delay time, the first variable delay time may be randomly changed or changed according to a repetitive pattern. Within a range for the second variable delay time, the second variable delay time may be randomly changed or changed according to a repetitive pattern

The control apparatus may be configured to randomly change, within the range for the first variable delay time, the first variable delay time. The control apparatus may be configured to change, within the range for the first variable delay time, the first variable delay time according to a repetitive pattern. The control apparatus may be configured to randomly change, within the range for the second variable delay time, the second variable delay time. The control apparatus may be configured to change, within the range for the second variable delay time, the second variable delay time according to a repetitive pattern. The control apparatus may be configured to receive the first variable delay time and/ or the second variable delay time from extern (i.e. from outside the control apparatus).

The first variable delay time may be periodically changed. Optionally, the first variable delay time is changed every switching period of switching one of the two switches. The second variable delay time may be periodically changed. Optionally, the second variable delay time is changed every switching period of switching one of the two switches. The control apparatus may be configured to periodically change the first variable delay time. Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to change the first variable delay time every switching period of switching one of the two switches (e.g. the first switch). The control apparatus may be configured to periodically change the second variable delay time. Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to change the second variable delay time every switching period of switching one of the two switches (e.g. the second switch).

The control apparatus may be configured to change the first variable delay time and/ or the second variable delay time for controlling the two switches such that the two switches may be switched with a frequency that is not visible to a person when the synchronous buck converter electrically supplies lighting means.

In order to achieve the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, some or all of the above-described optional features may be combined with each other.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a control apparatus for controlling two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter is provided. The control apparatus is configured to receive a measurement signal of a primary side current flowing through a primaiy side of a transformer of a resonant tank of the resonant hybrid flyback converter, and compare the measurement signal with an upper threshold at a clock (optionally at each clock) of a clock signal. The control apparatus is configured to determine a point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold, and control a first switch of the two switches to switch at the point in time. The control apparatus is configured to change the upper threshold with a frequency that is greater than a clock frequency of the clock signal.

Thus, the second aspect proposes to counter, with regard to switching the two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter, the error due to digitization (described above with regard to switching the two switches of an asynchronous buck converter) by switching the first switch of the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter at a point in time that is variably changed. The aforementioned point in time changes variably as a result of changing the upper threshold, because the point in time at which the measurement signal of the primaiy side current has reached the changing upper threshold changes. This allows variably delaying the switching of the first switch of the two switches with regard to the point in time, at which switching should actually occur in case the upper threshold is not changed (i.e. in case of an unchanged upper threshold), so that a flickering in a light emission of lighting means that may be electrically supplied by the resonant hybrid flyback converter is not visible to a person, i.e. IO the human eye. In other words, the control apparatus of the second aspect allows the frequency of occurrence of the above-described error to be modulated to a higher frequency that is not visible to a person.

The passage “a primary side current of a primary side of a transformer” may be synonymously used for the passage “a primary side current flowing through a primary side of a transformer”. The primary side of the transformer may comprise or be a coil (may be referred to as primary side coil). The terms “winding” and “primary side winding” may be used as synonyms for the terms “coil” and “primary side coil, respectively. The primary side of the transformer (e.g. the primary side coil) may comprise or may be represented by a transformer main inductance and optionally a leakage inductance, which may be electrically connected in series to the transformer main inductance. Thus, the primary side current flowing through the primary side of the transformer flows through the transformer main inductance and the optional leakage inductance. The transformer may comprise the primary side and a secondary side. The description of the primary side of the transformer is correspondingly valid for the secondary side. The resonant tank may comprise the primary side of the transformer (primary side coil), such as the transformer main inductance and the optional leakage inductance, and a resonance capacitor. The primary side of the transformer (primary side coil), e.g. transformer main inductance and optionally the optional leakage inductance, and the resonance capacitor may be electrically connected in series or in parallel with each other.

The measurement signal of the primary side current may be a voltage that indicates or equals (corresponds) to the primary side current. That is, the measurement signal may be a voltage that represents the primary side current according to Ohm’s law. Thus, the upper threshold (unchanged upper threshold) may be a value of the measurement signal that indicates or equals to a desired maximum value of the primary side current (i.e. indicates the desired maximum primary side current).

The control apparatus maybe a digital control apparatus. For example, the control apparatus may be a controller, microcontroller, processor, microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or any combination thereof.

The two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter maybe transistors. Examples of transistors comprise insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs); bipolar junction transistors (BJTs); field-effect transistors (FETs), e.g. metal-oxide semiconductor FETs; etc. The two switches may be referred to as “controllable switches”. The first switch may be configured to cause, in its conducting state, the primary side current to rise. A second switch of the two switches may be configured to cause, in its conducting state, the primary side current to fall. Thus, the control apparatus may be configured to cause the primaiy side current to rise by controlling the first switch to switch to the conducting-state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the primary side current to stop rising by controlling the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the primary side current to fall by controlling the second switch to switch to the conducting-state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the primary side current to stop falling by controlling the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state.

The control apparatus may be configured to cause the primary side current to rise by controlling the two switches such that the first switch is in the conducting state while the second switch is in the non-conducting state. The control apparatus may be configured to cause the primaiy side current to fall by controlling the two switches such that the second switch is in the conducting state while the first switch is in the non-conducting state.

The first switch may be referred to as high-side switch of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The second switch may be referred to as low-side switch of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

The control apparatus may be configured to control the two switches such that the two switches are inversely switched between the conducting state and the non-conducting state. The control apparatus may be configured to control the first switch of the two switches to switch to the conducting state after a first dead time has passed since the control apparatus has controlled the second switch of the two switches to switch to the non-conducting state. Further, the control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch to switch to the conducting state after a second dead time has passed since the control apparatus has controlled the first switch to switched to the non-conducting state. During the first dead time and the second dead time the two switches are both in the non-conducting state. The first dead time and the second dead time may be equal to each other.

The control apparatus may be configured to control the first switch to switch to the nonconducting state at the point in time (at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold). The control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch of the two switches to be in a conducting state for a time period, which may be fixed or changed by a command from outside the control apparatus (e.g. during a configuration mode and/or during normal operation). That is, the control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state after the time period has elapsed from a point in time at which the control apparatus has controlled the second switch to switch to the conducting state.

The control apparatus being configured to compare the measurement signal with the upper threshold at the clock of the clock signal may be understood as the control apparatus being configured to evaluate the measurement signal at the clock, optional at a rising edge or at a falling edge of the clock, of the clock signal for determining whether the point in time for switching the first switch is present. That is, the control apparatus may be configured to evaluate the measurement signal with the clock frequency of the clock signal. The clock signal may be referred to as “system clock signal” or “system clock”. The control apparatus may be clocked with the clock signal.

The control apparatus may be configured to compare the measurement signal with the upper threshold using at least one comparator. Thus, for comparing the measurement signal with the upper threshold at the clock of the clock signal, the control apparatus may be configured to sample the output of the at least one comparator at the clock, optional at a rising edge or at a falling edge of the clock, of the clock signal. That is, the control apparatus maybe configured to sample the output of the at least one comparator with the clock frequency of the clock signal.

Optionally, the frequency (with which the control apparatus is configured to change the upper threshold) may be in a range between 50 kHz and 300 kHz. The control apparatus may be configured to change the upper threshold with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal such that the first switch of the two switches may be switched with a frequency that is not visible to a person when the resonant hybrid flyback converter electrically supplies lighting means. The frequency, with which the upper threshold is changed, may be such that in case a lighting means flickers with the frequency the flickering is not visible to a person.

The term “vaiy” may be used as a synonym for the term “change”. Changing the upper threshold may comprise increasing and decreasing the upper threshold such that the value of the upper threshold varies around an unchanged value of the upper threshold, i.e. such that the value of the upper threshold increases above and decreases below the unchanged value of the upper threshold. The unchanged value of the upper threshold may be understood as the value to which the upper threshold would equal in case the control apparatus does not perform the abovedescribed variation of the upper threshold with the above-described frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal. In other words, the unchanged value of the upper threshold may be the value of the upper threshold in case the upper threshold is not changed with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal.

The control apparatus may be configured to change the upper threshold with the aforementioned frequency such that the upper threshold changes with the aforementioned frequency within a range of one of o,i%, 0,5% and 1% above and below the unchanged value of the upper threshold.

The range for the upper threshold is an interval around the value of the unchanged upper threshold in which the upper threshold can be varied. Within the range, the upper threshold may be randomly changed or changed according to a repetitive pattern. The control apparatus may be configured to randomly change, within the range, the upper threshold. The control apparatus may be configured to change, within the range, the upper threshold according to a repetitive pattern.

The upper threshold, may be periodically changed. Optionally, the upper threshold, is changed every switching period of switching one of the two switches, e.g. the first switch. The control apparatus may be configured to periodically change the upper threshold. Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to change the upper threshold every switching period of switching one of the two switches, e.g. the first switch.

The control apparatus may be configured to change the upper threshold such that the two switches may be switched with a frequency that is not visible to a person when the resonant hybrid flyback converter electrically supplies lighting means.

In other words, the control apparatus may be configured to use a first upper threshold (may be referred to as unchanged upper threshold) for the measurement signal, wherein the first upper threshold is set or received by the control apparatus for controlling the first switch. The control apparatus may be configured to change, with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal, the first upper threshold to generate a second upper threshold (may be referred to as changed upper threshold). The second upper threshold may vaiy with the aforementioned frequency (that is greater than the clock frequency) around the first upper threshold. That is, the second upper threshold may change with the aforementioned frequency (that is greater than the clock frequency) such that the second upper threshold increase above and decreases below the first upper threshold. The control apparatus may be configured to compare the measurement signal with the second upper threshold, determine a point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the second upper threshold, and control the first switch of the two switches to switch at the point in time.

The control apparatus maybe configured to receive (e.g. wired, such as via wired bus, and/or wirelessly) the upper threshold (i.e. the unchanged upper threshold) as external information from outside the control apparatus, for example from a user. The control apparatus may be configured to set the upper threshold (i.e. the unchanged upper threshold) in response to receiving (e.g. wired, such as via wired bus, and/or wirelessly) external information on the upper threshold from outside the control apparatus, for example from a user. The control apparatus may be configured to set the upper threshold (i.e. the unchanged upper threshold) in response to or based on performing a feedback control of a current providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter at its output.

Optionally, the control apparatus is configured to change the upper threshold with the frequency in case an output current of the resonant hybrid flyback converter is smaller than a threshold for the output current, or the control apparatus receives a respective external command.

For example, when the resonant hybrid flyback converter electrically supplies lighting means, the control apparatus may be configured to change the upper threshold with the frequency in case the lighting means are to be operated at low dim levels, e.g. dimming levels that are smaller than 5%, 3% or 1%. A dimming level of 0% corresponds to no light emission by the lighting means and a dimming level of 100% corresponds to full or maximum light emission by the lighting means.

The description of the control apparatus of the first aspect may be correspondingly valid for the description of the control apparatus of the second aspect. The description of the control apparatus of the second aspect may be correspondingly valid for the description of the control apparatus of the first aspect. The control apparatus of the second aspect may be the control apparatus of the first aspect.

In addition or alternatively, the control apparatus of the second aspect may control the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter in line with the control, by the control apparatus of the first aspect, of the two switches of the synchronous buck converter.

For example, in addition or alternatively, the control apparatus of the second aspect maybe configured to receive the measurement signal of the primary side current flowing through the primary side of the transformer of the resonant tank of the resonant hybrid flyback converter, and compare the measurement signal with an unchanged upper threshold (i.e. an upper threshold that is not changed). Further, the control apparatus may be configured to determine a first point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the unchanged upper threshold. Furthermore, the control apparatus may be configured to control the first switch of the two switches to switch at a second point in time. The second point in time is equal to the first point in time delayed by a first variable delay time. The aforementioned “measurement signal”, “unchanged upper threshold”, “first point in time”, “second point in time”, and “first variable delay time” of the description of the above optional implementation form of the control apparatus of the second aspect correspond to the “measurement signal”, “upper threshold”, “first point in time”, “third point in time”, and “first variable delay time” of the description of the con troll apparatus of the first aspect, respectively. The description of the control apparatus of the first aspect may be correspondingly valid for the control apparatus of the second aspect.

The control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention achieves the same advantages as the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.

In order to achieve the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention, some or all of the above-described optional features may be combined with each other.

Optionally, in addition or alternatively, the control apparatus of the first aspect may control the two switches of the synchronous buck converter in line with the control, by the control apparatus of the second aspect, of the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

For example, in addition or alternatively, the control apparatus of the first aspect may be configured to receive the measurement signal of the inductor current flowing through the inductor of the synchronous buck converter (or of an output voltage of the synchronous buck converter) and compare the measurement signal with an upper threshold and a lower threshold at a clock of a clock signal. Further, the control apparatus may be configured to determine a first point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold, and a second point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or falls below the lower threshold. The control apparatus of the first aspect may be configured to control at least one of the two switches to switch at the first point in time or the second point in time. The control apparatus may be configured to change the upper threshold with a frequency that is greater than a clock frequency of the clock signal. The control apparatus may be configured to change the lower threshold with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal. The description of the control apparatus of the second aspect may be correspondingly valid for the control apparatus of the first aspect.

According to a third aspect of the invention, an operating device for lighting means is provided. The lighting means are optionally at least one light emitting diode (LED). The operating device comprises the control apparatus according to the first aspect or the control apparatus according to the second aspect as described above, and a synchronous buck converter or a resonant hybrid flyback converter for electrically supplying the lighting means. The converter comprises two switches. The control apparatus is configured to control the two switches of the converter.

That is, the operating device may comprise the control apparatus according to the first aspect as described above, and a synchronous buck converter for electrically supplying the lighting means. The synchronous buck converter comprises two switches. The control apparatus is configured to control the two switches of the synchronous buck converter. Alternatively, the operating device may comprise the control apparatus according to the second aspect as described above, and a resonant hybrid flyback converter for electrically supplying the lighting means. The resonant hybrid flyback converter comprises two switches. The control apparatus is configured to control the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

The two switches of the converter (i.e. synchronous buck converter or resonant hybrid flyback converter) may be transistors. Examples of transistors comprise field-effect transistors (FETs), such as metal-oxide semiconductor FETs, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) etc.

The above description with regard to the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention and/ or the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention is also valid for the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention.

The operating device according to the third aspect of the invention achieves the same advantages as the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.

In order to achieve the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention, some or all of the above-described optional features may be combined with each other.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a luminaire is provided. The luminaire comprises the operating device according to the third aspect as described above, and lighting means. The lighting means are optionally at least one light emitting diode, (LED). The operating device is configured to operate the lighting means.

The lighting means may be electrically connected to an output of the operating device such that the synchronous buck converter or the resonant hybrid flyback converter of the operating device is configured to electrically supply the lighting means. For example, the lighting means may be electrically connected to an output of the synchronous buck converter or resonant hybrid flyback converter.

The above description with regard to the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention and the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention is also valid for the luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

The luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention achieves the same advantages as the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a method for controlling two switches of a synchronous buck converter is provided. The method comprises receiving a measurement signal of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of the synchronous buck converter, and comparing the measurement signal with an upper threshold and a lower threshold. Further, the method comprises determining a first point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold and a second point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or falls below the lower threshold. Furthermore, the method comprises controlling at least one of the two switches to switch at a third point in time or a fourth point in time. The third point in time is equal to the first point in time delayed by a first variable delay time. The fourth point in time is equal to the second point in time delayed by a second variable delay time.

Optionally, the first variable delay time and the second variable delay time are different to each other.

The method may comprise controlling a first switch of the two switches to switch to the nonconducting state at the third point in time or to the conducting state at the fourth point in time. In addition or alternatively, the method may comprise controlling a second switch of the two switches to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time or to the conducting state at the third point in time. Optionally, the method comprises controlling the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time, and the method comprises controlling the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the second point in time or at the fourth point in time.

Optionally, the method comprises controlling the second switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time, and the method comprises controlling the first switch to switch to the non-conducting state at the first point in time or at the third point in time.

The method may comprise controlling the two switches such that the two switches are inversely switched between the conducting state and the non-conducting state.

The method may comprise controlling a first switch of the two switches to switch to the conducting state after a first dead time has passed since a second switch of the two switches has been controlled to switch to the non-conducting state. Further, the method may comprise controlling the second switch to switch to the conducting state after a second dead time has passed since the first switch has been controlled to switch to the non-conducting state. During the first dead time and the second dead time the two switches are both in the non-conducting state.

The term “elapse” maybe sued as a synonym for the term “pass”.

The method may comprise comparing the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at each clock of a clock signal. Optionally the method comprises comparing the measurement signal with the lower threshold and the upper threshold at a rising edge or at a falling edge of each clock of the clock signal.

The method may comprise randomly changing, within a range for the first variable delay time, the first variable delay time. Alternatively, the method may comprise changing according to a repetitive pattern the first variable delay time within a range for the first variable delay time. The method may comprise randomly changing, within a range for the second variable delay time, the second variable delay time. Alternatively, the method may comprise changing according to a repetitive pattern the second variable delay time within a range for the second variable delay time.

The method may comprise periodically changing the first variable delay time. Optionally, the method comprises changing the first variable delay time every switching period of switching one of the two switches. The method may comprise periodically changing the second variable delay time. Optionally, the method comprises changing the second variable delay time every switching period of switching one of the two switches.

The above description with regard to the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention is also valid for the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention.

The method according to the fifth aspect of the invention achieves the same advantages as the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.

In order to achieve the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention, some or all of the above-described optional features may be combined with each other.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention, a method for controlling two switches of a resonant hybrid flyback converter is provided. The method comprises receiving a measurement signal of a primary side current flowing through a primaiy side of a transformer of a resonant tank of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The method comprises comparing the measurement signal with an upper threshold at a clock (optionally at each clock) of a clock signal. The method comprises determining a point in time at which the measurement signal reaches or exceeds the upper threshold. The method comprises controlling a first switch of the two switches to switch at the point in time. The method comprises changing the upper threshold with a frequency that is greater than a clock frequency of the clock signal.

In addition or alternatively, the method of the sixth aspect may control the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter in line with the method of the fifth aspect for controlling the two switches of the synchronous buck converter.

The above description with regard to the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention is also valid for the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

The method according to the sixth aspect of the invention achieves the same advantages as the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention.

In order to achieve the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention, some or all of the above-described optional features may be combined with each other. In addition or alternatively, the method of the fifth aspect may control the two switches of the synchronous buck converter in line with the method of the sixth aspect for controlling the two switches of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

A seventh aspect of the invention provides a computer program comprising program code for performing when implemented on a processor, a method according to the fifth aspect of the invention and/ or the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

An eighth aspect of the invention provides a computer program comprising a program code for performing the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention and/ or the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

An ninth aspect of the invention provides a computer comprising a memory and a processor, which are configured to store and execute program code to perform the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention and/ or the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

An tenth aspect of the invention provides a non-transitoiy storage medium storing executable program code which, when executed by a processor, causes the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention and/ or the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

A eleventh aspect of the invention provides a computer readable storage medium storing executable program code which, when executed by a processor, causes the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention and/ or the method according to the sixth aspect of the invention.

The computer program of the seventh aspect, the computer program of the eighth aspect, the computer of the ninth aspect, the non-transitoiy storage medium of the tenth aspect and the computer readable storage medium of the eleventh aspect each achieve the same advantages as the control apparatus of the first aspect.

In the following, the invention is described exemplarily with reference to the enclosed Figures, in which

Figure i is a circuit diagram of an example of a control apparatus, an operating device for lighting means and a luminaire according to an embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 shows an example of a temporal course of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of a synchronous buck converter with two switches, when the two switches are switched;

Figure 3 shows an example of control signals providable by a control apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 4 shows two examples of a temporal course of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of a synchronous buck converter with two switches, when the two switches are switched; and

Figure 5 shows an example of a control scheme performable by a control apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of an example of a control apparatus, an operating device for lighting means and a luminaire according to an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 7 shows an example of a temporal course of a primary side current flowing through a primary side of a transformer of a resonant tank of a resonant hybrid flyback converter; and

Figure 8 shows a part of an example of an implementation of the control apparatus of

Figure 6.

In the Figures, corresponding elements have the same reference signs.

Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of an example of a control apparatus, an operating device for lighting means and a luminaire according to an embodiment of the invention.

The control apparatus 1 of Figure 1 is an example of the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, the operating device 2 of Figure 1 is an example of the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention and the luminaire 4 of Figure 1 is an example of the luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

The luminaire 4 comprises lighting means 3 and the operating device 2. The lighting means 3 may be one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). In addition or alternatively, the lighting means 3 may comprise at least one other type of lighting means. The operating device 2 is configured to operate the lighting means 3. For this, the lighting means 3 may be electrically connected to the output of a synchronous buck converter of the operating device 2, as shown in Figure 1. The term “electrically connect” may be abbreviated by the term “connect”. In particular, the lighting means 3 may be connected to a second capacitor C2 (may be referred to as output capacitor) of the synchronous buck converter.

The operating device 2 may comprise the synchronous buck converter for electrically supplying the lighting means 3, e.g. providing a current ILM (lighting means current) to the lighting means 3 (when the lighting means 3 are connected to the synchronous buck converter). The synchronous buck converter comprises two switches Si and S2 and an inductor L. Thus, the synchronous buck converter has the same topology as a buck converter only that the diode of the buck converter is replaced by a second switch S2. As shown in Figure 1, the two switches may be MOSFETs, wherein the body diode of the respective MOSFET is shown. This is only by way of example and, thus, the two switches may be implemented by any other electrical switch (e.g. any other transistor type). Further, the synchronous buck converter comprises a first capacitor Ci and the second capacitor C2. The first capacitor Ci may be referred to as DC-link capacitor or input capacitor.

A first switch Si (also called high-side switch) of the two switches Si and S2 is electrically connected between a first terminal of the capacitor Ci and a first terminal of the inductor L. A second switch S2 (also called low-side switch) of the two switches Si and S2 is electrically connected between the second terminal of the capacitor Ci and a node between the first switch Si and the inductor L. A second terminal of the inductor L is connected to a first terminal of the second capacitor C2. A second terminal of the second capacitor C2 may be connected to a terminal of the second switch S2 that is connected to the second terminal of the first capacitor Ci. According to the embodiment of Figure 1 optional current sensing means (e.g. in the form of a shunt resistor R3) may be connected between the second terminal of the second capacitor C2 and the second switch S2 for sensing the inductor current II flowing through the inductor Li. The optional current sensing means may be differently arranged in the synchronous buck converter. Further, as shown in Figure 1, optional voltage sensing means(e.g. in the form of a voltage divider comprising resistors Ri and R2) may be connected to the first terminal of the second capacitor C2 for measuring the voltage of the second capacitor C2 and, thus, the output voltage of the synchronous buck converter. The voltage drop across the shunt resistor R3 of the current sensing means is negligible. The second terminal of the first capacitor Ci may be connected to ground and, thus, the second switch S2 may be connected between ground and the node between the first switch Si and the inductor L. The operating device 2 may further comprise the control apparatus 1 that is configured to control the two switches Si and S2 of the synchronous buck converter and, thus, operation of the synchronous buck converter. That is, the control apparatus 1 is configured to control switching of the two switches Si and S2 (between the conducting state and the non-conducting state). For this, the control apparatus i may be configured to provide a first control signal DRV_S1 to the first switch Si and a second control signal DRV_S2 to the second switch S2. In particular, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to provide the first control signal DRV_S1 to a control terminal of the first switch Si (e.g. to the gate terminal, in case the first switch Si is a MOSFET). Accordingly, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to provide the second control signal DRV_S2 to a control terminal of the second switch S2 (e.g. to the gate terminal, in case the second switch S2 is a MOSFET). The control signals DRV_S1 and DRV_S2 may be referred to as drive signals (for driving the two switches Si and S2).

The control apparatus 1 maybe a digital control apparatus. For example the control apparatus 1 may be a controller, microcontroller, processor, microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or any combination thereof.

In particular, the control apparatus 1 may control rising and falling of the inductor current II of the inductor L and, thus, the lighting means current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter to the lighting means 3 (when the lighting means 3 are connected to the output of the synchronous buck converter). The greater the current ILM (e.g. the temporal average of current) provided to the lighting means 3 the greater the light emission of the lighting means 3 and vice versa.

For controlling the two switches Si and S2 the control apparatus 1 may receive a measuring signal Snsi of the inductor current II flowing through the inductor L. As outlined above, the inductor current II maybe measured using the shunt resistor R3. An optional low pass filter comprising a resistor R4 and capacitor C3 may filter the voltage indicating the inductor current IL to provide the first measurement signal Snsi to the control apparatus 1. The measurement of the inductor current II for informing the control apparatus 1 on the inductor current II in the form of the measurement signal Snsi maybe differently implemented. Optionally, the control apparatus 1 may also receive a further measurement signal Sns2 of the output voltage of the synchronous buck converter.

A desired value of the current ILM providable at the output of the synchronous buck converter may be set by setting a respective maximum inductor current (i.e. a desired maximum inductor current) and a respective minimum inductor current (i.e. a desired minimum inductor current). Thus, the control apparatus i may be configured to control the switches Si and S2 such that the inductor current II changes or varies between the desired maximum inductor current and the desired minimum inductor current in order to achieve the desired current ILM for the lighting means 3.

This control may be exemplarily described with respect to Figure 2, for the case that the control apparatus 1 would control the switches Si and S2 in a usual manner. The improved control of the two switches Si and S2 by the control apparatus 1 of Figure 1 (i.e. the actual control for which the control apparatus 1 of Figure 1 is configured) is exemplarily described with respect to Figures 3 to 5.

For further details of the control apparatus 1, the operating device 2 and the luminaire 4 of Figure 1 reference is made to the above description of the control apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention and the luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

Figure 2 shows an example of a temporal course of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of a synchronous buck converter with two switches, when the two switches are switched. In the following reference is made to the components shown in Figure 1.

In Figure 2, an example of the temporal course of the control signals DRV_S1 and DRV_S2 for controlling the switches Si and S2 of the synchronous buck converter of Figure 1 is shown in graph (A). Graph (A) shows the control signals DRV_S1 and DRV_S2 that are present at the control terminals of the switches Si and S2, respectively. It is assumed that when the control signal DRV_S1 for the first switch Si is high, the first switch Si is in the conducting state; and when the control signal DRV_S1 is low, the first switch Si is in the non-conducting state. Accordingly, it is assumed that when the control signal DRV_S2 for the second switch S2 is high, the second switch S2 is in the conducting state; and when the control signal DRV_S2 is low, the second switch S2 is in the non-conducting state.

The temporal course of the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II due to the control of the switches Si and S2 according to graph (A) of Figure 2 is shown in graph (B). The measurement signal Snsi, shown in graph (B) of Figure 2, is shifted so that values of the measurement signal Snsi are positive. The inductor current II, that is values of the inductor current II, may be positive and negative, which is not shown in the graph (B) of Figure 2 due to the shift. For example, the measurement signal Snsi maybe generated by adding a DC offset to the inductor current II, i.e. to the values of the inductor current II. The same is true for the graph (F) of Figure 2 and the graphs of Figure 4. As shown in graph (B) of Figure 2, when the first switch Si is in the conducting state (i.e. DRV_S1 is high) and the second switch S2 is in the non-conducting state (i.e. DRV_S2 is low), the inductor current II rises. When the first switch Si is in the non-conducting state (i.e. DRV_S1 is low) and the second switch S2 is in the conducting state (i.e. DRV_S2 is high), the inductor current II falls. Thus, in order for the inductor current IL to change between the desired maximum inductor current and the desired minimum inductor current, the control apparatus is configured to compare the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II with an upper threshold indicating or equaling to the desired maximum inductor current (not shown in graph (B) of Figure 2) and a lower threshold vref_low indicating or equaling to the desired minimum inductor current. That is the upper threshold is a value of the measurement signal Snsi corresponding or equaling to the desired maximum inductor current and the lower threshold is a value of the measurement signal Snsi corresponding or equaling to the desired minimum inductor current.

Therefore, when the measurement signal Snsi reaches or exceeds the upper threshold (i.e. the inductor current II reaches or exceeds the desired maximum inductor current) the control apparatus 1 should control the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state in order to cause the inductor current II to stop rising. When the measurement signal Sns2 reaches or falls below the lower threshold vref_low (i.e. the inductor current II reaches or falls below the desired minimum inductor current) the control apparatus 1 should control the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state in order to cause the inductor current II to stop falling.

As shown in the top graph (A) of Figure 2, the two switches Si and S2 maybe inversely switched, i.e. when one of the two switches is in the conducting state, the other switch of the two switches is in the non-conducting state. Further, controlling a switch of the two switches Si and S2 to switch to the conducting-state after the other switch has been controlled to switch to the nonconducting state may be done with a dead time in between, during which both switches Si and S2 are in the non-conducting state. This ensures that not both switches Si and S2 are in the conducting-state at the same time.

In the following, the case of the measurement signal Snsi reaching the lower threshold vref_low and a respective desired control of the two switches Si and S2 is described by way of example with regard to Figure 2. This is correspondingly valid for the case of the measurement signal Snsi reaching the upper threshold.

For determining or evaluating whether the measurement signal Snsi has reached or fallen below the lower threshold vref_low the control apparatus 1 may comprise a comparator to which the lower threshold vref_low (as reference value) and the measurement signal Snsi are input and the control apparatus i may sample the output of the comparator. That is, the control apparatus may digitalize the output of the comparator comparing the measurement signal Snsi with the lower threshold vref_low. Graph (C) of Figure 2 shows the temporal course of the output comp_out of the comparator, wherein the output comp_out is high as long as the measurement signal Snsi is above the lower threshold vref_low and low as long as the measurement signal Snsi is equal to or below the lower threshold vref_low. Graph (D) shows the clock signal elk with which the control apparatus i is clocked, wherein the control apparatus i samples the comparator output comp_out at each clock of the clock signal elk. That is, the control apparatus i samples the comparator output comp_out with the frequency of the clock signal elk. In other words, the control apparatus i is configured to compare the measurement signal Snsi with the lower threshold vref_low at each clock of the clock signal elk.

According to the example of Figure 2, the control apparatus i samples the comparator output comp_out at a rising edge of each clock of the clock signal elk. This is only by way of example and not limiting for the present disclosure (e.g. sampling may occur at the falling edge of each clock). Due to the sampling, an error may occur between the actual point in time t _a at which the measurement signal Snsi reaches the lower threshold vref_low (point in time at which the output comp_out of the comparator changes from high to low) and the point in time tb at which the control apparatus i determines that the output comp_out of the comparator changes from high to low. The signal comp_dig of graph (E) shows the determination or evaluation of the control apparatus i by sampling the output comp_out of the comparator. The point in time tb at which the signal comp_dig changes from high to low is the point in time at which the control apparatus i determines that the output comp_out of the comparator changes from high to low and, thus, at which the measuring signal Snsi reaches the lower threshold vref_low. The signal comp_out of graph (C) is an analog comparator signal and the signal comp_dig of graph (E) is a digitized comparator signal.

As can be seen in Figure 2, due to the sampling or digitization of the comparator output comp_out, an error with regard to determining the point in time at which the measuring signal Snsi reaches the lower threshold vref_low and, thus, at which the inductor current II reaches the desired minimum inductor current may occur. This error means that the point in time tb at which the control apparatus i actually determines that the measurement signal Snsi reaches the lower threshold vref_low is delayed with regard to the point in time t _a at which the measurement signal Snsi actually reaches the lower threshold vref_low. This error maybe up to the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal elk. That is, the delay between the point in time tb from the point in time t _a may be up to the period of the clock signal elk. The error depends on the time relationship between the analog comparator signal comp_out and the clock signal elk used for sampling the signal comp_out.

The above is correspondingly valid with regard to determining the point in time at which the measurement signal Snsi reaches the upper threshold and, thus, at which the inductor current IL reaches the desired maximum inductor current.

As a result of the aforementioned error, which may often occur in a row near the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal elk until the error is compensated again, the current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter may change. This is exemplarily shown in the graph (F) of Figure 2 for several periods of switching the switches Si and S2 between the conducting and non-conducting state. As shown in graph (F), the above-described error may suddenly occur in a row for several switching periods of the switches Si and S2. As a result, the current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter (i.e. the output current) may change or vary. In case the lighting means 3 are electrically supplied with the current ILM a visible flickering of the light emission of the lighting means 3 may occur as a result of the change of the current ILM (shown in graph (F) of Figure 2). Graph (F) of Figure 2 also shows the temporal course of the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II, wherein graph (B) of Figure 2 is an enlarged extract of a part of the measurement signal Snsi shown in Graph (F) of Figure 2.

According to the example of Figure 2, when the control apparatus 1 determines at the point in time tb that the measurement signal Snsi has reached the lower threshold vref_low, the control apparatus controls the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state. This may be done by changing the control signal DRV_S2 for the second switch S2 from high to low. In graph (A), the control signal DRV_S2 at the second switch S2 is not immediately changed from high to low at the point in time tb due to a delay that may be caused by the hardware of the control apparatus 1 and wiring from the control apparatus 1 to the control terminal of the second switch S2.

The control apparatus 1 of Figure 1 may reduce or overcome the above problem of flickering, caused by the above-described error, by being configured as follows: The control apparatus 1 is configured to determine a first point in time at which the measurement signal Snsi reaches or exceeds the upper threshold and a second point in time at which the measurement signal Snsi reaches or falls below the lower threshold vref_low. The control apparatus 1 may perform this as outlined above. That is, the control apparatus 1 may comprise at least one comparator for comparing the measurement signal Snsi with the upper threshold and the lower threshold vref_low. The control apparatus i may sample the output of the at least one comparator at each clock of the clock signal elk used for clocking the control apparatus i. In other words, the control apparatus i may be configured to compare the measurement signal Snsi with the lower threshold vref_low and the upper threshold at each clock of the clock signal elk.

For reducing or overcoming the above problem, the control apparatus maybe configured to control at least one of the two switches Si and S2 to switch at a third point in time or a fourth point in time. The third point in time is equal to the first point in time delayed by a first variable delay time. The fourth point in time is equal to the second point in time delayed by a second variable delay time.

Thus, according to an embodiment, the control apparatus i may be configured to control the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time (instead of the first point in time) and the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the second point in time.

According to another embodiment, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to control the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the first point in time and the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time (instead of the second point in time).

According to another embodiment, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to control the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time (instead of the first point in time) and the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time (instead of the second point in time).

The first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may be different to each other. That is, the first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may be independent of each other.

Thus, the present disclosure proposes variably delaying, by the first variable delay time, switching of the first switch Si to the non-conducting state and/ or variably delaying, by the second variable delay time, switching of the second switch S2 to the non-conducting state. This may generate an artificial error between the point in time at which the first switch Si or the second switch S2 should be controlled to be switched to the non-conducting state and the point in time at which the first switch Si respectively the second switch S2 are actually controlled to be switched to the non-conducting state. Since the aforementioned artificial error may be generated by the first variable delay time and/or the second variable delay time, the aforementioned artificial error changes or varies over time with a frequency that is not visible to a person. Thus, flickering of the light emission of the lighting means 3 (electrically supplied by the synchronous buck converter) that is caused by the aforementioned artificial error is not visible to a person, i.e. the human eye. In other words the use of the first variable delay time and/ or the second variable delay time for controlling switching of the two switches Si and S2 increases the frequency of occurrence of an error described with regard to Figure 2 so that the current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter changes with a frequency that is not visible to the human eye. As a result, flickering of the light emission of the lighting means 3 due to the changing current ILM is not visible by a person. That is, the frequency of the change of light intensity of the light emission of the lighting means 3 due to the changing current ILM is not visible by a person.

The above description is correspondingly valid with regard to controlling switching of the first switch Si and the second switch S2 to the conducting state. For example, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to control the first switch Si to switch to the conducting state at the fourth point in time (instead of e.g. a dead time after the second point in time). The control apparatus 1 may be configured to control the second switch S2 to switch to the conducting state at the third point in time (instead of e.g. a dead time after the first point in time). In this case, the first variable delay time and the second variable delay time may be equal to or greater than the dead time.

Within a range for the first variable delay time, the first variable delay time may be randomly changed or changed according to a repetitive pattern. Within a range for the second variable delay time, the second variable delay time may be randomly changed or changed according to a repetitive pattern.

The first variable delay time may be periodically changed. Optionally, the first variable delay time is changed every switching period of switching one of the two switches Si and S2 (e.g. the first switch Si). The second variable delay time may be periodically changed. Optionally, the second variable delay time is changed every switching period of switching one of the two switches Si and S2 (e.g. the second switch S2).

The first variable delay time is smaller than or equal to the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal elk. The second variable delay time is smaller than or equal to the period (inverse of the frequency) of the clock signal elk. Figure 3 shows an example of control signals providable by a control apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.

Graph (A) of Figure 3 shows the control signal DRV_S1 at the control terminal of the first switch Si for driving or controlling switching of the first switch Si. Graph (B) of Figure 3 shows the control signal DRV_S2 at the control terminal of the second switch S2 for driving or controlling switching of the second switch S2. When a control signal of the control signals DRV_S1 and DRV_S2 is high then the respective switch Si or S2 is in the conducting state and when the control signal is low then the respective switch Si or S2 is in the non-conducting state.

Figure 3 exemplarily shows an embodiment according to which the control apparatus 1 is configured to control the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time T3, wherein the third point in time T3 is equal to the first point in time Ti delayed by the first variable delay time. The first point in time Ti is the point in time at which the control apparatus determines that the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II reaches or exceeds the upper threshold. In the top graph showing a zoomed part of the graph (A), it is indicated that the third point in time may be changed or varied by changing the first variable delay time. Three further possible third points in time T3’ are exemplarily shown in Figure 3.

Figure 4 shows two examples of a temporal course of an inductor current flowing through an inductor of a synchronous buck converter with two switches, when the two switches are switched.

The top graph of Figure 4 corresponds to the graph (F) of Figure 2 and, thus, the above description with regard to Figure 2 is correspondingly valid for the top graph of Figure 4. The bottom graph of Figure 4 exemplarily shows the temporal course of the inductor current II and the current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter for several switching periods of switching the switches Si and S2 between the conducting and non-conducting state when the control apparatus 1 performs the control according to the present disclosure. That is, when the control apparatus 1 controls at least one of the two switches Si and S2 to switch at the third point in time or the fourth point in time. For example, the bottom graph of Figure 4 may show the temporal course of the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II, when the control apparatus 1 performs the following control. The control apparatus may control during some switching periods the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time and during some switching periods the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time, wherein the first variable delay time respectively the second variable delay time is changed or varied. As a result, the current ILM providable by the synchronous buck converter (i.e. the output current) changes or varies. In contrast to the top graph of Figure 4, the current ILM changes with a higher frequency and, thus, with a frequency that is not visible to the human eye. As a result, the errors, introduced by switching the first switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time (instead of the first point in time) and the second switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time (instead of the second point in time), do not cause a visible flickering of the light emission of the lighting means 3 (when the lighting means 3 are electrically supplied with the current ILM).

Figure 5 shows an example of a control scheme performable by a control apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention. The control scheme is an example of the method of the fifth aspect of the present invention. The control apparatus 1 of Figure 1 may be configured to control switching of the two switches Si and S2 of the synchronous buck converter according to the control scheme of Figure 5. Figure 5 may show a control state machine of the control apparatus 1. In the following reference is made to the components shown in Figure 1.

As shown in Figure 5, at a first state 51 the first switch Si is in the conducting state (i.e. it is turned on or in the on-state) and the second switch S2 is in the non-conducting state (i.e. it is turned off or in the off-state). As a result the inductor current II rises. When the inductor current II reaches the desired maximum inductor current and, thus, the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II reaches the upper threshold, a second state 52 is reached.

At the second state 52, the control apparatus 1 delays, by the first variable delay time, controlling the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state. For example, the first variable delay time may be zero seconds, 20 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds etc. In other words, the control apparatus 1 does not control the first switch Si to switch to the nonconducting state at the first point in time, at which the control apparatus 1 determines that the measurement signal Snsi reaches the upper threshold. When the first variable delay time has elapsed the control apparatus 1 controls the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state and the control scheme of Figure 5 continues to the third state 53. That is, the control apparatus 1 controls the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state at the third point in time which is equal to the first point in time delayed by the first variable delay time.

At the third state 53, the control apparatus 1 waits for a dead time before switching the second switch to the conducting-state. At the third state 53, the first switch Si and the second switch S2 are in the non-conducting state. After the dead time has elapsed, the second switch S2 is switched to the conducting state and a fourth state 54 is reached. At the fourth state 54, the first switch Si is in the non-conducting state and the second switch S2 is in the conducting state. As a result the inductor current II falls. When the inductor current II reaches the desired minimum inductor current and, thus, the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II reaches the lower threshold, the control apparatus 1 may control the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state and a fifth state 55 is reached.

At the fifth state 55, the control apparatus 1 waits for a dead time before switching the first switch Si to the conducting-state. At the fifth state 55, the first switch Si and the second switch S2 are in the non-conducting state. After the dead time has elapsed the first switch Si is switched to the conducting state and the first state 51 is reached.

The dead time of the third state 53 and the dead time of the fifth state 55 may equal to each other.

According to an alternative, the switching of the second switch S2 to the non-conducting state may be delayed by the second variable delay time instead of delaying the switching of the first switch Si to the non-conducting by the first variable delay time. In this case, the control apparatus 1 controls the first switch Si to switch to the non-conducting state, when the control apparatus determines that the measurement signal Snsi reaches the upper threshold. Thus, in this case, the first state 51 is followed by the third state 53 and the second state 52 is omitted. In addition, according to the aforementioned alternative, when the inductor current II reaches the desired minimum inductor current and, thus, the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II reaches the lower threshold, an intermediate state (not shown in Figure 5) is reached after the fourth state 54.

At the intermediate state the control apparatus 1 delays controlling the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state by the second variable delay time. For example, the second variable delay time may be zero seconds, 20 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 40 nanoseconds etc. In other words, the control apparatus 1 does not control the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the second point in time, at which the control apparatus 1 determines that the measurement signal Snsi reaches the lower threshold. When the second variable delay time has elapsed the control apparatus 1 controls the second switch S2 to switch to the nonconducting state and the control scheme of Figure 5 continues to the fifth state 55. That is, the control apparatus controls the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state at the fourth point in time which is equal to the second point in time delayed by the second variable delay time. According to another alternative, the switching of the second switch S2 to the non-conducting state may be delayed by the second variable delay time in addition to delaying the switching of the first switch Si to the non-conducting state by the first variable delay time. In this case, when the inductor current II reaches the desired minimum inductor current and, thus, the measurement signal Snsi of the inductor current II reaches the lower threshold, the aforementioned intermediate state (not shown in Figure 5) is reached after the fourth state 54. When the second variable delay time has elapsed, the control apparatus 1 controls the second switch S2 to switch to the non-conducting state and the control scheme of Figure 5 continues to the fifth state 55.

By performing the variable delay at the second state 52 and/ or the aforementioned intermediate state (not shown in Figure 5), it may be avoided that the control apparatus remains in an operation mode where the error between an analog comparator signal of at least one comparator for comparing the measurement signal Snsi with the upper and lower threshold and the digitized comparator signal ends up in a low frequency component. The first variable delay time and/ or second variable delay time add an agitation to the control apparatus, which forces the control apparatus to react on it and shifts the low frequency light modulation (flickering) of the light emission of the lighting means 3 to a higher non visible modulation.

According to a further alternative, switching the first switch Si and/ or the second switch S2 to the conducting state may be delayed by respective variable delay times. The above description with regard to variably delaying switching of the first switch Si and/ or the second switch S2 to the non-conducting state may be correspondingly valid.

For further information on the control scheme of Figure 5 reference is made to the method of the fifth aspect of the invention.

Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of an example of a control apparatus, an operating device for lighting means and a luminaire according to an embodiment of the invention.

The control apparatus la of Figure 6 is an example of the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention, the operating device 2 of Figure 1 is an example of the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention and the luminaire 4 of Figure 1 is an example of the luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

The luminaire 4 comprises lighting means 3 and the operating device 2. The lighting means 3 may be one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). In addition or alternatively, the lighting means 3 may comprise at least one other type of lighting means. The operating device 2 is configured to operate the lighting means 3. For this, the lighting means 3 may be electrically connected to the output of a resonant hybrid flyback converter of the operating device 2, as shown in Figure 6. In particular, the lighting means 3 may be connected to a second capacitor C5 (may be referred to as output capacitor) of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

The operating device 2 may comprise the resonant hybrid flyback converter for electrically supplying the lighting means 3, e.g. providing a current ILM (lighting means current) to the lighting means 3 (when the lighting means 3 are connected to the resonant hybrid flyback converter). The resonant hybrid flyback converter comprises two switches Sia and S2a and a resonant tank 5 that comprises a transformer with a primary side and a secondary side. The primary side of the transformer may comprise or be a coil (may be referred to as primary side coil). As shown in Figure 6, the primary side of the transformer (e.g. the primary side coil) may comprise or may be represented by a transformer main inductance L2 and optionally a leakage inductance L3, which may be electrically connected in series to the transformer main inductance L2 (maybe referred to as (primary) transformer inductance or (primary) inductance). Thus, a primary side current II flowing through the primary side of the transformer flows through the transformer main inductance L2 and the optional leakage inductance L3. The secondary side of the transformer may comprise or be a coil (may be referred to as secondary side coil). As shown in Figure 6, the secondary side of the transformer (e.g. the secondary side coil) may comprise or may be represented by a transformer inductance L4 (may be referred to as (secondary) transformer inductance or (secondary) inductance). The resonant tank 5 may further comprise a resonance capacitor C4 (may be referred to as capacitor or first capacitor) that is electrically connected with the primary side of the transformer (primary side coil). As shown in Figure 6, the transformer main inductance L2, the optional leakage inductance L3 and the resonance capacitor C4 may be connected in series. This is only by way of example, and the resonance capacitor C4 may be differently connected with the primary side of the transformer, i.e. with the transformer main inductance L2 and optionally the optional leakage inductance L3.

The transformer galvanically isolates a primary side PS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter and a secondary side SS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter from each other. The primary side PS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter may have a first reference electrical potential and the secondary side of the resonant hybrid flyback converter may have a second reference electrical potential. The two switches Sia and Sib, the primary side coil of the transformer and the resonance capacitor C4 are arranged on the primary side PS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The secondary side coil of the transformer, the second capacitor C5 and a diode Di of the resonant hybrid flyback converter are arranged on the secondary side SS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The second capacitor C5 is electrically connected via the diode Di to the secondary coil of the transformer, as shown in Figure 6.

As shown in Figure 6, the two switches Sia and S2a may be FETs (e.g. MOSFETs), for example of an n-channel enhancement type. This is only by way of example and, thus, the two switches Sia and S2a maybe implemented by any other electrical switch (e.g. any other transistor type).

As shown in Figure 6, the two switches Sia and S2a are electrically connected in series. Thus, the two switches Sia and S2a are a half-bridge comprising two switches. A first switch Sia (also called high-side switch) of the two switches Sia and S2a is electrically connected to a first terminal (first input terminal) of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. A second switch S2a (also called low-side switch) of the two switches Sia and S2a is electrically connected to a second terminal (second input terminal) of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. A node Ni between the first switch Sia and the second switch S2a is connected with the resonant tank 5, e.g. the primary side of the transformer (as shown in Figure 6) or the resonance capacitor C4 (not shown in Figure 6).

As shown in Figure 6, the resonant hybrid flyback converter may comprise an optional first current sensing means 6 for sensing the primary side current II flowing through the primary side (primary side coil) of the transformer. The first current sensing means 6 may be arranged on the primary side PS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The first current sensing means

6 may optionally be connected between the node Ni of the half bridge of the two switches Sia and S2 and the resonant tank 5, as exemplarily shown in Figure 6. The first current sensing means 6 may be differently arranged in the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The first current sensing means 6 may be for example a shunt resistor (not shown in Figure 6), but is not limited to this implementation and, thus may be implemented differently.

The resonant hybrid flyback converter may comprise an optional second current sensing means

7 for sensing the current ILM for the lighting means 3. The second current sensing means 7 may be arranged on the secondary side SS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The second current sensing means 7 may optionally be connected between an output terminal of the resonant hybrid flyback converter and a node between the diode Di and the second capacitor C5, as exemplarily shown in Figure 6. The second current sensing means 7 may be differently arranged in the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The second current sensing means 7 may be for example a shunt resistor (not shown in Figure 6), but is not limited to this implementation and, thus may be implemented differently. In addition or alternatively, the resonant hybrid flyback converter may comprise further sensing means for sensing current(s) and/ or voltage(s) of at least one of the primary side PS and the secondary side SS of the resonant hybrid flyback converter.

The operating device 2 may further comprise the control apparatus la that is configured to control the two switches Sia and S2a of the resonant hybrid flyback converter and, thus, operation of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. That is, the control apparatus la is configured to control switching of the two switches Sia and S2a (between the conducting state and the non-conducting state). For this, the control apparatus la may be configured to provide a first control signal DRV_Sia to the first switch Sia and a second control signal DRV_S2a to the second switch S2a. In particular, the control apparatus i may be configured to provide the first control signal DRV_Sia to a control terminal of the first switch Sia (e.g. to the gate terminal, in case the first switch Sia is a FET). Accordingly, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to provide the second control signal DRV_S2a to a control terminal of the second switch S2a (e.g. to the gate terminal, in case the second switch S2 is a FET). The control signals DRV_Sia and DRV_S2a may be referred to as drive signals (for driving the two switches Sia and S2a).

The control apparatus la maybe a digital control apparatus. For example the control apparatus

I may be a controller, microcontroller, processor, microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA) or any combination thereof.

In particular, the control apparatus la may control rising and falling of the primary side current

II of the primary side (i.e. primaiy side coil) of the transformer of the resonant tank 5 and, thus, the lighting means current ILM providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter to the lighting means 3 (when the lighting means 3 are connected to the output of the resonant hybrid flyback converter. The greater the current ILM (e.g. the temporal average of current) provided to the lighting means 3 the greater the light emission of the lighting means 3 and vice versa.

For controlling the two switches Sia and S2a the control apparatus la may receive a measuring signal Snsia of the primary side current II flowing through the primaiy side (i.e. primaiy side coil) of the transformer of the resonant tank 5. As outlined above, the primary side current II may be measured using the first current sensing means 6. An optional low pass filter may filter the voltage indicating the primary side current II to provide the first measurement signal Snsia to the control apparatus la (not shown in Figure 6). The measurement of the primaiy side current II of the primary side of the transformer for informing the control apparatus la on the primary side current II in the form of the measurement signal Snsia may be differently implemented. Optionally, the control apparatus 1 may also receive a further measurement signal Sns3 of the lighting means current ILM providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter to the lighting means 3.

A desired value of the current ILM providable at the output of the resonant hybrid flyback converter may be set by setting a respective maximum primary side current (i.e. a desired maximum primary side current). Thus, the control apparatus 1 may be configured to control the switches Sia and S2a such that the primary side current II changes or varies with the desired maximum primary side current as an upper threshold in order to achieve the desired current ILM for the lighting means 3.

The improved control of the two switches Sia and S2a using an upper threshold for the primary side current by the control apparatus la of Figure 6 (i.e. the actual control for which the control apparatus la of Figure 6 is configured) is exemplarily described with respect to Figures 7 and 8.

For further details of the control apparatus 1, the operating device 2 and the luminaire 4 of Figure 6 reference is made to the above description of the control apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention, the operating device according to the third aspect of the invention and the luminaire according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

Figure 7 shows an example of a temporal course of a primary side current flowing through a primary side of a transformer of a resonant tank of a resonant hybrid flyback converter. It is assumed that the resonant hybrid flyback converter corresponds to the resonant hybrid flyback converter of Figure 6, and, thus in the following description reference is made to Figure 6. The graph of Figure 7 shows the measurement signal Snsia of the primary side current II over time t. Figure 7 is schematically and is provided in order to especially show the time period during which the primary side current II is rising. The primary side current II is rising while the first switch Sia is in the conducting state and the second switch S2a is in the non-conducting state. The primary side current stops II rising when the first switch Sia is switched from the conducting state to the non-conducting state. The primary side current II is falling while the first switch Sia is in the non-conducting state and the second switch S2a is in the conducting state (not shown in Figure 7).

Thus, the control apparatus la may receive the measurement signal Snsia of the primary side current II flowing through the primary side of the transformer of the resonant tank 5 of the resonant hybrid flyback converter, and compare the measurement signal Snsia with an upper threshold vref_high (corresponding to the desired maximum primary side current) at a clock of a clock signal. The control apparatus la is configured to determine a point in time Tia at which the measurement signal Snsia reaches or exceeds the upper threshold vref_high, and control the first switch Sia to switch to the conducting state at the point in time Tia.

As indicated in Figure 7 by the two-sided arrow (up down arrow), the control apparatus la is configured to change the upper threshold vref_high with a frequency that is greater than a clock frequency of the clock signal. The control apparatus la maybe configured to control the second switch S2a to switch to the conducting state after a second dead time has passed since the control apparatus la has controlled the first switch Sia to switch to the non-conducting state. The control apparatus la may be configured to control the second switch S2a to be in the conducting state for a time period, which may be fixed or changed by a command from outside the control apparatus la (e.g. during a configuration mode and/or during normal operation). That is, the control apparatus may be configured to control the second switch S2a to switch to the non-conducting state after the time period has elapsed from the point in time at which the control apparatus la has controlled the second switch S2a to switch to the conducting state. The control apparatus maybe configured to control the first switch Sia to switch to the conducting state after a first dead time has passed since the control apparatus la has controlled the second switch S2a to switch to the non-conducting state. During the first dead time and the second dead time the two switches Sia and S2a are both in the non-conducting state. The first dead time and the second dead time may be equal to each other. The control apparatus la may be continue the aforementioned control of the two switches Sia and S2a so that the primaiy side current II alternately rises to the maximum current indicated by the changed upper threshold and falls during the time period for which the second switch S2a is in the non-conducting state. As described above, the control apparatus may be configured to control the two switches such that the two switches are inversely switched between the conducting state and the non-conducting state.

An example of an implementation of the control apparatus for achieving the changing upper threshold and, thus, controlling switching of the first switch to the non-conducting state at a point in time, at which the measurement signal of the primary side current II reaches or exceeds the upper threshold, wherein the upper threshold is change with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal is described with regard to Figure 8. For further information on the control, for which the control apparatus la is configured for, reference is made to the description of the control apparatus of the second aspect.

Figure 8 shows a part of an example of an implementation of the control apparatus of Figure 6. As shown in Figure 8, the control apparatus may comprise a dithering module 9 (may be referred to as modulation module) for changing the upper threshold vref_high (used for comparing the measurement signal Snsia of the primary side current II) with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal. The changed upper threshold vref_high_2 (generated by the dithering module 9 by changing the upper threshold vref_high) may be provided to the inverting input of a comparator 10. The control apparatus la may receive the measurement signal Snsia of the primary side current II and provide it to the non-inverting input of the comparator 10. That is, the control apparatus la may be configured to compare the measurement signal Snsia with the changed upper threshold vref_high_2 using the comparator 10. With other words, the control apparatus la may be configured to compare the measurement signal Snsia with the upper threshold vref_high, wherein the control apparatus changes the upper threshold vref_high with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal. This corresponds to comparing the measurement signal Snsi of the primary side current II with the changed upper threshold vref_high_2 (may be called second upper threshold) that is generated by changing the upper threshold vref_high (maybe called first upper threshold). In case, the control apparatus stops changing the upper threshold vref_high, the upper threshold vref_high and the second upper threshold vref_high_2 equal each other.

In case the measurement signal Snsia reaches or exceeds the second upper threshold (i.e. the first upper threshold being changed by the dithering module 9 with the frequency greater than the clock frequency), the output of the comparator 10 triggers a control signal generator 11 to generate the first control signal DRV_Sia that controls the first switch to switch to the nonconducting state. In other words, the control apparatus may determine, using the comparator 10, the point in time at which the measurement signal Snsia reaches or exceeds the second upper threshold (i.e. the first upper threshold being changed by the dithering module 9 with the frequency greater than the clock frequency); and control, using the control signal generator 11, the first switch Sia to switch at the aforementioned point in time. As shown in Figure 8, the control apparatus la may comprise the dithering module 9, the comparator 10 and the control signal generator 11.

The control apparatus la may optionally comprise an upper threshold setting module 8 for setting the (first) upper threshold vref_high. The upper threshold setting module 8 may comprise an analog-to-digital converter 8a (ADC) and a controller 8b (feedback controller), such as a Pl-controller. The control apparatus la may receive the measurement signal Sns3 of the lighting means current ILM providable by the resonant hybrid flyback converter to the lighting means 3. Thus, the control apparatus la may be configured to perform a feedbackcontrol of the lighting means current ILM for generating the upper threshold vref_high. Optionally, the frequency (with which the control apparatus la, e.g. the dithering module 9, is configured to change the upper threshold vref_high) may be in a range between 50 kHz and 300 kHz. The control apparatus la (e.g. the dithering module 9) may be configured to change the upper threshold vref_high with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal such that the first switch Sia may be switched with a frequency that is not visible to a person when the resonant hybrid flyback converter electrically supplies the lighting means 3.

Changing the upper threshold vref_high may comprise increasing and decreasing the upper threshold vref_high such that the value of the upper threshold vref_high varies around an unchanged value of the upper threshold vref_high, i.e. such that the value of the upper threshold vref_high increases above and decreases below the unchanged value of the upper threshold vref_high. The unchanged value of the upper threshold vref_high maybe understood as the value to which the upper threshold vref_high would equal in case the control apparatus la (e.g. the dithering module 9) does not performed the above-described change of the upper threshold vref_high with the above-described frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal.

The control apparatus la (e.g. dithering module 9) may be configured to change the upper threshold vref_high with the aforementioned frequency such that the upper threshold vref_high changes with the aforementioned frequency within a range of one of 0,1%, 0,5% and 1% above and below the unchanged value of the upper threshold vref_high.

The control apparatus la (e.g. dithering module 9) may be configured to randomly change, within the range for the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold), the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold). The control apparatus la (e.g. dithering module 9) may be configured to change, within the range for the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold), the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold) according to a repetitive pattern.

The control apparatus la (e.g. the dithering module 9) may be configured to periodically change the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold). Optionally, the control apparatus la (e.g. the dithering module 9) is configured to change the upper threshold vref_high (unchanged upper threshold) every switching period of switching one of the two switches, e.g. the first switch Sia.

As outlined above (and phrased in the following in other words), the control apparatus la may be configured to use a first upper threshold vref_high (may be referred to as unchanged upper threshold) for the measurement signal Snsia that is set by the control apparatus la (e.g. by the upper threshold setting module 8) or received by the control apparatus la (not shown in Figure 7) for controlling the first switch Snsia. The control apparatus la may be configured to change (e.g. using the dithering module 9), with the frequency that is greater than the clock frequency of the clock signal, the first upper threshold vref_high to generate a second upper threshold vref_high_2. The second upper threshold vref_high_2 may vaiy with the aforementioned frequency (that is greater than the clock frequency) around the first upper threshold vref_high. That is, the second upper threshold vref_high_2 may change with the aforementioned frequency (that is greater than the clock frequency) such that the second upper threshold vref_high_2 increases above and decreases below the first upper threshold vref_high. The control apparatus la (e.g. the comparator 10) may be configured to compare the measurement signal Snsia with the second upper threshold vref_high_2, determine a point in time at which the measurement signal Snsi reaches or exceeds the second upper threshold vref_high_2, and control the first switch Sia to switch at the point in time.

For further information and details on the control apparatus la of Figure 8 reference is made to the description of the control apparatus of the second aspect.

All steps which are performed by the various entities described in the present disclosure as well as the functionalities described to be performed by the various entities are intended to mean that the respective entity is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.