CONTROL OF BATTERY BALANCE Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a method for battery unbalance mitigation in a voltage conversion system and a voltage conversion system implementing the method. The present invention also relates a computer program and a computer program product implementing the method, and to a vehicle including the voltage conversion system.

Related art and background of the invention

In many vehicles, such as cars, trucks, tractors and the like, a 24 volt Direct Current (DC) power system is used as a standard power system. The reason for having a 24 volt power system in the vehicles is that such high voltages (24 volt) are often needed for operating some parts of the vehicle, such as a starter motor. The 24 volt voltage is often achieved by connecting two 12 volt batteries in series with each other.

However, a supply of 12 volt is often also needed in the vehicles, since a lot of the electrical equipment in the vehicles typically is 12 volt electronic equipment. For instance, vehicle electronic equipment, such as lamps, exhaust gas purification systems, and the like; safety arrangements, such as speed and distance radars, Lane Departure Warning (LDW) systems, and the like; radio systems, such as stereo apparatus, communication radios, and the like; are often constructed for a voltage of 12 volt. One reason for using such 12 volt electronic equipment is that the fast development and large production numbers of electronic equipment in the private car industry, which typically uses a 12 volt system, has had as result that electronic equipment for 12 volt systems is less expensive and is available on the market earlier than corresponding electronic equipment for 24 volt systems.

Therefore, vehicles having a 24 volt power system must also provide for a 12 volt power supply. This is generally achieved by the use of a 12 volt converter, more specifically by the use of a 24/12V converter. A common prior art circuit including such a 24/12 V converter is schematically shown in figure 1. In figure 1, a first and a second battery, 101, 102, each having a voltage of 12 volt, VlOlbatt , Vl 02batt , are connected in series with each other in order to achieve a total voltage of 24 volt. A vehicle generator and the 24 volt loads, such as the starter motor, are not shown in this schematic drawing. If they had been present in the drawing, they would have been located to the left of the batteries.

Further, a 24/12 V converter 103 is connected over the series connected first and second battery 101, 102 and thus has a converter input voltage Vein of 24 volt and a converter input current lew, . The 24/12V converter converts the 24 volt converter input voltage Vein to a 12 volt converter output voltage Vcout and a converter output current Icout , which are provided on the circuit output 104. Here, the converter output current is twice the converter input current, Icout = 2 * Icin (when losses are neglected), since the converter output voltage is half of the converter input voltage, Vcout = —Vein .

hi the prior art circuit shown in figure 1, the maximum current that can be output from the circuit, here being identical to the converter output current Icout , is limited to the current the power electronics of the 24/12 V converter can provide. Typically, the converter output current Icout is limited to approximately 20 ampere. This limitation of the converter output current Icout results in a 12 volt circuit output voltage having a poor quality for high currents, e.g. being deteriorated by ripple.

Further, so called equalizers are also known from the prior art, such as the one shown in prior art document US 4 479 083. In such equalizer circuits, a higher circuit output current than the current being provided by the 24/12V converter can be achieved, when being needed, by also leading current from one of the batteries to the output of the circuit.

A general equalizer circuit is shown schematically in figure 2. Here, a first and a second battery 201, 202, each having a voltage of 12 volt VlOlbatt , V202batt , are connected in series with each other, thereby providing a 24 volt voltage. A 24/12V converter 203 is connected over the first and second series connected batteries 201, 202 and thus has a converter input voltage of 24 volt and a converter input current. The 24/12 V converter converts the 24 volt converter input voltage to a 12 volt converter output voltage and provides a converter output current. An output of the circuit 204 is also connected to the first battery 201. hi the equalizer circuit in figure 2, if the converter output current does not deliver enough current, a current is also taken from the first battery 201. Thus, if a required total output current for the equalizer circuit, i.e. the output current resulting at the output 204, is higher

than a maximal possible output current for the converter, current is also taken from the first battery 201 to compensate for the shortcomings of the converter 203.

hi prior art equalizers, such as the one described in US 4 479 083, the function of the equalizer is controlled by regulating the voltage over the first and the second 12 volt batteries. When, for illustrative purposes, applying such a voltage related method for function control of the equalizer to the schematic circuit in figure 2, the voltages of the first and the second battery would here be controlled by a voltage restraint being defined by: VlOlbatt = V202batt . Also, the voltage of the generator Vgen is equal to the sum of the voltages of the two batteries 201, 202, i.e. Vgen = VlOlbatt + VlOlbatt .

In equalizers, an unbalance between the charging levels of the first and the second battery 201, 202 may occur. Then, by utilizing the restraint VlOlbatt = VlOlbatt for the first and the second battery 201, 202, a current flow is created, which charges the first and the second battery, respectively, until they have balanced charging levels again. Thus, in such prior art voltage level related solutions, the batteries 201, 202 are charged to balanced charging levels based on differences in voltage levels for the batteries VlOlbatt, VlOlbatt .

The use of a voltage level based charging control, according to the prior art, has a number of drawbacks being related to the basic battery characteristics of the batteries themselves. In general, the voltage of a battery is not momentarily adjustable, since it takes a period of time for the battery to reach its open circuit voltage. Thus, a battery has a relaxation time. Also, it is difficult to know in beforehand how much the voltage of a battery will decrease when loads are connected to it, since this voltage also depends on a number of usually unknown parameters, such as the age of the battery, the environmental temperature, and the like. The result of the voltage level based charging process is therefore unpredictable.

Further, when charging a battery by applying an essentially constant charging voltage to the battery, which is the case in the prior art voltage level based solutions, charging of the battery becomes very slow when there is a relatively small difference in amplitude between the charging voltage and the actual voltage of the battery. This is due to the fact that the amplitude of a charging current, which flows through the battery to charge it, then depends on

the size of the difference between the charging voltage and the voltage of the battery. If this difference is small, the charging current is small and the charging process becomes slow.

Thus, the prior art solutions for creating charging balance between the first and the second battery of an equalizer, by the use of a voltage based charging control, are slow, inefficient, and unpredictable.

Aim and most important features of the invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and a voltage conversion system for unbalance mitigation that solves the above stated problems.

The present invention aims to provide a more efficient, predictable and reliable method and voltage conversion system for unbalance mitigation than the ones known in the background art.

The object is achieved by a method for battery unbalance mitigation according to the characterizing portion of claim 1, i.e. by performing the steps of:

- determining if a battery unbalance in the voltage conversion system is present based on the voltage conversion system output current Isysout , - applying, when unbalance is present, a first charging current IbI to the first battery and a second charging current Ib2 to the second battery, where the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI are different from each other.

The object is also achieved by a voltage conversion system according to the characterizing portion of claim 11 , i.e. by a voltage conversion system implementing the method of the present invention.

The object is also achieved by a computer program and a computer program product implementing the method of the invention.

The method and the voltage conversion system according to the present invention are characterized in that the whole procedure of battery unbalance detection and battery charging

control is current based. In particular, the relationships between the voltage conversion system output current Isysout , and the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 are utilized to determine if a battery unbalance is present and to determine the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI to be applied to the first and the second battery, respectively. A battery balance is then restored by applying a first and a second charging current IbI , Ib2 to the first and the second battery, respectively, where each of the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI is different from the other.

The current based unbalance detection and battery charging control, according to the present invention, have a number of advantages. In particular, to determine a battery unbalance based on the voltage conversion system output current Isysout results in a correct and efficient detection of battery unbalance. To charge the first and the second batteries by applying a certain first and certain second charging current to the first and the second battery, respectively, according to the invention, balances the batteries in a predictable and quick manner.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the converter in the voltage conversion system is arranged for converting a first voltage to a second voltage, where the first and the second voltage have approximately the same amplitude. Here, battery unbalance is determined to be present if the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout is higher than approximately twice an amplitude of a maximal converter output current Ic(max)out for the converter, i.e. Isysout > α */c(max)o«t, where α ~ 2 .

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first and the second voltage are here approximately 12 volt.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the converter in the voltage conversion system is arranged for converting a first voltage to a second voltage, where the first voltage has approximately twice the amplitude of the second voltage. According to this embodiment, the battery unbalance is determined to be present if the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout is higher than approximately an amplitude of a maximal

converter output current Ic(max)out for the converter, i.e. Isysout > α * Ic(max)out , where « « 1.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first and the second voltage is here approximately 24 volt and approximately 12 volt, respectively.

The analysis of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout and the comparison of this current with the maximal converter output current Ic(max)out , according to these two embodiments of the present invention, achieves an exact and efficient detection of battery unbalance.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the amplitude of at least one of the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 to be used for charging the first and the second battery, respectively, from a time instant on, is determined based on an amplitude of the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI , which has been used for charging the first and the second battery, respectively, during a time period of battery unbalance. In particular, an integral over the time period of battery unbalance is calculated for a difference in amplitude between the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI .

To be able to exactly determine at least one of the first and the second charging currents IbI , IbI , as is possible by this embodiment of the present invention, has the advantage that battery balance can be restored quickly and exactly.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the currents being used for charging the first and the second battery are controlled to have an essentially constant current level. A very efficient, fast, and predictable charging of the batteries is thereby achieved.

Detailed exemplary embodiments and advantages of the method for unbalance mitigation according to the invention and a voltage conversion system implementing the method will now be described with reference to the appended drawings illustrating some preferred embodiments.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 shows a prior art voltage conversion circuit. Fig. 2 shows a prior art voltage equalizer circuit.

Figs. 3a-b show voltage conversion systems according to the present invention. Fig. 4 shows a flow diagram for the method of the present invention.

Detailed description of preferred embodiments

Figures 3 a and 3b each schematically shows a voltage conversion system, such as a DC conversion system, in form of an equalizer circuit, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In figures 3 a and 3b, corresponding parts have been given the same reference numbers.

In the embodiment of the voltage conversion system shown in figure 3 a, a first and a second 12 volt battery 301, 302, having a first and second voltage V30lbatt,V302hatt , are connected in series with each other, thereby providing a 24 volt voltage. An input of a converter 303 is here connected over the second battery 302. The converter 303 is thus a 12/12V converter and has a converter input voltage Vein of 12 volt and a converter input current Icin . The 12/12 V converter produces a converter output voltage Vcout , having a 12 volt voltage level and a converter output current Icout . A voltage conversion system output 304 is connected to a point between the first battery 301 and the second battery 302, and also to an output of the converter 303, thereby producing a voltage conversion system output current Isysout , being composed of the converter output current Icout and a current from the first battery Ibattout , i.e. Isysout = Icout + Ibattout . Here, the current from the first battery Ibattout is essentially equal to the difference between a charging current flowing through the first and the second battery, respectively, IbI , Ib2 , such that Ibattout = Ib2 — IbX .

In the equalizer circuit/voltage conversion system shown in figure 3 a, as is recognized by the present invention, a current Ibattout is only lead from the first battery 301 to the voltage conversion system output 304 if the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout to be delivered by the voltage conversion system is higher than approximately twice an amplitude of a maximal converter output current, i.e. if

Isysout > a * Ic(max)out , where Gt ~ 2. (For the 12/12 V converter, α is here stated to be

approximately equal to two, since it is difficult to give an exact value due to the fact that this value varies with voltage and temperature.) Otherwise, the current Ibattout lead from the first battery is zero, Ibattout = 0 , and the first and the second charging currents have the same amplitude, IbI = IbI .

Therefore, for lower values of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout , essentially no charging unbalance between the first and the second battery 301, 302 is created due to the 12 volt power supply, since no current is lead from just one of the batteries to the voltage conversion system output 304. Thus, the first and the second charging current are equal for lower voltage conversion system output currents, IbI = Ib2.

However, for voltage conversion system output currents being higher than approximately twice an amplitude of a maximal converter output current, Isysout > a * Ic(max)out , where α ~ 2 , a current Ibattout flows from the first battery 301 to the voltage conversion system output 304, i.e. Ibattout ≠ 0 and therefore also the first and the second charging current are not equal, IbI ≠ Ib2. The first and the second battery 301, 302 will therefore, after a period of time, have an unbalance in their charging levels, respectively, due to the 12 volt power supply.

Thus, according to the present invention, due to a need for a higher voltage conversion system output current Isysout than the converter 303 can deliver, the first battery 301 is, for a period of time, charged by a first charging current IbI being smaller than a second charging current Ib2 being used for charging the second battery 302. Therefore, after this period of time, the first battery 301 has a charging level being lower than the charging level for the second battery 302. The period of time for which the first and the second charging currents are not equal, i.e. IbI ≠ Ib2 , essentially corresponds with the time for which the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current is higher than approximately twice an amplitude of a maximal converter output current, i.e. for which Isysout > α * Ic(max)out , where α ~ 2 ,.

According to the present invention, the relationships between the voltage conversion system output current Isysout , the first and the second charging currents IbI , Ib2 , and the possible

unbalance between the first and the second battery are utilized, as is described in the following.

According to the invention, the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout is used for determining if a battery unbalance is present at all, by performing a comparison of the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout with the maximal converter output current Ic(max)out . According to the present invention, a battery unbalance is determined to be present in the embodiment of the invention shown in figure 3 a if the voltage conversion system output current Isysout is higher than approximately twice an amplitude of the maximal converter output current, i.e. for which Isysout > α * Ic(max)out , where α - 2.

To determine a battery unbalance based on conversion circuit output current Isysout has the advantage that a very correct and efficient detection of unbalance between the batteries is achieved.

If a battery unbalance is determined to be present, each of the first and the second battery 301, 302 has to be charged with a certain first and second charging currents IbI , IbI , respectively, in order to restore the balance between the batteries. At least one of these certain first and second charging currents to be used for charging the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, is, according to the present invention, determined based on the amplitude of the charging currents which have been used for the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, during the period of time for which the amplitude of the first charging current IbI was smaller than the amplitude of the second charging current Ib2, i.e. for the period of time for which the voltage conversion system output current was higher than approximately twice the amplitude of the maximal converter output current.

Thus, the certain first and second charging currents IbI , IbI to be used for charging the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, from a moment in time and on, is determined based on a period of time before that moment in time, for which period of time a battery unbalance has been determined present. Note that one of the first and the second charging

current can have an amplitude equal to zero for the case that only one of the batteries need to be charged.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 to be used for charging the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, from a moment on, is determined based on a difference in amplitude for the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI . In particular, the difference in amplitude for the first and the second charging current IbX , Ib2 , during the time for which the voltage conversion system output current is higher than approximately twice the amplitude of the maximal converter output current, is used for the determination.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, an amount of electrical charge Q to be supplied to the battery having had the smallest charging current during this period of time, i.e. here to the first battery 301, is determined by calculating an integral, over this period of time, for the difference in amplitude between the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 , according to the equation:

where t\ and t2 are moments in time for start and end, respectively, of the time period for which the voltage conversion system output current is higher than approximately twice an amplitude of the maximal converter output current, i.e. for which Isysout > a * Ic(m&x)out , where a ~ 2.

Further, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the determined amount of electrical charge Q is then transferred to the first battery 301 , in order to restore the battery balance. By this way of determining the electric charge Q to be transferred to the first battery, i.e. by determining the electrical charge from the difference between the first and the second charging currents IbI , Ib2 , the battery balance is restored quickly, since the accurate amount of electrical charge Q is correctly calculated and transferred to the battery in need of it.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, this electrical charge Q is transferred to the first battery by applying an essentially constant first charging current IbI to the first battery 301, where the first charging current IbI has a higher amplitude than the second charging current Ib2. Thus, an essentially constant first charging current IbI , which is essentially independent of the voltage of the first battery 301 itself, is applied to the first battery 301.

Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the currents being used for charging the first and the second battery 301, 302, are controlled to have an essentially constant current level. To restore a battery balance by the use of such a current control, the constant current levels of the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI , and especially the first charging current IbI , have the advantage that the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI flowing through the first and the second battery 301, 302 do essentially not decrease due to an increasing voltage of the batteries themselves (as was the case in prior art voltage based methods). Therefore, a much more efficient (and thereby faster), and more predictable charging of the batteries is achieved, as compared to the voltage based charging methods of the prior art.

Above, the present invention has been described for an embodiment of an equalizer circuit having a 12/12V converter being connected to the second battery 302. However, the basic idea of the present invention is applicable on essentially any equalizer circuit. Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the input of the 12/12V converter is connected to the first battery 301. Also, to exemplify the equalizer circuit, it has above been stated that the first and second batteries 301, 302 are 12 volt batteries. However, the present invention is also applicable to voltage conversion systems using batteries of essentially any voltage.

Further, the voltage conversion system according to the present invention shown in figure 3b differs essentially from the embodiment shown in figure 3 a in that the converter 303 is a 24/12 V converter being connected over the series connected first and second batteries 301, 302. The converter 303 further has a converter input voltage Vein of 24 volt and a converter input current Icin , and produces a converter output voltage Vcout , having a 12 volt voltage level, and a converter output current Icout . Otherwise, the voltage conversion system

according to this embodiment has the same configuration as the voltage conversion system shown in figure 3 a.

In the embodiment shown in figure 3b, a current Ibattout is only lead from the first battery 301 to the voltage conversion system output 304 if the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout to be delivered by the voltage conversion system is higher than approximately the amplitude of the maximal converter output current, i.e. if Isysout > a * Ic(max)out , where a ~ 1. (For the 24/12V converter, a is here stated to be approximately equal to one, since it is difficult to give an exact value for a , due to the fact that this value varies with voltage and temperature.)

Determination of unbalance and restoring balance is, according to this embodiment, performed in accordance with what is described above for the embodiment shown in figure 3 a, but with the difference that unbalance occurs when the amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current Isysout to be delivered by the voltage conversion system is higher than approximately the amplitude of the maximal converter output current, i.e. if Isysout > a * Ic(maκ)out , where a ~ 1 .

Thus, a battery unbalance is determined to be present if the voltage conversion system output current is higher than approximately the amplitude of the maximal converter output current.

In this way, a very correct and efficient detection of unbalance between the batteries is achieved.

At least one of the certain first and second charging currents to be used for charging the first and the second battery 301 , 302, respectively, to restore battery balance are determined based on the amplitude of the charging currents which have been used for the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, during the period of time for which the first charging current IbI was smaller than the second charging current IbI . In particular, at least one of the first and the second charging current IbI , ϊbl to be used for charging the first and the second battery 301, 302, respectively, from one moment and on, is determined based on a difference in amplitude for the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 having been used for a time period before that moment in time.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, an amount of electrical charge Q to be supplied to the battery having had the smallest charging current during this period of time is determined by calculating an integral over the period of time for the difference in amplitude between the first and the second charging currents IbI , IbI , according to:

where t\ and t2 are moments in time for start and end, respectively, of the time period for which the voltage conversion system output current is higher than approximately the amplitude of the maximal converter output current, i.e. for which Isysout > a * Ic(m&x)out , where a ~ 1 . By this way of determining the electric charge Q to be transferred to the first battery, the battery balance is restored quickly.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, this electrical charge Q is transferred to the first battery by applying an essentially constant first charging current IbI to it. Therefore, a very efficient and predictable charging of the batteries is achieved.

Above, in connection with the embodiment of the present invention illustrated in figure 3b, the embodiment has for illustrative reasons been exemplified by the first and second battery being 12 volt batteries. However, as was stated above, the present invention is also applicable to voltage conversion systems using batteries having essentially any voltage.

Further, according to another embodiment of the present invention, the voltage conversion system output 304 is connected to the second battery 302. According to this embodiment, an unbalance in the charging levels of the first and the second battery 301, 302 is caused by a current Ibattout being lead from the second battery 302, such that the first and the second charging current IbI , IbI have differing amplitudes. Thus, the voltage conversion system output 304 is here connected such that the voltage conversion system output current Isysout is composed of the converter output current Icout and a current Ibattout flowing from the second battery 302, when an amplitude of the voltage conversion system output current is

higher than approximately twice the amplitude of the of the maximal converter output current, for the 12/12V converter configuration, or is higher than approximately the amplitude of the maximal converter output current, for the 24/12 V converter configuration . The first charging current IbI is here higher than the second charging current IbI during unbalance, i.e. Ibattout = IbI -IbL

For this embodiment, the determination of battery level unbalance as well as the determination of the first and the second charging current IbI , Ib2 to be used for restoring battery balance, are performed correspondingly to what was described above for the embodiments shown in figure 3a and 3b. However, for this embodiment, the balance is here restored by applying a second charging current IbI to the second battery 302 having a higher amplitude than the first charging current IbI being applied to the first battery 301.

Figure 4 shows a flow diagram for the basic method of the present invention, hi a first step of the method, it is determined if a battery unbalance is present in the voltage conversion system. This determination is performed based on the voltage conversion system output current Isysout . If there is no battery unbalance present, the method returns back to the starting point again. If there is battery unbalance present, the method proceeds to the second step of the method, hi the second step, a first charging current IbI is applied to the first battery and a second charging current Ib2 is applied to the second battery, where each of the first and the second charging current IbX , IbT. is different from the other, i.e. IbI ≠ IbT..

Further, the method of the invention can be implemented by a computer program, having code means, which when run in a computer causes the computer to execute the steps of the method. The computer program is included in a computer readable medium of a computer program product. The computer readable medium may consist of essentially any memory, such as a ROM (Read-Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable PROM), a Flash memory, an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM), or a hard disk drive.

Further, as is realized by a person skilled in the art, the methods and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to essentially any voltage supplying system supplying different levels of voltage for different loads. Such systems may be implemented in, for example, any type of

vehicles, vessels (such as boats and ships), and the like. This invention is not limited to the use of two 12 volt batteries. The present invention can, as is apparent to a skilled person, be implemented using essentially any number of batteries, where the batteries may have essentially any voltage. Thus, the method and apparatus according to the invention may be modified by those skilled in the art, as compared to the exemplary embodiments described above.