BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0001] This invention relates generally to photochromic articles and to methods for selectively controlling the color and/or tint of a photochromic article.

Technical Considerations

[0002] Various techniques are known for controlling the tint of optical articles. For example, electrochromic devices control optical properties, such as optical transmission and absorption, by electrochemical redox reactions via the application of an external voltage. Electrochromic devices are electrochromic cells in which two electrochromic layers are separated by an electrolytic layer. Electrodes on either side of the electrochromic layers apply an external voltage to cause the electrochemical redox reactions. The device remains activated as long as the external voltage is applied. While electrochromic devices provide the user with some control over the duration of activation, conventional electrochromic devices are characterized by relatively high expense, long switching times, short operating life, and a bulky frame that reduces aesthetic appeal.

[0003] Photochromic articles change to a predetermined tint when irradiated with actinic radiation of a particular wavelength. For example, conventional photochromic eyewear lenses become darker when exposed to sunlight and then bleach when the wearer moves indoors. Photochromic articles have the advantage of being less costly than electrochromic devices and also are not as bulky and aesthetically unappealing as electrochromic devices. However, the level of user control of the tint of photochromic articles is less than that for electrochromic devices. The level of tint of a photochromic article when activated is predetermined by the manufacturer and the user has little or no control over the amount of tinting.

[0004] Environmental factors, personal preference, aesthetics, or other conditions could cause the user of a photochromic article to desire a color and/or tint that varies from the predetermined manufactured specifications under particular ambient lighting conditions. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide a photochromic article and/or method for controlling the color and/or tint of a photochromic article. It also would be beneficial to provide a user with more control over the light management attributes of a photochromic article. For example, it would be desirable to provide a photochromic article for which the user could select the degree of tint and/or color regardless of ambient lighting conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] A photochromic article comprises a frame. A photochromic optical element is connected to the frame. At least one actinic radiation source is connected to the frame.

[0006] The photochromic optical element can have an edge and can be connected to the frame along at least a portion of the edge. The at least one actinic radiation source can be located adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the edge of the photochromic optical element. Additionally or alternatively, the at least one actinic radiation source can be spaced from the photochromic optical element and a waveguide can be configured to guide actinic radiation from the at least one actinic radiation source to the photochromic optical element.

[0007] A method of controlling the shading of a photochromic article, such as a photochromic optical element mounted in a frame, comprises the steps of directing actinic radiation from at least one actinic radiation source connected to the frame to the photochromic optical element; and controlling the at least one actinic radiation source.

[000S] A frame for a photochromic article comprises at least one opening. At least one actinic radiation source is located in and/or on the frame. The frame can be, for example, a frame front.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a photochromic article in the form of a photochromic eyewear;

[0010] Fig. 2 is a side, sectional view (not to scale) of the photochromic article of Fig. 1 taken along the line II-II of Fig. 1; and

[0011] Fig. 3 is a perspective view of another photochromic article in the form of a photochromic eyewear incorporating features of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0012] As used herein, the singular form of“a”,“an”, and“the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0013] Spatial or directional terms, such as“left”,“right”,“inner”,“outer”,“above” ,

“below”, and the like, relate to the invention as shown in the drawing figures and are not to be considered as limiting as the invention can assume various alternative orientations.

[0014] All numbers used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term“about”. By“about” is meant plus or minus twenty-five percent of the stated value, such as plus or minus ten percent of the stated value. However, this should not be considered as limiting to any analysis of the values under the doctrine of equivalents.

[0015] Unless otherwise indicated, all ranges or ratios disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges or subratios subsumed therein. For example, a stated range or ratio of“1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges or subratios between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges or subratios beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less.

[0016] The terms“first”,“second”, and the like are not intended to refer to any particular order or chronology, but instead refer to different conditions, properties, or elements.

[0017] All documents referred to herein are“incorporated by reference” in their entirety.

[0018] The term“at least” means“greater than or equal to”. The term“not greater than” means“less than or equal to”.

[0019] The term“adjacent” means proximate to but not in direct contact with.

[0020] The term“includes” is synonymous with“comprises”.

[0021] The term“optical” means pertaining to or associated with light and/or vision. For example, an optical element, article, or device can be chosen from ophthalmic elements, articles, and devices, display elements, articles, and devices, visors, windows, and mirrors.

[0022] The term“ophthalmic” means pertaining to or associated with the eye and vision.

Non-limiting examples of ophthalmic articles or elements include corrective and non-corrective lenses, including single vision or multi-vision lenses, which may be either segmented or non- segmented multi-vision lenses (such as, but not limited to, bifocal lenses, trifocal lenses, and progressive lenses), as well as other elements used to correct, protect, or enhance (cosmetically or otherwise) vision, including, without limitation, contact lenses, intra-ocular lenses, magnifying lenses, and protective lenses or visors.

[0023] As used herein, the terms“lens” and“lenses” mean and encompass at least individual lenses, lens pairs, partially formed (or semi-finished) lenses, fully formed (or finished) lenses, and lens blanks.

[0024] As used herein, the term“transparent”, such as used in connection with a substrate, film, material, and/or coating, means that the indicated substrate (such as coating, film and/or material) has the property of transmitting light without appreciable scattering so that objects lying beyond are visibly observable.

[0025] As used herein, the term“coating” means a supported film derived from a flowable coating material, which can optionally have a uniform thickness, and specifically excludes polymeric sheets. The terms“layer” and“film” each encompass both coatings (such as a coating layer or a coating film) and sheets, and a layer can include a combination of separate layers, including sub-layers and/or over-layers. The verb“coating” means, within appropriate context, the process of applying a coating material (or materials) to the substrate to form a coating (or coating layer).

[0026] As used herein, the terms“cure”,“cured”, and related terms mean that at least a portion of the polymerizable and/or crosslinkable components that form a curable composition are at least partially polymerized and/or crosslinked. The degree of crosslinking can range from 5% to 100% of complete crosslinking. For example, the degree of crosslinking can range from 30% to 95%, such as 35% to 95%, or 50% to 95%, or 50% to 85% of complete crosslinking. The degree of crosslinking can range between any combination of these recited lower and upper values, inclusive of the recited values.

[0027] As used herein, the term“ophthalmic substrate” means lenses, partially formed lenses, and lens blanks.

[0028] As used herein, the term“photochromic optical element” means a substrate having at least one photochromic material located over at least a portion of the substrate and/or incorporated into the substrate.

[0029] As used herein, the term“display” means the visible or machine -readable representation of information in words, numbers, symbols, designs or drawings. Non-limiting examples of display elements, articles and devices include screens and monitors. [0030] As used herein, the term“polymer” means homopolymers (e.g., prepared from a single monomer species), copolymers (e.g., prepared from at least two monomer species), and graft polymers.

[0031] As used herein, the term“actinic radiation” and similar terms, such as“actinic light” means electromagnetic radiation that is capable of causing a response in a material, such as, but not limited to, transforming a photochromic compound or a photochromic-dichroic compound from one form or state to another form or state.

[0032] As used herein, the term “photochromic” and similar terms, such as

“photochromic compound” and“photochromic coating compound”, means having an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that varies in response to the absorption of at least actinic radiation.

[0033] As used herein, the terms “photochromic compound”, “photochromic composition”, and “photochromic coating composition” include thermally reversible photochromic compounds and non-thermally reversible photochromic compounds.

[0034] The term “thermally reversible photochromic compounds/materials” means compounds/materials capable of converting from a first state to a second state in response to actinic radiation, and reverting back to the first state in response to thermal energy.

[0035] The term“non-thermally reversible photochromic compounds/materials” means compounds/materials capable of converting from a first state to a second state in response to actinic radiation, and reverting back to the first state in response to deactivation radiation of one or more wavelengths.

[0036] As used herein, the term“dichroic” means capable of absorbing one of two orthogonal plane polarized components of at least transmitted radiation more strongly than the other.

[0037] As used herein, the term“photochromic-dichroic” and similar terms, such as

“photochromic-dichroic compound”, means possessing and/or providing both photochromic properties (i.e., having an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that varies in response to at least actinic radiation), and dichroic properties (i.e., capable of absorbing one of two orthogonal plane polarized components of at least transmitted radiation more strongly than the other). [0038] As used herein, the term“photochromic material” means any substance that is adapted to display photochromic properties (i.e., adapted to have an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that varies in response to absorption of at least actinic radiation). For example, the photochromic material can include at least one photochromic compound and/or at least one photochromic-dichroic compound.

[0039] As used herein to modify the term“state”, the terms“first” and“second” are not intended to refer to any particular order or chronology, but instead refer to two different conditions or properties. For purposes of non-limiting illustration, the first state and the second state of a photochromic compound/material can differ with respect to at least one optical property, such as but not limited to the absorption of visible and/or UV radiation. Thus, the photochromic compound/material can have a different absorption spectrum in each of the first and second states. For example, the photochromic compound/material can be clear in the first state and colored in the second state. Alternatively, the photochromic compound/material can have a first color in the first state and a second color in the second state.

[0040] All ranges disclosed herein encompass the beginning and ending range values and any and all subranges subsumed therein. The ranges disclosed herein represent the average values over the specified range.

[0041] With respect to coating layers or films, the term“over” means farther from the substrate (or base layer) on which the coating layer or film under discussion is located. For example, a second layer located“over” a first layer means that the second layer is located farther from the substrate (or base layer) than is the first layer. The second layer can be in direct contact with the first layer. Alternatively, one or more other layers can be located between the first layer and the second layer.

[0042] As used herein, the term“UV” means ultraviolet, such as ultraviolet radiation.

The terms“ultraviolet radiation” or“ultraviolet light” mean electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to less than 380 nm.

[0043] The terms“visible radiation” or“visible light” mean electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 780 nm.

[0044] As used herein, the term“IR” means infrared, such as infrared radiation. The term“infrared radiation” means electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of greater than 780 nm to 100,000 nm. [0045] The term“curable” means a material capable of polymerizing or crosslinking.

By“cured” is meant that the material is at least partly polymerized or crosslinked, preferably fully polymerized or crosslinked.

[0046] The discussion of the invention may describe certain features as being

“particularly” or“preferably” within certain limitations (e.g.,“preferably”,“more preferably”, or“even more preferably”, within certain limitations). It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these particular or preferred limitations but encompasses the entire scope of the disclosure.

[0047] The invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of, the following aspects of the invention, in any combination. Various aspects of the invention are illustrated in separate drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that this is simply for ease of illustration and discussion. In the practice of the invention, one or more aspects of the invention shown in one drawing figure can be combined with one or more aspects of the invention shown in one or more of the other drawing figures.

[0048] The invention will be described with respect to a photochromic article in the form of a photochromic eyewear. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to photochromic eyewear but could be practiced with various photochromic articles, such as optical articles, ophthalmic articles or elements, display articles or elements, visors, windows, mirrors, and office dividers. Examples of ophthalmic articles or elements include corrective and non corrective lenses, including single vision or multi-vision lenses, which can be either segmented or non-segmented multi-vision lenses (such as, but not limited to, bifocal lenses, trifocal lenses, and progressive lenses), as well as other elements used to correct, protect, or enhance (cosmetically or otherwise) vision, including, without limitation, contact lenses, intra-ocular lenses, magnifying lenses, and protective lenses or visors. Examples of display articles, elements and devices include screens, monitors, and security elements, including, without limitation, security marks and authentication marks. Examples of windows include automotive and aircraft transparencies, filters, shutters, and optical switches.

[0049] An exemplary photochromic article 10 in the form of a photochromic eyewear

12 is shown in Fig. 1. The photochromic article 10 includes a frame 14. The frame 14 includes at least one opening having an inner sidewall. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the frame 14 is in the form of a frame front 70 having a bridge 72, a first opening 16, and a second opening 18. The first and second openings 16, 18 have an inner sidewall 74. The frame 14 may be provided in various shapes.

[0050] A pair of temples 20 is connected to the frame front 70. The temples 20 have a first end 22 connected to the frame front 70 and a second end 24 spaced from the first end 22. The first ends 22 may be movably (e.g., by hinges) connected to the frame front 70 or rigidly connected to the frame front 70. The second ends 24 of the temples 20 can have a curve, bend, or the like to accept a user’s ear when worn. Alternatively, the temples 20 also may be straight. The frame 14 and/or the temples 20 may be made of any conventional material, such as polymers, plastics, or metals.

[0051] The photochromic article 10 includes at least one photochromic optical element

26. In the photochromic eyewear 12 in Fig. 1, the at least one photochromic optical element 26 is in the form of a first photochromic lens 28 located in the first opening 16 and a second photochromic lens 30 located in the second opening 18.

[0052] In the photochromic eyewear 12 illustrated in Fig. 1 , one or more actinic radiation sources 32 are located on or in the photochromic eyewear 12. For example, the actinic radiation sources 32 can be located in or on the frame 14, such as in or on the frame front 70, and/or in or on the temples 20. The actinic radiation sources 32 can be located adjacent at least a portion of the optical element 26, such as the first and second photochromic lenses 28, 30. For example, one or more of the actinic radiation sources 32 can be located adjacent a peripheral edge of the optical element 26, such as the photochromic lenses 28, 30. Alternatively, one or more of the actinic radiation sources 32 can be located in direct contact with at least a portion of the optical element 26, such as the peripheral edge of the photochromic lenses 28, 30. Examples of actinic radiation sources 32 include light-emitting diodes. Examples of light-emitting diodes include micro light-emitting diodes, nano light emitting diodes, and pico light-emitting diodes. The actinic radiation sources 32 can emit radiation in a selected region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, the actinic radiation sources 32 can emit one or more wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths of UV light, visible light, or UV light and visible light. All of the actinic radiation sources 32 can emit the same wavelength or range of wavelengths of actinic radiation. Alternatively, one or more of the actinic radiation sources 32 can emit a first wavelength or range of wavelengths of actinic radiation and one or more other actinic radiation sources 32 can emit a second wavelength or range of wavelengths of actinic radiation. For example, the actinic radiation can emit one or more wavelengths of UV light.

[0053] The photochromic article 10 includes a control device 34 operatively linked to the actinic radiation sources 32. For example, the control device 34 can comprise a control knob 36 linked to a controller 38. The controller 38 can include control circuitry configured to control the actinic radiation sources 32. The controller 38 can include a Bluetooth connection to allow the controller 38 to interface with an external device having a computer-readable storage medium capable of storing computer-readable program code or instructions that cause the control device 34 to execute, configure, or otherwise implement the methods, processes, and transformational data manipulations discussed herein. The external device may be in the form of a personal computer, a personal digital assistant, a portable computer, a laptop, a palmtop, a mobile device, a mobile telephone, a server, or any other type of computing device having the necessary processing hardware to appropriately process data to effectively implement the presently-invented computer-implemented method and system. The link between the control device 34 and the external device can be a wireless connection.

[0054] The photochromic article 10 includes a power supply 40 connected to the actinic radiation sources 32. The power supply 40 can be, for example, a battery, a capacitor, or a solar panel. The power supply 40 can be located in a compartment in one of the temples 20. Alternatively, the power supply 40 can be attached to the frame 14. In the illustrated example, the power supply 40 is configured as a battery that can be placed in a battery compartment 42 in one of the temples 20 and secured with a cover 44. The components of the photochromic article 10, such as the power supply 40, the actinic radiation sources 32, and the control device 34, can be connected by one or more wires 45.

[0055] Fig. 2 illustrates a photochromic optical element 26 located in the frame 14. The photochromic optical element 26 is in the form of a photochromic lens 28. The photochromic optical element 26 includes an optical substrate 46. The optical substrate 46 has an outer surface 48, an inner surface 50, and a peripheral edge 52. The outer surface 48 generally defines an overall outer physical shape of the optical substrate 46. At least a portion of the outer surface 48 of the optical substrate 46 may have a concave surface, a convex surface, or a planar surface, or a combination of one or more of convex, concave, and planar surface. [0056] As shown in Fig. 2, the inner sidewall 74 of the first opening 16 can include a recess 76 or a plurality of recesses 76. In the example shown in Fig. 2, the recess 76 is illustrated as a groove formed in at least a portion of the inner sidewall 74. The at least one actinic radiation source 32 can be located in the recess 76, such as in the groove. As will be appreciated from Fig. 2, when the photochromic optical element 26 is located in the frame 14, the at least one actinic radiation source 32 can be located adjacent to or in direct contact with the peripheral edge 52 of the photochromic optical element 26, e.g., the optical substrate 46.

[0057] The optical substrate 46 can be formed from and correspondingly include organic materials, inorganic materials, or combinations thereof (for example, composite materials). Examples of organic materials that can be used as optical substrates include polymeric materials, such as homopolymers and copolymers, prepared from the monomers and mixtures of monomers disclosed in U.S. PatentNo. 5,962,617 and in U.S. PatentNo. 5,658,501 from column 15, line 28 to column 16, line 17. For example, such polymeric materials can be thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric materials, can be transparent or optically clear, and can have any refractive index required. Examples of such monomers and polymers include polyol(allyl carbonate) monomers, e.g., allyl diglycol carbonates such as diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), which monomer is sold under the trademark CR-39 by PPG Industries, Inc.; polyurea-polyurethane (polyurea-urethane) polymers, which are prepared, for example, by the reaction of a polyurethane prepolymer and a diamine curing agent, a composition for one such polymer being sold under the trademark TRIVEX by PPG Industries, Inc.; polyol(meth)acryloyl terminated carbonate monomer; diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers; ethoxylated phenol methacrylate monomers; diisopropenyl benzene monomers; ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers; ethylene glycol bismethacrylate monomers; poly(ethylene glycol) bismethacrylate monomers; urethane acrylate monomers; poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate); poly(vinyl acetate); poly(vinyl alcohol); poly(vinyl chloride); poly(vinylidene chloride); polyethylene; polypropylene; polyurethanes; polythiourethanes; thermoplastic polycarbonates, such as the carbonate-linked resin derived from bisphenol A and phosgene, one such material being sold under the trademark LEXAN; polyesters, such as the material sold under the trademark MYLAR; poly(ethylene terephthalate); polyvinyl butyral; poly(methyl methacrylate), such as the material sold under the trademark PLEXIGLAS, and polymers prepared by reacting polyfunctional isocyanates with polythiols or polyepisulfide monomers, either homopolymerized or co- and/or terpolymerized with polythiols, polyisocyanates, and polyisothiocyanates; and optionally ethylenically unsaturated monomers or halogenated aromatic-containing vinyl monomers. Also contemplated are copolymers of such monomers and blends of the described polymers and copolymers with other polymers, for example, to form block copolymers or interpenetrating network products.

[0058] The optical substrate 46 can include untinted, tinted, linearly polarizing, circularly polarizing, elliptically polarizing, photochromic, or tinted-photochromic substrates. As used herein with reference to optical substrates, the term“untinted” means optical substrates that are essentially free of coloring agent additions (such as conventional dyes) and have an absorption spectrum for visible radiation that does not vary significantly in response to actinic radiation. Further, with reference to optical substrates, the term“tinted” means substrates that have a coloring agent addition (such as conventional dyes) and an absorption spectrum for visible radiation that does not vary significantly in response to actinic radiation.

[0059] The optical substrate 46 may include an inorganic material, an organic polymeric material, and combinations thereof. The optical substrate 46 can be an ophthalmic substrate. Non-limiting examples of organic materials suitable for use in forming ophthalmic substrates include, but are not limited to, the art-recognized polymers that are useful as ophthalmic substrates, such as organic optical resins that are used to prepare optically clear castings for optical applications, such as ophthalmic lenses.

[0060] Non-limiting examples of inorganic materials suitable for use in forming the optical substrate 46 include glasses, such as silica-based glasses, minerals, ceramics, and metals. For example, the optical substrate 46 can include glass.

[0061] The photochromic optical element 26 can include one or more photochromic materials. For example, the photochromic materials can include one or more photochromic compounds and/or one or more photochromic-dichroic compounds. The photochromic materials can be incorporated into the optical substrate 46 and/or can be present in one or more coating layers formed over the optical substrate 46. In the illustrated example, the photochromic optical element 26 includes a photochromic layer 54 over at least a portion of the outer surface 48 of the optical substrate 46. The photochromic layer 54 may be optically clear (without a color hue), or it may have a desired color hue. The photochromic layer 54 optionally can include a static dye. [0062] The photochromic layer 54 may be formed over the entire outer surface 48 of the optical substrate 46. The photochromic layer 54 may be applied over at least a portion of the outer surface 48 of the optical substrate 46 as a mixture of at least two coating compositions using an ultrasonic discharge nozzle of a coating apparatus.

[0063] Coating compositions that can be used to form the photochromic layer 54 (and other coating layers discussed below) can include a curable resin composition, and, optionally, a solvent. The coating compositions can be in the form of art-recognized liquid coating compositions and powder coating compositions. The coating compositions can be thermoplastic, radiation curable such as by ultraviolet radiation or electron beam, or thermosetting coating compositions. For example, the coating compositions can be selected from curable or thermosetting coating compositions.

[0064] Examples of curable resin compositions that can be used with the curable coating compositions include, but are not limited to, curable resin compositions that include an epoxide functional polymer, such as (meth)acrylic polymers containing residues of glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and an epoxide reactive crosslinking agent (e.g., containing active hydrogens, such as hydroxyls, thiols and amines); curable resin compositions that include active hydrogen functional polymer, such as hydroxy functional polymer, and capped (or blocked) isocyanate functional crosslinking agent; curable resin compositions that include active hydrogen functional polymer, such as hydroxy functional polymer, and melamine crosslinking agent; curable polysiloxane coating compositions; and radiation curable compositions that include acrylic functional monomers. Further examples of curable coating compositions are those described below as art-recognized hard coat materials. Other examples of coating compositions are disclosed in publications WO 2016/144333, particularly at paragraphs [0026]-[0040]; WO 2016/142496, particularly at paragraphs [0174]-[0193]; and WO 2016/144332, particularly at paragraphs [00l8]-[0033]

[0065] Curable coating compositions that include a hydroxy functional polymer and a capped isocyanate functional crosslinking agent that can be used to form a photochromic layer 54 typically have present therein hydroxy functional polymer in an amount of from 55 percent to 95 percent by weight, based on total resin solids weight of the composition, e.g., from 75 percent to 90 percent by weight, based on total resin solids weight of the composition. The capped isocyanate functional crosslinking agent is typically present in the curable resin composition in an amount corresponding to the balance of these recited ranges, i.e., 5 to 45, particularly 10 to 25, percent by weight.

[0066] With the curable urethane resin compositions that can be used to form the photochromic layer 54, the equivalent ratio of isocyanate equivalents in the capped isocyanate crosslinking agent to hydroxy equivalents in the hydroxy functional polymer is typically within the range of 1 :3 to 50: 1, e.g., 1 :2 to 20:1. Curable coating compositions that include hydroxy functional polymer and capped isocyanate functional crosslinking agent are typically cured at a temperature of from l20°C to l90°C over a period of from 10 to 60 minutes.

[0067] The curable resin composition of the curable coating compositions can include a first reactant (or component) having functional groups, and a second reactant (or component) that is a crosslinking agent having functional groups that are reactive towards and that can form covalent bonds with the functional groups of the first reactant. In some examples, the first coating composition comprises one or more first reactive groups selected from isocyanate and epoxy, while the one or more additional coating compositions comprise a second reactive group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, thiol, primary amine, secondary amine, carbamate, and carboxylic acid. In other examples, the first coating composition comprises an isocyanate first reactive group, and the one or more additional coating compositions comprise a hydroxyl second reactive group. In further examples, the first coating composition comprises an epoxy first reactive group, and the one or more additional coating compositions comprise a carboxylic acid second reactive group. The coating composition comprising the first coating composition and the one or more additional coating compositions may have a ratio between 0.3 : 1 and 50: 1 of the first reactive group in the first coating composition and the second reactive group in the one or more additional coating compositions. The first and second reactants of the curable resin composition can each independently include one or more functional species, and are each present in amounts sufficient to provide cured coatings having a desirable combination of physical properties, e.g., smoothness, optical clarity, solvent resistance and hardness.

[0068] Coating compositions that can be used to form the photochromic layer 54 and one or more of the additional coating layers can, optionally, further include a solvent. Examples of suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, acetates, alcohols, ketones, glycols, ethers, aliphatics, cycloaliphatics, and aromatics. Examples of acetates include, but are not limited to, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and glycol acetate. Examples of ketones include, but are not limited to, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl-N-amyl ketone. Examples of aromatics include, but are not limited to, toluene, naphthalene, and xylene. In an example, one or more solvents are added to each of the first reactant and the second reactant. Suitable solvent blends can include, for example, one or more acetates, propanol and its derivatives, one or more ketones, one or more alcohols and/or one or more aromatics. If present, the solvent is typically present in an amount of from 5 to 60 percent by weight, or 5 to 40 percent by weight, or 10 to 25 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the coating composition (inclusive of the solvent weight).

[0069] The curable resin composition of the coating compositions that can be used to form the photochromic layer 54 and one or more additional coating layers can be a curable urethane (or polyurethane) resin composition. Curable urethane resin compositions useful in forming one or more layers of the first coating layer and one or more additional coating layers include: an active hydrogen functional polymer, such as a hydroxy functional polymer; and a capped (or blocked) isocyanate functional crosslinking agent. Hydroxy functional polymers that can be used in such compositions include, but are not limited to, art-recognized hydroxy functional vinyl polymers, hydroxy functional polyesters, hydroxy functional polyurethanes, and mixtures thereof.

[0070] The photochromic materials that can be present in the optical substrate 46 and/or the photochromic layer 54 can include, but are not limited to,“conventional photochromic compounds”. As used herein, the term“conventional photochromic compound” includes both thermally reversible and non-thermally reversible (or photo-reversible) photochromic compounds. Generally, although not limiting herein, when two or more conventional photochromic compounds are used in combination with each other, the various compounds can be chosen to complement one another to produce a desired color or hue. For example, mixtures of photochromic compounds can be used according to certain non-limiting examples disclosed herein to attain certain activated colors, such as a near neutral gray or near neutral brown. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,645,767, particularly at column 12, line 66 to column 13, line 19, which describes the parameters that define neutral gray and brown colors.

[0071] Examples of photochromic compounds that can be used include, but are not limited to, indeno-fused naphthopyrans, naphtho[l,2-b]pyrans, naphtho[2,l-b]pyrans, spiro fluoroeno[l,2-b]pyrans, phenanthropyrans, quinolinopyrans, fluoroanthenopyrans, spiropyrans, benzoxazines, naphthoxazines, spiro(indoline)naphthoxazines, spiro(indoline)pyridobenzoxazines, spiro(indoline)fluoranthenoxazines, spiro(indoline)quinoxazines, fulgides, fulgimides, diarylethenes, diarylalkylethenes, diarylalkenylethenes, thermally reversible photochromic compounds, non-thermally reversible photochromic compounds, and mixtures thereof.

[0072] Further examples of photochromic compounds can be selected from certain indeno-fused naphthopyran compounds, such as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,296,785, particularly at column 3, lines 66 through column 10, line 51.

[0073] The photochromic material can be or can include a photochromic-dichroic compound. Photochromic-dichroic compounds typically have a photochromic group (P) and at least one lengthening agent or group (L) covalently bonded to the photochromic group. The photochromic groups of the photochromic-dichroic compounds can be selected from those classes and examples as described previously with regard to the photochromic compounds, such as pyrans, oxazines, fulgides, and indeno-fused naphthopyrans. Examples of photochromic- dichroic compounds include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,256,921 B2 at column 19, line 3 through column 22, line 46. Examples of lengthening groups (L) and photochromic groups (P) include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,256,921 B2 at column 22, line 47 through column 35, line 27. Other examples of photochromic-dichroic compounds are disclosed in publication WO 2014/043023, particularly at paragraphs [0104]-[0106]

[0074] The photochromic materials that can be present in the photochromic layer 54 can be covalently bonded to the matrix, such as the organic matrix, of the photochromic layer 54. The photochromic materials can include one or more reactive groups, such as one or more polymerizable groups. For example, the photochromic materials can be selected from 2H-naphtho[l,2-b]pyrans, 3H-naphtho[2,l-b]pyrans and/or indeno-fused naphthopyrans each having at least one functional group that is capable of forming a covalent bond with another functional group, such as at least one polymerizable group, such as at least one polyalkoxylated substituent of from 1 to 50 alkoxy units per substituent which is end-capped (or terminated) with a polymerizable group. Examples of such photochromic materials include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6, 113,814, particularly at column 2, line 52 through column 8, line 40. Examples of photochromic coating compositions are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,187,444; 6,218,055; 7,452,611; and 7,410,691. [0075] The photochromic materials can be introduced into a particular film, layer, or the optical substrate in accordance with art-recognized methods. Such art-recognized methods include, but are not limited to, imbibition, and incorporating the photochromic materials into a composition from which the particular film, layer or optical substrate is prepared.

[0076] The photochromic materials can be present in the photochromic layer 54 and/or the optical substrate 46, in amounts (or ratios) such that the photochromic optical element 26 exhibits desired optical properties. For purposes of non-limiting illustration, the amount and types of photochromic materials can be selected such that the photochromic optical element 26 is clear or colorless when the photochromic materials are in the closed- form (e.g., in the bleached or inactivated state), and can exhibit a desired resultant color when the photochromic materials are in the open-form (e.g., when activated by actinic radiation). Alternatively, the photochromic materials can be colored or tinted in the first state and clear or colorless in the second state. The precise amount of the photochromic materials that are utilized is not critical, provided that a sufficient amount is used to produce the desired effect. The particular amount of the photochromic materials used can depend on a variety of factors, such as but not limited to, the absorption characteristics of the photochromic materials, the color and intensity of the color desired upon activation, and the method used to incorporate the photochromic materials into a particular layer. Although not limiting herein, the amount of the photochromic materials that are incorporated into the photochromic layer 54 can range from 0.01 to 40 weight percent, such as from 0.05 to 15 weight percent, such as from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on the weight of the layer. The same amounts and ranges are applicable with regard to the amount of the photochromic materials that are alternatively or additionally incorporated into the optical substrate 46.

[0077] The photochromic layer 54 and/or the optical substrate 46 may include nanostructures. For example, the nanostructures can comprise microfibers, nanofibers, and/or nanotubes. Examples of nanostructures include single-wall nanotubes and multi-wall nanotubes. For example, the nanostructures can comprise single -wall or multi-wall carbon nanotubes or single -wall or multi-wall conjugated polymers. Other examples of nanostructures include one dimensional or quasi-dimensional nanostructures. This class of materials includes organic and inorganic nano-objects with anisotropic shapes, for example, nano wires, nanorods, nanoribbons, and nanofibers. For example, the nanostructures can include electrospun conjugated polymer nanofibers. It is believed that the nanostructures will enhance the depth of penetration of the actinic radiation into the photochromic layer 54 and/or the optical substrate 46. For example, the nanostructures can provide pathways to guide and/or diffuse the actinic radiation into the photochromic layer 54 and/or the optical substrate 46.

[0078] The photochromic materials can be thermally reversible. However, the lens wearer can compensate for the thermal reversal by keeping the power supply 40 activated. The actinic radiation will continue to travel to the photochromic material which will remain activated. Non-thermally reversible photochromic materials can also be used.

[0079] The photochromic optical element 26 further can include one or more regions or layers comprising UV absorbers. The illustrated example includes an optional inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 and/or an optional outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58.

[0080] The inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 can include a coating composition as described above. Additionally, the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 can include one or more materials that reflect or absorb actinic radiation that has passed through the optical substrate 46. For example, if the actinic radiation comprises UV radiation, the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 can include one or more UV blockers. Examples of useful UV blockers include antioxidants and UV light absorbers including those available commercially from BASF under the trademarks IRGANOX and TINUVIN. These optional additives, when used, are typically present in amounts up to 10 percent by weight (e.g., from 0.05 to 5 percent by weight), based on total weight of resin solids of the curable resin composition. Other examples of commercially available UV light absorbers include the BLS family of UV absorbers commercially available from Mayzo, Inc. and the Hostavin family of UV absorbers commercially available from Clariant Inc. Other UV absorbers include benzophenones, benzotriazoles, and bisphylenes.

[0081] The optional outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 can be located over the photochromic layer 54. The outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 can include any of the components described above with respect to the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56.

[0082] Fig. 2 is simply one example of a photochromic optical element 26 that can be used with the invention. For example, the photochromic layer 54 can be eliminated and the photochromic material incorporated into the optical substrate 46 itself by methods well known in the art. [0083] The actinic radiation absorbing material can be incorporated into one or more layers on the optical substrate 46, such as the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 and/or the outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58. Alternatively, the radiation absorbing material can be imbibed into the optical substrate 46.

[0084] The photochromic optical element 26 optionally can include one or more layers in addition to the photochromic layer 54 and one or more of the optional UV attenuating layers 56, 58. Examples of such additional layers include, but are not limited to, primer coatings and films; protective coatings and films, including transitional coatings and films and abrasion resistant coatings and films; anti-reflective coatings and films; polarizing coatings and films; and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term“protective coating or film” refers to coatings or films that can prevent wear or abrasion, provide a transition in properties from one coating or film to another, protect against the effects of polymerization reaction chemicals, and/or protect against deterioration due to environmental conditions, such as moisture, heat, ultraviolet light, oxygen, etc.

[0085] As used herein, the term“transitional coating and film” means a coating or film that aids in creating a gradient in properties between two coatings or films, or a coating and a film. For example, although not limiting herein, a transitional coating can aid in creating a gradient in hardness between a relatively hard coating and a relatively soft coating. Non-limiting examples of transitional coatings include radiation-cured, acrylate -based thin films as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,452,611 B2.

[0086] As used herein, the term “abrasion-resistant coating and film” refers to a protective polymeric material that demonstrates a resistance to abrasion that is greater than a standard reference material, e.g., a polymer made of CR-39 ^® monomer available from PPG Industries, Inc., as tested in a method comparable to ASTM F-735 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Transparent Plastics and Coatings Using the Oscillating Sand Method. Non-limiting examples of abrasion-resistant coatings include, for example, abrasion-resistant coatings comprising organosilanes, organosiloxanes, abrasion-resistant coatings based on inorganic materials such as silica, titania and/or zirconia, organic abrasion-resistant coatings of the type that are ultraviolet light curable, oxygen barrier coatings, UV-shielding coatings, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of commercial hard coating products include CRYSTALCOAT™ 124 and HI-GARD® coatings, available from SDC Coatings, Inc. and PPG Industries, Inc., respectively.

[0087] The abrasion-resistant coating or film (or hard coat layer) can be selected from art-recognized hard coat materials, such as organo-silane abrasion-resistant coatings. Organo- silane abrasion-resistant coatings, often referred to as hard coats or silicone -based hard coatings, are well known in the art, and are commercially available from various manufacturers, such as SDC Coatings, Inc. and PPG Industries, Inc. Reference is made to U.S. Patent No. 4,756,973, particularly at column 5, lines 1-45; and to U.S. Patent No. 5,462,806, particularly at column 1, lines 58 through column 2, line 8, and column 3, line 52 through column 5, line 50, which disclosures describe organo-silane hard coatings. Reference is also made to U.S. Patent Nos. 4,731,264, 5,134,191, 5,231,156, and International Patent Publication No. WO 94/20581 for disclosures of organo-silane hard coatings. The hard coat layer can be applied by art- recognized coating methods such as, but not limited to, roll coating, spray coating, curtain coating, and spin coating.

[0088] Non-limiting examples of antireflective coatings and films include a monolayer, multilayer or film of metal oxides, metal fluorides, or other such materials, which can be deposited onto the articles disclosed herein (or onto films that are applied to the articles), for example, through vacuum deposition, sputtering, etc. Non-limiting examples of conventional photochromic coatings and films include, but are not limited to, coatings and films comprising conventional photochromic materials.

[0089] Fig. 3 illustrates another example of a photochromic article 10 in the form of photochromic eyewear 12. In this example, the photochromic eyewear 12 includes at least one actinic radiation source 32. The at least one actinic radiation source 32 is spaced from the inner sidewall 74 of the at least one opening 16, 18. Thus, the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is spaced from the first and second photochromic lenses 28, 30. When the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is activated, actinic radiation from the actinic radiation source 32 is directed to the photochromic lenses 28, 30 through at least one waveguide 60. One end of the waveguide 60 can be operatively connected to the actinic radiation source 32. The other end of the waveguide 60 can be located adjacent to or in direct contact with the photochromic optical element 26. For example, the waveguides 60 can comprise optical fibers. For example, the waveguide 60 can comprise a hollow conduit formed in the frame 14.

[0090] As will be appreciated, the invention is not limited to use with photochromic eyewear 12. For example, the photochromic article 10 could be in the form of an architectural window. The window could include a photochromic optical element 26, for example, an optical substrate 46 comprising a glass ply. A photochromic layer 54 can be located over a surface of the glass ply, for example, over the outer surface of the glass ply. Optionally, an inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 and/or an outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 may be present. The glass ply can be held in a frame 14, such as an architectural window frame.

[0091] Operation of the photochromic article 10 illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 will now be described.

[0092] A user activates the control device 34 by turning or adjusting the control knob 36 to supply electrical power from the power supply 40 to the actinic radiation sources 32. The actinic radiation sources 32 direct actinic radiation into the photochromic material, e.g., in the photochromic layer 54, thus activating the photochromic material to cause the photochromic layer 54 to change tint or color. The user can select a desired tint and/or color by controlling the energizing time of the actinic radiation sources 32 and/or the level of actinic radiation emitted by the actinic radiation sources 32. The inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 reduces or prevents the actinic radiation, such as UV light, from passing through to the user’s eye. The outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58, if present, prevents the photochromic material, whether incorporated into a photochromic layer 54 or the optical substrate 46, from being activated by ambient actinic radiation, such as sunlight. This would afford the user with more control over the degree of tint and/or color of the photochromic optical element 26.

[0093] The actinic radiation sources 32 can all emit the same wavelength of actinic radiation or some actinic radiation sources 32 can emit one wavelength of actinic radiation while other actinic radiation sources 32 can emit a different wavelength of actinic radiation. This can allow the user more control over the resultant tint and/or color of the photochromic optical element 26. For example, the photochromic layer 54 (or optical substrate 46) can include a first photochromic material having a first activation wavelength and a second photochromic material having a second activation wavelength. One or more of the actinic radiation sources 32 can emit radiation of the first activation wavelength and one or more of the other actinic radiation sources 32 can emit radiation of the second activation wavelength. By controlling the emission time and/or intensity of the first actinic radiation sources 32 with respect to that of the second actinic radiation sources 32, the level of activation of the first photochromic material with respect to the level of activation of the second photochromic material can be controlled. This difference in activation of the photochromic materials can be used to selectively control the resultant color and/or tint of the photochromic optical element 26.

[0094] The actinic radiation sources 32 can be activated to form a gradient tint and/or color on the photochromic optical element 26. For example, the actinic radiation sources 32 on the upper side of the photochromic optical element 26 can be activated for a longer time and/or at a higher intensity than the actinic radiation sources 32 on the lower side of the photochromic optical element 32. This would cause a gradient in tint and/or color between the upper portion of the photochromic optical element 26 and the lower portion of the photochromic optical element 26.

[0095] The photochromic article 10 in Fig. 3 would operate in similar manner as described above. For example, a user activates the control device 34 by adjusting or turning the control knob 36 to supply electrical power from the power supply 40 to the actinic radiation sources 32. The actinic radiation sources 32 emit actinic radiation, which travels through the waveguides 60 to the photochromic material, e.g., in the photochromic layer 54, thus activating the photochromic material to cause the photochromic layer 54 to change tint or color. The user can select a desired tint and/or color by controlling the energizing time of the actinic radiation sources 32 and/or the level of actinic radiation emitted by the actinic radiation sources 32.

[0096] Additionally or alternatively, in a photochromic article 10 have a plurality of photochromic optical elements 26, one or more of the photochromic optical elements 26 can be linked to one control device 34 and one or more other of the photochromic optical elements 26 can be linked to a different control device 34. For example, in a photochromic eyewear 12 having a first photochromic lens 28 and a second photochromic lens 30, one control device 34 can be used to control the at least one actinic radiation source 32 associated with the first photochromic lens 28 and a separate control device 34 can be used to control the at least one actinic radiation source 32 associated with the second photochromic lens 30.

[0097] The invention can be further characterized in the following numbered clauses. [0098] Clause 1. A photochromic article 10 comprises a frame 14; at least one photochromic optical element 26 mounted in the frame 14, the photochromic optical element 26 comprising an optical substrate 46 having an outer surface 48, an inner surface 50, and an edge 52; and at least one actinic radiation source 32 connected to the frame 14.

[0099] Clause 2. The photochromic article 10 of clause 1, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 is connected to the frame 14 along at least a portion of the edge 52.

[0100] Clause 3. The photochromic article 10 of clauses 1 or 2, including a control device 34 operatively linked to the at least one actinic radiation source 32.

[0101] Clause 4. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 3, further including a power supply 40 connected to the at least one actinic radiation source 32, preferably the power supply 40 comprises a battery.

[0102] Clause 5. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the photochromic article 10 is selected from the group consisting of ophthalmic articles, display articles, and architectural articles, such as eyewear, architectural windows, vehicle windows, display screens, and dividers.

[0103] Clause 6. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 5, comprising at least one of an inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 over the inner surface 50 and an outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 over the outer surface 48.

[0104] Clause 7. The photochromic article 10 of clause 6, wherein the outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 and/or the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 is selected from the group consisting of an actinic radiation absorbing layer and an actinic radiation reflecting layer.

[0105] Clause 8. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic material.

[0106] Clause 9. The photochromic article 10 of clause 8, wherein the at least one photochromic material comprises at least one of a photochromic compound and a photochromic- dichroic compound.

[0107] Clause 10. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises a first photochromic material and a second photochromic material, wherein the first photochromic material has a first activation wavelength and the second photochromic material has a second activation wavelength. [0108] Clause 11. The photochromic article 10 of clause 10, wherein the first activation wavelength is different than the second activation wavelength.

[0109] Clause 12. The photochromic article 10 of clauses 10 or 11, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic layer 54, wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are located in the at least one photochromic layer 54.

[0110] Clause 13. The photochromic article 10 of clauses 10 or 11, wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are incorporated into the at least one photochromic optical element 26, such as in the optical substrate 46.

[0111] Clause 14. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 includes nanostructures.

[0112] Clause 15. The photochromic article 10 of clause 14, wherein the nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoribbons, nanorods, and conjugated polymer nanofibers.

[0113] Clause 16. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 15, comprising a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 adjacent at least a portion of the edge 52 of the at least one photochromic optical element 26.

[0114] Clause 17. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 16, comprising at least one first actinic radiation source 32 and at least one second actinic radiation source 32, wherein a wavelength of the first actinic radiation source 32 is different than a wavelength of the second actinic radiation source 32.

[0115] Clause 18. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 17, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is a light-emitting diode.

[0116] Clause 19. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 18, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is located adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the at least one photochromic optical element 26, preferably at least a portion of the edge 52.

[0117] Clause 20. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 18, including a waveguide 60 connected to the at least one actinic radiation source 32, for example the waveguide 60 comprises an optical fiber. [0118] Clause 21. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 20, wherein the control device 34 comprises a Bluetooth connection.

[0119] Clause 22. The photochromic article 10 of any of clauses 1 to 21, wherein the photochromic article 10 is a photochromic eyewear 12, and wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic lens 28, 30.

[0120] Clause 23. The photochromic article 10 of clause 22, comprising a frame 14 and a pair of temples 20 extending from the frame 14; a first photochromic lens 28 mounted in the frame 14 and a second photochromic lens 30 mounted in the frame 14; a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 on or in the frame 14 adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the first photochromic lens 28 and a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 on or in the frame 14 adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the second photochromic lens 30; and a power supply 40 attached to the frame 14 and connected to the actinic radiation sources 32, wherein the control device 34 is operatively linked to the actinic radiation sources 32 and is configured to control at least one of the intensity and duration of activation of all or a portion of the actinic radiation sources 32.

[0121] Clause 24. A method of controlling the shading of a photochromic optical element 26 mounted in a frame 14, comprising the steps of directing actinic radiation from an actinic radiation source 32 connected to the frame 14 to the photochromic optical element 26; and selectively controlling the actinic radiation source 32.

[0122] Clause 25. The method of clause 24, wherein the photochromic optical element

26 comprises an optical substrate 46 comprising an inner surface 50, an outer surface 48, and an edge 52, and wherein the photochromic optical element 26 is connected to the frame 14 along at least a portion of the edge 52.

[0123] Clause 26. The method of clauses 24 or 25, wherein the actinic radiation source

32 is located adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the edge 52 of the photochromic optical element 26.

[0124] Clause 27. The method of clauses 24 or 25, including a waveguide 60 connected to the at least one actinic radiation source 32, for example the waveguide 60 comprises an optical fiber.

[0125] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 24 to 27, further including a control device 34 operatively linked to the actinic radiation source 32. [0126] Clause 29. The method of any of clauses 24 to 28, further including a power supply 40 connected to the actinic radiation source 32, preferably the power supply 40 comprises a battery.

[0127] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 24 to 29, comprising at least one of an inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 over the inner surface 50 and an outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 over the outer surface 48.

[0128] Clause 31. The method of clause 30, wherein the outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 and/or the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 is selected from the group consisting of an actinic radiation absorbing layer and an actinic radiation reflecting layer.

[0129] Clause 32. The method of any of clauses 24 to 31, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 comprises a first photochromic material and a second photochromic material, wherein the first photochromic material has a first activation wavelength and the second photochromic material has a second activation wavelength.

[0130] Clause 33. The method of clause 32, wherein the first activation wavelength is different than the second activation wavelength.

[0131] Clause 34. The method of clauses 32 or 33, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic layer 54, wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are located in the at least one photochromic layer 54.

[0132] Clause 35. The method of clauses 32 or 33, wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are incorporated into the photochromic optical element 26.

[0133] Clause 36. The method of any of clauses 24 to 35, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 includes nanostructures.

[0134] Clause 37. The method of clause 36, wherein the nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanoribbons, and conjugated polymer nanofibers.

[0135] Clause 38. The method of any of clauses 24 to 37, further comprising a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 adjacent at least a portion of the edge 52 of the photochromic optical element 26. [0136] Clause 39. The method of any of clauses 24 to 38, further comprising at least one first actinic radiation source 32 and at least one second actinic radiation source 32, wherein a wavelength of the first actinic radiation source 32 is different than a wavelength of the second actinic radiation source 32.

[0137] Clause 40. The method of any of clauses 24 to 39, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is a light-emitting diode.

[0138] Clause 41. The method of any of clauses 24 to 40, wherein the control device 34 comprises a Bluetooth connection.

[0139] Clause 42. The method of any of clauses 24 to 41, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 comprises a photochromic lens 28, 30.

[0140] Clause 43. The method of any of clauses 24 to 42, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 further comprises a frame 14 and a pair of temples 20 extending from the frame 14; a first photochromic lens 28 mounted in the frame 14 and a second photochromic lens 30 mounted in the frame 14; a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 on or in the frame 14 adjacent at least a portion of the first photochromic lens 28 and a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 on or in the frame 14 adjacent at least a portion of the second photochromic lens 30; and a power supply 40 attached to the frame 14 and connected to the actinic radiation sources 32, wherein the control device 34 is operatively linked to the actinic radiation sources 32 and is configured to control at least one of the intensity and duration of activation of all or a portion of the actinic radiation sources 32.

[0141] Clause 44. A frame 14 for a photochromic article 10 comprises at least one opening 16, 18 and at least one actinic radiation source 32 connected to the frame 14.

[0142] Clause 45. The frame 14 of clause 44, wherein the frame 14 includes an inner sidewall 74 and at least one recess 76 located in the inner sidewall 74.

[0143] Clause 46. The frame 14 of clause 45, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is located in the at least one recess 76.

[0144] Clause 47. The frame 14 of clause 45, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is spaced from the inner sidewall 74.

[0145] Clause 48. The frame 14 of clause 47, including a waveguide 60 operatively connected to the at least one actinic radiation source 32. [0146] Clause 49. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 48, wherein the frame 14 comprises a frame front 70 including a first opening 16 and a second opening 18.

[0147] Clause 50. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 49, including a control device

34 operatively linked to the at least one actinic radiation source 32.

[0148] Clause 51. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 50, further including a power supply 40 connected to the at least one actinic radiation source 32, preferably the power supply 40 comprises a battery.

[0149] Clause 52. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 51, comprising a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32.

[0150] Clause 53. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 52, comprising at least one first actinic radiation source 32 and at least one second actinic radiation source 32, wherein a wavelength of the first actinic radiation source 32 is different than a wavelength of the second actinic radiation source 32.

[0151] Clause 54. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 53, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is a light-emitting diode.

[0152] Clause 55. The frame 14 of clause 50, wherein the control device 34 comprises a Bluetooth connection.

[0153] Clause 56. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 55, wherein the frame 14 comprises a frame front 70 and a pair of temples 20 connected to the frame front 70; a first opening 16 and a second opening 18 located in the frame front 70, wherein the first opening 16 and the second opening 18 include an inner sidewall 74; a plurality of actinic radiation sources 32 on or in the frame 14; a power supply 40 attached to the frame 14 and connected to the actinic radiation sources 32; and a control device 34 operatively linked to the actinic radiation sources 32 and configured to control at least one of the intensity and duration of activation of all or a portion of the actinic radiation sources 32.

[0154] Clause 57. The frame 14 of any of clauses 44 to 56, including at least one photochromic optical element 26 mounted in the frame 14, the photochromic optical element 26 comprising an optical substrate 46 having an outer surface 48, an inner surface 50, and an edge 52.

[0155] Clause 58. The frame 14 of clause 57, wherein the photochromic optical element

26 is connected to the frame 14 along at least a portion of the edge 52. [0156] Clause 59. The frame 14 of clauses 57 or 58, wherein the photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one of an inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 over the inner surface 50 and an outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 over the outer surface 48.

[0157] Clause 60. The frame 14 of clause 59, wherein the outer actinic radiation attenuating layer 58 and/or the inner actinic radiation attenuating layer 56 is selected from the group consisting of an actinic radiation absorbing layer and an actinic radiation reflecting layer.

[0158] Clause 61. The frame 14 of any of clauses 57 to 60, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic material.

[0159] Clause 62. The frame 14 of clause 61, wherein the at least one photochromic material comprises at least one of a photochromic compound and a photochromic-dichroic compound.

[0160] Clause 63. The frame 14 of any of clauses 57 to 62, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises a first photochromic material and a second photochromic material, wherein the first photochromic material has a first activation wavelength and the second photochromic material has a second activation wavelength.

[0161] Clause 64. The frame 14 of clause 63, wherein the first activation wavelength is different than the second activation wavelength.

[0162] Clause 65. The frame 14 of clauses 63 or 64, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 comprises at least one photochromic layer 54, and wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are located in the at least one photochromic layer 54.

[0163] Clause 66. The frame 14 of clauses 63 or 64, wherein the first photochromic material and the second photochromic material are incorporated into the at least one photochromic optical element 26, such as in the optical substrate 46.

[0164] Clause 67. The frame 14 of any of clauses 57 to 66, wherein the at least one photochromic optical element 26 includes nanostructures.

[0165] Clause 68. The frame 14 of clause 67, wherein the nanostructures are selected from the group consisting of nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoribbons, nanorods, and conjugated polymer nanofibers. [0166] Clause 69. The frame 14 of any of clauses 57 to 69, wherein the at least one actinic radiation source 32 is located adjacent to or in direct contact with at least a portion of the at least one photochromic optical element 26, preferably at least a portion of the edge 52.

[0167] It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the particular aspects described in detail herein are illustrative only and are not limiting to the scope of the invention, which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.