MODE

Background

[0001 ] A logic chip can include various circuitry to provide respective

functionalities. Examples of logic chips include integrated circuit (IC) chips. A logic chip can be operated in a test mode, which can be used to test functionalities of different parts of the logic chip.

Brief Description Of The Drawings

[0002] Some implementations of the present disclosure are described with respect to the following figures.

[0003] Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a logic chip including a test mode transition control circuit according to some examples.

[0004] Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a test mode transition control circuit according to some examples.

[0005] Fig. 3 is a block diagram of components of a test mode input circuit and a test mode transition control circuit, according to further examples.

[0006] Figs. 4A and 4B are flow diagrams of processes of controlling a transition between a functional mode and a test mode of a logic chip, according to some examples.

Detailed Description

[0007] A logic chip can refer to any arrangement of circuitry that can be provided on a substrate, such as a semiconductor die, a circuit board, or any other support structure on which circuitry can be formed. The circuitry that can be included in a logic chip can include transistors, storage elements, and various other electronic elements that can be interconnected to provide respective functionalities. The logic chip also includes communication lines to interconnect the elements, where the communication lines can be implemented using electrically conductive traces or optical links.

[0008] Examples of logic chips can include integrated circuit (IC) chips such as a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a memory device, a programmable gate array, a programmable integrated circuit, or any other type of electronic device.

[0009] A logic chip can be provided with a test mode, sometimes referred to as a design for testability (DFT) mode. When the logic chip is placed into the test mode, various test operations can be run with respect to the logic chip, to test various features of the logic chip. In some examples, during test mode, storage elements (such as registers or other types of storage elements) can be accessed as part of test operations.

[0010] In some examples, the storage elements that are accessed during the test mode can be designated for storing sensitive information during a functional mode of the logic chip. The functional mode of the logic chip is a mode of the logic chip during normal use of the logic chip, such as when the logic chip is incorporated into a larger system such as a computer, a smart phone, a game appliance, a vehicle, a wearable device (e.g. smart watch, smart eyeglasses, etc.), and so forth. The functional mode can also be referred to as a non-test mode.

[001 1 ] During the functional mode of the logic chip, sensitive information can be stored into one or multiple storage elements, such as a register. Sensitive

information stored in a storage element can refer to any information that is intended to only be accessed by authorized entities, such as any or some combination of the following: authorized firmware, software, or other machine-readable instructions, authorized hardware devices, or authorized users. Examples of sensitive

information can include cryptographic information (such as a key that is used to perform encryption and/or decryption of data), where the cryptographic information can be used to protect other data from unauthorized access. Other examples of sensitive information can include information that is confidential or proprietary to a particular enterprise or user. [0012] The test mode can be used by a manufacturer of the logic chip to confirm proper operation of the logic chip during the manufacture stage of the logic chip. In other examples, the test mode of the logic chip can be invoked at other times, such as when repair or debugging is desired. After testing is performed, the logic chip can be transitioned from the test mode to the functional mode.

[0013] The presence of the test mode in a logic chip can present a potential security hole that can be exploited by a hacker to gain access to sensitive

information stored in a storage element in the logic chip. The sensitive information is stored in the storage element during the functional mode of the logic chip. After the logic chip has been placed into the functional mode and after some sensitive information has been stored into the storage elements of the logic chip, a hacker can switch the logic chip to the test mode, to gain access to the sensitive information in the storage element.

[0014] In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, a test mode transition control circuit is provided to control the transition between a functional mode of a logic chip and a test mode of the logic chip, to prevent unauthorized access of sensitive information stored in a storage element in the logic chip. The test mode transition control circuit restricts the transition from the functional mode to the test mode until a specific condition is satisfied (e.g. the logic chip 100 is reset or some other condition that indicates that sensitive information stored in the logic chip 100 has been rendered inaccessible).

[0015] Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an example logic chip 100, which includes a test mode input circuit 102 to receive an input indicating that activation of the test mode of the logic chip 100 is requested. In some examples, the test mode input circuit 102 can include an input pin or multiple input pins, where the pin(s) can be coupled to an external pad (or pads). The external pad(s) can be set to a predefined value to indicate that test mode is requested. In other examples, the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit 102 can be coupled to the output of a controller or other device, where the controller or other device can set the input pin(s) to the predefined value to request entry of the logic chip 100 into the test mode. [0016] When the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit 102 is (are) set to the predefined value indicating that test mode is requested, then the test mode input circuit 102 activates a test mode input signal 104, where the activation of the test mode input signal 104 is an indication that test mode is requested. Activation of a signal can refer to setting the signal to an active state (which can be a logic high or logic low state). Deactivation of a signal can refer to setting the signal to an inactive state (which can be a logic low or logic high state). If the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit 102 is (are) set to the predefined value, then the test mode input signal 104 is set to the active state (i.e. activated). On the other hand, if the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit is (are) not set to the predefined value, then the test mode input signal 104 is set to the inactive state (i.e. deactivated).

[0017] In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, the logic chip 100 also includes a test mode transition control circuit 106, which outputs a test mode enabling signal 108. Generally, while the logic chip 100 is in the functional mode, the test mode transition control circuit 106 deactivates the test mode enabling signal 108 to prevent the logic chip 100 from transitioning from the functional mode to the test mode. However, when a specified condition occurs (e.g. the logic chip 100 is reset by activation of a reset signal 1 18, or some other condition occurs that indicates that sensitive information in the logic chip 100 has been rendered inaccessible), the test mode transition control circuit 106 activates the test mode enabling signal 108 to allow the logic chip 100 to transition from the functional mode to the test mode, in response to a request received at the test mode input circuit 102 to transition the logic chip 100 to the test mode.

[0018] In some examples, the test mode enabling signal 108 is provided to a first input of an AND logic gate 1 10, while the test mode input signal 104 is provided to another input of the logic AND gate 1 10. The logic AND gate 1 10 is to activate a test mode signal 1 12 if both its inputs are in an active state. If either or both of the inputs to the logic AND gate 1 10 is (are) inactive, then the logic AND gate 1 10 deactivates the test mode signal 1 12. [0019] The test mode signal 1 12 when in the active state specifies that the logic chip 100 is in the test mode. On the other hand, the test mode signal 1 12 when in the inactive state specifies that the logic chip 100 is in the functional mode.

[0020] In other examples, instead of being a logic AND gate, the gate 1 10 can be a logic combination gate (including a combination of logic circuitry) that activates the test mode signal 1 12 only when both the test mode enabling signal 108 and the test mode input signal 104 are active.

[0021 ] Effectively, when the test mode transition control circuit 106 deactivates the test mode enabling signal 108, the test mode signal 1 12 remains deactivated even if the test mode input signal 104 is activated by the test mode input circuit 102. The test mode enabling signal 108 when inactive causes the logic chip 100 to ignore the test mode input signal 104.

[0022] The test mode signal 1 12 is provided as an input to a test mode controller 1 14. The test mode controller 1 14 can be a hardware processing circuit, or a combination of the hardware processing circuit and machine-readable instructions (software or firmware) executable on the hardware processing circuit. A hardware processing circuit can include a microprocessor, a core of a multi-core

microprocessor, a microcontroller, a programmable gate array, a programmable integrated circuit, and so forth.

[0023] When the test mode signal 1 12 is activated, the test mode controller 1 14 is able to perform test operations to test respective features of the logic chip 100. The test operations can include accessing information stored in a storage element 1 16 in the logic chip 100. In some examples, the storage element 1 16 can include a register. In other examples, other types of storage elements can be included in the logic chip 100, where such other storage elements can also be accessed by the test mode controller 1 14 during a test operation in the test mode. The storage element 1 16 can be used to store sensitive information during operation of the logic chip 100 in the functional mode. [0024] In accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure, while the logic chip 100 is in the functional mode, the test mode transition control circuit 106 maintains the test mode enabling signal 108 in an inactive state, to prevent activation of the test mode signal 1 12 even if the test mode input circuit 102 asserts the test mode input signal 104 to an active state. This effectively prevents the logic chip 100 from transitioning from the functional mode to the test mode. Thus, even if a hacker were to set the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit 102 to the predefined value for requesting that the logic chip 100 enter the test mode, the test mode transition control circuit 106 would prevent the logic chip 100 from transitioning to the test mode, which would prevent the hacker from accessing sensitive information that may be stored in the storage element 1 16.

[0025] To allow the logic chip 100 to transition to the test mode, the logic chip 100 has to be first reset (or another condition has to occur that indicates that sensitive information has been rendered inaccessible, such as by clearing the sensitive information). A reset of the logic chip 100 is caused by activation of the reset signal 1 18. The reset signal 1 18 is provided as input to both the test mode transition control circuit 106 and the storage element 1 16. The reset signal 1 18 clears the storage element 1 16, such that any information (which can include sensitive information) stored in the storage element 1 16 is deleted, and thus, rendered inaccessible.

[0026] The reset signal 1 18 when activated also causes the test mode transition control circuit 106 to activate the test mode enabling signal 108. Activating the test mode enabling signal 108 allows the logic AND gate 1 10 to activate the test mode signal 104 in response to activation of the test mode input signal 104. Activating the test mode signal 104 causes transition of the logic chip 100 from the functional mode to the test mode.

[0027] To transition the logic chip 100 from the test mode to the functional mode, the input pin(s) of the test mode input circuit 102 can be set to a value that indicates that the logic chip 100 is not to be placed in the test mode. As a result, the test mode input circuit 102 deactivates the test mode input signal 104, which causes deactivation of the test mode signal 1 12 by the logic AND gate 1 10 to place the logic chip 100 in the functional mode.

[0028] Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the test mode transition control circuit 106 according to some examples of the present disclosure. The test mode transition control circuit 106 includes a disable circuit 202 that has a clock input 204 and a reset input 205. The disable circuit 202 outputs the test mode enabling signal 108.

[0029] The clock input 104 of the disable circuit 202 is to receive a clock signal, which in Fig. 2 is a clock signal 208 that is passed through a clock gate 206. The clock gate 206 passes the clock signal 208 to the clock input 204 of the disable circuit 202 in response to the logic chip 100 being in the functional mode. When the clock input 204 of the disable circuit 202 receives an active clock signal 208 and reset signal 1 18 is inactive, then the disable circuit 202 is able to perform its specified functionality of deactivating the test mode enabling signal 108. In some examples, in response to a first active edge (low-to-high transition or high-to-low transition depending on whether the clock signal 208 is active high or active low, respectively) of the clock signal 208, the disable circuit 202 is triggered to deactivate the test mode enabling signal 108. Once deactivation of the test mode enabling signal 108 is triggered by the first active edge of the clock signal 208, the disable circuit 202 is able to maintain the test mode enabling signal 108 deactivated, until the reset signal 1 18 is activated, as discussed further below.

[0030] In response to the logic chip 100 being in the test mode, the clock gate 206 disables passing the clock signal 208 to the clock input 204 of the disable circuit 202. Instead, the clock gate 206 deactivates the clock input 204 of the disable circuit 202. If the clock input 204 of the disable circuit 202 is inactive (which means that the logic chip 100 has entered the test mode), then the disable circuit 202 is unable to change state and instead maintains the test mode enabling signal 108 at its previous state (which would be the active state once the logic chip 100 has entered the test mode). In other words, the disable circuit 202 maintains the test mode enabling signal 108 active while the logic chip 100 is in the test mode. [0031 ] Before the logic chip 100 can enter the test mode from the functional mode, the logic chip 100 has to satisfy a specified condition where sensitive information in the storage element 1 16 is rendered inaccessible, such as due to a reset. As further shown in Fig. 2, the reset input 205 of the disable circuit 202 receives the reset signal 1 18. In response to activation of the reset signal 1 18, the disable circuit 202 is reset, which causes the disable circuit 202 to activate the test mode enabling signal 108, to enable the transition of the logic chip 100 from the functional mode to the test mode.

[0032] Fig. 3 is a block diagram of further details associated with the test mode input circuit 102 and the test mode transition control circuit 106, according to further examples of the present disclosure. The test mode input circuit 102 includes multiple input pins 302 and a combination logic 304, which can include a

combination of logic gates configured to receive a value provided to the input pins 302. In response to a specified value provided to the input pins 302, the combination logic 304 asserts the test mode input signal 104 to an active state. In other examples, instead of multiple input pins 302, the test mode input circuit 102 can include just one input pin that is set to a value to indicate that the logic chip 100 is to enter the test mode.

[0033] The test mode transition control circuit 106 includes a D flip-flop 306, which is a latch that has a data input (D) and a data output (Q). The D flip-flop 306 is an example of the disable circuit 202 of Fig. 2. In other examples, the disable circuit 202 can be implemented with different logic. In the example of Fig. 3, the D input of the D flip-flop 306 receives a binary "0" value (which is an example of an inactive value). When the clock input 308 of the D flip-flop 306 receives an active clock signal, the D flip-flop 306 drives the Q output to the value received at the D input, which in this case is the binary "0" value. The Q output of the D flip-flop 306 is driven to the value at the D input with each cycle of the input clock signal received at the clock input 308. Note that once the Q output of the D flip-flop 306 has been set to the binary "0" value of the D input in response to an active clock signal, the D flip-flop 306 maintains the binary "0" value at the Q output, even if no further clock edges of the clock signal are received (in other words, the clock signal is deactivated).

[0034] The clock input 308 of the D flip-flop 306 is connected to the output of a clock gate 310, which is an example of the clock gate 206 in Fig. 2. The clock gate 310 has an input to receive the clock signal 208, and an enable input (EN) connected to an enable signal output from an inverter 312. The input of the inverter 312 is connected to the output of the logic AND gate 1 10, or more specifically, to the test mode signal 1 12. When the test mode signal 1 12 is in an inactive state, which indicates that the logic chip 100 is in the functional mode, then the enable signal provided to the EN input of the clock gate 310 is active, which allows the clock signal 208 to pass through the clock gate 310 to the clock input 308 of the D flip-flop 306, and which causes the D flip-flop 306 to set the Q output to the value received at the D input. This causes the test mode enabling signal 108 to be deactivated to the inactive state, which prevents activation of the test mode signal 1 12 and thus prevents a transition of the logic chip 100 to the test mode. Once the D flip-flop 306 drives its Q output (and thus the test mode enabling signal 108) to an inactive state in response to an active edge of the clock signal 208, the D flip-flop maintains the Q output at the inactive state until a reset occurs.

[0035] The D flip-flop 306 also has a reset input 309 to receive the reset signal 1 18. Activation of the reset signal 1 18 causes the D flip-flop 306 to be reset to binary "1" value, for example, which causes the test mode enabling signal 108 to be activated to the active state. As a result, the logic AND gate 1 10 is allowed to activate the test mode signal 1 12 in response to the test mode input signal 104 being set to the active state by the test mode input circuit 102.

[0036] Fig. 4A is a flow diagram of an example process that can be performed in a logic chip, such as the logic chip 100 of Fig. 1 , to control a transition between a functional mode and a test mode of the logic chip. The process of Fig. 4A can be performed by the test mode transition control circuit 106 of Fig. 1 , for example. An example of the test mode transition control circuit 106 is depicted in Fig. 2. In other examples, the test mode transition control circuit 106 can have a different implementation, such as an implementation that includes a combination of a hardware processing circuit and machine-readable instructions executable on the hardware processing circuit.

[0037] The process of Fig. 4A includes enabling (at 402) a clock input to a disable circuit (e.g. the disable circuit 202 in Fig. 2) in response to an indication that the logic chip is in the functional mode (e.g. the test mode signal 1 12 of Fig. 1 is in an inactive state). In response to the clock input to the disable circuit being enabled, the process of Fig. 4A prevents (at 404) a transition from the functional mode of the logic chip to the test mode of the logic chip. In some examples, as discussed above, the transition of the logic chip from the functional mode to the test mode is prevented by deactivating a test mode enabling signal (e.g. 108 in Fig. 1 , 2, or 3). Deactivation of the test mode enabling signal is triggered in response to an first active edge of a clock signal (e.g. 208 in Fig. 2 or 3) that is provided to the clock input of the disable circuit. Once deactivation of the test mode enabling signal 108 is triggered by the first active edge of the clock signal 208, the disable circuit 202 is able to maintain the test mode enabling signal 108 deactivated, until a reset or other condition that renders information in a storage element inaccessible occurs.

[0038] The process of Fig. 4A disables (at 406) the clock input of the disable circuit in response to an indication that the logic chip is in the test mode (e.g. the test mode signal 1 12 of Fig. 1 is in an active state). In response to detecting a condition of the logic chip that renders information in a storage element inaccessible (such as when the reset signal 1 18 is activated), the process of Fig. 4A enables (at 408) the transition of the logic chip from the functional mode to the test mode.

[0039] Fig. 4B is a flow diagram of another example process that can be performed in a logic chip, such as the logic chip 100 of Fig. 1 , to control a transition between a functional mode and a test mode of the logic chip, according to further implementations. The process of Fig. 4B enables (at 422) a clock input to a disable circuit (e.g. the disable circuit 202 in Fig. 2) in response to an indication that the logic chip is in the functional mode. Once the clock input is enabled and a clock edge occurs, the process of Fig. 4B deactivates (at 424) a test mode enabling signal (e.g. 108 in Fig. 1 , 2, or 3).

[0040] The process of Fig. 4B receives (at 426) a request to transition to a test mode, such as in response to the input pins 302 being set to a predefined value. The process of Fig. 4B prevents (at 428) the requested transition from the functional mode to the test mode due to the test mode enabling signal being deactivated. In response to detecting a condition of the logic chip that renders information in a storage element inaccessible (such as when the reset signal 1 18 is activated), the process of Fig. 4B enables (at 430) the transition of the logic chip from the functional mode to the test mode.

[0041 ] In examples where the test mode transition control circuit 106 is implemented as a combination of a hardware processing circuit and machine- readable instructions, the machine-readable instructions can be stored in a non- transitory machine-readable or computer-readable storage medium, which can include one or multiple different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs); or other types of storage devices. Note that the instructions discussed above can be provided on one computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, or alternatively, can be provided on multiple computer-readable or machine-readable storage media distributed in a large system having possibly plural nodes. Such computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium or media is (are) considered to be part of an article (or article of manufacture). An article or article of manufacture can refer to any manufactured single component or multiple

components. The storage medium or media can be located either in the machine running the machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site from which machine-readable instructions can be downloaded over a network for execution. [0042] In the foregoing description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the subject disclosed herein. However, implementations may be practiced without some of these details. Other implementations may include modifications and variations from the details discussed above. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations.