TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This disclosure relates to isolated corn protein and methods of isolating corn protein.

BACKGROUND

[0002] For over 100 years, corn wet milling has been used to separate corn kernels into products such as starch, protein, fiber and oil. Corn wet milling is a two-stage process that includes a steeping process to soften the corn kernel to facilitate the next wet milling process step that results in purified starch and different co-products such as oil, fiber, and protein.

Further corn processing methods are now being investigated to further purify the protein co- product for incorporation into food-grade products, specifically. A combination of increasing interest on the part of consumers for protein in their diet and increasing concerns about the cost and availability of animal derived proteins is causing food companies to look increasingly for new sources of protein.

SUMMARY

[0003] Disclosed herein is a method of maintaining corn protein yield during extraction and managing stickiness and viscosity comprising obtaining a corn material having a corn protein content and washing the corn material to remove non-protein components with an ethanol- water solvent comprising at least 85 wt% ethanol to obtain a corn protein isolate, wherein the loss of corn protein content during extraction is less than 10% of total corn protein.

FIGURES

Figure 1 illustrates the amount of protein in the extract at different temperatures, based on data from Table 2.

Figures 2A and 2B illustrate overall protein yield as a function of cake-solvent ratio, EtOH concentration at 25°C (2A) and 42.5°C (2B). Note that the two figures have different vertical scales. Figure 3 illustrates the maximum strain of Empyreal® samples after solvent exposure at 25°C, 42.5°C and 60°C.

Figure 4 illustrate the maximum tack force (measured in Newtons) of Empyreal® samples after solvent exposure at 25°C, 42.5°C and 60°C.

Figures 5A and 5B illustrate maximum viscosities of freeze dried Empyreal® extracted at 25°C and 42.5°C then freeze dried (5A) or dried at 130°C using a rotary evaporator (5B).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0004] Protein ingredients are among the more expensive to prepare in high

concentration. Often starting from a low concentration natural product, many food proteins are prepared from by-products of processes intended to recover other components. For example, soy protein isolate is prepared from the soy solids remaining after extraction of the oil fraction. Whey protein is prepared from the soluble protein remaining after formation and pressing of cheese. The corn protein described herein is prepared from a corn material, preferably corn gluten meal, which is a by-product of starch production in a wet milling process. Even more preferably, the corn gluten meal may be destarched to further increase the protein concentration to produce a corn protein product suitable for feed. Typically the destarched corn gluten meal comprises at least 70 wt% corn protein thus yielding a corn protein isolate product comprising 87-98 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis according to the method described herein. Corn gluten meal that is not destarched comprises at least 55 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis and typically yields a corn protein concentrate product comprising 55-80 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis) according to the method described herein.

[0005] "Destarched" refers to the starting corn gluten material having a residual insoluble starch solids in the range from about 0.1 wt% to 3.0 wt% (ds), as measured by Ewers'

Polarimetric method ISO 10520:1997. In at least certain preferred aspects, the residual starch solids in such starting corn gluten material may be in the range from about 0.1 to 2.0 wt% (ds), about 0.1 to 1.0 wt% (ds), or about 0.1 to 0.75 wt% (ds). However, if a corn gluten material is not destarched, the corn gluten material may undergo enzyme or chemical hydrolysis and a subsequent separation step to hydrolyze and remove, respectively, the majority of starch components contained in the corn gluten material. [0006] In some aspects, the corn gluten material may be the corn protein concentrate described in U.S. Patent No. 9,226,515. A typical analysis of such corn protein concentrate (e.g., Empyreal ^® 75, Cargill, Incorporated, Wayzata, MN) comprises about 75 wt% to 80 wt% protein on a dry weight basis, about 4.5% fat, about 5% soluble carbohydrates, and other nutrients (as-is basis), and has a bright yellow or gold color. Such corn protein concentrate may be introduced in dried "cake" form or in wet "cake" form (comprising about 40-60% moisture).

[0007] Normally, the corn gluten material contains lipids (free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, tri-, di- and monoglycerides, etc.), pigments (lutein, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, etc.), soluble carbohydrates (glucose, maltose, maltotriose and higher oligomers of glucose), organic acids (acetic, propionic, succinic, etc.) and in some circumstances mycotoxins (aflatoxin, zealerone, etc.). Thus this product is at risk of generating soapy or rancid flavors from the lipids, astringent or sour flavors from the organic acids, undesirable colors in foods that contain the corn protein concentrate or health risks from the mycotoxins. Converting the concentrate from a form suitable for feed to a form desirable for food requires maximum removal of the lipid, pigment, mycotoxin and organic acids.

[0008] Because protein ingredients are already expensive, it is beneficial to prepare these ingredients at as low a cost as possible. Developing a process to achieve a desired final corn protein product with the highest protein yield and lowest cost is critical. In this context, the protein must be useful in foods for human and animal consumption, so the optimization is not simply a function of achieving an acceptable chemical composition; the resulting ingredient must have functional behavior suitable for the food process and product it is used in. It is recognized that some foods intended for animals, like pet foods, have functionality requirements similar to those required for human foods.

[0009] Described herein is the production of a corn protein product starting with corn gluten material, preferably a corn protein isolate, comprising more than 55 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis, preferably greater than 85 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis, and even more preferably greater than 90 wt% corn protein on a dry weight basis. The desired corn protein product will comprise less than 2 wt% oil, preferably less than 1 wt% oil, and even more preferably less than 0.5 wt% oil, and yet more preferably less than 0.1 wt% oil, all on a dry basis. The corn protein product is light in color with an "a*" color value ranging from -0.05 to 4, and more preferably -0.05 to 1.5, a "b*" color value ranging from 10 to 35, and more preferably 10 to 25, and an "L*" color value ranging from 70 to 92, and more preferably 88 to 92. [00010] A general process for production of such corn protein product has been described in pending patent applications PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US 16/24020 (filed on March 24, 2016) and U.S. Patent Application No. PCT/US 17/23999 (filed on March 24, 2017), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Described therein is a process by which corn material undergoes a series of solvent washing steps to produce a corn protein product.

[00011] In the course of developing a process to prepare a corn protein product that meets these expectations, it was discovered that the water present in the process had a number of effects on the process and that good control of the water concentration at various stages of the process is desirable. For example, excess water in the extracting solvent, especially at elevated temperatures, dissolves a portion of the protein and removes it from the final corn protein product. This did not tend to diminish the purity of the final corn protein product, but it substantially decreased the protein yield. Under some conditions, greater than 35% of the protein is lost. While this protein could be recovered from the extract and returned to the main ingredient pool, this recovery requires additional equipment investment and expense in operations. It is more economical to prevent the dissolution of the protein in the initial extraction phase.

[00012] Another undesirable phenomena associated with protein processing is fouling of surfaces, especially heat-contact surfaces. It was discovered that the water concentration in the extraction process could have a significant effect on the tendency of the protein to stick to surfaces. Equipment can be modified, particularly designed to be oversized to manage this stickiness, but that increases both the capital and operating expenses of the operation. It is more economical to manage the water concentration to mitigate this effect.

[00013] A final undesirable outcome is obtained when the water concentration present in the extraction process during extraction creates a physical behavior of the finished ingredient that is undesirable. Too much or too little water during extraction can modify the susceptibility of the corn protein product to physical or chemical reaction during extraction or subsequent processing. Identifying and applying specific water concentrations can be used to create specific functionalities. Because different foods and food processes have differing functional requirements, water management may lead to multiple different functionalities.

[00014] Accordingly, the invention described herein provides a method of maintaining corn protein yield, managing stickiness, and managing viscosity during an extraction process to obtain a desirable corn protein isolate. [00015] The extraction process includes the steps of obtaining a corn gluten material and washing the corn gluten material with an ethanol-water solvent comprising at least 85 wt% ethanol to obtain a corn protein product, preferably corn protein isolate. As previously described, it was found surprising that reducing water content during the extraction process provides enhanced corn protein yield and desirable stickiness and viscosity functionality.

Accordingly, in more preferable aspects, the ethanol-water solvent comprises at least 90 wt% ethanol, and even more preferably at least 95 wt% ethanol. Temperature also surprisingly affected the corn protein yield and functionality properties, hence lower extraction temperatures are more desirable. More specifically, the extraction method described herein occurs at temperatures ranging from about 5-50°C and even more preferably range from about 20-30°C.

[00016] As demonstrated in the examples below, the combination of reducing water content and operating at lower temperatures improves the corn protein yield such that the loss of protein during extraction is less than 10% of total corn protein, and even more preferably less than 5% total corn protein. Total corn protein is determined as the total nitrogen analyzed by combustion multiplied by 6.25; the nitrogen is primarily in the form of amino acids. Corn protein yield is expressed as the fraction of the protein present in the raw corn gluten material that is recovered in the final corn protein product. In the aspects described herein, the corn protein yield is preferably greater than 0.85, even more preferably greater than 0.90, and even more preferably greater than 0.95.

[00017] Furthermore, related to stickiness, the extraction processing conditions described herein produce a corn protein product having a maximum compressibility strain of 0.600, preferably a maximum compressibility strain of 0.500, and even more preferably a maximum compressibility strain of 0.450. The corn protein product also has a tack force ranging from - 1.000 to 0. Related to viscosity, the extraction processing conditions described herein product a corn protein product having a desirable viscosity ranging from 1500 - 3500 centipoise at a temperature ranging from 5-45°C. The examples outlined below provide further support.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[00018] Wet cake of de-starched corn protein concentrate (Empyreal® wet cake) was obtained from the corn milling plant in Blair, NE. The wet cake contained 62.42% moisture. Experiments were carried out in 50-ml polyethylene test tubes with screw caps at 4 different temperatures of 60°C, 42.5°C, 25°C (ambient) and 10°C. About 28-35 g of either aqueous ethanol at 90% (wt/wt) or 100% absolute EtOH contained in 50-ml screw-capped polyethylene test tubes were pre-equilibrated at perspective temperatures for 30 min then about lg to about 8 g wet cake were added to each test tube to create tests with different water concentrations in the extraction system (Table 1).

Table 1. Experimental conditions for Empyreal® cake

[00019] The test tubes containing both wet cake and ethanol solvent were placed horizontally into shakers set at 10°C, 25°C (ambient), 42.5°C or 60°C and lOOrpm for exactly 60 min. A liquid-solid separation was observed when the test tubes were taken out from the shaker and placed standing still on bench top at ambient for about 1 min. Two (2.00) ml of the supernatant was pipetted after 3 min standing on the bench top at ambient into pre-weighed ceramic Leco cells with tin liners. The Leco cells were placed in a fume hood at ambient temperature to allow EtOH evaporation for 4-20 hours before being further dried in a vacuum oven at 55°C and 20-25 inches vacuum for 4 hours. After recording dry weight, the cells were loaded on Leco nitrogen analyzer for protein determinations using a nitrogen-protein conversion factor of 6.25. Total volumes of the supernatant were recorded for the calculations of total solid, protein and non-protein (total minus protein) solubilized. Two test tubes (duplicate) were prepared and analyzed for each treatment. [00020] Examination of the data (Table 2) shows that the amount of both dissolved solids and protein increases as the concentration of water increases. The amount of dissolved solids and protein also increases as the temperature increases. At low [H20] or low temperature, the dissolved protein is a small percentage of the total dissolved solids, but occupies an increasing percentage of the dissolved solids as the [H20] or temperature increase. The effect is visualized in Figure 1. This indicates that an efficient extraction would favor low [H20] and low temperature, though one skilled in the art may choose to keep either factor low, if there was a purpose that could be achieved by allowing either factor alone to increase.

Table 2. Makeup of Extract

N.D. = not determined

Example 2

[00021] Destarched corn protein concentrate was collected from commercial operations of

Cargill at its Blair Nebraska corn wet milling facility. The material was collected by diverting a portion of the vacuum drum feed slurry to a pilot scale vacuum drum filter where the rinse water was supplemented with 1% w/w H202 for sulfite control. The resulting cake was collected in large plastic bags, sealed and frozen. Frozen destarched corn gluten feed was broken into smaller pieces and freeze dried to produce a uniform "dry" raw material with minimal drying damage. The wet cake was freeze-dried and the freeze-dried material contained 9.34% moisture,

76.89% protein (N x 6.25) and 4.8% lipid (by hexane extraction) on as-is basis. On dry weight basis, the material contained 59.1mg pigment (lutein equivalent), 3.42g soluble carbohydrate and 0.74g organic acids (namely lactic acid, citric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid) per lOOg dry solids (DS). The freeze dried material was ground in Waring blender at low speed till ~3+ mm large pieces disappeared. For about 200-250g freeze-dried sample, it took about lmin to grind. The ground material (1.40-6.00g) was weighed into 50-ml polypropylene test tubes with screw caps. Then aqueous ethanol solvent containing 2-25% deionized water (98- 75% ethanol, weight-by- weight) was added to each test tube at solvent/solid (accounting for the 9% moisture) ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 to create treatments with varying water

concentrations in the entire extraction system and varying solvent/solid, water/solid, EtOH/solid, water/EtOH ratios as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Experimental conditions for freeze dried Empyreal® material

EtOH solvent ratios, g/g

% (wt/wt) g solvent/ g % (wt/wt) solvent/ water/ EtOH/ EtOH/

EtOH feed (90.66% EtOH in final 100%DS 100%DS 100%DS water used DS) solvent

98 25 97.63 27.5 0.65 26.82 41.24

20 97.54 22.1 0.54 21.56 39.71

15 97.39 16.6 0.43 16.19 37.35

10 97.09 11.1 0.32 10.78 33.37

5 96.20 5.6 0.21 5.40 25.32

93 25 92.65 27.5 2.02 25.45 12.61

20 92.57 22.1 1.64 20.41 12.45

15 92.42 16.6 1.26 15.32 12.20

10 92.14 11.1 0.87 10.25 11.72

5 91.29 5.6 0.49 5.13 10.49

87 25 86.67 27.6 3.67 23.89 6.50

20 86.59 22.1 2.96 19.12 6.46

15 86.46 16.6 2.25 14.36 6.39

10 86.19 11.1 1.53 9.58 6.24 5 85.40 5.6 0.82 4.79 5.85

82 25 81.69 27.5 5.04 22.50 4.46

20 81.62 22.1 4.07 18.05 4.44

15 81.49 16.6 3.07 13.50 4.40

10 81.24 11.1 2.08 9.01 4.33

5 80.49 5.6 1.09 4.51 4.13

75 25 74.72 27.4 6.94 20.50 2.96

20 74.65 22.1 5.61 16.51 2.94

15 74.53 16.6 4.23 12.38 2.93

10 74.30 11.1 2.86 8.26 2.89

5 73.62 5.6 1.48 4.14 2.79

[00022] The screw-capped test tubes containing both testing material and solvent were horizontally placed in a shaker that was set at lOOrpm orbital motion and maintained at either 25 °C (ambient) or 42.5 °C for 60 min. During the 60 min extraction, the solid was gently moving in the solvent inside the test tubes to allow thorough contacting of the solid particles with the solvent without excessive force to minimize physical break down of solid particles.

[00023] After 60 min extraction, the test tubes were centrifuged at 4,000rpm for 5 min at ambient temperature. The liquid from each test tube was carefully transferred to pre-weighed test tubes to record its net weight. The liquid was analyzed for dry solids, protein, lipid, pigments, soluble carbohydrate and organic acid.

[00024] For dry solid and protein analysis, 2.00ml liquid was carefully pipetted into pre- weighed ceramic Leco cells with the tin inserts. The Leco cells were placed in fume hood for about 4 hours to allow ethanol evaporation then placed into a vacuum oven set at 50°C and 25- inches vacuum to dry. After weighing again for the calculation of dry solids, the Leco cells were analyzed for protein concentrations (using nitrogen factor of 6.25) in a Leco nitrogen analyzer.

[00025] For the analyses of lipid, soluble carbohydrate and organic acid, lO.OOg of the liquid was weighed into a pre-weighed 50-ml polypropylene test tube. The test tubes were placed in fume hood overnight to allow ethanol evaporation. After weighing again for the calculation of remaining aqueous phase, 25.00g of hexane and 5.00g of DI water was added to each test tube. The test tubes were vigorously hand-shaken, kept at ambient for about 2 hours then hand-shaken again before centrifugation at 4,000rpm for 5 min at ambient temperature. Twenty grams (20.00g) of the hexane layer was transferred into pre-weighed glass beakers and the beakers were placed in fume hood to allow hexane evaporation. After being dried in a vacuum oven set at 55°C and 25 -inches vacuum for 4 hours, the beakers were weighed again for the calculation of lipid.

[00026] For pigment analysis, the primary extraction liquid was diluted 10-fold with the same ethanol solvent used for the extraction then absorbance read in a spectrophotometer using 1-cm cell. Absorbance at 446nm was used for the calculation of pigment concentrations (as lutein using the lutein molar extinction coefficient in ethanol of 145,000 L/mol/cm).

[00027] This experiment focused on the effects of two temperatures over the range of solid compositions in a single extraction cycle. The temperatures 25 °C and 42.5°C were chosen to explore whether temperature had a beneficial effect in increasing the solubility of non-protein solutes under more moderate temperature conditions. The results shown in Tables 4 and 5 indicate that the increase in temperature has a significant effect on protein extraction at higher water concentrations and dissolved solids. There was no significant temperature effect on the other solutes. Higher H2O concentration was associated with increased dissolution of soluble carbohydrates and organic acids, but a decrease in solubilization of lipid and pigment. Compared to the negative effects of water and temperature on yield, the effects on non-protein

solubilization were small.

Table 4. The concentration of solutes extracted from freeze-dried destarched protein concentrate (expressed as kg solute per kg extract solution) at 25°C. E/C indicates the ratio of solvent to solids in the extraction.

E/C [EtOH] Soluble Organic ratio wt% Solids Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Pigment Acids

25 98 0.002871 0.000222 0.001695 0.00039 0.014987 0.000119

25 93 0.003568 0.000413 0.002133 0.000665 0.017722 0.000152

25 87 0.003931 0.000811 0.001958 0.00087 0.017446 0.000133

25 82 0.003519 0.001135 0.001391 0.001074 0.015867 0.000156

25 75 0.003627 0.00182 0.00071 0.001124 0.013694 0.000147

20 98 0.003806 0.000201 0.002142 0.000483 0.018682 0.000136

20 93 0.003997 0.000508 0.002848 0.000833 0.0222 0.000199 20 87 0.004172 0.000907 0.002215 0.000966 0.01909 0.00016

20 82 0.004412 0.001423 0.001579 0.001318 0.019413 0.000215

20 75 0.005148 0.002472 0.000788 0.001468 0.017528 0.000209

15 98 0.005114 0.000259 0.003373 0.000598 0.02587 0.00018

15 93 0.005656 0.000665 0.003083 0.001005 0.029347 0.000244

15 87 0.006165 0.001302 0.003255 0.001364 0.02612 0.000221

15 82 0.005782 0.001981 0.001764 0.001711 0.025312 0.000266

15 75 0.007251 0.003323 0.001398 0.001858 0.02252 0.000277

10 98 0.007228 0.000381 0.005639 0.000784 0.035982 0.000225

10 93 0.008231 0.000991 0.005384 0.001348 0.043669 0.000327

10 87 0.008637 0.00206 0.003711 0.002116 0.040223 0.000423

10 82 0.008875 0.003035 0.002747 0.00252 0.033385 0.000419

10 75 0.011162 0.005273 0.00154 0.002528 0.031855 0.000413

5 98 0.014356 0.000764 0.010572 0.001561 0.081216 0.000457

5 93 0.015564 0.002115 0.009363 0.002301 0.084404 0.00053

5 87 0.015246 0.004295 0.006228 0.003451 0.076992 0.000684

5 82 0.017476 0.006417 0.004707 0.004277 0.070087 0.000782

5 75 0.024266 0.012327 0.002106 0.005452 0.059482 0.00101

Table 5. The concentration of solutes extracted from freeze-dried destarched protein concentrate (expressed as kg solute per kg extract solution) at 42.5°C. E/C indicates the ratio of solvent to solids in the extraction.

20 87 0.007679 0.00184 0.002284 0.000998 0.021352 0.000233

20 82 0.010554 0.004975 0.001088 0.001385 0.015777 0.000324

20 75 0.01825 0.013319 0.000742 0.00125 0.016364 0.000308

15 98 0.0058 0.000623 0.003541 0.000565 0.027756 0.000362

15 93 0.007684 0.001433 0.003318 0.001044 0.028503 0.000328

15 87 0.009489 0.002329 0.002411 0.001411 0.026743 0.000422

15 82 0.012935 0.006652 0.001598 0.001608 0.024249 0.00045

15 75 0.025145 0.018275 0.001227 0.001769 0.022059 0.000427

10 98 0.009345 0.001016 0.005637 0.000822 0.042845 0.000509

10 93 0.011486 0.002154 0.005273 0.001197 0.043597 0.000663

10 87 0.013286 0.003805 0.003292 0.002087 0.039775 0.000683

10 82 0.019835 0.011226 0.001825 0.002226 0.033496 0.00069

10 75 0.038979 0.029437 0.000919 0.002518 0.031568 0.000883

5 98 0.017526 0.002175 0.011554 0.001516 0.083057 0.000152

5 93 0.020342 0.004068 0.009541 0.002404 0.081142 0.000151

5 87 0.022596 0.008837 0.005348 0.003346 0.068459 0.000197

5 82 0.037449 0.022848 0.004158 0.003372 0.061414 0.000169

5 75 0.079795 0.063349 0.003373 0.004593 0.055685 0.000466

[00028] The overall effect of the effects of solvent composition and temperature on the protein are shown in Figures 2A and 2B , where the yield of total protein, expressed as the percentage of protein remaining after extraction (on a dry weight basis) is clearly higher in solvent with lower water concentration and at lower temperature.

Example 3

[00029] One of the operational issues that may arise relates to fouling of equipment.

Under some circumstances, protein material dries or bakes onto surfaces and eventually impairs production. This may result in burnt product or insufficiently desolventized product. Though fouling may occur at multiple points, the most severe effects are found during desolventizing. The problem seems most severe when more water was present in the extracted product.

[00030] Destarched frozen corn protein concentrate (without peroxide treatment) was taken from the freezer and allowed to thaw in the refrigerator. The moisture of the cake was measured with a moisture balance and the amount of absolute EtOH to achieve set solvent concentrations was calculated (See Table 6 for treatments). The solvent was weighed into a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask, stoppered, and brought to approximately the treatment temperature in a water bath. The destarched corn protein concentrate was weighed out and allowed to warm to about room temperature. The corn protein concentrate was added to the solvent and immediately homogenized with a hand-held Biohomogenizer at full speed to break up as many corn protein concentrate lumps as possible.

Table 6. The sample conditions used to prepare samples for compressibility and tack measurement.

[00031] The flask was stoppered again and placed in the water bath for 30 minutes with occasional swirling. The intent was less to insure perfect extraction than to insure complete solvation of the solids. At the end of the incubation, the solids were collected on a Buchner funnel with Whatman #1 paper. Filtration was stopped when the cake cracked or the drip rate fell below about 1 drop/sec. The cake was immediately broken up with a spatula and transferred to a covered plastic dish to create a uniform depth and diameter of sample.

[00032] The sample was immediately moved to the Anton-Paar Modular Compact Rheometer (Model MCR502) which was set up with a PR25 probe. The probe descended until it made contact with the cake and then continued to press into the cake at 1 mm/sec until the probe created 10N of normal force at which time it withdrew at 1 mm/sec. Essentially, two effects could be observed. The amount of depth obtained by the probe was a measure of compressibility (or flow) and the negative force upon withdrawal was a measure of stickiness or tack. The depth of compression was converted to a strain measurement.

[00033] Figure 3 shows that there is a meaningful interaction between the water in the solvent and the temperature of incubation that leads to differences in compressibility. It is important to note that the temperature of all of the samples was approximately ambient at the point of measurement. The figure shows the maximum strain experienced by the sample, which means the maximum amount of compression experienced by the sample (normalized for its height). Samples prepared at 25°C and 42.5°C reached the "trigger" force of 10N at about half their depth, but samples prepared at 60°C and greater than 20% water could reach about 80% of their depth. Samples prepared in the more compressible state comprised particles that were softer and more flowable.

[00034] A similar pattern was visible in the tack measurements (Figure 4) though the intermediate temperature appeared "shifted" towards higher [EtOH]. Above 90% [EtOH], sample treatments were very similar. Tackiness is a negative force, so a stronger force is associated with the deeper trough in the force profile. At 25°C, solvent composition did not appear to effect tackiness. But at 42.5°C, and maybe at 60°C, there appears to be greater stickiness below about 85wt% EtOH.

[00035] Taken together, these results demonstrate that low temperature exposure does not pre-dispose corn protein isolate samples to become compressible and sticky. Even higher temperature does not pre-dispose the materials to compressibility of tackiness unless the water concentration of the solvent rises above about 15 wt%. This is similar to the preferred conditions for extraction as well, so the preferred solvent for product yield and quality is also the best solvent for further processing. Another experiment was conducted where a sample of corn protein concentrate was exposed to progressive increases in [EtOH] to mimic the effect of a counter-current extractor at the three temperatures. Samples showed the behavior of samples that had been treated at high [EtOH] only. There was more variation between replicates than between temperatures. This means that the only solvent that really matters is the solvent that is entrained in the product. Example 4

[00036] Protein ingredients are almost always functionally important in the foods they are added to. They may bind water, emulsify oils and fats, provide bulk physical presence or create viscosity. Foods that contained added proteins vary enormously in the functionalities that they require. In some cases, for example processed meats, a protein ingredient may desirably bind a lot of water and form a viscous dispersion or gel during heating. In some cases, for example bread, a useful protein ingredient will bind minimal water, generate minimal viscosity during proofing or baking, and offer a soft texture (non-gritty) in the finished bread. Essentially opposite characteristics are desired in these two cases. Protein ingredient manufacturers may need to create processes that alter the functionality of their proteins to be useful in foods.

[00037] To test the effect of desolventizing conditions on materials extracted at different EtOH concentrations and temperatures, larger samples were prepared following the procedure of Example 2, but with some modification. In one case, de-starched corn protein concentrate cake (Empyreal®) containing about 60% moisture was obtained at corn milling plant in Blair, NB. The wet cake was freeze dried to 9.34% moisture. The freeze dried Empyreal® material (200.0g) was rehydrated by adding varying amounts of de-ionized water to target 98%, 93%, 87%, 82% and 75% (wt/wt) ethanol after absolute ethanol is mixed at total solvent (water + ethanol)/solid (as-is 9.34% moisture) ratio of 10 (wt/wt). The mixture was extracted at either 25°C (ambient) or 42.5 °C for one hour. After extraction, the solids were collected by centrifugation and stored in the refrigerator until desolventization by one of two different methods. For each extraction treatment, the solvent-laden solids were split into 2 portions. One portion was dried using a rotary evaporator with a bath temperature of 130°C and about 19 to 26 inches vacuum with running tap water to cool the condenser. The other portion was dried by evaporation under vacuum near or below 0°C. Both rotary evaporator-dried and freeze-dried samples were ground and sieved through a <105micron screen before viscosity analysis. The loss on drying (LOD) was measured with a moisture balance for each sample prior to viscosity preparation. A six-gram sample, adjusted for LOD to equal solids, was then weighed into a tared Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) sample vessel and the vessel was filled to 30g with deionized water. The prepared samples were stirred and allowed to hydrate for 20 minutes then analyzed on a RVA (Perten Instruments). The canister was mounted onto the RVA and the following profile was applied. The sample was mixed at 960 rpm at 25°C for 5 minutes then mixed at 100 rpm for the remainder of the test. At 15 minutes, the temperature ramp was initiated with the temperature increased 10°C/minute until 75°C was reached. The temperature was held at 75°C for 5 minutes, then the sample was cooled at 3.3°C/minute until 25°C was reached. It is much more difficult to cool samples than heat them, so the profile is asymmetric. The samples was mixed at 25°C for another 20 minutes. Viscosity was recorded every eight seconds, but the most important parameter is generally the peak viscosity observed.

[00038] The finished product samples that were exposed to low temperatures during desolventization had high viscosities regardless of EtOH concentration or temperature during extraction (Figure 5, left). When desolventization was done at high temperature (130°C), material extracted at EtOH concentration of 87% or lower formed a thick coating which "burnt" on the wall during desolventization, produced a darker final product with very low viscosities. In comparison, material extracted at high EtOH concentrations formed little coating during desolventization at 130°C, resulting in light-colored final products with high viscosities (Figure 5, right). This demonstrates that the combination of water content and high heat is significantly affecting the product viscosity. Extraction temperature did not appear to have a very large effect on viscosity although the 25 °C extraction produced product with higher viscosities when dried at high temperaures.