FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention generally relates to methods and compositions for corrosion inhibition for use in the oil and gas exploration, recovery, and processing industries. More specifically, the invention relates to methods of producing corrosion inhibitor compositions by applying urine to a water source and methods of inhibiting corrosion by contacting a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to metal containment.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Aqueous liquids are injected into the earth and/or recovered from the earth during subterranean hydrocarbon recovery processes such as hydraulic fracturing (tracking) and tertiary oil recovery. In one or more such processes, an aqueous liquid called an "injectate" is injected into a subterranean formation. Injectates include water and entrained solids and/or solvents therein. In one or more such processes a water source called "produced water" is recovered, i.e. flows back from the subterranean formation and is collected. Produced water includes one or more of injectate, connate (native water present in the subterranean formation along with the hydrocarbon), sea water, and minor (< 5 wt.%) amounts of hydrocarbon products, which are hydrocarbon liquids or solids entrained (dispersed, emulsified, or dissolved) in the produced water. In embodiments, one or more of the injectate and the produced water includes "corrodents" such as salts and/or other dissolved solids, liquids, or gasses that cause, accelerate, or promote corrosion of metal containments such as metal pipelines used to transport the water sources toward, into, out of, or away from a subterranean formation, metal tanks used to hold the water sources for a period of time, and/or other metal equipment that contacts the water sources before, during, or after injection or production. Non-limiting examples of such corrodents are hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and/or sulfur dioxide. As a result, almost all operators in the oil and gas industry employ corrosion inhibitors to reduce internal corrosion in metal containments which are contacted by aqueous liquids containing corrodents.

[0003] In some cases, a blend of two or more corrosion inhibitors is deployed, for example as components of a mixture designed for a particular hydrocarbon recovery process. In some cases the one or more corrosion inhibitors are added to an injectate and/or produced water along with additives such as polymers, surfactants, scale inhibitors, paraffin inhibitors, metal complexing agents, and the like. Such corrosion inhibitors are beneficial in that they permit the use of carbon steel components rather than the much more expensive high nickel, cobalt, and chromium alloys or other materials either more expensive than carbon steel and/or which inherently entail other disadvantages in suitability for the purpose of liquid containment. Corrosion inhibitors are added to the liquids and dissolved gasses which come into contact with metal surfaces and such inhibitors prevent, retard, delay, reverse, and/or otherwise inhibit the corrosion of metal surfaces such as carbon-steel metal surfaces. While highly desirable for this purpose, their use entails additional cost for the operator.

[0004] In embodiments, produced water is reused as injectate. If such injectate contains corrosion inhibitor, some of the corrosion inhibitor remains in the ground, some is returned as part of the produced water, or both. Some synthetic chemicals used as corrosion inhibitors have further disadvantages such as toxicity or deleterious environmental effects. If such corrosion inhibitors are injected and can remain in the ground, it is advantageous to minimize pollution by using a corrosion inhibitor with low toxicity to humans and or other fauna or flora. It is a further advantage if the corrosion inhibitor is biodegradable. It is a further advantage if corrosion inhibitor compositions comprising a corrosion inhibitor can be discharged into an existing sewer system without special means being employed at the sewer to remove or treat the corrosion inhibitor. Therefore there is a need for a relatively low-cost, biodegradable corrosion inhibitor of low toxicity which can readily be obtained in large amounts inexpensively and can be discharged into the sewerage system where it can be processed with normal available means.

SUMMARY

[0005] Disclosed herein is a method comprising: applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments the metal containment comprises carbon steel. In embodiments, the water source comprises produced water. In embodiments, the urine is animal urine, synthetic urine, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the urine is human urine. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises a pipe, a tank, or a device. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and hydrogen sulfide; water and carbon dioxide; or water, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. In embodiments, the water source is saturated with carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In embodiments, the method further comprises transporting the corrosion inhibitor or a composition comprising the corrosion inhibitor from a wastewater-treatment plant to a location proximal to the water source. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprising urine further comprises a biocide.

[0006] Also disclosed herein is a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising a water source and urine, herein the water source comprises water and one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, or a mixture thereof. In embodiments, the water source is produced water. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition further comprises a second corrosion inhibitor.

[0007] Also disclosed herein is a metal containment assemblage comprising a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises urea and the water source is selected from injectate or produced water; and a metal containment having the corrosion inhibitor composition disposed therein. In embodiments, the metal containment is made from or comprises a carbon steel contacting the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition disposed in the metal containment further comprises one or more biocides.

[0008] Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a plot of the corrosion rate as a function of time for two corrosion inhibitor compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] Definitions

[0011] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0012] The terms "comprise(s)", "include(s)", "having", "has", "can", "contain(s)", and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms "a", "and", and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments "comprising", "consisting of and "consisting essentially of, the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.

[0013] As used herein, the term "optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described component, event or circumstance may but need not be present or occur. The description therefore discloses and includes instances in which the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not, or instances in which the described component is present and instances in which it is not.

[0014] As used herein, the term "about" modifying, for example, the quantity of an ingredient in a composition, concentration, volume, temperature, time, yield, flow rate, pressure, and like values, and ranges thereof, employed in describing the embodiments of the disclosure, refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and handling procedures used for making compounds, compositions, concentrates or use formulations; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of starting materials or ingredients used to carry out the methods, through standard operating machine error, and like proximate considerations. The term "about" also encompasses amounts that differ due to aging of a formulation with a particular initial concentration or mixture, and amounts that differ due to mixing or processing a formulation with a particular initial concentration or mixture. Where modified by the term "about" the claims appended hereto include equivalents according to this definition.

[0015] As used herein, the term "substantially" means "consisting essentially of, as that term is construed in U.S. patent law, and includes "consisting of as that term is construed in U.S. patent law. For example, a solution that is "substantially free" of a specified compound or material may be free of that compound or material, or may have a minor amount of that compound or material present, such as through unintended contamination or incomplete purification. A "minor amount" may be a trace, an unmeasurable amount, an amount that does not interfere with a value or property, or some other amount as provided in context. A composition that has "substantially only" attached to a provided list of components may consist of only those components, or have a trace amount of some other component present, or have one or more additional components that do not materially affect the properties of the composition. Additionally, "substantially" modifying, for example, the type or quantity of an ingredient in a composition, a property, a measurable quantity, a method, a value, or a range, employed in describing the embodiments of the disclosure, refers to a variation that does not affect the overall recited composition, property, quantity, method, value, or range thereof in a manner that negates an intended composition, property, quantity, method, value, or range. Where modified by the term "substantially" the claims appended hereto include equivalents according to this definition.

[0016] As used herein, "ppm" means parts per million. As used herein, "ppb" means parts per billion (parts per 1000000000). Except where otherwise noted, all concentrations herein are based on weight.

[0017] As used herein, "wt%" means percentage by weight or weight percent.

[0018] As used herein, "applying to" means contacting a first material with at least a second material, mixing a first material with at least a second material, combining a first material with at least a second material, laying a first material on at least a second material, adhering a first material to at least a second material, or effecting almost any method by which a first material is brought into contact with at least a second material. As used herein, "contacting with" means applying a liquid or gas to a solid such that the liquid or gas is in contact with the solid. For example, contacting a metal containment with a corrosion inhibitor composition means applying a corrosion inhibitor composition to a metal containment such that the corrosion inhibitor composition is in contact with the metal containment.

[0019] As used herein, the term "injectate" means water plus any solids, liquids, and/or gasses entrained therein that is injected into a subterranean formation for the purpose of inducing hydrocarbon recovery therefrom.

[0020] As used herein, the term "water source" means a liquid comprising water and one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the water source is industrial wastewater. In some such embodiments, the industrial wastewater is produced water.

[0021] As used herein, the term "produced water" means water that flows back from a subterranean formation in a hydrocarbon recovery process and comprises hydrocarbon. In embodiments, produced water includes water that flows back from a subterranean formation in a hydrocarbon recovery process, and is subsequently separated from the bulk hydrocarbon phase but comprises an amount of residual hydrocarbon. In embodiments, the produced water is reused as a component of or as injectate, in which case it is termed "recycled produced water" herein. [0022] As used herein, the term "residual hydrocarbon" means hydrocarbon liquids or solids entrained in produced water after bulk separation of the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases recovered in one or more subterranean hydrocarbon recovery processes. Such processes include but are not limited to hydraulic fracturing and tertiary oil recovery. As used in this context, the term "bulk separation" means sufficient separation to result in a produced water having less than 5% by weight of hydrocarbon entrained therein. As used in this context, the term "entrained" means dispersed, emulsified, or dissolved, or combinations thereof.

[0023] As used herein, "oil-recovery" means a process in which subterranean crude oil and/or gas is brought to a location from which the oil and/or gas is transported for processing and/or other forms of use. Examples of oil-recovery include extraction of crude oil from a well or oilfield, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing.

[0024] As used herein, an "oil-recovery site" is a site at which and/or proximal to which oil- recovery is effected. Examples of oil-recovery sites include oil wells, oil rigs, and oilfields.

[0025] As used herein, "connate" is native water present in a subterranean formation along with hydrocarbon.

[0026] As used herein, "corrodents" are materials which cause, initiate, catalyze, accelerate, induce, decrease the onset time of, and/or otherwise promote the corrosion of metals.

[0027] As used herein, the term "corrosion inhibitor" is a material which inhibits corrosion of metal when the corrosion inhibitor and/or a composition comprising the corrosion inhibitor is added to a water source and/or is applied to a metal before, during, and/or after corrosion.

[0028] As used herein, a "corrosion inhibitor composition" is a mixture of a corrosion inhibitor and a water source.

[0029] As used herein, "inhibit" means prevent, retard, slow, hinder, reverse, remove, delay, or combinations thereof.

[0030] As used herein, the term "urine", except in the case of synthetic urine, is used in the commonly understood sense, a fluid comprising urea and water discharged from the body of one or more animals. "Animal urine" is urine discharged from one or more animals.

Animals include mammals such as humans. "Human urine" is urine discharged from one or more humans.

[0031] As used herein, the term "urine solids" means part or all of the solids in a

composition, wherein the source of the urine solids in the composition is the solids in urine used as a component to make the composition. For example, applying 1000 parts by weight of a corrosion inhibitor consisting of urine containing 42000 ppm urine solids to 999000 parts by weight of produced water to produce 1000000 parts by weight of a corrosion inhibitor composition produces corrosion inhibitor composition comprising 42 ppm of urine solids.

[0032] As used herein, "the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition" means the weight of urine as applied to the water source per unit weight of the resulting produced corrosion inhibitor composition. The urine comprises urea and water.

[0033] As used herein, the term "synthetic urine" comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and urea.

[0034] As used herein, the term "metal containment" means any object comprising metal capable of corrosion when contacted by a water source, wherein the containment holds, contains, transports, guides the flow of, and/or otherwise contacts a composition comprising a water source.

[0035] As used herein, the term "wastewater" means water that has been used, such as water that has been used for washing, toilets, or industrial processes.

[0036] As used herein, "industrial wastewater" means any wastewater resulting from industrial processes such as factories, farms, mines, quarries, and oil and gas recovery operations, and/or commercial enterprise and which comprises one or more corrodents. In embodiments, industrial wastewater is produced water. In embodiments, industrial wastewater comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of outflow and/or runoff from industrial infrastructure and/or processes such as landfills, farms, storage, factories, mills, plants including power stations, incinerators and other waste treatment plants, mines, quarries, industrial drilling operations, spraying and painting, and other industrial processes as will be evident to one of skill, wherein the outflow and/or runoff comprises one or more corrodents.

[0037] As used herein, the term "sewage" means wastewater which comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine.

[0038] As used herein, the term "sewerage system" means the infrastructure which conveys, processes, and/or contains sewage.

[0039] As used herein, the term "wastewater-treatment plant" means a facility which converts wastewater by one or more treatment steps into an effluent which can be returned to the water cycle. [0040] As used herein, a "sewage-treatment plant" is a wastewater-treatment plant wherein the wastewater treated comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sewage.

[0041] As used herein, "sedimentation" is a water-treatment process comprising the step of allowing solids borne in a liquid comprising water to separate under the influence of a force to form a sediment and a supernatant liquid purified of solids.

[0042] As used herein, "iron" means a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of elemental iron. In embodiments, iron comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of elemental iron and rust. In embodiments, iron comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of elemental iron, iron oxides, iron hydroxides, hydrated iron oxides, iron oxide-hydroxides, and/or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, iron additionally comprises manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, niobium, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, copper, or mixtures thereof.

[0043] As used herein, the term "steel" means an alloy comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of iron and carbon.

[0044] As used herein, the term "carbon steel" means steel in which the main alloying component is carbon, wherein the carbon steel comprises between about 0.1% to about 2.1% by weight of carbon.

[0045] As used herein, the term "transporting" a material means moving a material, and/or allowing or causing a material to move from one location to another.

[0046] As used herein, the term "acrylated polymer" means a polymer comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a residue of an acrylate monomer, the acrylated monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, a salt of acrylic acid, methacylic acid, or a salt of methacrylic acid.

[0047] Discussion

[0048] Although the present disclosure provides references to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Reference to various embodiments does not limit the scope of the claims attached hereto. Additionally, any examples set forth in this specification are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the appended claims. [0049] Unexpectedly to one of ordinary skill, the Applicant has discovered that the addition of urine to a water source inhibits corrosion of metal such as a carbon steel containment. In embodiments, the addition of urine or a composition containing urine unexpectedly inhibits the corrosion of a metal such as carbon steel which is or has been in contact with a water source containing corrodents such as aqueous carbon dioxide, aqueous hydrogen sulfide, and acidic and/or otherwise corrosive aqueous materials.

[0050] In embodiments, the invention is a method comprising: applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of injectate. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sewage.

[0051] The composition of urine can vary according to many factors. In embodiments, the urine comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and urea. In some embodiments, the urine comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and at least one moiety, in other embodiments at least two moieties, in further embodiments any three, four, five, 2-10, 2-20, 5-20, or more than 20 moieties selected from the group consisting of urea, 1- methylhistidine, 1,3-diaminoproane, 2-ketobutyric acid, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 2- methoxyestrone, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, deoxyuridine, deoxycytidine, cortexolone, 4- pyridoxic acid, alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxytyamine, (S)-3 -hydroxy isobutyric acid, 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, ureidopropionic acid, biotin, androsterone, 7-dehydrocholesterol, camosine, adenine, taurocholic acid, aldosterone, butyric acid, acetic acid, betaine, ascorbic acid, adenosine monophosphate, melibiose, adenosine, ammonia, argininosuccinic acid, androstenedione, bilirubin, beta-alanine, cyclic AMP, acetoacetic acid, L-carnitine, Cortisol, creatine, epinephrine, pipecolic acid, deoxyinosine, cis- aconitic acid, dopamine, dihydrouracil, dehydroepiandrosterone, cysteinylglycine, dihydrothymine, deoxyguanosine, dimethylamine, cytidine, dimethylglycine, citric acid, choline, D-xylose, L-cystathionine, deoxyadenosine, galactitol, ethanol, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycolic acid, homovanillic acid, glyoxylic acid, folic acid, D-glucose, glutathione, glycerol 3-phosphate, D-glucuronic acid, guanidoacetic acid, glycerol, guanine, guanosine, fumaric acid, glycocholic acid, glyceric acid, formic acid, D-galactose, estrone, L-glutamic acid, ethanolamine, estradiol, gentisic acid, estriol, L-malic acid, hypoxanthine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-alanine, L-proline, D-maltose, methylamine, L-threonine, L-asparagine, D-mannose, L-isoleucine, L-fiicose, maleic acid, L-histidine, L-dopa, L-lysine, alpha-lactose, L-serine, L-lactic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-cystine, isocitric acid, anserine, inosine, indoleacetic acid, L-acetylcarnitine, methylmalonic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, N6-acetyl-L- lysine, oleic acid, oxoglutaric acid, phenylacetic acid, pantothenic acid, myoinositol, ornithine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, norepinephrine, palmitic acid, L-palmitoylcarnitine, oxalacetic acid, o-phosphoethanolamine, oxoadipic acid, orotic acid, mevalonic acid, phenol, nicotinamide ribotide, N-acetylneuraminic acid, quinolinic acid, testosterone, thiamine, propionic acid, pyridoxine, pyruvic acid, riboflavin, porphobilinogen, sorbitol, thyroxine, pyrophosphate, taurine, sphingosine, succinic acid, thiosulfate, sucrose, serotonin, thymine, liothyronine, pyroglutamic acid, tetrahydrocorticosterone, sphinganine, sarcosine, phosphoserine, thymidine, D-ribose, uric acid, vanillylmandelic acid, xanthine, uridine, xanthosine, uracil, urocanic acid, uridine diphosphategalactose, tryptamine, tyramine, 3b- hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, 16-a-hydroxypregnenolone, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, 2-hydroxyadipic acid, 3 -hydroxy suberic acid, lb,3a,12a- trihydroxy-5b-cholanoic acid, (R)-3 -hydroxy isobutyric acid, (S)-3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid,

2- hydroxyestradiol, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, 2-octenedioic acid, 2-hydroxy estrone, 3- hydroxyadipic acid, 3-hydroxysebacic acid, 16a-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone, 2-methyl-

3 - hydroxy butyric acid, 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2,4- dihydroxybutanoic acid, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 2- methylcitric acid, 2-hydroxyestradiol-3-methyl ether, 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, 2- pyrocatechuic acid, 2-hydroxyadenine, 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-ketovaleric acid, 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate, 18-hydroxy Cortisol, 2- methylglutaric acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, 3 -hydroxy glutaric acid, 17a-estradiol, homoveratric acid, 2-furoylglycine, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, (S)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, adipic acid, 5a-tetrahydrocorticosterone, 5-hydroxylysine, cis-4-hydroxycyclohexylacetic acid, L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, 3-methylcrotonylglycine, allantoin, Ca ²⁺ , biopterin, 5- hydroxymethyluracil, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, butanone, 3-methylhistidine, caprylic acid, vanillic acid, 7-hydroxyoctanoic acid, aspartylglycosamine, etiocholanolone, 3-methyl-2- oxovaleric acid, CI ^" , androstanediol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol glucuronide, 5,6- dihydrouridine, 4-deoxyerythronic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ribitol, aminoadipic acid, capric acid, L-arginine, chenodeoxycholic acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid, 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 5a-tetrahydrocortisol, 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, acetylglycine, caproic acid, Mg ²⁺ , 5- androstenetriol, 3-methylglutarylcarnitine, 3-methyladipic acid, L-alloisoleucine, creatinine, one or more phosphatidylcholines, galactonic acid, cinnamic acid, D-arabitol,

deoxypyridinoline, coproporphyrin iii, desmosine, L-cysteine, DL-homocystine, 3,5- diiodothyronine, glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine, K ⁺ , glutamylphenylalanine, Cr ³⁺ , galactosylhydroxylysine, cis-4-decenedioic acid, D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, cyanocobalamin,

2+

Co , erythronic acid, 2-furoic acid, cholic acid, glutaconic acid, ethylmalonic acid, gluconic acid, deoxycholic acid, cytosine, deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate, citraconic acid, succinylacetone, chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate, dodecanoic acid, galactaric acid, levoglucosan, L-glutamine, coproporphyrin i, L-arabinose, D-alpha-aminobutyric acid, decanoylcarnitine, Cu ²⁺ , D-fhictose, glutaric acid, F ^" , glucaric acid, leucinic acid, L- thyronine, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, homo-L-arginine, indolelactic acid, linoleic acid, iodine, L-homocystine, isovalerylglycine, homocitrulline, indoxyl sulfate, L-kynurenine, iso- ursodeoxycholic acid, L-leucine, isocaproic acid, malonic acid, Fe ²⁺ , L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, keto leucine, L-methionine, 1-methylnicotinamide, hydroxypropionic acid,

hexanoylglycine, mandelic acid, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, isovaleric acid, L-homoserine, levulinic acid, glycylproline, 4-hydroxyproline, alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, isobutyrylglycine, cysteine-s-sulfate, hydroxykynurenine, hyodeoxycholic acid, heptacarboxylporphyrin i, indole, isodesmosine, homocysteine, malic acid, homocarnosine, hydroxyisocaproic acid, 3-hydroxymandelic acid, L-threo-2-pentulose, methylglutaric acid, 3 -hydroxy isovaleric acid, hydroxyphenyllactic acid, L-hexanoylcarnitine, glycogen, glycyl- L-leucine, hyocholic acid, lithocholic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, mannitol, N-acetyl-L-alanine, pseudouridine, pregnenolone sulfate, phenyllactic acid, propionylglycine, azelaic acid, oxypurinol, orotidine, L-octanoylcarnitine, sebacic acid, saicar, myristic acid, N-butyrylglycine, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, N-acetylglucosamine 6- sulfate, normetanephrine, phenylacetylglycine, p-hydroxymandelic acid, 3'-sialyllactose, stearic acid, neuraminic acid, salicyluric acid, neopterin, pyridinoline, beta-sitosterol, formiminoglutamic acid, pimelic acid, monomethyl glutaric acid, phenylpropionylglycine, isopropyl alcohol, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine, histamine, 4-methylcatechol, trigonelline, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, xanthurenic acid, L-valine, ribothymidine, valeric acid, suberic acid, 1-methylhistamine, tetrahydrocortisone, citrulline, trimethylamine,

succinyladenosine, vanillactic acid, uroporphyrin iii, ursocholic acid, trimethylamine N- oxide, L-tryptophan, uroporphyrin I, stigmasterol, S-adenosylhomocysteine, threonic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, tetrahydrocortisol, taurochenodesoxycholic acid, suberylglycine, trans- ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, tartaric acid, pyrocatechol, trans-aconitic acid, tiglylglycine, hypotaurine, trehalose, 5-methylcytidine, acetaldehyde, N-formyl-L-methionine, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, angiotensin ii, arachidonic acid, cotinine, gamma- glutamylcysteine, glyceraldehyde, N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid, leukotriene M, 2- aminobenzoic acid, nornicotine, N-acetylglutamic acid, prostaglandin f2a, 5-aminolevulinic acid, 4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid, pyruvaldehyde, 4-aminophenol, 5'- methylthioadenosine, octanol, s-adenosylmethionine, Nl-acetylspermine, prostaglandin e2, Al ³⁺ , spermine, spermidine, succinic acid semialdehyde, maltotriose, dehydroascorbic acid, L-sorbose, Nl-acetylspermidine, maltotetraose, norcotinine, Mo ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , D-lactic acid, phosphorus, N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine, Rb ⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid, selenium, hydroxypyruvic acid, diaminopimelic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, melatonin, hydroxycotinine, p-aminobenzoic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, guaiacol, glucose 6- phosphate, niacinamide, cotinine N-oxide, putrescine, estrone sulfate, formaldehyde, phosphate, agmatine, 3-methoxytyrosine, 25-hydroxyvitamin d2, SO4 ^" , thromboxane a2, thiocyanate, diethylthiophosphate, zirconium, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, gallium, nicotinic acid, vanylglycol, 20-hydroxy-leukotriene b4, phosphocreatine, glucosamine,

methylguanidine, imidazole, 3-methylthiopropionic acid, 6-hydroxydopamine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, m-chlorobenzoic acid, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, 1- methylguanosine, phosphorylcholine, phenylglyoxylic acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, D- xylulose, L-norleucine, acetone, m-coumaric acid, DL-o-phosphoserine, guanidine, methylsuccinic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, caffeine, propranolol, L-arabitol, tellurium, 5- hydroxytryptophol, protocatechuic acid, 1,3-dimethyluric acid, p-cresol, acetaminophen, paraxanthine, 3-methylhistamine, 2-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-oxovaleric acid, 3,4- dihydroxymandelic acid, 4-aminohippuric acid, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, benzoic acid, epicatechin, isobutyric acid, methanol, epinephrine sulfate, thymol, aspirin, propylene glycol, dihydroxyacetone, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-methylxanthine, N,N-dimethylformamide, theophylline, acetylcysteine, m-aminobenzoic acid, menadione, salicylic acid, ribonolactone, 3-nitrotyrosine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, ibuprofen, 17a-ethynylestradiol, hydrochlorothiazide, l(-)-nicotine pestanal, phenylpropanolamine, tin, caffeic acid, titanium, carbon dioxide, 3- aminosalicylic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (22n-6), 5'-deoxyadenosine, 2-hydroxy-2- methylbutyric acid, 4-hydroxycyclohexylcarboxylic acid, tungsten, 7-methylxanthine, 7a- hydroxy-cholestene-3-one, eicosapentaenoic acid, 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine, methionine sulfoxide, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, butyrylcarnitine, cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, cystathionine ketimine, 1-phenylethylamine, imidazoleacetic acid, ureidoisobutyric acid, 4- hydroxycinnamic acid, n(6)-methyllysine, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, m-cresol, o-cresol, monoisobutyl phthalic acid, norepinephrine sulfate, N-acetylputrescine, 4- methoxyphenylacetic acid, cyanide, syringic acid, N-ribosylhistidine, malonylcarnitine, 4- ethylbenzoic acid, phthalic acid, monoethyl phthalate, 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid,

aminoacetone, phosphoric acid, (S)-b-aminoisobutyric acid, Nl,N12-diacetylspermine, ethylmethylacetic acid, phenylephrine, docosahexaenoic acid, N8-acetylspermidine, desaminotyrosine, leukotriene e4, equol, picolinic acid, dodecanoylcarnitine, (E)-2- methylglutaconic acid, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin fl a, N-acetylcadaverine, 2- indolecarboxylic acid, arsenic, dimethylsulfide, imidazolelactic acid, cadaverine, coumesterol, oxalic acid, biochanin a, 2-methylbenzoic acid, trans-trans-muconic acid, 2,4- diaminobutyric acid, tiglylcarnitine, N-phenylacetylphenylalanine, N-acetylcystathionine, boron, terephthalic acid, sumiki's acid, hydroquinone, 4-deoxythreonic acid, Ni ⁺ , 3- hydroxybenzoic acid, a-ketoglutaric acid oxime, Br ^" , germanium, V ³⁺ , 3,4,5- trimethoxycinnamic acid, a,b-dihydroxyisobutyric acid, sulfolithocholylglycine, 3-(3- hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, isorhamnetin, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, naringenin, 19-norandrosterone, iduronic acid, cyanidin, 1-methylinosine, thyroxine sulfate, androsterone sulfate, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-pge2, catechin, cortisone, methylimidazoleacetic acid, theobromine, androsterone glucuronide, testosterone sulfate, oxytocin, campesterol, NO3 ^" , 6-keto-prostaglandin fla, ellagic acid, 2,3-dinor-txb2, D-xylitol, N-acetylserine, dihydrotestosterone, 11 -hydroxyandrosterone, cysteamine, erythritol, o-acetylserine, aniline, shikimic acid, 1-methyluric acid, cortolone, retinoyl b-glucuronide, guanidinosuccinic acid, chlorogenic acid, cortol, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, testosterone glucuronide, genistein, methanethiol, palmitoleic acid, acetoin, thromboxane b2, pelargonidin, nicotinuric acid, phloretin, daidzein, 1 -methyladenosine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate, 8- hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, symmetric dimethylarginine, D-glutamic acid, menthol, 5- aminopentanoic acid, N-acetylornithine, D-limonene, 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid, pectin, D- serine, 4-guanidinobutanoic acid, 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, calcidiol, rosmarinic acid, Hg ²⁺ , Cd ²⁺ , Sr ²⁺ , N-methylhydantoin, 2-heptanone, 4- acetamidobutanoic acid, 2-methylacetoacetic acid, 15(S)-hete, 3-aminoisobutanoic acid, selenomethionine, pregnanediol, 21-hydroxypregnenolone, L-allothreonine, metanephrine, 6- hydroxymelatonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, Sb ³⁺ , D-threitol, Au ⁺ , Ba ⁺ , tantalum, dopamine 4- sulfate, D-urobilinogen, L-urobilin, D-urobilin, Nl-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N- methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, delta-12-prostaglandinj2, 11- dehydro-thromboxane b2, anabasine, 4-hydroxynonenal, N-methyltryptamine, 5- acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil, estrone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide, perillic acid, N-a-acetyl-L-arginine, Pb ²⁺ , o-desmethylangolensin, 8-isoprostane, 13 s- hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 7c-aglycone, 5c-aglycone, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid, 3-methyluridine, 4-heptanone, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid, fapy-adenine, 5-hydroxydopamine, biotin sulfone, bisnorbiotin, methyl bisnorbiotinyl ketone, lanthionine ketimine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, p-octopamine, p-synephrine, proline betaine, trihexosylceramide (dl 8: 1/12:0), trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/9z-18:l),

trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/16:0), trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/18:0), trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/20:0), trihexosylceramide (dl 8:1/22:0), trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/24:l(15z)), trihexosylceramide (dl8:l/26:l(17z)), trihexosylceramide (dl8: 1/24:0), trihexosylceramide (dl 8: 1/25:0), cis-4-octenedioic acid, dimethyl sulfone, pi-methylimidazoleacetic acid, m- tyramine, enterodiol, tetradecanoylcamitine, 15-deoxy-D-12,14-pgj2, 8-isoprostaglandin f2a, dihydrodaidzein, glycitein, hesperetin, hydroxytyrosol, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, formononetin, beta-cortol, 2-oxohexane, 19-noretiocholanolone, dihydrogenistein, Li ⁺ , tetrahydrodeoxycortisol, dimethyltryptamine, hexanal, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, mevalonolactone, N-acetylglutamine, 11-ketoetiocholanolone, 8-hydroxy-7-methylguanine, N2-methylguanine, dityrosine, o-phosphotyrosine, 4-hydroxy-L-proline, 20-carboxy- leukotriene b4, putreanine, scyllitol, entero lactone, 12-hete, malondialdehyde, 3- hydroxyhippuric acid, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone glucuronide, 17-beta-estradiol-3- glucuronide, dopamine 3-o-sulfate, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alpha-N-phenylacetyl-L- glutamine, L-glyceric acid, linoleyl carnitine, iso-valeraldehyde, D-aspartic acid, prolylhydroxyproline, estriol- 16-glucuronide, hydroxyacetone, acetaminophen glucuronide, pregnanediol-3 -glucuronide, inodxyl glucuronide, ethyl glucuronide, dopamine glucuronide, estriol-3-glucuronide, retinyl beta-glucuronide, aldosterone 18-glucuronide,

dehydroepiandrosterone 3 -glucuronide, 1 l-beta-hydroxyandrosterone-3 -glucuronide, estriol 3-sulfate 16-glucuronide, lysopc(16:0), lysopc(16:l(9z)), lysopc(18:0), lysopc(18:2(9z,12z)), lysopc(20:4(5z,8z,l lz,14z)), lysopc(20:4(8z,l lz,14z,17z)), 1 -methylxanthine, 1,7- dimethyluric acid, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil, L-leucyl-L-proline, L- prolyl-L-glycine, o-phosphothreonine, 1-methyladenine, 3-methyladenine, decanal, dimethylarsinate, L-3-hydroxykynurenine, p-cresol sulfate, one or more sphingomyelins, 2- methylerythritol p-cresol glucuronide, vanilpyruvic acid, N-acetylvanilalanine, 2- methylhippuric acid, glycyl-glycine, 2-phenylpropionate, 3-methoxybenzenepropanoic acid, methyldopa, lysopc(17:0), 1-naphthol, diethylphosphate, Γ, phenylethylamine, vanillin, 2- naphthol, propenoylcarnitine, hydroxypropionylcarnitine, butenylcaraitine, valerylcarnitine, glutaconylcarnitine, glutarylcarnitine, methylmalonylcarnitine, 1,2 diaminopropane, 1- hydroxypyrene, 2,3-diaminosalicylic acid, 2-hexenoylcarnitine, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3- hydroxypicolinic acid, 4-o-methylgallic acid, 9-decenoylcarnitine, alanyltryptophan, ethylamine, leucyl-phenylalanine, monobutylphthalate, monoethylhexyl phthalic acid, nonanoylcarnitine, phenylalanylphenylalanine, tryptophanamide, tyrosinamide, 2- octenoylcarnitine, trans-2-dodecenoylcarnitine, pimelylcarnitine, trans-2- tetradecenoylcarnitine, 3-hydroxy-cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, 3, 5-tetradecadiencarnitine, 3- hydroxy-5, 8-tetradecadiencarnitine, 9,12-hexadecadienoylcarnitine, 3- hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine, ruthenium, cesium, palladium, platinum, cerium, 1,2,3- trihydroxybenzene, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4- hydroxyhippuric acid, 3-oxoglutaric acid, lanthanum, neodymium, norvaline, rhenium, thallium, 2-pentylfuran, nicotine, lindane, allopurinol, procaine, ketoprofen, ephedrine, Fe ²⁺ ,

3+

Fe , 1,3-diacetylpropane, 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone, hafnium, lysopc(6:0), thorium, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-ethylphenol, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, umbelliferone, 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±)-tryptophan, ethyl acetate, 2- nonanone, 2-nonenal, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5h)-furanone, benzophenone, bisphenol a, methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, 2-biphenylol, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, 3- methoxybenzoic acid, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylfuran, arsenobetaine, (S)-2- methylbutanoic acid, benzylamine, toluene, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, coumaric acid, 3,4-o-dimethylgallic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyl-2-propionic acid, 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l- butanol, acrolein, pentachlorophenol, 2-hydroxyglutarate, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid, 3-methyl- 3-hydroxypentanedioate, 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, 6-amino-5 N-methylformylamino]- 1-methyluracil, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4- hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, paracetamol sulfate, 1,3,5- trimethoxybenzene, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5- dimethoxyphenol, 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, and isovanillic acid. In some embodiments, the urine comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water, and at least two or more of the foregoing compounds, for example three, four, five, 2-10, 2-20, 5-20, or more than 20 of the foregoing compounds. In some embodiments urine comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and substantially all of the foregoing compounds.

[0052] In embodiments, a corrosion inhibitor composition is produced by the method comprising the steps of: concentrating urine to produce a concentrated urine; applying the concentrated urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the concentrating the urine comprises allowing water to evaporate from the urine, evaporating water from the urine at reduced pressure, evaporating water from the urine at elevated temperature, or more than one thereof. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.1 to 10000 ppm; in embodiments the concentration of the urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.5 to 2000 ppm; in embodiments 1 to 1000 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 500 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 100 ppm; in

embodiments, 10 to 50 ppm. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the urine. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the concentrated urine. In embodiments, one or more biocides is added to the corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, one or more biocides is added to the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the one or more biocides is selected from chlorine and chlorine-containing biocides, quinolines, quinaldimium biocides, lactone biocides, quaternary ammonium compounds, phenols, 2-bromo-4- hydroxyacetophenone, bronopols, carbamates, chlorothioethers, 2-2-dibromo-3- nitrilopropionamide, 2-(decylthio)ethanamine, glutaraldehydes, isothiazolines, methylene bis(thiocyanate), polyquats, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, sulfones,

bis(tributyltin) oxide, tertbuthylazines, tetrachloro-2,4,6-cyano-3-benzonitrile,

2(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, thiones, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate, tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, peroxides, hypochlorites, super oxides, phenols, quaternary ammonium biocides, surfactant biocides, chlorine-containing biocides, quinoline, quinaldinium, lactone, antibiotics, dye, thiosemicarbazone, quinone, sulfa, carbamates, salicylamide, carbanilide, amide, guanide, amidine, chelate and imidazoline antimicrobial agents, acridine, acriflavine, aminacrine hydrochloride, proflavin hemisulfate,

triphenylmethane, magenta, crystal violet, scarlet red, pararosaniline, rosaniline, sodium hypochlorite, oxychlorosene, chloramine, dichlorodimethylhydantoin, halazone,

dichloramine, chlorasine, succinchlorimide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, dichloroisocyanurate, trichloromelamine, dichloroglycoluril, halogenated dialkyl-hydantoin, halane, dequalinium, laurolinium, hydroxyquinoline, lioquinol, chlorquinaldol and halquinol. Exemplary quaternary ammonium biocides include pyridinium biocides, benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorphenoctium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorphenoctium amsonate, dequalinium acetate, dequalinium chloride, domiphen bromide, laurolinium acetate, methylbenzethonium chloride, myristyl- gamma-picolinium chloride, ortaphonium chloride, triclobisonium chloride, griseofulvin, nitrofurfural, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone, chlorinated phenol, cresol phenol, thymol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, hexachlorophane, bisphenols, amylmetacresol, bithionol, chlorothymol, dichloroxylenol, chiorophene, p-chlorophenol, p- phenylphenol, trinitrophenol, dichlorobisphenol, and bromochlorobisphenol. Exemplary antibiotics include penicillins, gentemyctin, aminoglycosides, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, neomycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, fudicin, rifampicin, cephaloridine, erythromycin, actinomycin, neomycin, polymyxin, colistin, gentamicin, bactriun, carbenicillin streptomycin, propiolactone, noxytiolin, polynoxylen, triclocarbon, chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine acetate, chlorhexidine hydrochloride, dibromopropamide, halogenated diphenylalkanes, cibromsalan, metabromsalan, tribromsalan, carbanilide, salicylanilide, tetrachlorosalicylanilide, trichlorocarbanilide, propamide isethionate, pentamidine, picloxydine, mendalamine, methenamine salts, the acid addition and quaternary, methenamine mandelate, bronopol polyoxmethylene esters such as polyoxmethylene diester, polyoxmethylene diacitate, and mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the amount of biocide in the corrosion inhibitor composition is between 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%.

[0053] In embodiments, a corrosion inhibitor composition is produced by a method comprising the steps of: concentrating urine by evaporating or otherwise removing water from the urine to produce a concentrated urine, adding a liquid comprising water to the concentrated urine to produce a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine; applying the corrosion inhibitor to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. The produced water comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.1 to 10000 ppm; in embodiments the concentration of the urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.5 to 2000 ppm; in embodiments 1 to 1000 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 500 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 100 ppm; in embodiments, 10 to 50 ppm. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the urine. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the concentrated urine. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the corrosion inhibitor composition.

[0054] In embodiments, the applying is batch-wise in one or more batches, wherein a particular quantity of the first material is added in a first batch to a second material; or in other embodiments the applying is continuous, wherein the first material is added continuously to a second material. Non-limiting examples of applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source include mixing the corrosion inhibitor with a water source, introducing a flow of the corrosion inhibitor to a flow of the water source, introducing a flow of the corrosion inhibitor to a layer of water source, introducing a flow of water source to a layer of the corrosion inhibitor, laying a layer of the corrosion inhibitor on a layer of the water source, laying a layer of the water source onto a layer of corrosion inhibitor, impinging a jet of the corrosion inhibitor on the water source, and/or impinging a jet of water source on the corrosion inhibitor. Various methods of applying the corrosion inhibitor to the water source will be evident to one of skill, and include applying the water source to a corrosion inhibitor. Non-limiting examples of contacting a metal containment with a corrosion inhibitor composition include introducing the corrosion inhibitor composition to a tank comprising metal, wherein at least a part of the corrosion inhibitor is in contact with at least part of the metal; introducing a corrosion inhibitor composition to a pipe comprising metal, wherein the corrosion inhibitor composition flows in the pipe or sits in the pipe, and wherein at least part of the corrosion inhibitor composition is in contact with at least part of the metal; or introducing the corrosion inhibitor composition into a device comprising metal, wherein at least part of the corrosion inhibitor composition is in contact with at least part of the metal. Non limiting examples of "introducing a corrosion inhibitor composition to" include pouring, pumping, spraying, or dropping a corrosion inhibitor composition into, onto, through, underneath, at the aside of, or around. In embodiments, one or more corrodents present in a water source react with a metal containment contacted by the water source. In embodiments, a first corrodent accelerates or catalyzes the reaction of a second corrodent with metal. In embodiments, the water source is selected from the group consisting of produced water, injectate, effluent from mining, and effluent from paper production. In embodiments, the water source is a high total dissolved solids water source; a high-temperature water source; or a high total dissolved solids, high-temperature water source. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of produced water, injectate, seawater, municipal water, wastewater such as runoff water, "gray" water, municipal wastewater, treated or partially treated wastewater, brackish water, sea water, connate, groundwater, industrial wastewater discharged from a pulp or paper mill, waste from mining such as "tailings", red mud from aluminum mining and processing, yellow boy, acid mine drainage, or a combination of two or more such water sources as determined by context. In embodiments, the water source comprises 85000 ppm CI or more. In embodiments, the water source comprises from 300 to 18000 ppm by weight of CI. In embodiments, the water source comprises between 10000 and 100000 ppm of CI. In embodiments, the water source comprises between 50000 and 200000 ppm of CI.

[0055] The water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an aqueous solution of a metal chloride. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of aqueous sodium chloride. In embodiments, the water source comprises aqueous metal ions. In embodiments, the water source comprises aqueous anions. In embodiments, the water source comprises aqueous hydrogen ions wherein the pH of the water source is less than 7. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and carbon dioxide; water and hydrogen sulfide; or water, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. In embodiments, the water source is a water saturated with carbon dioxide, water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, or water saturated with both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.

[0056] In embodiments, the water source comprises water and one or more corrodents, wherein the one or more corrodents comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of metal cations, metal complexes such as aqueous metal cations, metal chelates and/or organometallic complexes, aluminum ions, ammonium ions, barium ions, chromium ions, cobalt ions, cuprous ions, cupric ions, calcium ions, ferrous ions, ferric ions, hydrogen ions, magnesium ions, manganese ions, molybdenum ions, nickel ions, potassium ions, sodium ions, strontium ions, titanium ions, uranium ions, vanadium ions, zinc ions, bromide ions, carbonate ions, chlorate ions, chloride ions, chlorite ions, dithionate ions, fluoride ions, hypochlorite ions, iodide ions, nitrate ions, nitrite ions, oxide ions, perchlorate ions, peroxide ions, phosphate ions, phosphite ions, sulfate ions, sulfide ions, sulfite ions, hydrogen carbonate ions, hydrogen phosphate ions, hydrogen phosphite ions, hydrogen sulfate ions, hydrogen sulfite ions, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrous acid, sulfurous acid, peroxy acids, phosphoric acid, ammonia, bromine, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, iodine, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, polysaccharide, or combinations thereof.

[0057] In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises insoluble particulates such as metal oxides, sands, clays, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, muds, and other insoluble inorganic and/or organic particulates, which in embodiments act as abrasives when entrained in a water flow contacting a metal.

[0058] In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an oxidizing agent. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a chelating agent. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises an alcohol. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises an organochlorine compound. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an acid. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an alkali. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is less than 7. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between about 1 and about 6. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 5 and 6. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 4 and 5. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 3 and 4. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 2 and 3. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 1 and 2. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 0 and 1. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 8 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 9 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 10 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 11 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 12 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 13 and 14. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 8. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 9. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 10. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 11. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 12. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 7 and 13. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 8 and 13. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 9 and 12. In embodiments, the pH of the water source is between 10 and 11.

[0059] In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of produced water; injectate; connate; industrial wastewater; an aqueous mixture comprising sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide ("white liquor"); an aqueous mixture comprising lignin, one or more carbohydrates, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and/or one or more other salts ("black liquor"); municipal waste water, treated or partially treated waste water; sea water; or a combination of two or more such water sources as determined by context. In embodiments, the water source includes one or more salts, ions, buffers, acids, bases, surfactants, or other dissolved, dispersed, or emulsified compounds, materials, components, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, a water source includes about 0 wt.% to 35 wt.% total dissolved solids. In some such embodiments, the total dissolved solids are substantially non-polymeric solids. In some such embodiments, the dissolved solids comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of ionic compounds. In embodiments, the water source to which the corrosion inhibitor is applied to produce the corrosion inhibitor composition is sea water, brackish water, produced water, one or more additional water sources, or combinations thereof. In some such embodiments, the water source includes 300 ppm or more of one or more ions. In embodiments, the water source for the corrosion inhibitor composition contains one more of the following: about 300 ppm or more of Ca, for example 500 ppm or more or even 3000 ppm or more of Ca; about 1100 ppm or more of Mg; about 300 ppm or more of Ba, for example about 500 ppm or more of Ba.

[0060] In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of brackish water. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of seawater. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water. In embodiments, the water source comprises 100 to 20000 ppm of CI, based on weight. In embodiments, the water source comprises 20000 to 25000 ppm of CI, based on weight. In embodiments, the water source comprises 10000 to 100000 ppm of CI, based on weight. In embodiments, the water source comprises 25000 to 200000 ppm of CI, based on weight. In embodiments, the CI is present as chloride ions. Useful water sources for the invention comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of produced water, injectate, or mixtures thereof.

[0061] In embodiments, the water source optionally includes one or more salts, polymers, surfactants, scale inhibitors, stabilizers, metal chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, paraffin inhibitors, and other additives as determined by the operator in a subterranean hydrocarbon recovery process. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sea water, brine, hard water, or waste water such as municipal waste water or gray water. [0062] In embodiments, produced water comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water, one or more corrodents, and minor (< 5 wt.%) amounts of residual hydrocarbon products entrained therein. In embodiments, the produced water comprises connate, seawater, brackish water, residual hydrocarbons, a salt, a surfactant, an injectate, or a mixture thereof. In embodiments, produced water additionally comprises one or more surfactants, solvents, coupling agents, emulsifying agents (emulsifiers), demulsifying agents

(demulsifiers), paraffin wax inhibitors, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Produced water ranges in temperature from about - 30 °C to about 200 °C, depending on the subterranean source and the terranean environment and infrastructure proximal to the subterranean source.

[0063] In embodiments, the water source used for producing the corrosion inhibitor composition of the invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of produced water. In embodiments, the produced water is a high total dissolved solids water source wherein the total amount of dissolved solids is at least about 4 wt.% (40000 ppm) and as much as about 35 wt.% (350000 ppm). An analysis of produced water from various locations of subterranean reservoirs reveals that the concentrations of ionic species varies widely across different geographic locations where subterranean reservoirs are located. A sampling of some ionic species from different produced waters is listed in Table 1. A produced water can have one or more of the following: more than about 24000 ppm Na content, more than about 2500 ppm Ca content, more than about 70000 ppm CI content, more than about 100 ppm Ba content, more than about 50 ppm Fe content, more than about 500 ppm Mg content, and more than about 1500 ppm carbonate (carbonic acid equivalent) content.

[0064] Table 1. Concentrations of various ionic species in produced waters. Notably, "TOTAL" means all dissolved solids, including but not limited to the listed species. Blank = species not measured.

Ca 11000 13177 3660 5657 2993

CI 184500 71600 84610 71596

Cr <5

Co 49

Cu <5

Fe <75

HC0 ₃ 278 49

Mg 940 1175 1350 2224 598

Mn <5

Mo < 130

Ni <30

K 190 5643

SO4 2350 1892 2028

Si0 ₂ <50

Na 24000 85322 40900 45060 42785

Sr 2300

Ti <75

V < 10

Zn <20

TOTAL 110000 289817 120138 139492 120000 [0065] From an inspection of Table 1, it is clear that a produced water can have a variety of dissolved, dispersed, or otherwise entrained moieties which can accelerate the corrosion of metals such as steel. The corrosion rate of a metal by produced water will depend on the location at which the produced water was obtained, the chemical composition of the produced water, especially the concentration and types of one or more corrodents entrained in the water, the type of metal contacted by the one or more corrodents, the degree and particular characteristics of any corrosion already existing in or on the metal, amount of each corrodent, each corrosion inhibitor, entrained gasses, passivating or protective layers or coatings present on the metal surface contacting the one or more corrodents, and/or a number of other factors as will be apparent to one of skill.

[0066] In embodiments, produced water comprises one or more corrodents, wherein the one or more corrodents comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of metal cations, metal complexes such as aqueous metal cations, metal chelates and/or organometallic complexes, aluminum ions, ammonium ions, barium ions, chromium ions, cobalt ions, cuprous ions, cupric ions, calcium ions, ferrous ions, ferric ions, hydrogen ions, magnesium ions, manganese ions, molybdenum ions, nickel ions, potassium ions, sodium ions, strontium ions, titanium ions, uranium ions, vanadium ions, zinc ions, bromide ions, carbonate ions, chlorate ions, chloride ions, chlorite ions, dithionate ions, fluoride ions, hypochlorite ions, iodide ions, nitrate ions, nitrite ions, oxide ions, perchlorate ions, peroxide ions, phosphate ions, phosphite ions, sulfate ions, sulfide ions, sulfite ions, hydrogen carbonate ions, hydrogen phosphate ions, hydrogen phosphite ions, hydrogen sulfate ions, hydrogen sulfite ions, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrous acid, sulfurous acid, peroxy acids, phosphoric acid, ammonia, bromine, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, iodine, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, polysaccharide, or combinations thereof.

[0067] In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises insoluble particulates such as metal oxides, sands, clays, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, muds, and other insoluble inorganic and/or organic particulates, which in embodiments act as abrasives when entrained in a water flow contacting a metal.

[0068] In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an oxidizing agent. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a chelating agent. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises an alcohol. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises an organochlorine compound. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an acid. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an alkali. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is less than 7. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between about 1 and about 6. In

embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 5 and 6. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 4 and 5. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 3 and 4. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 2 and 3. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 1 and 2. In embodiments, the pH of the produced water is between 0 and 1.

[0069] In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor is urine. In embodiments, the urine is selected from the group consisting of animal urine, synthetic urine, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the urine is subsequently concentrated or diluted before being added to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition. The composition of urine and the concentration of solids therein produced by an animal is a function of and/or depends on the animal's environment; diet, including foods and liquids consumed; hydration; activity level; weight; health; age; and metabolism. In embodiments, the concentration of solids in urine varies from about 3% to about 10% by weight of solids. In embodiments, urine contains one or more of urea, uric acid, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, phosphate ions, protein, glucose, ketones, creatinine, catecholamine, dopamine, Cortisol, and/or

phenylalanine. In embodiments, the pH of urine is between about 4 and 8. In embodiments, the specific gravity of urine is between about 1.001 and 1.035.

[0070] Synthetic urine is an artificial urine comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of water and urea. In embodiments, the synthetic urine additionally comprises one or more of the following: sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions, creatinine, uric acid, ammonium ions, an enzyme, a carbohydrate, a hormone, a fatty acid, a pigment, a mucin, a metabolite, or a mixture thereof.

[0071] In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition of the invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine and a water source. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition of the invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water and urine. Herein, "the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition" means the volume of urine as applied to the water source per unit volume of the resulting produced corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 10 ppm to 50000 ppm, by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 10 ppm to 5000 ppm, by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 50 to 2000 ppm by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 1000 ppm by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the urine is 10,000 ppm to 200,000 ppm. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine solids in the urine is 20,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm; in embodiments, 25,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm; in embodiments, 30,000 ppm to 60,000 ppm; in embodiments; in embodiments, 35,000 ppm to 45,000 ppm. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.1 to 10000 ppm; in embodiments the concentration of the urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.5 to 2000 ppm; in embodiments 1 to 1000 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 500 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 100 ppm; in embodiments, 10 to 50 ppm. In embodiments, the water source is produced water. In embodiments, the urine is animal urine. In embodiments, the animal urine comprises or consists essentially of urea and water, wherein the urine is produced by excretion from an animal. In embodiments the animal is a human, and the animal urine is human urine. In embodiments, the urine comprises or consists essentially of urea and water, wherein the urine is produced by the steps comprising (i) an animal excreting excreted urine, and (ii) the excreted urine being concentrated. In embodiments, the excreted urine is concentrated, for example, by evaporation or boiling of the water from the urine. In embodiments, the urine comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urea and water, wherein the urine is produced by the steps comprising (i) excretion by an animal, and (ii) the excreted urine being diluted. The excreted urine is diluted by the addition of a diluent which is a liquid such as water. In embodiments, the urine is artificial and comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urea and water. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the urine. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, one or more biocides are added to the corrosion inhibitor composition.

[0072] The metal containment is any type of containment for liquid, vapor, gas, or solid, the containment comprising one or more metals. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of steel. In embodiments, the steel comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of carbon steel. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of iron. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises or consists essentially of aluminum, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, niobium, copper, or mixtures thereof. [0073] In embodiments, the metal containment comprises or consists essentially of metal and one or more of boron, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, and/or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a pipe. In some such embodiments, the pipe is coiled tubing. In embodiments, the pipe has a device attached thereto, the device comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of metal. In some such embodiments the device is a pressure gauge, a flowmeter, a chemical sensor, or a pump. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tank. In embodiments, the tank is a sealed tank: sealed means that the contents of the tank are not open to the air. In embodiments, the contents of the sealed tank are at a pressure that is higher than the ambient environmental air pressure. In embodiments, the contents of the sealed tank are at a pressure that is lower than the ambient environmental air pressure external to the tank. In embodiments, the tank is open to the air and the contents are at ambient environmental air pressure. In embodiments, the tank has an inflow and/or an outflow pipe attached thereto. In embodiments, the tank has a device attached thereto. In embodiments the device is a pressure gauge. In embodiments the device is a flowmeter. In embodiments the device is a chemical sensor. In embodiments, the device is a pump. In embodiments, the metal containment is a device. In embodiments the device is a pressure gauge. In embodiments the device is a flowmeter. In embodiments the device is a chemical sensor. In embodiments, the device is a metal drill pipe. In embodiments, the device is a pump. In embodiments, the metal containment is a railroad tank car, also known as an "oil can" rail car. In embodiments, the metal containment is a tank truck, sometimes known as a tanker. In embodiments, the metal containment is a sewer pipe.

[0074] Steel is an alloy comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of iron and carbon. Typically, the carbon content of steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight. In embodiments, the steel comprises between about 0.002% and 2.1% of carbon by weight. In embodiments, the steel additionally comprises manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, niobium, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, or copper, or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the steel comprises iron sulfide, ferrous oxide (iron (II) oxide), ferric oxide (iron (ΠΙ) oxide), iron (Π,ΙΠ) oxide, hydrated iron oxides such as Fe ₂ 03.nH ₂ 0 where n is a number between 0.1 and 3, Fe(OH) _3> and/or FeO(OH). In embodiments, the steel is pre-corroded and contains, comprises, or has a surface coating comprising rust, oxide, hydroxide, oxide-hydroxide, sulfide, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, sulfite, nitrite, phosphate, or mixtures thereof. [0075] Carbon steel is steel in which an important alloying component is carbon, wherein the carbon steel comprises between about 0.1% to about 2.1% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.1% and 2.1% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.1% and 2.0% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.12% and 2.0% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.12% and 1.5% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.14% and 1.0% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.14% and 0.25% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises between 0.14% and 0.20% by weight of carbon. In embodiments, the carbon steel comprises 0.18% by weight of carbon.

[0076] Steel may be characterized by a four-digit number called the American Iron and Steel Institute (or AISI) number. When the first two digits of the AISI number are 10, the first two digits indicate that the material is a carbon steel. Other carbon steels have AISI numbers, wherein the first two digits of the AISI number are not 10. When the steel is a carbon steel, the second two digits of the AISI number refer to the hundredths of a percent by weight of carbon in the steel. For example, a carbon steel having an AISI number of 1018 is a carbon steel having about 0.18% of carbon by weight in its composition. In embodiments of the invention, the carbon steel has an AISI number of 1018.

[0077] The corrosion inhibitor of the invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urea and water. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor of the invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sewage, raw sewage, processed sewage, wastewater, rainwater, industrial waste, surface runoff, storm water, fertilizers, and/or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor of the invention is obtained from a wastewater- treatment plant, a sewage-treatment plant, or a sewer such as a combined sewer or sanitary sewer. In embodiments, a wastewater-treatment plant utilizes one or more of primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor of the invention is extracted from any location in a sewerage system or at any step in the treatment of sewage or wastewater providing that the corrosion inhibitor thus obtained comprises urine. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor is obtained from a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor is obtained from a sewage-treatment plant. Primary sewage treatment comprises removal of solid material, sludge, oils, and/or grease from sewage by sedimentation such as gravity separation, settling, decanting, and the like. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor of the invention is obtained by removal of sewage from a sewage-treatment plant following primary sewage treatment. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor of the invention is obtained by one or more steps comprising: extraction from a sewerage system; concentration; dilution; wastewater treatment; and sewage treatment.

[0078] A sewer is the infrastructure which conveys, processes, and/or contains sewage. In embodiments, sewage is domestic sewage. In embodiments, the sewage is animal sewage. In embodiments, the sewage is industrial and/or commercial sewage. In embodiments, the sewage is agricultural sewage. In embodiments, the sewage comprises urine and bathwater, shower water, or mixtures thereof. The infrastructure to convey and contain sewage is any containment or conveyance which collects materials comprising urine, and in embodiments of the invention the sewerage system comprises, consists of or consists essentially of a trough, a urinal, a bucket, a floor, a floor with one or more drains, a floor with one or more drainage channels, and combinations thereof. However, in embodiments the infrastructure which conveys and/or contains domestic sewage, the sewerage system, comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a sink, a drain, a pipe, a chamber, a tunnel, a ditch, a manhole, a pumping station, an overflow, a screening chamber, a treatment station, a septic tank, a trough, a gutter, a channel, a filter, a tank, a siphon, a pump, and/or combinations thereof. In embodiments, a sewerage system comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a river or canal.

[0079] In embodiments, an injectate comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a water source. In embodiments, the injectate comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of recycled produced water. In embodiments, the water source employed to form injectates of the invention is a high total dissolved solids water source, wherein the water source comprises about 4 wt.% to 35 wt.% substantially non-polymeric total dissolved solids. In embodiments, the water source is a high temperature, high total dissolved solids water source. In embodiments where the water source includes high total dissolved solids, a substantial portion of the total dissolved solids are ionic compounds. High total dissolved solids water sources include about 5 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 32 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 28 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 26 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 24 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 22 wt.%, or about 5 wt.% to 20 wt.%, or about 6 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 7 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 8 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 9 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 12 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 14 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 16 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 18 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 20 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 22 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 25 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 32 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 30 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 28 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 26 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 24 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 22 wt.%, or about 10 wt.% to 20 wt.% non-polymeric solids. In embodiments, the non-polymeric solids are one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the non-polymeric solids comprise one or more corrodents.

[0080] In embodiments, the invention is a method of inhibiting corrosion comprising the steps of applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the water source is produced water; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the produced water is obtained from an oil well. In embodiments, the produced water is obtained by injecting an injectate into a subterranean formation and collecting a mixture of crude oil and produced water that is subjected to one or more separate steps, yielding crude oil and produced water. In embodiments, the produced water is stored. In embodiments the produced water is transported. In embodiments, the produced water is disposed in one or more evaporation ponds, optionally before or after transportation. In embodiments, the produced water is discharged to surface water such as water in a stream, river, lake, wetland, sea, or ocean, optionally before or after treatment. In embodiments the produced water is treated: in one such embodiment produced water is treated by one or more of an evaporator crystallizer system, an advanced electrodialysis membrane system, dissolved gas flotation, plate coalescer, and a gravity separator. In embodiments, the produced water is reused as injectate, in which case it is termed "recycled produced water" herein. As will be evident to one of skill, at any stage in the collection, separation, treatment, transportation, and discharge; conveyance and/or storage of the produced water is a necessary and/or convenient step. During conveyance or storage of the produced water, which in embodiments contains one or more corrodents, the produced water contacts one or more metal containments.

Contacting a metal containment with the produced water containing one or more corrodents promotes corrosion of the metal containment. In embodiments, the metal containment is a pipe. In some such embodiments, the pipe is part of a pipeline used to convey produced water. In embodiments, the metal containment is a tank. In some such embodiments, the tank is used to store produced water. In embodiments, the tank is part of a vehicle such as a railroad tank car or a tanker truck. At any point in the storage, conveyance, treatment, discharge, disposal, or any other process in which produced water is involved, a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine is advantageously applied to the produced water to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition.

[0081] In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor is applied to the produced water-crude oil mixture after egress from the subterranean reservoir. In other embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor is applied to the produced water after bulk separation of produced water and crude oil.

[0082] In a further embodiment, the invention is a method of inhibiting corrosion comprising the steps of: (a) applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a first water source to produce a first corrosion inhibitor composition; (b) applying the first corrosion inhibitor composition to a second water source to produce a second corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein one of the first water source and the second water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water, injectate, or mixtures thereof; and applying the second corrosion inhibitor composition to a metal containment.

[0083] In embodiments, the invention is a method of inhibiting corrosion comprising the steps of applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the water source is injectate; and then contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the invention is the use of urine as a corrosion inhibitor for a metal containment contacted by a water source comprising one or more corrodents.

[0084] In embodiments, the invention is a method comprising the steps of: applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises a second corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a mercaptan compound, an amides, an imidazoline compound, a quaternary ammonium compound, a salt of a fatty acid, a salt of a naphthenic acid, a functionalized compound, a functionalized polymer, a polyoxylated compound, a nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound, a phosphonate compound, an acrylated polymer, and combinations thereof. In some such embodiments, the second corrosion inhibitor is a mercaptan compound. In one of such embodiments, the mercaptan compound is mercaptoethanol. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises the second corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, the water source comprises the second corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, the concentration of the second corrosion inhibitor is between 5 ppm and 1000 ppm based on weight of second corrosion inhibitor and weight of corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the concentration of the second corrosion inhibitor is between 50 and 500 ppm based on weight of the water source, or of the corrosion inhibitor composition, or both. In embodiments, the concentration of the second corrosion inhibitor is 100 to 450 ppm by weight of the water source, or of the corrosion inhibitor composition, or both.

[0085] In embodiments, a produced water is used in or as an injectate, in which case it is known as "recycled produced water" herein. In embodiments, an injectate comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of recycled produced water. In embodiments, the injectate is stored. In embodiments, the injectate is transported. In embodiments, the invention is a method of inhibiting corrosion of a metal containment by contact with an injectate, comprising the steps of: applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the water source comprises injectate; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the method further comprises transporting the injectate.

[0086] In embodiments, the invention is a method comprising: transporting a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine from a first location to a second location; applying the corrosion inhibitor to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition; wherein the transporting is before the applying. In embodiments, the first location is a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the first location is a location proximal to a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the first location is a sewage-treatment plant. In embodiments, the first location is proximal to a sewage treatment plant. In embodiments, the second location is a location proximal to a water source. In embodiments, the second location is an oil-recovery site. In embodiments, the water source is produced water. In embodiments, the water source is an injectate. In embodiments, transporting the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of pumping the corrosion inhibitor through a pipe, or allowing the corrosion inhibitor to flow through a pipe. In embodiments, transporting the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of allowing or causing the corrosion inhibitor to flow through a pipe, channel, gutter, conduit, duct, or gulley. In embodiments, transporting the corrosion inhibitor comprises allowing the corrosion inhibitor to fall or flow under gravity. In embodiments, transporting the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of introducing the corrosion inhibitor to a tanker, and conveying the corrosion inhibitor in the tanker from a first location to a second location. In embodiments, transporting the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of introducing the corrosion inhibitor to a railroad tank car, and conveying the corrosion inhibitor in the tank car from a first location to a second location. In embodiments, the first location is proximal to a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the first location is a pipe. In embodiments, the first location is a pipe, wherein one end of the pipe is disposed in, at, or proximal to a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the wastewater plant is a sewage treatment plant. In embodiments, the pipe is a sewage pipe. In embodiments, the first location is proximal to, at, or in a farm, animal house, toilet, or other facility in which liquids comprising urine are collected. In embodiments, the second location is an oil- recovery site. In embodiments, the oil-recovery site comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an oil well, a drilling site, and/or a refinery. In embodiments, the first location is a wastewater-treatment plant. In embodiments, the second location is a metal containment. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a pipe, a tank, a gulley, or a combination thereof.

[0087] Sedimentation is a water-treatment process comprising the step of allowing solids borne in a liquid comprising water to separate under the influence of a force to form a sediment and a supernatant liquid purified of solids. In embodiments, the force is gravity and separate is settle. In some such embodiments, after such allowing, the supernatant liquid purified of solids is separated from the sediment. In some such embodiments, the supernatant liquid purified of solids is separated from the sediment by a technique selected from the group consisting of decanting, pouring off, running off, tapping off, filtering, and centrifuging. In embodiments, the invention is a method comprising: treating sewage by sedimentation wherein the sewage comprises solids and urine, and separating a supernatant liquid from a sediment to give a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine. In some such embodiments, the supernatant liquid is separated from the sediment by a technique selected from the group consisting of decanting, pouring off, running off, tapping off, filtering, and centrifuging. In embodiments, the invention is a method comprising: treating sewage at a sewage treatment plant by sedimentation wherein the sewage comprises solids and urine, separating a supernatant liquid from a sediment to give a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine, transporting the corrosion inhibitor from the sewage-treatment plant to a location proximal to a water source, applying the corrosion inhibitor comprising urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; and contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In some such embodiments, the supernatant liquid is separated from the sediment by a technique selected from the group consisting of decanting, pouring off, running off, tapping off, filtering, and centrifuging. In embodiments, sedimentation comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of introducing the liquid comprising water to a clarifier. A clarifier is a tank built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids by sedimentation. In some such embodiments, the liquid comprising water is sewage. In embodiments, the liquid comprising water is wastewater. In embodiments, the liquid comprising water comprises urine.

[0088] In embodiments, contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of transporting the corrosion inhibitor composition by pipeline, by tanker, or railroad tank car, or a combination thereof. In some such embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition is disposed in one or more evaporation ponds, before or after transportation. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition is discharged to surface water such as water in a stream, river, lake, wetland, sea, or ocean. In embodiments, such the corrosion inhibitor composition is discharged after treatment by a process selected from the group consisting of an evaporator crystallizer system, an advanced electrodialysis membrane system, dissolved gas flotation, plate coalescer, a gravity separator, wastewater-treatment plant, sewage-treatment plant, and combinations thereof.

[0089] As will be evident to one of skill, at any stage in the collection, separation, treatment, transportation, and discharge, conveyance and storage of corrosion inhibitor composition and/or produced water is a necessary and/or convenient step. During conveyance of produced water containing one or more corrodents, the produced water contacts a metal containment. Contacting the metal containment with the produced water containing one or more corrodents promotes corrosion of the metal containment. In embodiments, the metal containment is a pipe. In some such embodiments, the pipe is part of a pipeline used to convey produced water. In embodiments, the metal containment is a tank. In some such embodiments, the tank is used to store produced water. In embodiments, the tank is part of a vehicle such as a railroad tank car or a tanker truck. At any point in the storage, conveyance, treatment, discharge, disposal, or any other process in which produced water is involved, a corrosion inhibitor comprising urine is advantageously applied to the produced water to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition. Therefore, in embodiments, the invention is a method comprising: applying a corrosion inhibitor comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of urine to a water source to produce a corrosion inhibitor composition; contacting a metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition; and a further step selected from the group consisting of transporting the corrosion inhibitor composition, storing the corrosion inhibitor composition, treating the corrosion inhibitor composition, diluting the corrosion inhibitor composition, and discharging the corrosion inhibitor composition.

[0090] In other embodiments, the invention comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of, in order, the steps of: contacting a metal containment with a water source, wherein the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water or injectate; and contacting the metal containment with a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises urine. In embodiments, there is a time period between contacting the metal containment with the water source and contacting the metal containment with the corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the time period is between 1 day and 2 years.

[0091] In embodiments, the invention is a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising a water source and urine, wherein the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water and the urine comprises urea and water. In embodiments, the water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of injectate. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises a second corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a mercaptan compound, an amides, an imidazoline compound, a quaternary ammonium compound, a salt of a fatty acid, a salt of a naphthenic acid, a functionalized compound, a functionalized polymer, a polyoxylated compound, a nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound, a phosphonate compound, an acrylated polymer, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the concentration of urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 50 ppm to about 2000 ppm by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 10 ppm to 50000 ppm, by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 10 ppm to 5000 ppm, by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 50 to 2000 ppm by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 1000 ppm by volume. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the urine is 10,000 ppm to 200,000 ppm. In embodiments, the concentration of the urine solids in the urine is 20,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm; in embodiments, 25,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm; in embodiments, 30,000 ppm to 60,000 ppm; in embodiments, 35,000 ppm to 45,000 ppm. In embodiments, the concentration of urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.1 to 10000 ppm; in embodiments the concentration of the urine solids in the corrosion inhibitor composition is 0.5 to 2000 ppm; in embodiments 1 to 1000 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 500 ppm; in embodiments, 5 to 100 ppm; in embodiments, 10 to 50 ppm. In embodiments, the urea concentration in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 0.1 ppm to about 1000 ppm based on weight. In embodiments, the urea concentration in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 0.5 ppm to about 500 ppm based on weight. In embodiments, the urea concentration in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 0.5 to about 200 ppm based on weight. In embodiments, the urea concentration in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 10 ppm to 150 ppm based on weight. In embodiments, the urea concentration in the corrosion inhibitor composition is about 0.5 ppm to about 10 ppm, based on weight. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of aqueous hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, fluoride ion, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, hydrogen carbonate ion, carbonate ion, hydrogen chloride and/or hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfate anion, polysaccharide, nitrate ions, nitrite ions, sulfite ions, sulfide ions, metal cations, metal complexes, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the corrodent comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of aluminum ion, barium ion, calcium ion, chromium ion, cobalt ion, ferrous ion, ferric ion, magnesium ion, manganese ion, molybdenum ion, nickel ion, potassium ion, sodium ion, strontium ion, titanium ion, vanadium ion, zinc ion, or combinations thereof. In

embodiments, the produced water comprises one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the total concentration of one or more corrodents in the corrosion inhibitor composition is from about 100 ppm to 200000 ppm. In embodiments, the one or more corrodents comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of metal cations, metal complexes such as aqueous metal cations, metal chelates, and/or organometallic complexes, aluminum ions, ammonium ions, barium ions, calcium ions, chromium ions, cobalt ions, cuprous ions, cupric ions, calcium ions, ferrous ions, ferric ions, hydrogen ions, magnesium ions, manganese ions, molybdenum ions, nickel ions, potassium ions, sodium ions, strontium ions, titanium ions, uranium ions, vanadium ions, zinc ions, bromide ions, chloride ions, dithionate ions, fluoride ions, iodide ions, oxide ions, peroxide ions, sulfide ions, carbonate ions, chlorate ions, chlorite ions, hypochlorite ions, nitrate ions, nitrite ions, perchlorate ions, phosphate ions, phosphite ions, sulfate ions, sulfite ions, hydrogen carbonate ions, hydrogen phosphate ions, hydrogen phosphite ions, hydrogen sulfate ions, hydrogen sulfite ions, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrous acid, sulfurous acid, peroxy acids, phosphoric acid, ammonia, bromine, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, iodine, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, polysaccharide, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, the produced water comprises 10 to 400000 ppm of total one or more corrodents, based on weight. In embodiments, the total concentration of one or more corrodents in the corrosion inhibitor composition is from about 300 ppm to about 200000 ppm. In embodiments, the total concentration of one or more corrodents in the corrosion inhibitor composition is from about 500 to about 30000 ppm. In embodiments, the total concentration of one or more corrodents in the corrosion inhibitor composition is from about 20000 to about 200000 ppm. In embodiments, the total concentration of one or more corrodents in the corrosion inhibitor composition is from about 500 to about 30000 ppm, based on weight.

[0092] In embodiments, the invention is a metal containment assemblage comprising: (a) a corrosion inhibitor composition, and (b) a metal containment having the corrosion inhibitor composition disposed therein. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a water source and a corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urea. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine. In embodiments, the water source is selected from the group consisting of injectate and produced water. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises urea and water. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises urea, water and one or more of sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions, creatinine, uric acid, ammonium ions, an enzyme, a carbohydrate, a hormone, a fatty acid, a pigment, a mucin, a metabolite, or a mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of iron contacting a corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of steel contacting a corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the metal containment comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of carbon steel contacting a corrosion inhibitor composition. In embodiments, the invention is a metal containment assemblage comprising: (a) a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising urea and a water source; and (b) a metal containment having the corrosion inhibitor disposed therein, wherein the metal containment comprises a metal and corrosion. In some such embodiments, the corrosion comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of iron sulfide, ferrous oxide (iron (II) oxide), ferric oxide (iron (III) oxide), iron (11,111) oxide, Fe ₃ C>4; hydrated iron oxides such as Fe ₂ 0 ₃ .nH ₂ 0 where n is a number from 0 to 3; Fe(OH) ₂ , iron (ΠΙ) oxide-hydroxides, FeO(OH).nH ₂ 0, where n is from 0 to 3; iron (ΙΙ,ΙΙΙ) hydroxides, rust; green rust; chloride; sulfate; nitrate; carbonate; sulfite; nitrite; phosphate; and/or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the metal containment has been corroded by previous contact with a fluid comprising one or more corrodents. In some such embodiments, the fluid comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of water and one or more corrodents. In embodiments, the metal containment is selected from the group consisting of a pipe, a tank, and a device, wherein the device is selected from the group consisting of a valve, a tap, a pressure gauge, a flowmeter, and a pump.

[0093] In embodiments, the invention is the use of urine to inhibit the corrosion of a metal containment. In embodiments, urine is used to make a corrosion inhibitor. In embodiments, the urine is used to make a corrosion inhibitor composition.

[0094] In embodiments, the invention is a process comprising the steps of, in order:

contacting a metal containment with a first water source comprising one or more corrodents and water; and contacting the metal containment with a corrosion inhibitor composition, wherein the corrosion inhibitor composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of urine and a second water source. In embodiments, the first water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water. In embodiments, the second water source comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of produced water.

[0095] Having described the invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0096] One brine/hydrocarbon mixture (Liquid Mix A) was made up:

Liquid mix A: A brine was made by dissolving approximately 13,000 ppm sodium, 100 ppm potassium, 200 ppm magnesium, 100 ppm calcium, 20,000 chloride, 300 ppm bicarbonate and 200 ppm sulfate in distilled/deionized water. 200 ml of a low aromatic hydrocarbon, LVT-200 was added to 800 ml of the aforementioned brine in a 1 L glass vessel. The oxygen of the mixture was reduced to <10 ppb with carbon dioxide whilst the fluid temperature was maintained at 80°C. A continuous bubbling of carbon dioxide was maintained throughout the test whilst the fluids were gently stirred using a 2 inch long magnetic stir bar rotating at 100 rpm.

Example 2

[0097] All corrosion rates specified herein were measured by the linear polarization resistance (LPR) method using a Gamry Potentiometer (available from Gamry Instruments, 734 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974, United States of America).

[0098] Two metal electrodes of carbon steel CI 018, were pre-corroded in contact with the brine phase of Liquid Mix A for 6 and 4.5 hours respectively in separate vessels, vessel 1 and vessel 2, at 80°C. The corrosion rate of both electrodes was electrochemically measured approximately every 0.25 hours. The peak corrosion rate of electrode 1 was about 268 mils per year (mpy). The peak corrosion rate of electrode 2 was about 242 mpy.

Example 3

[0099] After about 6 hours of pre-corrosion 100 ppm of urine was injected into vessel 1 of solution A at 80°C containing electrode 1. Electrode 1 was continuously immersed in Solution A with the injected urine at 80°C and corroded for a further 19 hours and corrosion rate measured approximately every 0.25 hours.

Example 4

[0100] After about 6 hours of pre-corrosion 1,000 ppm by volume of urine was injected into vessel 2 of Solution A at 80°C containing electrode 2. Electrode 2 was continuously immersed in solution A with the injected urine at 80°C and corroded for a further 20.5 hours and corrosion rate measured approximately every 0.25 hours. Plots of corrosion rate versus time are given for electrodes 1 and 2 in Figure 1. Electrode 1, immersed in Solution A for 6 hours prior to injection of 100 ppm urine for a further 19 hours showed a reduction from a blank corrosion rate (previous peak corrosion rate) of about 268 mpy to about 129 mpy, equating to about a 52% corrosion inhibition. Electrode 2, immersed in Solution A for 6 hours prior to injection of 1000 ppm urine by volume for a further 20.5 hours showed a reduction from a blank corrosion rate (previous peak corrosion rate) of about 242 mpy to about 25 mpy, equating to about a 90% corrosion inhibition.