FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a system and method. More specifically, the present invention is a system and method using an arrangement of photon and magnetic fields to steer exotic particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nuclear energy production harnesses stored, excess energy from radioactive isotopes using infrastructure to control and directs decay products, a process with inefficiencies.

The process of extracting energy from radioactive nuclear materials leads to production of nuclear waste that requires long-term containment, byproducts can sometimes be reused for energy production.

Developing technology that can influence nuclear decays over very long distances could lead to embodiments (devices)that can enable detection of enrichment facilities currently detection of facilities require corporation between nations, that sometimes beaks down.

Existing Approaches-Technical Issues:

• Relies on pellets of refined, enhanced Uranium

• Reduced need for ignition sources

• More efficient use of stored nuclear energy

• More efficient containment

• Ability to send long ranged beams to other areas of the planet for directing decay products

• Ability to do detection on enrichment facilities Also, having observed that crossed photon-magnetic fields may push additional matter through a material, stimulating decays, and that Radon-222 (Rn-222) shows decays that modulate with solar and albedo radiation, this work looks at determining day and time using a system of detectors for Rn-222. The inventions builds on similar technology proposed for stimulating nuclear decay for purposes of nuclear energy production.

Developing technology that can detect accurately the date and time in the earth’s calendar has been used to create GPS. The technology here makes use of an observed effect in radon decay to record date and time of day.

Existing Approaches-Technical Issues:

• Relies on Satellites which are expensive, costing 100s of millions of dollars to launch and maintain

• Satellites can also be damaged during solar storms

• Satellites can sometimes be out of reach

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 8 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 9 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention; FIG. 12 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 13 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 14 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 15 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention;

FIG. 16 is an illustration pertaining to the present invention.

DETAIL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION

All illustrations of the drawings are for the purpose of describing selected versions of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

New Process Observed-Shown in FIG. 1:

• New research shows: Radon Decays oscillate diurnally and with annual solar intensity.

• Solar and albedo wavelengths too low to effect nuclei - hint at Primakoff Mechanism.

New Process May be Primakoff-Shown in FIG. 2:

• Model suggests exotic particles can couple to nuclei via photonic and magnetic fields.

• This may explain observed oscillations in Radon Decays - leading to vector sum of fields.

New Approach:

• Taking advantage of a Novel Photonic-Nuclear Effect: o To improve on existing technology, this work will use an arrangement of photon and magnetic fields to steer exotic particles and cause:

■ Increased numbers of nuclear decays as a function of time ■ Steering of nuclear decay products along a specific special direction - perpendicular to both the optical and magnetic fields

■ A mechanism for detection of radioactive nuclei through the steering of decay products into some detector elements o These improvements will enable new technology for:

■ Utilize stored nuclear energy

■ Detecting areas where enhanced nuclear energy exists through steering of decay products

■ Containment of nuclear waste o To improve on existing technology, this work will use an arrangement of photon and magnetic fields to steer exotic particles and cause:

■ Accurate measure of both calendar day and time

■ Ground based measurement of day/time without satellite

■ Measure of specific solar effects o These improvements will enable new technology for:

■ Ground based GPS

■ Ground based location information

Solutions-Shown in FIG. 3:

• Novel arrangement of photonic and magnetic fields to envelop and steer exotic matter particles - number and direction for nuclear decay products impacted.

• Effect can be amplified using a large volume device compared to the volume of target material.

• Effect can be detected using normal Nal and other detector techniques.

Strategy to Task Increased Rates of Decay-Shown in FIG. 4:

• Fluctuations in the oscillation rate for observed decay: 5 - 14%

• Enhancement accompanies steering effect: 2 - 10%

• Decays reduced below offset- when albedo: solar high: 2 - 3%

Strategy to Task Steering Exotic Particles-Shown in FIG. 5: • Alternatively, the coupling of the radon nuclei to the fields may steer the decay products as well.

• This steering process would provide a mechanism for manipulating decay products.

• This new method for bundling enables identification of fiber position to maximize extracted information.

Opportunities:

• Worldwide, 10% of all electrical power comes from use of nuclear materials - there is an international market for new technology to improve efficiency and storage of radioactive materials.

• The US has a number of nuclear powerplants and private endeavors to utilize nuclear energy.

• This work will be transformative to the energy industry.

• Worldwide, GPS is necessary for many information systems, having a ground- based option could provide an important backup to satellites

• Such a ground based GPS could serve the Auto industry in the era of self-driving cars and the new “people mover” tech as alternatives to individual cars

• The proposed units could provide important data for local events

Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Radon Decays and Their Implications for Elementary Particle Physics

C. Scarlett ³ , E. Fischbach and B. Freeman ^b , O. Piatibratova®, T. Monsue ^d , R. Burkhart® ^a Florida A&M University ^b Purdue University ^c Geological Survey of Israel ^d NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ^e Independent Researcher

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents a new analysis of the observations of radon decay in an enclosed environment by the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) between 2007 and 2012[1~4], The data shows a large peak around local noon followed by an abrupt drop, and by a second peak around 6PM local time. Additionally, there is also a very low amplitude peak occurring before daybreak. The salient features of the GSI radon decay data can be modeled as arising from a change in the radon decay rate (T), rather than due to the changes in the local concentration of radon (No). Such a model may provide a clue to long theorized axionic, dark matter, interactions. Finally, new experimentation is suggested that can distinguish between changes in No vs T. Should a follow-up experiment show an effect similar to GSI, this could have significant implications for elementary particle physics.

1.0 Introduction:

The study of radioactive decay has led to successful models of nuclear structure, explaining phenomena as varied as nuclear stability, decay half-life (T), and parity violation in beta decays. In heavy metal nuclei that alpha decay, models describing the radioactive transitions rely on quantum tunneling through the nuclear barrier. Such tunneling is well known to be exponentially dependent on the energy of the released alpha particle, scaling thirty-five orders of magnitude (1O ⁺³⁵ ) for energy changes of as little as ~ 4 MeV [5-S]. This makes alpha decay an ultra-sensitive probe of the available excess energy within a nucleus. This also means that energy fluctuations of the outgoing alpha by as little as 10 ⁺² eV (IO ^-4 MeV) can yield a few percent change in decay lifetime. This work looks at whether evidence supports a modification to the calculation of T due to environmental factors that can describe the GSI observations. Over ten years of data on radon decays have been acquired by the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI). This work looks at the period between 2007-2012 [1-4]. During this period, the GSI data shows consistent diurnal and annual oscillations that do not appear consistent with variations in background concentrations as suggested elsewhere - a follow up paper shows detailed comparisons of the oscillations to temperature and weather condition while earlier work by Steinitz and Sturrock have eliminated correlations to power fluctuations. Here it is proposed that these oscillations may be understood in terms of a mechanism known as the Primakoff effect, whereby low energy photons produce and scatter axionic, dark matter particles that in turn can interact with nuclear matter. What is significant about this effect in the present context is that it may provide an unexpected connection between radon decays and dark matter.

2.0 Data Analysis:

2.1 Data Review

Figures 1 a-d show a sample of data from the GSI experiment [1- ] taken in 2007 centered on the four annual seasons - February, May, August and November. What can be seen is diurnal behavior with a total of three peaks: 12pm, 6pm, and approximately 12am to lam. In addition to the three diurnal peaks, there is a striking rise in the amplitude of the peak above background over the course of one year when going from winter, to spring, to summer and finally to fall. The largest peak, occurring at 12pm, shows an average of 5.2% enhancement above background during January, while in June the noon 12pm peak shows an average of 15.9% enhancement above the background. Qualitatively, there is a factor of three in enhancement of the noon peak above background over the course of the year, and this annual cycling is observed in subsequent years (2008 - 2012) as well.

Figure 2a shows ten periods where the GSI data have been summed every fifteen days, e.g. Period 1 covers February 9 ^th to February 23 ^rd of 2007, to form a single distribution. Figure 2b shows, for comparison, solar irradiance on the ground over the course of a single year. It is clear that the GSI data have a noon peak with an amplitude that tracks with the increase in solar intensity on the ground, over the course of the year. A more detailed comparison of the noon GSI peak, see Figure 3, reveals that the increase in the detected gamma rays, arising from the daughter particle of radon, have a Gaussian distribution. However, beginning around 3pm, the detected number of decays drop at a rate faster than a Gaussian function, giving the peak an asymmetric structure. The rapid drop off in detected decays, between noon and approximately 3pm daily, often results in an overall rate that dips below the baseline. This baseline is defined as the average decay rate using sideband regions of the visible peaks, for time around 12am on one day until lam the next day (see in Figure 4).

In addition to the 12pm peak, there are peaks centered at roughly the 6pm and 12am- lam hours. These peaks have lower amplitudes and shorter durations as seen in Figures 1-4. The amplitude of the noon peak shows a consistent oscillation which tracks the intensity of sunlight hitting the Earth. Thus the first order effect involves a mechanism that scales proportionately with solar irradiance.

2.2 Nuclear Decay Models

Quantitatively, nuclear decay is described by an exponential function. The exponential law of decay, equation 1, describes the time dependence of radioactivity samples as derived from just the internal nuclear structure. The parameters needed to calculate a specific count rate are just the number of available radioactive nuclei (No), local concentration, and the decay half-life (T ) - defined as the time needed for half of the available nuclei to decay:

Any observed number of decays during a time period, e.g. per second, can be used to determine: 1. the number of nuclei available to decay, if the half-life is known, or 2. the half-life, provided the number available nuclei is known. The environment outside the nucleus is assumed to not impact nuclei half-life. In theory, once a material’s half-life is known, any observed fluctuations in N(t) arise from variance in No. However, alpha decay is ultra-sensitive to the energy available to the outgoing alpha particle [5-S]. Allowing for a half-life that changes as a function of external parameters, which can also be time dependent, equation (1) can be rewritten:

-0.693't/

(2) N(t) = No ■ e ^/T G(O)

Distinguishing between changes in No and r(x(t)) requires careful experimentation to control and account for the local concentrations No.

It has always been assumed that the intense energies required for most nuclear excitations mean that the decay half-life of a specific nuclei is in fact constant. Dating back to some of the first radium experiments, Madame Curie et. al. attempted to stimulate radioactivity Data taken from cooling, heating and pressurizing radioactive materials have shown only infinitesimal changes that have been written off as near the limit of experimentation. However, the Geiger- Nuttall model of heavy metal radio-isotopes that undergo alpha decay gives an amazingly steep curve for relatively small energy changes. Equation 3 shows how the law derives from the nuclear parameters:

The second term in equation 3 is the constant parameter, dependent on the nuclear radius (R) and the velocity of the alpha particle in the nucleus. The exponential factor, is called the Gamow Factor (G) is related to the number of protons (Z), the square-root of the energy of the alpha (E) and an energy parameter (3.9 MeV).

Figure 6 (a) shows a graph of decay half-life for Thorium, Uranium, Actinium and Neptunium as a function of the energy of the ejected alpha. The plot depicts half-life, plotted on a logarithmic scale (y-axis), versus the energy of the ejected alpha particle on a linear scale (x-axis). Using a linear approximation for the data between 4 MeV and 6 MeV, gives »10 ⁺¹² change in halflives. ²²² Rn has a half-life of 3.8 days (3.28 x 10 ⁺⁴ sec) and, based on the data in Figure 5, the energy of the ejected alpha is, as predicted, E ~ 5.59 MeV. If the GSI data were to be accounted for as a change in the energy of the alpha, given that the oscillations are at the scale of 5-15%, the equations above suggest that energy changes of as little as 10 ⁺² - 10 ⁺³ eV (Extreme-UV or Soft X-ray) are required. Note: the equations above are approximated using the Geiger-Nuttall formula and the predictions scale as much as 56 orders of magnitude, Figure 6 (b), [ ] for a range

Another approach to connecting axions to nuclear decay involves looking at whether the presence of an axion field could alter the nuclear radius - through axion-nucleon interactions. In their work on modeling nuclear temperature, see ISj, S.S. Hosseini et. al. shows that the nuclear temperature scales exponentially with changes in nuclear radius, see equation 5 and Figure 6 (c):

The energy of the ejected alpha scales linearly with the nuclear temperature. Nuclear half-life scales exponentially with alpha energy - Gamow factor becomes T~exp . Where: is the slope of the line relating alpha energy to the nuclear temperature. Thus the relationship between nuclear radius and nuclear half-life scales as an exponential of an exponential. Note: the original axion model was derived to explain why neutron EDM may always align with its spin. This aligning could become the basis for infinitesimal changes to the nuclear radius.

2.3 Axionic Coupling Model

In experimental particle physics, there is a mechanism that connects photons (solar irradiance) to magnetic fields (e.g. earth’s B) and neutral particles, e.g. axion, capable of penetrating nuclear matter - due to absence of a Coulomb barrier. This mechanism involves a Primakoff coupling ( 13-27] . A photon field can couple in the presence of a magnetic field to a background of axionic dark matter, as depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 5: (Left) Inverse Primakoff effect showing connection of a photon, a magnetic field, and an axionic particle. (Right) Primakoff coupling of an axion to a nucleon

The combination of the two diagrams in Figure 5 provides a mechanism whereby photons from the Sun could produce or focus axions, which couple to nucleons in atomic nuclei. Such a mechanism allows the sunlight passing through the Earth’s magnetic field to influence axionic matter near the surface of the Earth. The axions, in turn, enables solar energy to influence, even catalyze, nuclear processes on Earth. In fact, axionic dark matter was theorized to couple to quarks to eliminate the neutron EDM. This may explain how changes in the intensity of low energy, solar photons coincide with changes in the rates of decay from certain nuclei ’ - in GSI

* Nuclei have characteristic structure functions which make them undergo distinct types of radioactive decays. For this reason, all nuclei need not necessarily show the same effects, as each will have its own structure function. Hence, susceptibility to interactions with any given type of particle may differ from one nucleus to another radon data such a coincidence seems to have been observed. Of course in such a model there is a second, major photon field that must be accounted for - albedo radiation.

Figure 7 shows the two photon fields that bath the Earth daily. The solar energy peaks at noon for any given region on Earth. The intensity and total hours of daylight depend on the time of year. The Earth reflects radiation, at various positions in the atmosphere and all the way down to the ground, back into outer-space - this is known as albedo radiation The peak of surface level (ground) albedo radiation occurs at approximately 3pm - explaining why this is also the hottest part of the day. If a process is impacted by visible energy solar radiation, then, even though the surface level albedo peaks at slightly lower energies, it is reasonable to expect that the same Primakoff process may be impacted by albedo as well. When integrated over the entire day, the albedo radiation will account for much of the solar radiation making it through the Earth’s atmosphere. In a Primakoff model, albedo radiation passing through the Earth’s magnetic field will also couple to or create axionic dark matter around the Earth.

Figures 8 a-c show three approaches for combining the solar and surface level albedo radiation fields. First, one can do a simple sum as shown in 8a, leading to a Gaussian function. Next one can do a simple subtraction as in 8b, giving an asymmetric function. Finally, the fields can be vector summed as in 8c, accounting for the relative directions of the fields. In panel (a) the amplitude of the total radiation is added together for each 15min period during of the day. The sum of two Gaussian function is a Gaussian function, so the gray curve shown is a single, Gaussian peak at approximately 2pm. In panel (b) the total irradiance due to albedo radiation is subtracted from that of the solar radiation. The graph shows a peak structure that drops below the sideband region (12am on one day and lam on the next day), only to rise to side band level at approximately 9pm. However, in panel (b) there are only two regions of elevation above the sidebands. One such region occurs three hours after the 6pm peak observed in the actual GSI data. Additionally, the drop below sideband level occurs at 6pm and not 3pm as seen in the GSI data. Panel (c) shows what happens when the solar radiation is added vectorially to the albedo, taking the direction of energy flow into account. In this panel, there are three characteristic peaks at noon, 6pm and between 12am - lam. Similar to the data, this vector addition in panel (c) displays the characteristic Gaussian rise until about noon, followed by a faster than Gaussian drop off between 3pm and 4pm. The peak at 6pm has approximately the same amplitude relative to the noon peak (see Fig. 3 - GSI sample data 2007), with no need to adjust for the longer wavelengths typical of albedo when compared to solar irradiance.

3.0 ²²² Rn Decays

Experimental data show that all elements with fewer than 84 protons have at least one stable, non-decaying, isotope. For elements with proton numbers between 90 and 98, at least one or more isotopes are semi-stable or have lifetimes in excess of 750 years - with many isotopes exceeding tens of thousands, millions or even billions of years. Figure 9 presents graphs which summarize our current knowledge of nuclear half-lives and decay modes. Notably, the region for elements with 84-89 protons, known as the “valley of stability,” are dominated by both low values for isotope half-lives and a high rate of alpha decays. Near the middle of this “valley of stability” is ²²² Rn with 86-protons and 136-neutrons.

²²² Rn has four valence protons that partially fill an I19/2 level and ten valence neutrons, that completely fill the g9/2 level. This is four more protons and ten more neutrons than the “double magic” isotope of lead ²⁰⁸ Pb which has closed neutron and proton shells, and is the last double magic isotope in known nuclei. Due to the filling of the g9/2 level, ²²² Rn is the longest lived isotope for all Rn nuclei. However, due to the nuclear force range coupled with the partial filling of the proton level, in the end ²²² Rn has a half-life of only 3.82 days. Furthermore, like many of the nuclei in the valley of stability, ²²² Rn decays via alpha emission. Elements that have stable nuclei, with less than 84 protons (see the black ridge down the center of Figure 9), typically have isotopes that will decay via beta emissions when too many or too few nucleons are present. Very rarely and with a significant increase in the number of neutrons needed for stability, some elements will emit an alpha particle. The valley of stability is marked by a region where the typical mode of decay is alpha emission. Thus as an isotope, ²²² Rn displays unusual nuclear dynamics compared to most other elements and their isotopes.

In fact, more than half of all known Rn isotopes, 30 out of 40, can decay via alpha emission - for 23 out of 40, alpha decay is the dominant mode, while 17 isotopes decay predominantly by 0- decay and 5 decay predominately by 0+. Only about 12 elements with fewer than 99 protons (elements with 99+ protons are all man-made) have more than half of their isotopes decay via alpha emission. Some of this decay behavior can be explained by models of the nuclear strong force as a combination of a 3 -dimensional harmonic oscillator along with a spin-orbit interaction. It should also be noted that Rn, with such short lived isotopes, only “naturally occurs” due to its production during the ^{238 and 235} u and ²³² Th decay chains.

4.0 Theory & Experimentation:

4.1 Theory on GSI

It is tempting to assume that either some standard model physics, or some known type of detector anomaly, can explain the key features of the GSI data. What makes the data so unique, and beyond a standard model or detector glitch explanation, is that the data can be predicted using a vector sum of two low-energy radiation fields. Known phenomena, even accounting for neutrino oscillations and highly biased (highly sensitive) detectors, do not generally respond to directional information for low energy photonic fields.

Consider some potential explanations that do not involve exotic matter couplings including: 1.) Could a known particle, e.g. solar neutrinos, be responsible for the observations, 2.) Is it possible that the detector is hypersensitive to radiation - acting more like night-vision and amplifying low energy radiation fields, 3.) Can levels of radon in the container oscillate within the apparatus, creating a cyclic effect, timed with background radiation heating or 4.) Could electrical oscillations, due to power consumption, create annual and diurnal effects. Each of these potential explanations would fail to describe two very significant, salient features: 1.) the data drop more rapidly than Gaussian, though the solar irradiance follows a more or less Gaussian distribution centered at noon, and 2.) the data show a peak at approximately 6pm with a duration of approximately 4hours (daily average).

The problem with solar neutrinos as an explanation: Solar neutrinos tend to oscillate as they move through the Earth, leading to a brighter irradiance of electron neutrinos (v _e ’s) at midnight versus what is seen through the day. Solar irradiance in the northern hemisphere drops during the winter due to the Earth’s tilt. This means that solar neutrinos will then have to travel through a portion of the Earth to reach a detector in the northern hemisphere. The propagation of neutrinos through the ground would lead to oscillations that increase (not decrease) the numbers of v _e ’s making it into the GSI detector. One should then expect to see an enhancement in radioactive decays depending on v _e ’s at midnight not noon. Furthermore, there is no reason for solar neutrinos, which can pass through the entire mass of the Earth, to rapidly drop off between 3pm and 4pm, only to resurge at 6pm, by as much as 20-30% of the observed noon rates.

If the detector, due to electronic biasing, were to become ultra-sensitive to heat or visible light wavelengths, one would find it difficult to explain how information on the relative direction of solar and albedo radiation fields can be retained. Having albedo radiation around noon directed upwards from the Earth, while solar radiation is directed downwards towards the Earth, would result in an increase of electronic avalanches stimulated by both low energy radiation fields. What is seen in the data, is that the albedo and solar radiations appear to cancel each other around 3pm as the albedo radiation increases. This is not consistent with a detector where the bias leads to ultra-sensitivity to low energy photons. Similarly, there is no mechanism that would drive radon particles out of the detector as it heats up under the influence of solar energy. However, the additional heat energy due to albedo radiation reduces the effect allowing the radon to recover between 4pm and 6pm. Simply stated: heat flowing in one direction cannot be used to remove heat flowing in another direction.

4.2 Experimentation

If the GSI observations are due to a Primakoff mechanism this is something that can be tested experimentally. There have been a significant number of experiments, proposed and executed, attempting to see the Primakoff coupling 13 '271. Previous approaches focused on propagating photons, usually utilizing a laser, through an external, table-top magnetic field and searching for selected absorption or evidence of scattering. The Primakoff coupling scales with both the strength of the field (B) and the length of the region (L) through which the photons travel. While table-top magnets can achieve fields up to 52 T (5.2 • 10 ⁺⁵ gauss), the distance scales are usually of order 0.05-10 m. For the Earth-Sun system, the earth has surface magnetic field of ~ 0.5 gauss that stretches for thousands of kilometers (10 ⁺⁶ m). In a follow up paper, a comparison between the Earth-Sun (B*L) parameters and what can be achieved with a terrestrial, table-top experiment will be presented.

What is also notable, based on the GSI data, is an absence of experiments using a geometry where any collective, focusing effects would be expected. Thus far, experimental approaches were staged to see the impacts of axions on photon beams (cavity experiments) or to cause axions to absorb and re-radiate photonic energy (“light through a wall”). The sheer number of axionic particles encountered in cavity approaches, for example, is limited by the cross sectional area of a laser beam coupled with the length scale for the magnetic field. No attempts to date have been made that would take advantage of a wide area of axionic particles expected near the surface of the earth. Nor have experiments been performed to take advantage of potential sensitivity of nuclei to minute changes in alpha energy, that a neutral, weakly- interacting particle can uniquely cause.

5.0 Summary:

The Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) experiment was design to detect subtle changes in the radon decay for purposes of investigating behavior of radon in an enclosed environment. To this end, the detection scheme was designed to be particularly sensitive to decay products of radon. Details of the experimental apparatus can be found in earlier analysis by Drs. Steinitz, Piatibratova and Sturrock The system was sealed for the entire 10 years of data taking and there are no internal, movable parts. The datalogger and detectors were all powered via battery - isolating them from the local power grid, preventing influence from human power consumption. The data over six years exhibits a consistent diurnal and annual variation. The annual oscillations, which follow solar irradiance, show that low energy radiation correlates with the amplitude and time of the primary peak. Furthermore, the sudden drop at 3pm, followed by a second peak at 6pm can be created by vector addition of solar and albedo radiation, which is a process that has not been predicted for radioactive nuclear decay.

The observations appear to be consistent with a mechanism such as the Primakoff, whereby photons couple to both magnetic fields and ambient, axionic matter. In such a model, two radiation fields influence a background of axionic dark matter in such a way as to focus or change the trajectory of these particles. Additionally, this allows two radiation fields in the presence of a magnetic field, in a Primakoff model, to compete with each other and produce a rapid drop off as observed between noon and 3pm. Thus, vector behavior of photonic radiation can be observed in nuclear radiation. What remains to be done: staging an experiment that takes advantage of both nuclear sensitivity through alpha decay as well as the possibility of focusing of streams of dark matter axionic particles onto a target.

Figure 1 : Sample data for: (a) Winter 2007, (b) Spring 2007, (c) Summer 2007 and (d) Fall 2007

Figure 2: (Left) Sum of 15 days into single plots and (Right) Solar Irradiance over one year period

Figure 4: Data from February 2007 showing how detection rates drop near 4pm daily; a baseline shown in yellow is defined by peak sidebands regions 12am and lam (next morning); arrows show how rates drop below the defined baseline on many days.

( a ) ( b )

Figure 6: (a) Graph of data showing alpha decays for several nuclei as a function of Energy from HyperPhysics link (b) Graph of data showing alpha decay as a function of the Gamow (G) factor taken from undergraduate textbook, University of South Hampton, UK and (c) From S. Hoosseini’ work on nuclear radius and temperature,

Figure 7: Solar and Albedo radiation near the Earth’s surface.

Figure 8: (a) (gray) Total radiation observed by summing solar and albedo for each 15min period, (b) (light blue) Difference between solar and albedo radiation for each 15min period and (c) (green) A vector sum of solar and albedo radiation, taking into account the relative directions of each other over a day.

Figure 9: (Top) Half-life for all measured nuclear isotopes with ²²² Rn denoted by a gray circle and (Bottom) Decay modes for all measured nuclear isotopes References:

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