Background Art Various combinations of springs and shock absorbers are known to absorb the landing energy of aircraft and provide suspension. Electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems have been used to extend and retract the gear, in some cases using the shock absorbing cylinder as an actuator. Most prior shock absorbing systems have the characteristic that high forces associated with hard or crash landings will structurally fail the shock absorbers before any significant energy is absorbed, so the structure and passengers absorb all crash forces. Other prior systems absorb crash forces by permanently deforming a portion of the shock absorbing device.

A primary object of the invention therefore is to provide a combined suspension and shock absorber having a simple pressure limiting means that operates during hard or crash landings, such that maximum impact energy is absorbed before the shock absorber bottoms or fails.

A further object of the invention is to provide such a suspension and shock absorber which is also operable as an actuator for a retractable landing gear.

A further object is to provide a retractable landing gear actuator as above which can be powered with low pressure air or other gas.

The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the following detailed description.

Disclosure of Invention A shock absorber, optionally operable as a retractable landing gear actuator, includes a sealed cylinder divided by a cylinder head to define an upper chamber and a lower chamber, the lower chamber further divided by a piston having a piston rod passing in sealed manner through the lower cylinder end. The cylinder head includes one or more orifices, the effective opening of each orifice controlled by a valve, the valve having a stem attached to and passing through the upper cylinder end to the

atmosphere, such that the pressure between the piston and the cylinder head is limited to a certain value above atmospheric pressure, regardless of the velocity or position of the piston. The valve is forced toward the closed position by a spring against a stop such that it is always at least partially open. During hard or crash landings, high fluid pressure on the piston or in the upper chamber forces the valve further open.

Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 A shows a retractable landing gear installation in the tail boom of an aircraft, with the landing gear retracted.

Figure 1 B shows a retractable landing gear installation as in Figure 1 A, with the landing gear extended.

Figure 2A shows a landing gear cylinder with fluid in the retracted position with a needle valve at minimum opening and constructed in accordance with the invention.

Figure 2B shows a top view of the landing gear cylinder.

Figure 2C shows a bottom view of the landing gear cylinder and trunion.

Figure 2D shows a cross section through the cylinder, taken along line 2D-2D of Figure 2A.

Figure 3 shows the landing gear cylinder with fluid in the extended position, with the needle valve at a near maximum open position.

Figure 4 shows the landing gear cylinder in taxi position, with needle valve at minimum opening.

Figure 5 shows an enlarged view of the valve and its attachment, with the valve at a near maximum open position.

Figure 6 shows an alternate embodiment of the valve and its attachment.

Figure 7 shows a valve head extension mechanism.

Figure 8A shows a alternate embodiment of a valve head extension mechanism.

Figure 8B shows the valve head extension mechanism of Figure 8A, with the valve head piston extended for high pressure drop upward flow.

Figure 8C shows the valve head extension mechanism of Figure 8A, with the valve head piston retracted but the valve head extended for downward flow.

Figure 9A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an air/oil separator for the landing gear cylinder.

Figure 9B is a top view of the air/oil separator of Figure 9A.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Figure 1 A and 1 B show a side view of a retractable landing gear installation in the tail boom of an aircraft, with the landing gear retracted and extended respectively. Referring to Figure 1A, boom 7 is attached to wing 5, which is structurally connected to the aircraft. Landing gear bracket 1 7 is bolted to spar 21 and to the side walls of boom 7. Landing gear leg 1 9 holds wheel 20 and pivots on landing gear bracket 1 7 at 25. Cylinder assembly 1 is pivotably attached to landing gear bracket 1 7 at 22, and piston rod 27 is attached to trunion 1 2 which pivots at point 24 in landing gear leg 1 9. As shown in Figure 1 B, when cylinder assembly extends, it pushes landing gear leg 1 9 downward, lowering the landing gear. When taxiing, landing gear leg 1 9 is in an intermediate position between its retracted and extended positions, and cylinder assembly 1 acts as a suspension and shock absorber.

Figure 2A shows a side view cross section of the cylinder assembly 1 in retracted position. Cylinder assembly 1 consists of lower cylinder 3 and upper cylinder 4 separated and sealed by cylinder head 7. Top cap 6 seals the top of upper cylinder 4 and provides an attachment for a shaft (not shown) on which the cylinder assembly 1 pivots and attaches to the airframe of an aircraft (see Figure 1).

Bottom cap 2 seals the bottom of lower cylinder 3. Piston 8 is located within cylinder 3 and is attached to piston rod 5 by bolt 13. Piston 8 has a lower side which is has an annular concave portion 8a surrounding a convex central portion 8b.

Piston 8 has an upper side which is concave. Piston rod 5 passes through bottom cap 2 sliding on Teflon bushing 32 and sealed by piston seal 31 and wiper seal 33.

Trunion 1 2 attaches to piston rod 5 and to the aircraft landing gear leg 1 9. Piston 8 slides in lower cylinder 3 on Teflon ring 41 and is sealed by a piston seal 30.

Piston rod 5 is hollow to reduce weight. When the piston 8 is in the retracted position shown in Figure 2A, volume 45 located within upper cylinder 4 is full of a generally non-compressible fluid, such as hydraulic fluid, except for a small volume of gas at atmospheric pressure; volume 47, located between the piston 8 and

cylinder head 7, is full of oil; and volume 46, located below piston 8, is full of pressurized gas at a preselected pressure (e.g. approximately 180 PSI).

As can be seen most clearly with reference to Figures 2B through 2D, cylinder assembly 1 is held together with four cylinder bolts 14, each of which extends through the top cap 6, along the outside of the upper cylinder 4, through flange 1 7 (see Figure 2D) of cylinder head 7, along the outside of lower cylinder 3, and through the bottom cap 2. Washers 40 and nuts 44 on the ends of the cylinder bolts 1 4 hold cylinder assembly 1 together. All stationary joints are sealed with o- rings 34, 35, 36, 37 and 43.

Again with reference to Figure 2A, a pair of valve assemblies 42, which are later described more fully with reference to Figure 5, each provide a mounting for valve stem 9 such that valve stem 9 is held in the down position by Belleville washers 38, but moves up through top cap 6 as necessary to control pressure in volume 47.

In Figure 2A, the valve stem 9 is shown in its fully closed position, as it would be during flight, taxi and gentle landings. The lower end of valve stem 9 terminates in a conical portion 23. When valve stem 9 is in its fully closed or restricted position, a slight clearance (e.g. 0.08 inch) exists between the conical portion 23 of the valve stem 9 and valve seat 1 6 surrounding orifice 1 5 formed in the cylinder head 7. The exact clearance depends on the diameter of orifice 15, number of orifices 15, cylinder diameter, damping required, and maximum energy absorption required.

Figure 2B is a top view of the landing gear cylinder assembly 1. Top cap 6 seals the top end of upper cylinder 4. Four cylinder bolts 1 4 pass through top cap 6, and nuts 44 and washers 40 hold top cap 6 onto the landing gear cylinder assembly 1. The two valve assemblies 42 that carry the two valve stems 9 are mounted to the top cap 6. A top cap gas pressure fitting or nipple 51 is sealingly threaded into top cap 6 and is used to introduce pressurized gas into cylinder 4 (Figure 2A), to force the landing gear to the extended position when the cylinder assembly 1 is used as a landing gear actuator.

Figure 2C shows a bottom view of the landing gear cylinder assembly 1.

Bottom cap 2 seals the bottom end of lower cylinder 3. The four cylinder bolts 1 4

pass through bottom cap 2, and nuts 44 and washers 40 hold bottom cap 2 onto the landing gear cylinder assembly 1. Piston rod 5 passes through the center of bottom cap 2. A bottom cap gas pressure fitting or nipple 52 is threaded through bottom cap 2 and is used to introduce pressurized gas into volume 46 (Figure 2A) of lower cylinder 3 to force the landing gear to the retracted position, when the cylinder assembly 1 is used as a landing gear actuator. Trunion 1 2 is used to couple piston rod 5 to landing gear leg 19 (Figure 1A).

Figure 2D shows a cross section of the cylinder head 7, showing orifice 1 5 which communicates by a gap between orifice insert 1 6 and valve stem 9. Orifice 1 5 communicates between volume 45 (Figure 2A) and volume 47 (Figure 2A) through the cylinder head 7. Orifice insert or seat 1 6 prevents fluid wear on cylinder head 7, with the size of the orifice 1 5 being defined by the opening inside orifice insert 1 6. In Figure 2A, orifice 1 5 is partially closed by valve 9 at minimum opening position. For best performance, orifices 1 5 should be large enough or numerous enough so that when in an open position as shown in Figures 3 and 5, orifices 1 5 are not a significant restriction to flow, even during impacts where the vertical velocity is as high as 40 feet per second (a crash), and therefore do not create a significant pressure drop when the valve 9 is fully open.

The landing gear cylinder assembly 1 can be used as a shock absorber and suspension without the landing gear retraction and extension feature. In this version, the top cap gas pressure fitting 51 and bottom cap gas pressure fitting 52 are used only to preset the internal pressure on the ground, then they are sealed.

Figure 3 shows a side view detail of the cylinder assembly 1 with the piston 8 in the extended position, as it would be in flight just prior to landing. With piston 8 fully extended, volume 47 is completely filled with hydraulic fluid, volume 45 is predominately filled with air or gas at a preselected pressure (e.g. approximately 80 PSI), and volume 46, principally below concave portion 8a, contains air or gas at atmospheric pressure. Valve stem 9 is shown in a near fully open position, as it would be a moment after contact during a hard or crash landing. This is because pressure in volume 47 would be high and would force valve stem 9 upward toward the open position.

Figure 4 shows the cylinder assembly 1 in an intermediate position, such as

would exist during taxi.

The air in volume 45, initially at a preselected pressure of approximately 80 PSI before landing, is compressed by the weight of the aircraft after landing, until the air supports the aircraft. Thereafter, when slight impacts are encountered, the piston 8 moves upward through cylinder 3, squirting hydraulic fluid through orifice 1 5 into volume 45 of cylinder 4. The restricted flow through orifice 1 5 acts as a shock absorber. Between impacts, the higher gas pressure in volume 45, in excess of the pressure in volume 47, forces oil within volume 45 back through the orifice 1 5 and into volume 47, forcing the piston 8 downwards towards the extended position.

The cylinder assembly 1 is then ready for the next impact. The pressure of the air in volume 46 below piston 8 remains atmospheric whether the shock absorber is retracted or extended.

Figure 5 is an enlarged view of the valve assembly 42 that carries valve stem 9, as was shown in Figure 2A. An outer sleeve 10 threads into end cap 6 to provide extended and wear-resistant internal threads for mounting valve assembly 42. Inner sleeve 11 threads into sleeve 10 and is locked in place by nut 18, such that the position of inner sleeve 11 sets the minimum opening between valve head 23 and orifice insert 1 6. Orifice insert 1 6 protects the edges of orifice 1 5 from fluid erosion. Valve piston 1 7 slides sealingly against valve stem 9 only during adjustment of the preload (preset compression) of Belleville washer spring 38. Belleville washer spring 38 is composed of numerous Belleville washers stacked in alternating orientation. Valve piston 17 moves together with valve stem 9 during operation, sliding sealingly against sleeve 11. Pressure in upper chamber 45 acts on valve piston 17, which pushes on flange nut 39 and acts to move the valve stem 9 upward. All stationary and sliding joints are sealed by o-rings 34, 35, 36, 37, and 43.

The function of valve piston 1 7 is to make the valve stem 9 respond only to the difference between the pressure in volume 47 and atmospheric pressure, regardless of the pressure in volume 45. In order for valve stem 9 not to respond to pressure in volume 45, the outer diameter of valve piston 1 7 must be the same as the diameter of the orifice 1 5. When these two diameters are equal, pressure in volume 45 acts equally on valve piston 1 7 and on the top surface of mushroom-

shaped portion of valve stem 9, producing no resultant force. Thus the only force acting on valve stem 9 is the pressure in volume 47 acting on the area of the end of valve stem 9, and atmospheric air pressure acting on the other end of valve stem 9 and valve piston 1 7. The same result could be achieved, as shown in Figure 6, by making valve stem 9 a constant diameter, equal to that of the orifice 1 5 and eliminating valve piston 17, but this would require a two piece valve stem so that the Belleville washers could be installed. There are many variations but the key is that the area of the valve stem where it seals against the atmosphere should be the same size as the area of the orifice.

Now referring again to Figure 5, flange nut 39 locked by nut 50 applies a preset compression force (preload) to the Belleville washer spring 38, which determines the pressure drop across orifice 1 5 at which valve stem 9 begins to move, and thereby further opening the orifice 1 5. The minimum opening position of valve stem 9 is adjusted by nut 1 8 to obtain the appropriate degree of damping for routine shocks and taxiing. If the minimum opening position is too small, the ride is harsh or stiff. If it is too large, the ride is bouncy.

The preload on Belleville washer spring 38 at the minimum opening position is selected to set the maximum pressure in volume 47 above the piston 8. If the preload is too high, the initial pressure above piston 8 due to the initial impact velocity is so high as to immediately fail the cylinder assembly 1. If the preload is too low, the initial pressure is low, but the deceleration is also low so the cylinder bottoms and structurally fails before the desired amount of deceleration has occurred. If the preload is correct for a given target descent rate, the initial pressure is just below the material fatigue limit, the deceleration is a maximum and the total energy absorbable during the travel is a maximum. The preload (and the spring rate) also affects the maximum travel of the spring, which together with the minimum opening position governs the maximum opening position of valve stem 9. The maximum opening position governs the maximum initial vertical velocity that can be sustained without excessive pressure in volume 47 immediately rupturing the cylinder.

The spring rate of Belleville washer spring 38 should be low so that the pressure required to depress the Belleville washers is nearly constant throughout the

travel of valve stem 9. The spring rate decreases proportionally with an increase in the number of Belleville washers used. The number of Belleville washers used is selected to provide a reasonably low spring rate, but also to achieve a reasonably low weight. For maximum energy absorption at a given preload, however, the minimum opening position would be zero. Since these effects are interrelated, the selected combination of the spring rate and travel of Belleville washer spring 38, the preset compression of Belleville washer spring 38, and the minimum opening position of valve stem 9, is a compromise to achieve good damping during normal landing and taxiing yet also good maximum energy absorption. Additional mechanisms shown in Figures 7 and 8 further improve the damping characteristics while retaining or improving the maximum energy absorption characteristics.

On landing, oil in volume 47 is forced through orifice 1 5. At low piston velocity, such as during gentle landings, oil passes through the minimum opening of orifice 1 5 without further opening the valve, because the preload on the Belleville washer spring 38 is set to hold the valve stem 9 at minimum opening until a given pressure is reached in volume 47. This pressure is not reached during gentle landings. As the landing gear continues to compress, oil flowing through orifice 1 5 decreases the volume of air in upper chamber 45, increasing its pressure. Pressure in volume 47 is the sum of the pressure in upper chamber 45 and the pressure drop across the orifice 15, when the piston is moving upward. So when the pressure above piston 8 exceeds the pressure necessary to support the weight applied to the landing gear wheel supported by this cylinder 1, the cylinder assembly 1 begins to decelerate the aircraft. The aircraft continues to decelerate until its vertical velocity has been halted. At this point the compressed air in upper chamber 45 may be in excess of the pressure needed to support the weight on this wheel, so the aircraft is gently forced back upwards, although much more slowly than the initial descent.

The down-up oscillation is damped by the restricted oil flow through the orifice 1 5.

During taxi, piston 8 rises until the pressure in volume 45 reaches the level needed to support the aircraft. The gas or air within volume 45 works like a spring, and the oil flowing back and forth through orifice 1 5 acts to damp oscillations, the combination of which provides a soft suspension during taxi. The initial pressure in volume 45 is set such that piston 8 moves to approximately two thirds of its range

of motion before the pressure in volume 45 will support the aircraft, when the aircraft is moderately loaded and stationary.

During a hard landing, the velocity of piston 8 creates a pressure in volume 47 sufficient to create a force on the conical end 23 of the valve stem 9 so that the valve stem 9 is forced upward against the spring force of Belleville washer spring 38. The movement of valve stem 9 increases the area of flow through the orifice 15, maintaining a nearly constant pressure in volume 47 regardless of piston velocity, and preventing rupture of cylinder 3. The pressure in volume 47 will begin at the maximum set by the preload of Belleville washer spring 38. As the aircraft decelerates, the velocity of fluid through the orifice decreases, and valve stem 9 closes to maintain a nearly constant pressure in volume 47. As the cylinder nears the bottom of its travel, volume 45 is nearly full of oil and so the remaining air in volume 45 is highly compressed. When the aircraft is moving downward, the pressure in volume 45 plus the pressure drop across the orifice equals the pressure in volume 47. Therefore when the aircraft is moving downward, the pressure in volume 47 is always higher than the pressure in volume 45. The goal is to stop the aircraft before the pressure in volume 47 becomes so high as to rupture the cylinder.

By adjusting the preload and minimum opening, it is possible to make the initial pressure in volume 47 and the final pressure in volume 47 approximately equal and both below the fatigue limit of the structural material, thereby maximizing the energy absorption that can be sustained with no structural damage.

During a crash landing up to a certain vertical velocity, cylinder assembly 1 does not rupture immediately and is capable of absorbing maximum energy throughout its stroke before destructively bottoming, thereby reducing the chances of occupant injury and aircraft damage. The area for flow through the orifices 15, governs the pressure drop across orifices 1 5 and the pressure above piston 8 when valves 9 are totally open, and thereby determines the maximum crash velocity the cylinder assembly 1 could experience before immediate failure would occur. To achieve a large maximum opening, the travel of Belleville washer spring 38 beyond the preload should be large.

When the cylinder assembly 1 is used for extension or retraction of the landing gear, cylinders 3 and 4 are of relatively large diameter so that low pressure

air or other gas can be used. In the retracted position (Fig. 2A), air pressure on port 52 (Fig. 2C) holds piston 8 in the up position and exerts the retracting force. Air within volume 45 is vented through port 51 (Fig. 2D). To extend the gear, port 52 and the air in volume 46 is vented to the atmosphere and pressurized air is introduced through port 51. So that the landing gear could be extended in the event of an in flight air pressure system failure, the air pressure in volume 46 is first charged into volume 45 and volume 45 sealed before volume 46 is vented to the atmosphere.

Figures 7 and 8A through 8C show alternate embodiments of the valve stem, in which the fixed valve head shown earlier is replaced by two different mechanisms. The purpose of the mechanisms is to modify the damping, in the first case, and both the maximum energy absorption and the damping, in the second case. In Figures 7 and 8, the tops of valve stems 109 and 209 are connected to cylinder assembly 1 (Figure 2A) with the same mechanism as in the original embodiment above.

In Figure 7, valve head 110 is allowed to slide within valve stem 109, with only slight friction provided by o-ring 11 2. Vent 111 prevents restriction of movement of valve head 110 by air or fluid pressure inside valve stem 1 09. Valve head 110 has a flowby passage created by flats 11 3 on its sides, the size of which control the minimum opening of the orifice when valve head 110 is against the seat.

When fluid is flowing down through the orifice, valve head 110 is forced down against the seat by the pressure across the orifice and the area for flow caused by the bypass passages due to flats 11 3 controls the damping. When fluid is flowing up through the orifice, valve head 110 is forced up, and the orifice opening gets bigger, lowering the damping. The size of the orifice when fluid is flowing up is controlled by the position of valve stem 109 as in the original embodiment. This mechanism allows a larger opening when fluid is flowing up so that moderate landing velocities do not produce too high initial pressures, yet at very low landing velocities and taxiing, the damping is still sufficient because of the extra restriction when fluid is flowing down.

Figure 8A shows a mechanism which holds a fixed minimum opening at low and moderate landing velocities, but eliminates the minimum opening during hard

landings for higher energy absorption. Valve head 54 has flats 53. Valve head 54 slides on the bottom of valve head piston 81 as shown in Figure 8C, forming a mechanism for adjusting the damping which operates just like that described in Figure 7. With reference again to Figure 8A, valve head piston 81 is allowed to slide against the interior of valve stem 209, sealed by o-ring 82. Valve head piston 81 also slides against Teflon bearing 55 installed in guide 59. Guide 59 is prevented from moving downward by snap ring 80. Belleville washers 56 form a spring which is compressed upon installation with a selected force, and forces valve head piston 81 upward. Valve head piston 81 has a large axial hole 86 drilled through it, capped by a flapper one-way valve 57 held on by screws 58. Pressure in volume 45 acts on the bottom of valve head piston 81 through vent 84. When a high pressure occurs in volume 47, the pressure in volume 47 is conveyed through a hole 86 in valve head piston 81 to the top of valve head piston 81. Since the top of valve head piston 81 has an area greater than the area of the bottom of valve head 54, a large enough pressure difference on the difference in area will move valve head piston 81 downward, extending the valve head. Flapper one-way valve 57 maintains the high pressure above the piston long enough for the crash landing cycle to be completed, but is leaky enough to allow the pressure to escape before a subsequent landing. For example, during a 20 foot per second landing, the cylinder experiences the same initial pressure in volume 47 as before because the entire valve stem 209 moves upwards even though at the same time the mechanism shown in Figure 8B is moving valve head 54 downwards a smaller amount. As the cylinder decelerates the aircraft, and the velocity of hydraulic fluid through orifice 1 5 is reduced, the entire valve stem 209 moves downwards, while the piston 81 and extended valve head 54 reduce the annular orifice 1 5 opening to maintain a more nearly constant pressure throughout the middle range of the cylinder travel, to absorb more energy. Yet during normal and soft landings, the minimum opening 1 5 is kept larger, so that the initial pressure is lower and allows for a softer feel.

Figure 9A shows a cross sectional side view of an air/oil separator 60, and Figure 9B shows a top view. The air/oil separator is used in conjunction with the shock absorber assembly to handle the air/oil mixture which emerges from top cap pressure fitting 51 when air is vented to the atmosphere during landing gear

retraction. Air/oil separator 60 consists of upper shell 64 and lower shell 65 sealed by ring 66, all three held together by shaft 70 and nut 74. Hose fitting 77 is threaded into the top end of shaft 70, which has holes 68 drilled through its sides so that air can pass freely between hose fitting 77 and the interior of shells 64 and 65. Hose fitting 69 can drain all fluid that accumulates in the interior of shell 65.

Tee fitting 76 is threaded into ring 66 such that fluid or gas passing into the air/oil separator enters tangentially. Tee fitting 76 has hose fittings 61 and 72. Hose fitting 61 is connected to the top cap pressure fitting 51 of shock absorber assembly 1, and hose fitting 72 is connected by hose 73 to hose fitting 69. All joints are sealed by o-rings (not shown).

Passage between the interior of air/oil separator 60 and tee fitting 76 is controlled by a one-way valve consisting of ball 62 and spring 63. The one-way valve only allows flow into the air/oil separator. A similar one-way valve consisting of ball 67 and spring 71 only allows flow out of the air oil separator through hose fitting 69.

When the top cap pressure fitting 51 is vented to the atmosphere during landing gear retraction, mixed oil and air rushes through gas fitting 61 and is directed tangentially around the inside of air/oil separator 60. The oil, since it is heavier than air, tends to be thrown against the side because of centrifugal force and will run down the sides to the bottom. Air can escape through holes 68 and out through hose fitting 76 to the atmosphere. Holes 68 are in the center of the vortex created by circular flow of the air/oil mixture, such that very little oil escapes through holes 68.

When the top cap pressure fitting is pressurized to lower the landing gear, pressurized air pushes the oil accumulated in the bottom of the separator 60 through the one-way valve in hose fitting 69 and back to top cap pressure fitting 52. The air/oil separator 60 could be installed within volume 45 (Fig. 2A) so that it would not be subjected to as high pressures, and to avoid exposed hoses. However, the size of volume 45 outside of the air/oil separator 60 would need to remain the same.

The invention has significant advantages. It is capable of absorbing high shock forces without permanent deformation. The shock absorber also is able to smoothly handle low forces which occur during taxiing and soft landings. The shock absorber operates also as a retract and extension device for the landing gear. It operates with low pressure air.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention.