COMPOUNDS AND USES THEREOF

1 . FIELD

The disclosure relates to Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and methods to treat or prevent a condition, such as pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

2. BACKGROUND

Chronic pain is a major contributor to disability and is the cause of much suffering. The successful treatment of severe and chronic pain is a primary goal of the physician, with opioid analgesics being preferred drugs for doing so.

Three major classes of opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) have long been known, with each class having subtype receptors. These receptor classes are known as μ, κ and δ. As opiates have a high affinity for these receptors while not being endogenous to the body, research fol lowed in order to identify and isolate the endogenous ligands to these receptors. These l igands were identified as endorphins, dynorphins and enkephalins, respectively.

Experimentation eventually led to the identification of a cDNA encoding an opioid receptorlike (ORL- 1 ) receptor with a high degree of homology to the known receptor classes. The ORL- 1 receptor was classified as an opioid receptor based only on structural grounds, as the receptor did not exhibit pharmacological homology. It was initially demonstrated that non-selective ligands having a high affinity for μ, κ and δ receptors had low affinity for the ORL- 1 receptor. This characteristic, along with the fact that an endogenous ligand had not yet been discovered, led to the term "orphan receptor." See, e.g. , Henderson et ai , "The orphan opioid receptor and its endogenous ligand - nociceptin/orphanin FQ," Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18(8):293-300 ( 1997).

Subsequent research led to the isolation and structure of the endogenous ligand of the ORL-1 receptor (i. e. , nociceptin; also known as orphanin FQ (OFQ)). This ligand is a seventeen amino acid peptide structural ly similar to members of the opioid peptide family.

The discovery of the ORL-1 receptor presents an opportunity in drug discovery for novel compounds that can be administered for pain management or other syndromes modulated by this receptor.

International PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/46260, WO 99/50254, WO 01/90102, WO 2005/028451 , WO 2003/062234, and U.S. Pat. App. No. 2005/0256000, respectively, describe quinoxalines or derivatives thereof as (i) inhibitors of protein kinase C, (ii) serine protease inhibitors, (iii) herbicides, (iv) M2 acetylcholine receptor agonists, (v) medicaments for diseases involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and (vi) safeners for plants.

Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application.

3. SUMMARY

In one aspect of the disclosure, new compounds that exhibit affinity for the ORL-1 receptor are described.

In some embodiments, such new compounds exhibit agonist activity or partial agonist activity at the ORL-1 receptor. In other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit agonist activity at the ORL- 1 receptor. In other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit partial agonist activity at the ORL- 1 receptor. In yet other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit antagonist activity at the ORL- 1 receptor.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, such new compounds exhibit affinity for the ORL- 1 receptor, and also for one or more of the μ, κ or δ receptors. In some embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure exhibits affinity for both the ORL- 1 receptor and the μ receptor. In other

embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL- 1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist.

Certain new compounds of the disclosure can be used to treat an animal suffering from chronic or acute pain.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, methods for treating chronic or acute pain in an animal by administering one or more Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds to an animal in need of such treatment are described. In certain embodiments, such new Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds effectively treat chronic or acute pain in the animal, while producing fewer or reduced side effects compared to previously avai lable compounds.

Compounds of Formula (I) are herein disclosed:

(I) harmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof where:

Y i is O or S;

Q _a is benzo or (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl;

each R ₂ is independently selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -N0 ₂ , -OT ₃ , -C(=0)T ₃ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(T ,)(T ₂ ), -S(=0) ₂ OT ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -Q-S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )C(=0)T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )S(=0)T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )C(=0)OT ₃ , and

-N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(C,-C ₆ )alkoxy, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ -C| ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C i ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C _l4 )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ - C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycIe, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C | ₄ )aryl, or -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

a is an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

E is N or C(R ₉₀ );

G, M, and U are independently selected from N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(=S), and C(R ₉ o)(R9i);

J is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), or C(=S);

W is N(R ₉₀ ), C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i), or absent;

each dashed line of the Q _x ring independently is either present and denotes the presence of one bond of a double bond or is absent, provided that when one dashed line attached to an atom is present to form a double bond, then the other dashed l ine attached to said atom is absent and the R ₉₀ group attached to said atom is absent, where the maximum number of double bonds is 3 for a 6-membered Q _x ring and the maximum number of double bonds is 2 for a 5-membered Q _x ring;

each R ₉₀ , when present, and each R ₉ | is independently selected from -H, -CN, -halo, -(C |- C ₃ )alkyl, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkoxy, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , and -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ); each R ₉₂ , R ₉ , R ₉ , and R ₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl ;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3;

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

provided that the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one lactam group or cyclic urea group, provided that G is C(=0) or C(=S) when E is N, provided that at least two of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are carbon, and provided that 1 , 2, or 3 of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are nitrogen;

A and B are independently selected from: (a) -H, -CN, -C(=0)OT ₃ , and -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C3-C ₁₂ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₁₂ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ - C ₆ )alkynyl, and -(C _r C6)alkoxy, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from -OH, -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , =NR ₆ , -C(=0)0T ₃ , -C(=0)N(R ₅ ) ₂ ,

-N(R ₆ )C(=0)R ₉ , and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, or 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected -halo; or

(c) A-B can together form a (C ₂ -Q)bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from -OH, -(C| -C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, and -C(halo)3, and which bridge optionally contains -HC=CH- or -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge; where the

6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the A-B bridge; or

(d) A-B can together form a -CH ₂ -N(R _;1 )-CH ₂ - bridge, a

¾— CH ₂ — bridge; where the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q., ring can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the A-B bridge;

R _a is -H, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -CH ₂ -C(=0)-R _c , -(CH ₂ )-C(=0)-OR _c , -(CH ₂ )- C(=0)-N(R _c ) ₂ , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -0-R _c , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -S(=0) ₂ -N(R _c ) ₂ , R _c , or -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -N(R _c )S(=O) ₂ -R ₀ ;

R _b is selected from:

(a) -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -N(R _C ) ₂ , -N(R _c )-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, and -N(R _c )-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle; and

(b) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, and-(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; and

(c) -N(R _c )-phenyl, -N(R _c )-naphthalenyl, -N(R _c )-(C _l4 )aryl, and -N(R _c )-(5- to 10- membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

each R _c is independently -H or -(C C ₄ )alkyl; Z is -[(Ci-C [ ₀ )alkyl optionally substituted by R| ₃ ] _h -, where h is 0 or 1 ; or -[(C ₂ -C | ₀ )alkenyl optionally substituted by R, ₃ ]-; or -(C _r C | ₀ )alkyl-N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, where Y is O or S;

Ri is selected from:

(a) -H, -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C ,-C _l0 )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C , ₀ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkynyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycIoalkoxy, -(C ₆ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ - C ₁₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c)

(d) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C _!4 )aryl, and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; or

-Z-Ri is 3,3-diphenylpropyl- optionally substituted at the 3 carbon of the propyl with -CN, -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) _2, -C(=0)OV,, or -tetrazolyl; or

-Z-R| is -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl substituted with tetrazolyl;

each R ₅ is independently -(C |-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ )(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR _9, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR, ₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₆ is independently -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, or -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, or two R ₆ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring, where the number of atoms in the ring incl udes the nitrogen atom, and in which one of the 5- to 8-membered ring carbon atoms is optionally replaced by O, S, or N(T ₃ ); each R ₇ is independently -(C]-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C6)alkenyl, -(C2-C ₆ )alkynyl, -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(haIo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )0H,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _I2 , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{l 2} , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₈ is independently -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(C -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _I2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR, ₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C |-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(C ₃ - C ₈ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C ₈ )cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -benzyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo),, or -CH ₂ (halo);

if h is 0, then R _n can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, , can be -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ),, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

I

if h is 1 , then R, , can be -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, , can be -(C,- C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

otherwise, where Z is -[(C ₂ -C | ₀ )alkenyl optionally substituted by R| ₃ ]- or -(C _r C io)alkyl-

N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, then R, , can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, , can be -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C |-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

each R| ₂ is independently -H or -(C i-C ₄ )alkyl;

R ₁₃ is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R„) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ ,

-C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C _r C ₁₀ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₁₀ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C _{l 0} )alkynyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₅ -Ci ₄ )cycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(d) -phenyl and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

R i 4 is -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, ₄ can be -(C, -C4)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 1 1 ;

n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

e and f are each an integer independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5 provided that 2 < (e

+ f) < 5;

each p is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, and 4;

each T) and T ₂ is independently -H or -(C |-C ₁₀ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C |-C | ₀ )alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T| or T ₂ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ ), or T| and T ₂ can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring where the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom to which T| and T ₂ are bonded, said 5- to 8-membered ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, any carbon atom in said 5- to 8-membered ring is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ );

each T ₃ is independently -H or -(C j-C | ₀ )al kyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C _r C i ₀ )alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T ₃ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₁₂ );

each V| is independently -H, -(C C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycIoalkyl, -phenyl, or benzyl; and each halo is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

In one embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where:

R ₉₉ is -H, -(C C ₃ )alkyl, -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)OH, or -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)0-(C _r C ₃ )alkyl; and j is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R99 is as defined above. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the <¾ ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms.

A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof (an "Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound") is useful, e.g. , as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anesthetic agent, neuroprotective agent, anti-hypertensive, an anxiolytic agent, an agent for appetite control, hearing regulator, anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, modulator of locomotor activity, modulator of learning and memory, regulator of neurotransmitter release, regulator of hormone release, kidney function modulator, anti-depressant, agent to treat memory loss due to Alzheimer's disease and/or other dementias, anti-epileptic, anti-convulsant, agent to treat withdrawal from alcohol, agent to treat withdrawal from drug(s) of addiction, agent to control water balance, agent to control sodium excretion, and/or agent to control arterial blood pressure disorder(s).

A Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, a composition containing a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Pi peridine Compound, and/or a composition containing a

pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is useful for treating and/or preventing pain, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, drug abuse, memory disorders, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, or Parkinsonism (each being a "Condition") in an animal.

Compositions comprising an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient are disclosed. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal.

Methods for treating or preventing a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, a composition containing a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, and/or a composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound are disclosed. Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds, e.g., of Formula (I), may also be used in the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating a Condition or for preventing a Condition.

Methods for inhibiting ORL-1 receptor function in a cel l, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor with an ORL- 1 receptor function inhibiting amount of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof are disclosed. In further embodiments of the disclosure, methods for activating ORL- 1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cel l capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor with an ORL- 1 receptor function activating amount of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof are disclosed. In yet another embodiment, methods for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutical ly acceptable carrier or excipient, are disclosed.

An embodiment of the disclosure relates to a kit comprisi ng a contai ner containing an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

Another embodiment of the disclosure provides novel intermediates for use in making the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

The disclosure can be understood more fully by reference to the fol lowing detailed description and ill ustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-l imiting embodiments of the disclosure.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention includes the following:

compound of Formula (I):

(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable ^' derivative thereof wherein:

Y, is O or S;

Q _a is benzo or (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl;

each R ₂ is independently selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -N0 ₂ , -OT ₃ , -C(=0)T ₃ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -S(=0) ₂ OT ₃ , -S(=0)T ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -0-S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )C(=0)T ₃ ,

-N(T ₃ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )S(=0)T ₃₎ -N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )C(=0)OT ₃ , and

-N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(C,-C ₆ )alkoxy, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C| )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ - C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C i ₄ )aryl, or -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

a is an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

E is N or C(R ₉₀ );

G, M, and U are independently selected from N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(=S), and C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |); J is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), or C(=S);

W is N(R ₉₀ ), C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i), or absent;

each dashed line of the Q _x ring independently is either present and denotes the presence of one bond of a double bond or is absent, provided that when one dashed line attached to an atom is present to form a double bond, then the other dashed line attached to said atom is absent and the R ₉₀ group attached to said atom is absent, wherein the maximum number of double bonds is 3 for a 6-membered Q _x ring and the maximum number of double bonds is 2 for a 5-membered Q _x ring;

each R ₉₀ , when present, and each R ₉₎ is independently selected from -H, -CN, -halo, -(C C ₃ )alkyl, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkoxy, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉ 4)(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉ 5)) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , and -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉ 5)) _d -C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ); each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C C )alkyl;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3;

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

provided that the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one lactam group or cycl ic urea group, provided that G is C(=0) or C(=S) when E is N, provided that at least two of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are carbon, and provided that 1 , 2, or 3 of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are nitrogen;

A and B are independently selected from:

(a) -H, -CN, -C(=0)OT ₃ , and -C(=0)N(T, )(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C ₃ -C i ₂ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₃ -C | ₂ )cycloalkoxy, -(C _r C<;)alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ - C ₆ )alkynyl, and -(C |-C ₆ )alkoxy, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from -OH, -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , =NR ₆ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ,

-N(R ₆ )C(=0)R ₉ , and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, or 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected -halo; or

(c) A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, and -C(halo) ₃ , and which bridge optionally contains -HC=CH- or -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge; wherein the A-B bridge can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring; or (d) A-B can together form a -CH ₂ -N(R _a )-CH ₂ - bridge, a

^R b R _b

C=0 0=S=0 — CH ₂ — N— CH ₂ — bridge, or a — CH ₂ — N— CH ₂ — bridge; wherein the A-B bridge can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring;

R _a is -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -CH ₂ -C(=O)-R ₀ , -(CH ₂ )-C(=0)-OR„ -(CH ₂ )- C(=0)-N(R _c ) ₂ , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -0-R _c , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -S(=0) ₂ -N(R _c ) ₂ , „ or -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -N(R _c )S(=0) ₂ -R _c ;

R is selected from:

(a) -H, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -N(R _C ) ₂ , -N(R _c )-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, and -N(R _c )-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle; and

(b) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, and-(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; and

(c) -N(R _c )-phenyl, -N(R _c )-naphthalenyl, -N(R _c )-(C i ₄ )aryl, and -N(R _c )-(5- to 10- membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

each R _c is independently -H or -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl;

Z is -[(C i -C io)alkyl optionally substituted by R | ₃ ]i,-, wherein h is 0 or 1 ; or -[(C ₂ -C| ₀ )alkenyl optionally substituted by R ₁₃ ]-; or -(C _r C | ₀ )alkyl-N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, wherein Y is O or S;

Ri is selected from:

(a) -H, -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV ,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C _r C , ₀ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₁₀ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C _{l 0} )alkynyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₃ -C _M )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ -C i ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ - C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C _i )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₃ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7- membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and (c)

(d) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C | ₄ )aryl, and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; or

-Z-R, is 3,3-diphenylpropyl- optionally substituted at the 3 carbon of the propyl with -CN,

-C(=p)N(R ₆ ) _2, -C(=0)OV ,, or -tetrazolyl; or

-Z-R| is -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl substituted with tetrazolyl;

each R ₅ is independently -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ )(C,-C ₆ )alkyl-C( ))OR _9; -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉₎ or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₆ is independently -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, or -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, or two R ₆ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, and in which one of the 5- to 8-membered ri ng carbon atoms is optionally replaced by O, S, or N(T ₃ );

each R ₇ is independently -(C i-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C6)alkynyl, -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, -halo, -N ₃ , -NO,, -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{I 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{l 2} , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₈ is independently -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{! 2} , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T _! )(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or

-S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C |-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(C - C ₈ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C ₈ )cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -benzyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , or -CH ₂ (halo);

if h is 0, then R, , can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, , can be -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ; if h is 1 , then R„ can be -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _n can be -(C,- C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C i-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

otherwise, wherein Z is -[(C ₂ -C _i0 )alkenyl optional ly substituted by Ri ₃ ]- or -(C _r C| ₀ )alkyl- N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, then R _n can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _M can be -(C , -C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

each R, ₂ is independently -H or -(C _r C ₄ )alkyI;

Ri ₃ is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV |, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C ,-C ₁₀ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₁₀ )alkynyl, -0(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected Rg groups; and

(c)

(iv) and

(d) -phenyl and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

R,4 is -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R, ₄ can be -(C , -C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 1 1 ; n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

e and f are each an integer independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5 provided that 2 < (e

+ ) < 5;

each p is an integer independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, and 4;

each T, and T ₂ is independently -H or -(C i -C io)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C i-C | ₀ )alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T, or T ₂ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ ), or T, and T ₂ can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom to which T| and T are bonded, said 5- to 8- membered ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, any carbon atom in said 5- to 8-membered ring is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ ); each T ₃ is independently -H or -(C |-C i ₀ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C _r C | ₀ )alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T ₃ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R, ₂ );

each V | is independently -H, -(C | -C6)alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -phenyl, or benzyl ; and each halo is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

(2) The compound of the above ( 1 ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, provided the Q _x ring is not:

wherein:

R ₉₉ is -H, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl, -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)OH, or -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)0-(C _r C ₃ )alkyl; and

j is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3.

(3) The compound of the above ( 1 ) or (2) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, provided the Q _x ring is not:

wherein:

R ₉₉ is -H, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl, -(CH ₂ ),-C(=0)OH, or -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)0-(C C ₃ )alkyl; and

j is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3.

(4) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (3) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, provided the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms.

(5) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (4) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein Y | is O.

(6) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (5) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV ,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C i-C ,o)alkyl, -0(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₃ -C , ₄ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ - C i ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C i ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C | )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ - C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C | ₄ )aryi, and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups.

(7) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (6) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein Q ₀ is benzo, pyridino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, or pyridazino, and preferably Q _a is benzo or pyridino, wherein preferably the 2- and 3-positions of the pyridino are fused to the 6- membered, nitrogen-containing ring.

(8) The compound of any one of the above ( 1) to (7). or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein Q _a is benzo.

(9) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (8) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein a is 0.

( 10) The compound of any one of the above (1 ) to (9) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein: Q _a is benzo;

a is 0;

A-B together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from -OH, -(C,-C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, and -C(halo) ₃ , and which bridge optionally contains -HC=CH- or -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge; wherein the A-B bridge can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring;

Z is -[(C C io)alkyl] _h -, wherein h is 0 or 1 ; and

Ri is selected from:

(a) -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C rC io)alkyl, -0(C, -C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₃ -C , ₄ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ - C _|4 )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C | )bicycloal kenyl, -(C ₈ - C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(0 ('') and

(d) -phenyl and -(5- to 1 0-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted o substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups.

( 1 1 ) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, wherein - -E- - -G- - -J- - of the Q _x ring is -N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N-C(=0)-N=. (12) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (11) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the Q _x ring is:

(13) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (12) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the Q _x ring is:

(14) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (12) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the Q _x ring is:

O (15) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (12), which is:

-22 -

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(17) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (10) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein E of the Q _x ring is C(R ₉₀ ).

(18) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (10) or (17) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the Q ring is:

-24-

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(2 1 ) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10) or ( 17) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, wherein in the C( ₉₀ ) of the E of the Q _x ring, R ₉₀ is absent.

(22) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10), ( 1 7) to ( 19), or (21 ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the Q _x ring is:

(23) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10) or ( 1 7) to (22), which is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(24) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 14), ( 1 7) to ( 19), (21 ), or (22) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein h is 1 .

(25) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (9), ( 1 1 ) to ( 14), ( 1 7) to ( 19), (21 ), (22), or (24) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein Z is -(C |-C ₃ )alkyl- optional ly substituted by R _{! 3} . (26) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (25) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R, ₃ is absent.

(27) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 14), ( 1 7) to ( 19), (21 ), (22), or (24) to (26) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R, ₃ is absent and Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -.

(28) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 14), ( 17) to ( 19), (21 ), (22), or (24) to (27) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein -Z-R| is:

wherein each R _z is independently -H, -(C |-C ₄ )alkyl, -OH, or -CN and preferably each R _z is independently -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH2CH3.

(29) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, wherein h is 0.

(30) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 14), ( 17) to ( 19), (21 ), (22), or (24) to (29) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein A and B are independently -H or -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl and preferably A and B are each -H or A is -H and B is -CH ₃ or A is -CH ₃ and B is -H.

(3 1 ) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (29) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

wherein each R _d is independently -H, -(C|-C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, or -C(halo) ₃ .

(32) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (29) or (3 1 ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

(33) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (29), (3 1 ), or (32) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine

(34) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (29) or (3 1 ) to (330) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the A-B bridge of the bridged-piperidine is in the endo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring. (35) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23) or (29) to (34) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:

(a) h is 0;

(b) R, is -(C ,-C ,o)alkyl, -(C ₃ -C | ₄ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C _l4 )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₆ - C| ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₇ -C | ₄ )bicycloal kenyl, or -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups and preferably R| is -(C ₃ -Ci ₄ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -Ci ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₆ -C _i )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₇ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkenyl, or -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) each R ₈ is independently -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyi-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -C(halo) , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), or -C(=0)OR ₉ .

(36) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23) or (29) to (35) or a pharmaceutically acceptab

wherein each R _z is independently -H, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl, -OH, or -CN and preferably each R ₂ is

independently -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . (37) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23) or (29) to (35) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof,

(38) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23) or (29) to (36) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein -Z-R, is:

wherein R _z is -H, -CH3, or -CH ₂ CH ₃ .

(39) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (8), ( 1 1 ) to ( 14), ( 1 7) to ( 1 9), (21 ), (22), or (24) to (38) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivati ve thereof, wherein a is 1 and R ₂ is -halo, preferably R ₂ is -F.

(40) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (23), (29), or (3 1 ) to (39) or a

pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the R| group is i n the exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge of the bridged piperidi ne.

(41 ) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 1 1 ), (3 1 ), (32), or (34) or a

pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the compound is:

wherein R is H, -(C C ₃ )alkoxy, or halo;

M i is:

M _? is:

(42) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 1 1 ), (31 ), (32), (34), or (41 ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the compound is:

(43) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (12), (26), (29), (31), or (32), which is:

(44) The compound of any one of the above (1) to (12), (26), (29), (31), (32), (34), or (41) to (40), which is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(45) The compound of the above (44) having the formula:

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(46) The compound of the above (44) having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (47) The compound of the above (44) having the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(48) The compound of the above (44) having the formula

larmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(49) The compound of the above (44) having the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (50) The compound of the above (44) having the formula:

or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt thereof.

(5 1 ) The compound of the above (44) havi ng the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(52) The compound of the above (44) having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (53) The compound of the above (44) having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(54) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10), ( 1 7) to ( 1 9), (26), (29), (31 ) to (33), (36), or (38), which is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (55) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to ( 10), ( 1 7) to ( 19), (26), (29), (31 ) to (34), (36), (38), (40), or (53), which is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(56) The compound of any one of the above (1 ) to (55) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, which is radiolabeled.

(57) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (56) or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the % de of the compound is at least about 95%.

(58) The compound of the above (57) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherei n the % de of the compound is at least about 99%.

(59) The compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (58), wherein the pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, preferably a hydrochloride-salt, a sodium- salt, a potassium-salt, or a para-toluenesulfonic acid-salt.

(60) A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (59) and a pharmaceutical ly acceptable carrier or excipient. (61 ) A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (59) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(62) A method for modulating ORL-1 receptor function in a cel l, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor with an effective amount of the composition or the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (60).

(63) The method of the above (62), wherei n the composition or the compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound acts as an agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor.

(64) The method of the above (62), wherein the composition or the compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound acts as a partial agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor.

(65) The method of the above (62), wherein the composition or the compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound acts as an antagonist at the ORL- 1 receptor.

(66) A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of the composition or the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (60).

(67) A method for treating a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epi lepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of the composition or the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (60).

(68) Use of a compound or the pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (59) for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating pain, a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary i ncontinence, or drug abuse.

(69) The compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (59) for use in the treatment of pain, a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse.

(70) A kit, comprising a container containing an effective amount of the composition or the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound of any one of the above ( 1 ) to (60). 4.1 Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula

(1)

As stated above, the disclosure encompasses Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I):

(I)

or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof where Ri, R ₂ , Q _n , Y |, Z, A, B, Q _x , E, G, J, , U, W, and a are defi ned above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

In one embodiment the disclosure encompasses Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I. I ):

(L I ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof wherein:

Y i is O or S;

Q _a is benzo or (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl;

each R ₂ is independently selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -N0 ₂ , -OT ₃ , -C(=0)T ₃ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(T,XT ₂ ), -S(=0) ₂ OT ₃ ,

-S(=0)T ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -0-S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )C(=0)T ₃ ,

-N(T ₃ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(T ₃ )S(=0)T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ T ₃ , -N(T ₃ )C(=0)OT ₃ , and

-N(T ₃ )S(=0) ₂ N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkoxy, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ -C i ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C | )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C _l4 )bicycloalkenyI, -(C ₈ -

C ₂ o)tricycloalkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C | ₄ )aryl, or -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

a is an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

E is N or C(R ₉₀ );

G, M, and U are independently selected from N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(=S), and C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i);

J is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), or C(=S);

W is N(R ₉₀ ), C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i), or absent;

each dashed l ine of the Q _x ring independently is either present and denotes the presence of one bond of a double bond or is absent, provided that when one dashed line attached to an atom is present to form a double bond, then the other dashed l ine attached to said atom is absent and the R ₉₀ group attached to said atom is absent, wherein the maximum number of double bonds is 3 for a 6-membered Q _x ring and the maximum number of double bonds is 2 for a 5-membered Q _x ring;

each R ₉₀ , when present, and each R _9I is independently selected from -H, -CN, -halo, -(C _r

C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _C - (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , and -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R _9s )) _d -C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ) _;

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C C ₃ )alkyl ;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2;

provided that the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one lactam group or cycl ic urea group, provided that G is C(=0) or C(=S) when E is N, provided that at least two of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are carbon, and provided that 1 , 2, or 3 of the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are nitrogen;

A and B are independently selected from:

(a) -H, -CN, -C(=0)OT ₃ , and -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C ₃ -C| 2)cycloalkyl, -(C ₃ -C i ₂ )cycloalkoxy, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ - C ₆ )alkynyl, and -(C ,-C ₆ )alkoxy, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from -OH, -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , =NR ₆ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ,

-N(R ₆ )C(=0)R ₉ , and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, or 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected -halo; or

(c) A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C _¾ )bndge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with

1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from -OH, -(C C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, and -C(halo) ₃ , and which bridge optionally contains -HC=CH- or -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge; wherein the A-B bridge can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring; or

(d) A-B can together form a -CH ₂ -N(R _il )-CH ₂ - bridge, a

bridge;

wherein the A-B bridge can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the

6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q„ ring;

R _a is -H, -(C , -C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -CH ₂ -C(=0)-R _c , -(CH ₂ )-C(=0)-OR _c , -(CH ₂ )- C(=0)-N(R _c ) ₂ , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -0-R _c , -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -S(=0) ₂ -N(R _c ) ₂ , R _c , or -(CH ₂ ) ₂ -N(R _c )S(=0) ₂ -R _c ;

R _b is selected from:

(a) -H, -(C | -C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -N(R _C ) ₂ , -N(R _c )-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, and -N(R _c )-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle; and

(b) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, and-(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; and (c) -N(R _c )-phenyl, -N(R _c )-naphthalenyl, -N(R _c )-(C , ₄ )aryl, and -N(R _c )-(5- to 10- membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

each R _c is independently -H or -(C _r C )aIkyl;

Z is -[(C|-Cio)alkyl optionally substituted by R I ₃ ]I,-, wherein h is 0 or 1 ; or -[(C ₂ -C | ₀ )alkenyl optionally substituted by R, ₃ ]-; or -(C _l -C | ₀ )alkyl-N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, wherein Y is O or S;

Ri is selected from:

(a) -H, -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV„ and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C ₁ -C ₁₀ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₁₀ )al kenyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkynyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C3-C _I4 )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ -C _i4 )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ - C| ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7- membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c)

(d) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C | ₄ )aryl, and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups; or

-Z-R, is 3,3-diphenylpropyl- optional ly substituted at the 3 carbon of the propyl with -CN, -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) _2, -C(=0)OV |, or -tetrazolyl ; or

-Z-Ri is -(C |-C ₄ )alkyl substituted with tetrazolyl;

each R ₅ is independently -(C _r C )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₅ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR _9, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR, ₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₆ is independently -H, -(C _r C6)alkyl, or -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, or two R ₆ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, and in which one of the 5- to 8-membered ring carbon atoms is optionally replaced by O, S, or (T ₃ );

each R ₇ is independently -(C C )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T;)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{l 2} , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T ₁ )(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₈ is independently -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N ₃ , -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH,

-N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(0) ₂ R , >, -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR ₁₂ ,

-C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -OC(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -OC(=0)OR ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , or -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ ;

each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₅ )alkynyl, -(C ₃ - C ₈ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C ₈ )cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -benzyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , or -CH ₂ (halo);

if h is 0, then R _n can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _n can be -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ; if h is 1 , then R _n can be -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _n can be -(C C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C |-C ₄ )aIkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

otherwise, wherein Z is -[(C ₂ -C | ₀ )alkenyl optional ly substituted by R, ₃ ]- or -(C _{i 0} )alkyl- N(R ₆ )C(=Y)-, then R, , can be -H, -CN, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _M can be -(C , -C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

each R| is independently -H or -(C C ₄ )alkyl;

R is selected from: (a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ 0H, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C _r C _l0 )aIkyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkynyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₅ -C _l4 )cycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycIe, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(iv) and

(d) -phenyl and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups;

R i4 is -H, -CN, -OH, -halo, -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R , ₄ can be -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C ,-C ₄ )alkoxy, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ;

m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 0, and 1 1 ;

n is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

e and f are each an integer independently selected from 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5 provided that 2 < (e

+ f) < 5;

each p is an integer independently selected from 0, I , 2, 3, and 4;

each T| and T ₂ is independently -H or -(C C | ₀ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C _r C io)alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T, or T ₂ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ ), or T, and T ₂ can together form a 5- to 8-membered ring wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom to which T| and T ₂ are bonded, said 5- to 8- membered ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, any carbon atom in said 5- to 8-membered ring is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R ₆ ); each T ₃ is independently -H or -(C |-C | ₀ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₅ groups and, optionally, in which any -(C _r C | ₀ )alkyl carbon atom except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T ₃ is attached is independently replaced by O, S, or N(R _{I 2} ); each V] is independently -H, -(Ci-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -phenyl, or benzyl ; and each halo is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

In another embodiment, Y _t is O. In another embodiment, Y , is S.

In another embodiment, a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, a is 0. In another embodiment, a is 1 . In another embodiment, a is 2.

In another embodiment, each R ₂ is independently -halo, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CN, -(C C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, or -(5- or 6- membered)heteroaryl .

In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -halo, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CN, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -

C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, or -(5- or

6-membered)heteroaryl . In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -halo, -OH, -N H ₂ , -CN, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, wo ropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or phenyl. In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -halo. In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -F or -CI. In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -F. In another embodiment, a is 1 and R ₂ is -CI.

In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is independently -halo, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CN, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, or -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl . In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is independently -halo, -OH, -NH ₂ , -CN, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, sopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or phenyl. In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is -halo. In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is -F or -CI. In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is -F. In another embodiment, a is 2 and each R ₂ is -CI.

In another embodiment, Q _; , is benzo, pyridino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, pyridazino, pyrrolino, imidazolino, pyrazoi ino, triazolino, furano, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazolmo, thiopheno, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazohno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, pyrrolino, imidazolino, pyrazoi ino, triazolino, furano, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazol ino, thiopheno, thiazol ino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazohno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, imidazol ino, pyrazoi ino, triazol ino, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazolino, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazohno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, pyrrolino, imidazolino, pyrazoiino, or triazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, furano, oxazolino, isoxazol ino, or oxadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, oxazolino, isoxazol ino, or oxadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, thiopheno, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazohno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, thiazol ino, isothiazol ino, or thiadiazohno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, pyrrolino, furano, or thiopheno. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyridino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, pyridazino, pyrrol ino, imidazolino, pyrazoi ino, triazolino, furano, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazol ino, thiopheno, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyrrolino, imidazolino, pyrazolino, triazol ino, furano, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazolino, thiopheno, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is imidazolino, pyrazolino, triazolino, oxazolino, isoxazolino, oxadiazolino, thiazolino, isothiazol ino, or thiadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyrrolino, imidazolino, pyrazolino, or triazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is furano, oxazol ino, isoxazolino, or oxadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is oxazolino, isoxazol ino, or oxadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is thiopheno, thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazol ino. In another embodiment, Q _a is thiazolino, isothiazolino, or thiadiazolino. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyrrol ino, furano, or thiopheno. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, pyridino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, or pyridazino. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo, pyrimidino, pyrazino, or pyridazino. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyridino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, or pyridazino. In another embodiment, Q., is pyrimidino, pyrazino, or pyridazino. In another

embodiment, Q _a is benzo or pyridino. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyridino.

In another embodiment, each R ₉₀ , when present, is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -(C _r

C ₃ )alkyl, -(C |-C ₃ )alkoxy, or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R ₉₀ , when present, is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -OCH ₃ , -OCH ₂ CH ₃ , or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R ₉ | is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -(C _r C ₃ )alkyI, -(C _r C ₃ )alkoxy, or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R _9i is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , -OCH ₃ , - OCH ₂ CH ₃ , or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ).

In another embodiment, each R ₉₀ , when present, is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -(C |- C ₃ )alkyl, or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R ₉₀ , when present, is, independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R _{9 !} is, independently, -H, -CN, - halo, -(C C ₃ )alkyl, -(C _r C ₃ )alkoxy, or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ). In another embodiment, each R _9! is,

independently, -H, -CN, -halo, -CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₃ , or -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ).

In another embodiment, each R ₉₂ is, independently, -H, -CH ₃₎ or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₂ is, independently, -H, or -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₂ is -H. In another embodiment, each R ₉₃ is, independently, -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₃ is, independently, -H, or -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₃ is -H. In another embodiment, each R ₉₄ is, independently, -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₄ is, independently, -H, or -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₄ is -H. In another embodiment, each R ₉₅ is,

independently, -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₅ is, independently, -H, or - CH ₃ . In another embodiment, each R ₉₅ is -H. In another embodiment, E is N or C. In another embodiment, E is N or C(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, E is N or CH. In another embodiment, E is C or C(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, E is C or CH. In another embodiment, E is N. In another embodiment, E is C. In another embodiment, E is C(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, E is CH.

In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(=S), or CH. In another embodiment, G is

N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), or C(=S). In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), or CH. In another embodiment, G is N(R _go ), C(=S), or CH. In another embodiment, G is C(=0), C(=S), or CH. In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉ o) or C(=0). In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉₀ ) or C(=S). In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉₀ ) or CH, In another embodiment, G is C(=0) or C(=S). In another embodiment, G is C(=0) or CH. In another embodiment, G is C(=S) or CH. In another embodiment, G is N(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, G is N(H). In another embodiment, G is C(=0). In another embodiment, G is C(=S). In another embodiment, G is CH,

In another embodiment, J is N, N(H), C(=0), or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is M, N(H), or C(=0). In another embodiment, J is N, N(H), or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is N, C(=0), or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is N(H), C(=0), or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is N or N(H). In another embodiment, J is N or C(=0). In another embodiment, J is N or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is N(H) or C(=0). In another embodiment, J is N(H) or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is C(=0) or C(=S). In another embodiment, J is N. In another embodiment, J is N(H). In another embodiment, J is C(=0). In another embodiment, J is C(=S).

In another embodiment, M is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(=S), C(R _{9 I} ), CH(R _9I ), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodi ment, M is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(R ₉ |), CH(R ₉ , ), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(R ₉ |), CH(R _9I ), or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(R ₉ i), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), CH(R _9I ), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N, N(R ₉₀ ), C(R ₉ ,), CH(R ₉ i), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N, C(=0), C(R ₉ |), CH(R ₉₁ ), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N(R ₉₀ ), C(=0), C(R ₉₁ ), CH(R ₉ |), CH ₂ , or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N or N(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, M is N or C(=0). In another embodiment, M is N or C(R ₉ i) In another embodiment, M is N or CH(R ₉₁ ) In another embodiment, M is N or CH . In another embodiment, M is N or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N(R ₉₀ ) or C(=0). In another embodiment, is N(R ₉₀ ) or C(R _{9 !} ). In another embodiment, M is N(R ₉₀ ) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N(R ₉₀ ) or C(CH ₃ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, M is C(=0) or C(R _9! ). In another embodiment, M is C(=0) or CH(R ₉ | ). In another embodiment, M is C(=0) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, M is C(R ₉ i) or CH(R ₉ ,). In another embodiment, M is C(R ₉ |) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, M is CH(R _9! ) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, M is N. In another embodiment, M is N(R ₉₀ ). In another embodiment, M is N(H). In another embodiment, M is N(CH ₂ C(=0)OCH ₃ ). In another embodiment, M is N(CH ₂ C(=0)OH). In another embodiment, M is C(=0). In another embodiment, M is C(=S). In another embodiment, M is CH(R ₉₁ ). In another embodiment, M is CH ₂ . In another embodiment, is C(NH ₂ ). In another embodiment, M is C(N(H)C(=0)CH ₃ ). In another embodiment, M is C(CH ₃ ) ₂ .

In another embodiment, U is N, N(H), C(=0), C(=S), C(R ₉ i), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment,

U is N, N(H), C(=0), C(R ₉₁ ), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N, N(H), C(=0), or C(R _9! ). In another embodiment, U is N, N(H), C(=0), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N, N(H), C(R ₉ |), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N, C(=0), C(R ₉ i), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N(H), C(=0), C(R ₉ i), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N or N(H). In another embodiment, U is N or C(=0). In another embodiment, U is N or C(R ₉ |). In another embodiment, U is N or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is N(H) or C(=0). In another embodiment, U is N(H) or C(R ₉ |). In another embodiment, U is N(H) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is C(=0) or C(R ₉₎ ). In another embodiment, U is C(=0) or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is C(R ₉ |), or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is ^" N. In another embodiment, U is N(H). In another embodiment, U is C(=0). In another embodiment, U is C(=S). In another embodiment, U is CH ₂ . In another embodiment, U is C(R ₉ i). In another embodiment, U is C(halo). In another embodiment, ⁽ J is C(F). in another embodiment, U is C(CI). In another embodiment, U is C(Br). In another embodiment, U is C(CH ₃ ). In another embodiment, U is C(CN). In another embodiment, U is C(C(=0)OH). In another embodiment, U is C(C(=0)NH ₂ ).

In another embodiment, W is N, CH, CH ₂ , or absent. In another embodiment, W is N, CH, or

CH ₂ . In another embodiment, W is N, CH, or absent. In another embodiment, W is N, CH ₂ , or absent. In another embodiment, W is CH, CH ₂ , or absent. In another embodiment, W is N or CH. In another embodiment, W is N or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, W is N or absent. In another embodiment, W is CH or CH ₂ . In another embodiment, W is CH or absent. In another embodiment, W is CH ₂ or absent.

In another embodiment, W is N. In another embodiment, W is CH. In another embodiment, W is CH ₂ . In another embodiment, W is absent.

In another embodiment, - -E— G- - is -N-C(=0)- or -N-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, ^E-

—G— is -N-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is -N-C(=S)-. In another embodiment,— E _z

^G^: is =C-C(=0)- or =C-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is =C-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is =C-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is -CH-C(=0)- or -CH-

C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is -CH-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is -

CH-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is =C-N(R _9n )- or -CH-N(R _9n )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is -CH-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C-N(H)- or CH-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -E G- - is =C-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -E— G- - is -CH-N(H)-. in another embodiment, - -E— G- - is =C-N(H)-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOH)-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH-N(H)-, -CH- N(CH ₂ COOH)-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, or -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-. In another embodiment, ^E- ^G^ is =C-N(H)-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOH)-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, or =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is -CH-N(H)-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOH)-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, or -CH- N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C-N(CH ₂ COOH)-, =C- N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOH)-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, or -CH- N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, =C- N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-, -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-, or -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C-N(CH ₂ COOH)- or -CH-N(CH ₂ COOH)-. In another embodiment, ^E _z ^G^ is =C-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )- or -CH-M(CH ₂ COOCH ₃ )-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - is =C- 1M(CH ₂ C00CH ₂ CH ₃ )- or -CH-N(CH ₂ COOCH ₂ CH ₃ )-.

In another embodiment,—G— is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, or - N(R ₉₀ )-C(=S)-. In another embodiment,— G— J— is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -

C(=O)-TM(R ₉₀ )- or -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, ^G^J— is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)- or -N(R ₉₀ )-

C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is

-C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is - ^" N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, ^G: is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=S)-. In another embodiment,— G— is -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=S)-N(H>, -N(H)- C(=0)-, or -N(H)-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -C(=0)-N(H)- or -N(H)-C(=0)-. In another embodi ment, - -G .1- - is -C(=S)-N(H)- or -N(H)-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G J-

; is -C(=0)-N(H)- or -C(=S)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -N(H)-C(=0)- or -N(H)-

C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment,— G^^J^ is -

C(=S)-N(H . In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -G is -N(H)-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-

N= or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G— J- - is -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -

C(=0)-N= or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G J- - is -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,

- -G- - -J- - is -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=S)-N(H , - C(=0)-N= or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - is -C(=0)-N(H)- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodi ment, - -G J- - is -C(=S)-N(H)- or -C(=S)-N=.

In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=S)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, -

C(R ₉ ,)=, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-N=, or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R _{9 I} )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₁ )=, -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(=0)-CH(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=0)- C(R ₉₁ )=, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- M— is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, - N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R _9I )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ |)= or -N=C(R _9I )-. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )- C(=0)-. In another embodiment, -_-J-^M^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R ₉ ,)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)=, or -N=C(R _9I )-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )- In another embodiment, - -J— - - is In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -

C(=0)-CH(R _9l )-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉ |)= -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- _; is -C(=0)-CH(R ₉₁ )- or -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - is -C(=Q)-CH(R _9I V. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -C(=0)-C(R _9: )=. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -C(=0)- N(R ₉ o)- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^J^^M— is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -C(=0)-N=.

In another embodiment, - .j-^- ^ is -N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-C(=S)-, -N(H)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, - N(H)-C(R ₉ ,)=, -N=C(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R _{9 l} )-, -C(=S)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉₁ )=, -C(=S)- C(R ₉ |)=, -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=S)-N(H , -C(=0)-N= or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- ₌ is -N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-C(R ₉₀ )(R _{9 I} )-, -N(H)-C(R ₉₁ )=, -N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=0)-

C(R ₉ ,)=, -C(=0)-N(H)-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - J-^- ^ is -N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-

C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |)-, In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - is -N(H)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, -N(H)-C(R ₉ ,)=, or -M=C(R ₉ ,)-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(H)-C(R ₉ o)(R9i)-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(H)- C(R _9I )=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - is -C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)= -C(=0)-N(H)-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, In another embodiment, - -J M- - is I n another embodiment, - -J M- - is -

C(=0)-N(H)-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^J—M^ is -C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - .J-^-M^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=S>, -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R _{9 I} )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)=, - N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -C(=0)-CH(R _{9 l} )-, -C(=S)-CH(R _{9 I} )-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)=, -C(=S)-C(R ₉ ,)=, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, - C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-N= or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, ^-J-^M^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, - N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R ₉₁ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₁ )=, -N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -C(=0)-CH(R ₉ ,)-, -C(=0)-C(R _{9 l} )=, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J-_- -M^ is -N( ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R _9I )-, -N(R ₉₀ )- C(R ₉ |)=, or -N=C(R _9I )-. In another embodiment, -^J-^M— is -N(R ₉₀ )-CH(R ₉ |)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)= or -N=C(R _9I )-. In another embodiment, ^J—M^ is -N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-C(=S)-, -N(H)-CH(R ₉₁ )-, - N(H)-C(R ₉ ,)= -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(=0)-CH(R _9l )-, -C(=S)-CH(R _9I )-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉₁ )=, -C(=S)-C(R ₉ ,)=, - C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-N=, or -C(=S)-N=. In another embodiment, - _^ -J-^M^ is - N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-CH(R ₉₁ )-, -N(H)-C(R ₉ ,)=, -N=C(R _{9 )} )-, -C(=0)-CH(R ₉₁ )-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)=, - C(=0)-N(H)-, or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, -^J-^-M^ is -N(H)-C(=0)-, -N(H)-CH(R ₉ ,)-, -

or -N=C(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment, - -J M- - is -N(H)-CH(R _{9 I} )-. In another embodiment, is -C(=0)-N(H)- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,—J^M^ is -C(=0)-N(H)-.

In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is _I )-, -C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=S)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-N= -C(=S)-N= -C(=0)-C(R ₉₁ )=, -C(=S)-C(R _{9 i} )=, -C(R _9i )=C(R ₉₁ )-, - C(R ₉₀ )(R _{9 I} )-C(R ₉₀ )(R _{9 I} )-, -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(=O)-, -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(=S)-, -C(R ₉₁ )=N-, N=C(R ₉ ,)-, or - -

C(=0)-N= -C(=0)-C(R ₉₁ )= -C(R _{9 I} )=C(R ₉ ,)-, -C(R ₉₀ )(R _9I )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -C(R ₉₀ )(R _9l )-C(=O)-, - C(R ₉ |)=N-, -N=C(R _9I )-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₁ )=. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)- C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ , -C(=0)-N= -C(=0)-C(R _{9 i} )= or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(=O)-. In another In another embodiment, In another embodiment, - - In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)- In another embodi ment, - -M U- - is -C(=0)-C(R ₉ | )=. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -

C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -C(=0)-CH(R _{9 i} )-, -C(=O)- ^" N(R ₉₀ )-, -

C(=0)-N= -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)=, or -CH(R ₉ |)-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, -_-M~U^ is -C(=0)- CH(R _9I )-, -C(=0)-C(R ₉₁ )=, or -CH(R ₉₁ )-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)- CH(R ₉ , )- or -C(=0)-C(R _{9 l} )=. In another embodiment, - - - - -U- - is -C(=0)-CH(R ₉ ,)- or -CH(R ₉₁ )- C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)-C(R _9l )= or -CH(R _{9 l} )-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -C(=0)-CH(R ₉ ,)-. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -C(=0)-

C(R ₉ |)=. In another embodiment, - -M. U- - is -CH(R ₉ |)-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, - -M

is -C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,h -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=0)-N, -C(=0)-C(R ₉ ,)= or -C(R ₉₀ )(R _9l )-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)-CH(R ₉₁ )-, -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=0)-N= -C(=0)-C(R _{9 l} )= or -CH(R ₉ , )-C(=0)-.

In another embodiment,— M^^U^ is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, is -C(=0)-N=. In another is -C(=0)-N(H)- or -C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -M U-

_: is -C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -C(=0)-N= -C(R ₉ , )=N-, - )-, or -

embodiment, - -M U- - is In another embodiment, - -M U- - is - In another embodiment, - -M U- - -N=C(R _{9 i} )-. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _{9 I} )=. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(=0)-N(H)-, -C(=0)-N= or -N(H)-

C(R ₉ ,)=. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=N-, -N=C(R _9I )-, or -N(H)-C(R ₉ ,)=. In another embodiment, - -M— U- - is -C(R _9I )=N- or -N(H)-C(R ₉ |)= In another embodiment, - -M— is -N(H)-C(R ₉₁ )=. In another embodiment, - -M- - -U- - is -C(R ₉₁ )=C(R _9I )- or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)- C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -C(R ₉ |)=C(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment,— is -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, -^M^U^; is -C(R ₉ ,)=C(R ₉ ,)- or -

CH(R ₉ |)-CH(R ₉ |)=. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -CH=C(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment,—

M- - -U- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=CH-. In another embodiment, ^M^U— is -CH(R ₉ ,)-CH(R ₉₁ )-. In another embodiment, - - U- - is -CH ₂ -CH(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - - U- - is -CH(R ₉ |)-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -M U- - is -CH=CH-.

In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(R _9I )=C(R ₉ ,)-, -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(R _9I )=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )- C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)= or -C(R ₉ O)(R ₉ I)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ I)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is - C(R _9I )=C(R ₉₁ )-, -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(R _9I )=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ „)(R ₉₁ )-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _9I )= In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=C(R _9I )-, -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(R ₉ ,)=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, or - C(R ₉₀ )(R _9L )-C(R ₉₀ )(R i)-. In another embodiment, --U---W-- is -C(R ₉₁ )=C(R _9I )-, -N=C(R ₉₁ >, - C(R _9I )=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _9I )= or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R _9L )-. In another embodiment, ^-U— is - C(R _9I )=C(R _9L )-, -N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)=, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(R ₉ o)(R _9L )-. In another embodiment, - ^" (R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R9i)-, -N(R ₉₀ )- C(R ₉₁ )=, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-. In another embodiment, ^U^W^ is -N=C(R ₉ ,)-, -C(R _9I )=N- , -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ o)(R ₉₁ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ |)= or -C(R ₉ o)(R9i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R9i)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - - is

U- - -W- - is -C(R ₉ |)=C(R _9I )-, -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(R _9I )=N-, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉₁ )-. In another embodiment, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)- C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉₁ )-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -N(R9o)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, -N(R ₉₀ )- C(R _9I )=, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R9i)-. In another embodiment, --U---W-- is -C(R _9I )=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )- C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ ,)=, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is - N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ ,)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₁ )=, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R _9I )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment, or -C(R9O)(R ₉ I)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ I)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -N=C(R _9I )-, -C(R _9I )=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)- C(R ₉₀ )(R _9I )-- In another embodiment, - J—W^ i _s -N=C(R ₉₁ )-, -C(R ₉ ,)=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _9I )=. In another embodiment, -^U^W^ is -C(R _9I )=C(R ₉₁ )-, -C(R ₉ ,)=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )- - -N(R ₉ o)-C(R ₉ o)(R9i)-, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=C(R _9I )-, -C(R ₉ |)=N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |)-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₁ )=. In another embodiment, ^U- -^W^ is -C(R ₉₁ )=C(R ₉₁ )-, -N=C(R ₉ ,)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ ,)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, -JJ-^W^ is -C(R ₉₁ )=C(R ₉₁ )-, -N=C(R _9I )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉₀ )(R _9I )-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _{9 I} )=. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(R _{9 I} )=C(R ₉ ,)-, -N=C(R ₉ ,)-, -C(R ₉₁ )=N-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _9I )=. In another embodiment, - -U— W- - is In another embodiment, - -U— W- - is - N=C(R ₉ |)-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -C(R _9! )=N-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is In another embodiment, is -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-.

In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(H)=C(H)-, -C(halo)=C(H)-, -N=C(H)-, -C(H)=N-, - N(H)-C(H)(R _{9 I} )-, -N(H)-CH ₂ -, -N(H)-C(H)=, -C(H)(R ₉ ,)-C(H)(R ₉₁ )-, -CH ₂ -C(H)(R _9I )-, -C(H)(R ₉ ,)- CHr, or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(H)=C(H)- or -C(haio)=C(H)-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -C(H)=C(H)-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -

C(halo)=C(H)-. In another embodiment, ^-U^W^; is -N=C(H)- or -C(H)=N-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -N=C(H)-. In another embodiment, - -U W- - is -C(H)=N-. In another embodiment, ^U— is -N(H)-C(H)(R ₉ ,)- or -N(H)-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, -_-U— is -N(H)-C(H)(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -N(H)-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, is -N(H)-C(H)=. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(H)(R _{9 l} )-C(H)(R _9i )-. In another embodiment, -^U^W^ is -CH ₂ -C(H)(R ₉ ,)-, -C(H)(R _9I )-CH ₂ -, or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, -^U^W^ is -CH ₂ -C(H)(R ₉ i)-. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -C(H)(R ₉ ,)- CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -U- - -W- - is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -.

In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R _9I )=C-, -N=C-, =C(R ₉₁ )-N-, =N-N-, or -

C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R _{9 I} )=C-, -N=C-, =C(R _{9 i} )-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R ₉ , )=C-, -N=C-, =C(R ₉ ,)-N-, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R _{9 I} )=C-, -N=C-, =N-N-, or -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=C-, =C(R ₉₁ )-N-, =N-N-, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -N=C-, =C(R _{9 i} )-N-, =N-N-, or -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -w- - -E- - is -C(R _{9 I} )=C-, -N=C-, =C(R ₉₁ )-N-, =N-N-, or -CH(R ₉₁ )-CH-. In another embodiment, W- - -E- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=C-, -N=C-, =C(R _9I )-N-, or -CH(R ₉₁ )-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R ₉ ,)=C-, -N=C-, =N-N-, or -CH(R ₉ ,)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -C(R ₉₁ )=C-, =C(R ₉ ,)-N-, =N-N-, or -CH(R _{9 I} )-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -N=C-, =C(R ₉₁ )-N-, =N- N-, or -CH(R ₉ ,)-CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -CH=C-, -N=C- ₅ =CH-N-, =N-N-, or - CH ₂ -CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -CH=C-, -N=C-, =CH-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, - -W E- - is -CH=C-, -N=C-, =CH-N-, or -CH ₂ -CH-. In another embodiment, - -W

E^ is -CH=C-, -N=C-, =N-N-, or -CH ₂ -CH-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -CH=C-, =CH- N-, =N-N-, or -CH ₂ -CH-. In another embodiment, -^W^E^ is -N=C-, =CH-N-, =N-N-, or -CH ₂ - CH-. In another embodiment, - -W— E- - is -CH=C-, -N=C-, or =CH-N-. In another embodiment,— W- - -E- - is -CH=C-, -N=C-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -CH=C-, =CH-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, ^W^^E— is -N=C-, =CH-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment,— W- - -E- - is -CH=C- or -N=C-. In another embodiment, - -W- - -E- - is -CH=C- or =CH-N-. In another embodiment, - -W E- - is -CH=C- or =N-N-. In another embodiment, - -W E- - is -N=C- or

zEz_ is =CH-N- or =N-N-. In another embodiment, ^W^^E— is -CH=C-. In another embodiment, _z

-W E- - is -N=C-. In another embodiment, - -W E- - is =CH-N-. In another embodiment,—

-E^ is =N-N-.

In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U— is -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N-, -C(=0)-N-, -C(=S)-N-

, -TM(R ₉₀ )-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and— U^^E^ is -C(R ₉₀ )(R9i)-N-, - C(=0)-N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and ^U^^E^ is -CH(R ₉ ,)-N-,

-C(=0)-N-, -N(R ₉₀ )-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -

C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-N-, -C(=0)-N-, -N(H)-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U- - -E- - is -CH(R ₉ , )-N-, -C(=0)-N-, -N(H)-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -CH ₂ -N-, -C(=0)-N-, -TM(H)-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -

C(R ₉ o)(R ₉ i)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -CH(R ₉ , )-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -CH ₂ -N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and

_: E— is -C(=0)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and is -N(R ₉₀ )-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U Ε- - is -N(H)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and

_Ζ Ε— is =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N-, -C(=0)-N-, or

=N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N- or -C(=0)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and— Uz^E^ is -C(=0)-N- or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and In another embodiment, W is absent andβ - is -CH(R _{9 |} )-N-, -C(=0)-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U- - -E- - is - CH(R ₉ ,)-N- or -C(=0)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and -^U—E^ is -CH(R ₉ , )-N- or =N- N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and is -C H ₂ -N-, -C(=0)-N-, or =N-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and - -U E- - is -CH ₂ -N- or -C(=0)-N-. In another embodiment, W is absent and -^U^E^ is -CH N- or =N-N-.

In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - -J- - is -N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - -J- - is -N-C(=0)-N(H)- or -N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -E- - - G- - -J- - is -N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - -J- - is -N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -E G J- - is -N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -E G J- - is =C-

C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or =C-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - -J- - is =C-C(=0)-N(H)()- or =C-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-. In another embodiment, - -E- - -G- - -J- - is =C-C(=0)-N(H)()-. In another embodiment, - -E— G— J- - is =C-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )()-. In another embodiment, - -E— G— J- - is =C- N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-.

In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=0)-N(R ₉ o)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, =N- C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G— J— is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- , -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, or =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, -^G— J— is -N(R ₉₀ )- C(=0)-N=, =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is - N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M-_ - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=0)-N(R ₉ o)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M_- is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,— G~J— is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment,—G is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or =N- C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is =N- C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, _ -

_Z G^-J^ ^ is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H , -N(H)-C(=0)- N= =N-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,— G~J— is -N(H)-C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N=, or =N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-N=, =N-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, -^G—J^M^ is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)- N(H)-, =N-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - - - - is -N(H)- C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N=, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G— J— is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)- N(H)-, or -N(H)-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^G— J— is =N-C(=0)-N(H)- or =N- C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, -^-G^J^ ^ is -N(H)-C(=0)-N= or =N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)- N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,— G~J~ -^ is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G J is -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - J— — is -N(H)-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is =N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G J M- - is =N-C(=0)-N=.

In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _{9 l} )=, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, - C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉₁ )= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or - - C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉₁ )=, -N(R«,)-C(=0)-N=, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-CH . In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(H)= -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-N(H>, -N(R _9C )-C(=0)-C(H)=, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(O)-N= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)- CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - - - - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(H)= -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(H)-, - N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(H)= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(R ₉ |)= -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, or -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R _{9 l} )= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or - C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, or -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -G- - -J- - -M- - is -N(R ₉₀ )- C(=0)-C(H)= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-CH . In another embodiment, ^G— J—M^ is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(R _{9 i} )= or -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, ^G— J^ ^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉ ,)=, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉₁ )-. In another embodiment, ^G^J^M- _, ; is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉ ,)= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, ^-G—J^M^ is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(H)= or -C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-N(H)-. In another embodiment, mG^J^ ^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(H)= -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=, or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-CH ₂ -.

In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - -U- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= =N- C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-

, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, ^J—M^U^ is -N(R ₉₀ )- C(=0)-N=, =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, -^J-^- — is -

N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or =N-C(=0)-N. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - -U- - is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - - U is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- - - - - -U- - is =N- C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^J^M— is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N= or =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, -^J-^ —U^ is -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )- or =N-C(=0)-

N=. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -lM(R ₉ o)-C(=0)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment,

— M^U— is -N(R ₉ o)-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^-J— ^U— is =N-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -

N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H , -N(H)-C(=0)-N=, =N-C(=0)-N(H)- , or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J-_-_-M— is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-

C(=0)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H>, -N(H)-C(=0)-N= or =N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, _z -j- - -M- - -U- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-N=, =N-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, ^ j. . - - - -U- - is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, =N-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, M^U^ is -N(H)-C(=O)- ^" N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)- N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N= or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - _Z V~ is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, or -N(H)-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -N-C(=0)-N(H)- or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,

- -j- - -M- - -U- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-N= or =N-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - -U- - is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-, -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-, or =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -

N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -J— -M- - -U- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -J M U- - is -N(H)-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment, is =N-

C(=0)-N(H)-. In another embodiment, - -J— M— U- - is =N-C(=0)-N=. In another embodiment,— j-^-M^U^ is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ ) -C(R _9I ) =, -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, or -

N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R _9l )=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - -U- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ ) -C(H) =, -C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-, -N(H)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(O)-N(H)-, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(H)=, -N(H)-C(=0)- C(R ₉ |)=. In another embodiment, - -J- - -M- - -U- - is -C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ ) -C(H) =, -N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(H)= or -N(H)-C(=0)-C(R ₉ | )=.

In another embodiment, E- - -G- - -J- - -M is not N-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ and M U

W E is not N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N. In another embodiment, E- - -G- - -J is not N-N(R ₉₀ )-

C(=0), and, when W is absent, M U E is not C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, E G J M is not -C(R ₉ o)(R ₉₁ )-C(=0)-N(R ₉₀ ), M- - -U- - -W- - -E is not N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ |)-N, E- - -G- - -J is not N-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O), and, when W is absent, M- - -U- - -E is not C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ )-N. In another embodiment, E- - -G- - -J- - - is not N-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ ,)-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ ), M U W E is not N(R ₉₀ )-

C(=O)-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N, and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, E- - -G- - -J is not N-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O), when W is absent, - - -U- - -E is not C(=0)- N(R ₉₀ )-N, and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, E- - -G- - -J- - - is not N-C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉₁ )-C(=O)-N(R ₉₀ ), M- - -U- - -W- - -E is not N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O)-

C(R ₉₀ )(R ₉ i)-N, E- - -G- - -J is not N-N(R ₉₀ )-C(=O), when W is absent, M U E is not C(=0)-

N(R ₉₀ )-N, and the Q ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the Q ring is not:

where R99 is as defined above and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above and the Q ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where R ₉₉ is as defined above and the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where: R ₉₀ is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C,-C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(C (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ );

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C |-C ₃ )alkyl;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1, and 2.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where:

R ₉₀ is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _(r C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _C -

(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _<r C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂₎ or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ );

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms and the Q _x ring is not:

where:

R ₉₀ is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C _r C ₃ )aIkyI, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(C (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ); each R ₉₂ , R93, R94, and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl; each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms and the Q _x ring is not:

where:

Roo is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(C (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R _92; or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ );

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C i-C ₃ )alkyl; each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is not:

where:

R ₉₀ is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -(CH,) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)R ₉₂ , -(C (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _cl -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ );

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl; each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms and the Q _x ring is not:

where:

R ₉₀ is -H, -CN, -halo, -(C,-C ₃ )alkyl, -N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ ), -iCH ₂ ) _c -(C( «XR _9J )) _d -C(=0) ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _C - (C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -C(=0)OR ₉₂ , -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d -N(R ₉₂ )-C(=0)R ₉₂ , or -(CH ₂ ) _c -(C(R ₉₄ )(R ₉₅ )) _d - ' C(=0)N(R ₉₂ )(R ₉₃ );

each R ₉₂ , R ₉₃ , R ₉₄ , and R ₉₅ is independently selected from -H and -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl;

each c is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3; and

each d is independently an integer selected from 0, 1 , and 2.

In another embodiment, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound is not:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof where:

R ₉₉ is -H, -(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl, -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)OH, or -(CH ₂ ) _r C(=0)0-(C ,-C ₃ )alkyl; and

j is an integer selected from 0, 1 , 2, and 3.

In another embodiment, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is not:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring contains one cyclic urea group. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is a 6-member ring that contains one cycl ic urea group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one cycl ic urea group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atoms of the cycl ic urea group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one cyclic urea group contains another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the cyclic urea group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one cyclic urea group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atoms of the cyclic urea group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the cycl ic urea group.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ri ng is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is a 5-member ring that contains one cyclic urea group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one cyclic urea group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atoms of the cyclic urea group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one cyclic urea group contains another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the cycl ic urea group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one cyclic urea group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atoms of the cyclic urea group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the cyclic urea group.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring contains one lactam group. In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is a 6-member ring that contains one lactam group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q ring containing one lactam group contains two nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 6- member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains two nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 6-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is a 5-member ring that contains one lactam group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains two nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains two nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group. In another embodiment, the 5-member Q _x ring containing one lactam group contains three nitrogen atoms, including the nitrogen atom of the lactam group, and another carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom in addition to the carbonyl carbon atom or thiocarbonyl carbon atom of the lactam group.

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

405

PCT/IB2013/001654

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q ring is: In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

F Br

_% / rN r NH ^~ _yN rT _NH ^~ N rr NH N rr NH ^""2 _γ Ν Υ NHΎ O

O o o o < ^or o

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

H ₃ Ck ^ ^,0

γ _Νγ ΝΗ

o

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q ring is: In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

-76-

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ri ng is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _x ring is:

In another embodiment, the Q _N ring is:

In another embodiment, a is 1 , Q _a is benzo or pyridino, and R ₂ is attached at the position shown below, denoted for purposes of the R ₂ -attachment-position herein as the "6-position", of the benzo or pyridino, e.g. , as illustrated below:

In another embodiment, a is 1 , Q _a is benzo or pyridino, R ₂ is -halo, and R ₂ is attached at the 6-position of the benzo or pyridino as i llustrated immediately above. In another embodiment, a is 1 , Q _a is benzo or pyridino, R ₂ is -F or -CI, and R ₂ is attached at the 6-position of the benzo or pyridino as illustrated immediately above. In another embodiment, a is 1 , Q _a is benzo or pyridino, R ₂ is -F, and R is attached at the 6-position of the benzo or pyridino as i llustrated immediately above. In another embodiment, Q _a is benzo. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyridino. In another embodiment, (¾ is pyridino and the 2- and 3-positions of the pyridino are fused to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring as illustrated, inter alia, for compounds according to Formula (IB) in Table 1 , and the like. In another embodiment, Q _a is pyridino and the 2- and 3-positions of the pyridino are fused to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring as il lustrated, inter alia, for compounds according to Formula (IC) in Table 1 , and the l ike.

In another embodiment, each R ₇ is independently selected from -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(haIo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{i 2} , -C(=0)OR ₉ , and -OC(=0)R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₇ is independently selected from -(C C ₄ )aIkyl, -OR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ ,

-CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , and -OC(=0)R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₇ is independently selected from -(C i-C ₄ )alkyl, -OR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , and -C(=0)OR ₉ .

In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl- C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR _¾ -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N0 _2; -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) _2> -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,XT ₂ ),

-N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _l2 , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T|)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR _¾ -OC(=0)R ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C _r C )alkyl, -(C ₂ -Q,)alkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C,-C ₆ )alkyI-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), =0, =S, -halo, -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _l2 , -C(=0)R ₉ ,

-C(=0)N(T|XT ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C|-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR _¾ -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR| ₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C C ₄ )alkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C | -C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)0R ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C _r C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(haIo) ₂ ,

-CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ),

-N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{l 2} , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alky]-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR _9> -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo),,

-CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R ₁₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ),

-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₈ is independently selected from -(C i-Oalkyl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C rC ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ), and -C(=0)OR ₉ .

In another embodiment, each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₃ - C _g )cycloalkyl, -phenyl, -benzyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , or -CH ₂ (halo). In another embodiment, each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₈ )cycloalkyl, -phenyl, -benzyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , or -CH ₂ (halo). In another embodiment, each R ₉ is independently -H, -(C |-C ₆ )alkyl, -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , or -CH ₂ (halo). In another embodiment, each R ₉ is independently -H or -(C|-C ₃ )alkyl.

In another embodiment, each T ₍ and T ₂ is independently -H or -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an independently selected R ₅ group. In another embodiment, each T| and T ₂ is independently -H or -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, each T| and T ₂ is independently -H or -C H ₃ . In another embodiment, each T ₃ is independently -H or -(C C ₃ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with an independently selected R ₅ group. In another embodiment, each T ₃ is independently -H or -(C C ₃ )alkyl which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, each T ₃ is independently -H or -CH ₃ .

In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C , -C ₆ )alkyl- C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -CN, =0, =S, -halo, -N0 ₂ , -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _{l 2} , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _{I 2} ,

-C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C |-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), =0, =S, -halo, -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0)R _{i 2} , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R, ₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _l2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR _l2 , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , -S(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C,-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(5- or

6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo),, -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -CH=N(R ₉ ), -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )OH, -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ ,

-N(R ₉ )C(=0)R _]2 , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR ₁₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C C4)alkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ ,

-CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)R ₁₂ , -N(R ₉ )C(=0)OR ₁₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C ,-C ₄ )alkyl, -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, -(C,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C C ₆ )alkyl- C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -SR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , -N(R ₉ )S(=0) ₂ R _{l 2)}

-N(R ₉ )C(=0)R, ₂ , -C(=0)R ₉ , -C(=0)OR ₉ , -OC(=0)R ₉ , and -S(=0) ₂ R ₉ . In another embodiment, each R ₅ is independently selected from -(C,-C ₄ )alkyl, -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -N(R ₉ )(C,-C ₆ )alkyl-C(=0)OR ₉ , -OR ₉ , -C(halo) ₃ , -CH(halo) ₂ , -CH ₂ (halo), -halo, -N(R ₉ ) ₂ , and -C(=0)OR ₉ .

In another embodiment, R _u is -H, -CN, or -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ or R _u is -(C _r C ₄ )alkyI which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy, or -N(R ₆ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, R _n is -H or -(C ]-C ₄ )alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with -OH, -(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy, or -N(R ₆ ) ₂ . In another embodiment, Ru is -H. In another embodiment, Ru is not -C(=0)OH. In another embodiment, R, is - H. In another embodiment, R _!4 is not -C(=0)OH. In another embodiment, R _n is -H and R _!4 is -H. In another embodiment, R, i is not -C(=0)OH and R ₎₄ is not -C(=0)OH.

In another embodiment, h is 0. In another embodiment, h is 1. In another embodiment, h is 1 and Ri3 is absent. In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, _t is -H. In another embodiment, h is 1 and R| i is -H. In another embodiment, h is 0 or 1 and Z is -(C _r C io)alkyl unsubstituted by R _{l 3} , i. e. , Z is -[(C C io)alkyl] _h .

In another embodiment, h is 1 and Z is -(Ci-C ₃ )alkyl optional ly substituted by R _!3 . In another embodiment, h is 1 , R, ₃ is absent, and Z is -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, h is 1 , R _n is absent, and Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, h is 1 , R _L3 is absent and Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, h is 1 , Z is -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl-, R| is phenyl, and the Z group (i. e., -(C |-C ₃ )alkyl-) is substituted by R ₎₃ . In another embodiment, h is 1 , Z is a -(C _r C ₃ )alkyl-, R | is optional ly-substituted phenyl, and the Z group is substituted by R| ₃ which is optionally-substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, h is 1 , Z is a -(C |-C ₃ )alkyl-, R| is unsubstituted phenyl, and the Z group is substituted by R i 3 which is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment, h is 1 , Z is a -(C |-C ₃ )alkyl -, and the Z group is substituted by R _u which is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment, h is 1 and Z-R| ₃ is -CH ₂ -CH(CF ₃ )- CH ₂ -.

In another embodiment, R| is -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyl, -0(C _r C ₆ )alkyl,

-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₆ -C ₁₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C i ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ - C| ₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyi, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10- membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups.

In another embodiment, Z is -(C ₂ -Cio)alkenyl-. In another embodiment, Z is -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl-.

In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH=CH-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH=CH-CH ₂ -. In another embodiment, Z is a -(C ₃ )alkenyl-. In another embodiment, Z is n-prop- l ,3-diyl and R| is an optionally substituted -(C ₆ -Ci )bicycloalkyl or optionally substituted -(C ₃ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl. In another embodiment, Z-Ri is or -CH(CH ₃ )- CH=Ri where R| is -(C ₆ -C _:4 )bicycloalkyl or -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In another em

In another embodiment, Y is O. In another embodiment, Y is S.

In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -N H-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -NH- C(=0)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -NH-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -NH- C(=S)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -]sl(CH ₃ )-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - N(CH ₃ )-C(=0)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )-C(=S)-. In another embodiment, Z is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )-C(=S)-.

In another embodiment, Ri is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CM, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ N H ₂ , -C(=0)OV _b and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C |-C io)alkyl, -0(C | -C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₃ -C| ₄ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₆ - C i ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloa!kenyl, -(C ₇ -C i ₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -

C ₂ o)tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C _]4 )aryl, and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups.

In another embodiment, R _: is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -C H ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N0 ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and

(b) -(C ,-C ₁₀ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkenyl, -(C ₂ -C , ₀ )alkynyl, -0(C |-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ - C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₆ -C ] ₄ )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C| ₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ - C ₎₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(ϋ) and

(d) -phenyl, -naphthalenyl, -(C _M )aryl, and -(5- to 10-mernbered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups.

In another embodiment, R| is selected from:

(a) -halo, -CN, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -NO,, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , -S(=0)NH ₂ , -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -C(=0)OV,, and -C(=0)CN; and ^'

(b) -(C C _l0 )alkyl, -0(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy, -(C ₆ -C _M )bicycloalkyl, -(C ₈ - C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl, -(C ₅ -C ₎₄ )cycloalkenyl, -(C ₇ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkenyl, -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyl, and -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c)

and

(d) -phenyl and -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected R ₇ groups.

Jn another embodiment, m is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, or 5. In another embodiment, m is 2. In another embodiment, m is 3. In another embodiment, m is 4. In another embodiment, m is 5. In another embodiment, m is 6. In another embodiment, m is 7.

In another embodiment, n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In another embodiment, n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In another embodiment, n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, n is 2, 3, 4, or 5. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, n is 6. In another embodiment, n is 7.

In another embodiment, m is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 and n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 and n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 and n is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and n is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, m is 2, 3, 4, or 5 and n is 2, 3, 4, or 5. In another embodiment, m = n. In another embodiment, m and n are each 2. In another embodiment, m and n are each 3. In another embodiment, m and n are each 4. In another embodiment, m and n are each 5. In another embodiment, m and n are each 6. In another embodiment, m and n are each 7.

In another embodiment, e is 0 and f is 0. In another embodiment, e is 0 and f is 1. In another embodiment, e is 1 and f is 0. In another embodiment, e is 1 and f is 1. In another embodiment, e is 1 and f is 2. In another embodiment, e is 2 and f is 1 . In another embodiment, e is 2 and f is 2.

In another embodiment, p is 0, 1 , 2, or 3. In another embodiment, p is 0, 1 , or 2. In another embodiment, p is 1 or 2. In another embodi ment, p is 2. In another embodiment, p is 1 . In another embodiment, p is 0.

In another embodiment, R, is optional ly substituted cyclooctyl. In another embodiment, R| is optionally substituted cyclooctenyl . In another embodiment, | is optionally substituted anthryl.

In another embodiment, h is 0 and R| is optionally substituted cyclooctyl . In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, is optionally substituted cycloundecyl. In another embodiment, h is 0 and Ri is optionally substituted cyclooctenyl. In another embodiment, h is 0 and Ri is optional ly substituted anthryl . In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, is optionally substituted -(C ₆ -

C i ₄ )bicycloaIkyI . In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, is optional ly substituted bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonyl . In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, is optional ly substituted bicyclo[2.2. 1 .]hepyl. In another embodiment, h is 0 and R, is optionally substituted -(C ₈ -C2o)tricycloalkyl. In another embodiment, h is 0 and R| is optionally substituted adamantyl . In another embodiment, h is 0 and R ₍ is optionally substituted noradamantyl.

In another embodiment, -Z-R, is:

where each R ₂ is independently -H, -(C _r C ₄ )alky!, -OH, or -CN and preferably each R _z is independently -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ . In another embodiment, -Z-R, is:

In another embodiment, -Z-Ri is:

In another embodiment, -Z-R, is:

In another embodiment, -Z-Ri is:

where R _z is -H, -CH ₃ , or -CH ₂ CH ₃ .

In another embodiment, Y | is O, A and B are each H, and a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, Y ] is S, A and B are each H, and a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, Y, is O, A and B are each H, and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y , is S, A and B are each H, and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, and a is 1 . In another embodiment, Y, is S, A and B are each H, and a is 1 .

In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, Y ₍ is S, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y| is S, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 1 . In another embodiment, Y ₍ is S, A and B are each H, h is 0, and a is 1 . In another embodiment, Y | is O, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C | -C )alkyl unsubstituted by R _{l 3} , and a is 0 or 1 . In another embodiment, Y , is S, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C _r C ₄ )aikyl unsubstituted by R _[3 , and a is 0 or 1. In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C _r C ₄ )alkyl unsubstituted by R _{! 3} , and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y , is S, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C _r C ₄ )alkyl unsubstituted by R _! , and a is 0. In another embodiment, Y , is O, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C _r C ₄ )alkyl unsubstituted by R _{] 3} , and a is 1 . In another embodiment, Y, is S, A and B are each H, h is 1 , Z is (C _r C ₄ )alkyl unsubstituted by

In another embodiment, A and B are independently selected from:

(a) -H, -CN, -C(=0)OT ₃ , and -C(=0)N(T,)(T ₂ ); and

(b) -(C ₃ -C , ₂ )cycloalkyl, -(C ₃ -C i ₂ )cycloalkoxy, -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -(C ₂ - C ₆ )alkynyl, and -(C _r C ₆ )alkoxy, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from -OH, -S(=0) ₂ NH ₂ , -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , =NR ₆ , -C(=0)OT ₃ , -C(=0)N(R ₆ ) ₂ ,

-N(R ₆ )C(=0)Ro, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, or 1 , 2, or 3 independently selected -halo; or

(c) A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from -OH, -(C C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, and -C(halo) ₃ , and which bridge optionally contains -HC=CH- or -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge; wherein the

6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _tl ri ng can be in the endo- or exo- configuration with respect to the A-B bridge.

In another embodiment, A and B are each independently -H or -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl. In another embodiment, A is -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl. In another embodiment, B is -(C _r Q,)aIkyl . In another embodiment, A and B are each independently -(C C ₆ )alkyl . In another embodiment, A is -(C _r C ₆ )alkyl and B is H. In another embodiment, A is -H and B is -(C _r C6)alkyl. In another embodiment, A and B are each independently -H or -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, A is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, B is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, A and B are each -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, A is -CH ₃ and B is H. In another embodiment, A is -H and B is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment, A is H. In another embodiment, B is H. In another embodiment, A and B are each H.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C )bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₅ )bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₅ )bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₅ )bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₆ )bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₆ )bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₆ )bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which bridge is -HC=CH- and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which bridge is -HC=CH- and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which is -HC=CH- and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -HC=CH- or -HC=CH-CH ₂ - and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -HC=CH- or -HC=CH-CH ₂ - and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -HC=CH- or -HC=CH-CH ₂ - and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -HC=CH-, -CH ₂ -HC=CH-CH ₂ -, or -HC=CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -HC=CH-, -CH ₂ -HC=CH-CH ₂ -, or -HC=CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -HC=CH-, -CH ₂ -HC=CH-CH ₂ -, or -HC=CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₂ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - or -CH ₂ -CH -0- CH ₂ - and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₃ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0- CH ₂ -CH ₂ - or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - CH ₂ -, or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C ₄ )bridge which is -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, or -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - and is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a -CH ₂ -NH-CH ₂ - bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a -CH ₂ -N(CH ₃ )-CH ₂ - bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a -CH ₂ - N(cyclohexyl)-CH ₂ - bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a -CH ₂ -N(CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH)- CH ₂ - bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a bridge. In another embod

phenyl

A-B together form a bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a

H CH 3

o=s=o o=s=o

bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a bridge.

I e is:

wherein each R _d is independently -H, -(C C ₄ )alkyl, -halo, or -C(halo) ₃ . In another embodiment, A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

n another embodiment, A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

In another embodiment, the A-B bridge of the bridged-piperidine is in the endo- configuration with respect to the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q _a ring.

In another embodiment, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound is not S^-CClR 'R^r^'R^^S'S ^-T-methyl-fS^'-bi ^-azabicycIotB .S. l jnonan^-S'-yl)- 3-0X0-3, 4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo- l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide. In another embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is not 1 (( lR,3R,55)-8-(( 17?,3r,5S,7S)-7-methylbicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octan-3-yl)-3-(2- oxo- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxal in-2( lH)-one. In another embodiment, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is not 5-(4-((l R, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,7S)-7- methyl-f3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo- l ,2- dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide or l -(( lR,3R,5S)-8-(( l R,3r,5S,7S)-7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)- 8-azabicyclo[3.2. 1 ]octan-3-yl)-3-(2-oxo-l ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yi)quinoxalin-2( l H)-one.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a compounds of Formula

(I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt is a sodium salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a potassium salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a para-toluenesulfonic acid salt.

In other embodiments, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound of Formula (I) has one of the formulae of Table 1 .

Table 1

where R _l5 R ₂ , R91 , Z, and a are as defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

Illustrative Compounds of Formula (I) are listed below in Tables 2- 16.

Table 2

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 3

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 4

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 5

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 6

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

- I ll -

Table 7

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 8

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 9

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 10

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 12

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 13

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 14

(a) (b) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

Table 15

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 16

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

In other embodiments, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound of Formula (1) has one of the formulae of Table 1 7.

Table 17

where R |, R ₂ , R ₉₀ , Z, and a are as defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

Illustrative Compounds of Formula (I) are listed below in Tables 1 8-32 Table 18

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 19

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 20

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 21

(a) (b) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (ii i) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 22

(a) (b) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 23

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 24

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 25

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 26

and pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 27

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where: 405

PCT/IB2013/001654

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is

-CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 28

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 29

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH. Table 30

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 31

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

Table 32

(a) (b) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where:

* (i) Indicates that R ₉₂ is -H, (ii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -C(=0)CH ₃ , and (iii) indicates that R ₉₂ is -CH ₂ -C(=0)OH.

4.2 Definitions

As used in connection with the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds herein, the terms used herein have the following meaning:

"-(C C|o)alkyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain -(C _r Cio)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl, -n-octyl, -n-nonyl, and -n-decyl. A branched alkyl means that one or more straight chain -(Ci-C ₈ )alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a -CH - group of a straight chain alkyl. A branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon means that one or more straight chain -(C _r C| ₀ )alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a -CH ₂ - group of a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon. Representative branched -(C|-C | ₀ )alkyls include -so-propyl, -sec-butyl, -/so-butyl, -tert-buty\, -wo-pentyl, -neopentyl,

1- methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1 ,2-dimethy!propyl, 1 -methylpentyl,

2- methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl,

1.1- dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl,

1.2- dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylhexyl, 1,3-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylheptyl, 1,3-dimethylheptyl, and 3,3-dimethylheptyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C _r C| ₀ )alkyl-" means a straight chain or branched non- cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C|-C _i0 )alkyl- moieties include meth- 1,1-diyl, eth-l,l-diyl, eth-1 ,2-diyl, n-prop-l,l-diyl, n-prop-l,2-diyl, n-prop-1 ,3-diyl, n-but-1 , 1-diyl, n-but- 1 ,2-diyl, n-but-l,3-diyl, n-but-l,4-diyl, z ^' so-but-1, 1-diyl, z ^' so-but- 1 ,2-diyl, z ^' so-but- 1,3-diyl, n-deca- 1,1-diyl, n-deca-l,2-diyl, n-deca-l,3-diyl, n-deca-l,4-diyl, n-deca-l,5-diyl, n-deca-l,6-diyl, n-deca- 1,7-diyl, n-deca-l,8-diyl, n-deca-l,9-diyl, n-deca-1 ,10-diyl, and the like.

"-(C|-C ₆ )alkyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain -(C _r C6)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, and -n-hexyl. Representative branched -(C _r C ₆ )alkyls include -z ^' so-propyl, -sec-butyl, -z ^' so-butyl, -ierf-butyl, -z ^' so-pentyl, -neopentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3 -methyl butyl,

1.1- dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl,

4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethtylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1 ,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and 3,3-dimethylbutyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(Ci-C ₆ )alkyl-" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C _r C ₆ )alkyI- moieties include meth-1, 1-diyl, eth-l, 1-diyl, eth- .1 ,2-diyl, n-prop-1, 1-diyl, n-prop-l,2-diyl, n-prop- 1,3-diyl, n-but- 1, 1-diyl, n-but- 1 ,2-diyl, n-but- 1 ,3-diyl, n-but-1 ,4-diyl, sobut-1, 1-diyl, z ^' so-but- 1 ,2-diyl, z ^' so-but-1 ,3-diyl, and the like.

"-(C _r C ₄ )alkyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain -(C|-C )alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, and -n-butyl. Representative branched -(C _r C ₄ )alkyls include -z ^' so-propyl, -sec-butyl, -z ^' so-butyl, and -/erf-butyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(Ci-C ₄ )alkyl-" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl- moieties include meth-1, 1-diyl, eth-l, 1-diyl, eth- 1 ,2-diyl, n-prop-1, 1-diyl, n-prop-1, 2-diyl, n-prop-1, 3-diyl, n-but-1, 2-diyl, n-but- 1 ,3-diyl, n-but-1 ,4-diyl, and the like.

"-(C|-C ₃ )alkyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain -(C _r C ₃ )alkyIs include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl.

Representative branched -(C _r C ₃ )alkyls include -zso-propyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C _r C ₃ )aIkyl-" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C,-C ₃ )alkyl- moieties include meth-1, 1-diyl, eth-l , 1-diyl, eth-

1.2- diyl, n-prop-1, 1-diyl, n-prop-1, 2-diyl, n-prop-1 ,3-diyl, and the like. "-(C C ₂ )alkyl" means a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Representative -(C _r C ₂ )alkyls include -methyl and -ethyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C _r C ₂ )alkyl-" means a straight chain non-cyclic

hydrocarbon moiety having 1 or 2 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C _r C ₂ )alkyl- moieties include meth-l,l-diyl, eth-1, 1-diyl, and eth-

1.2- di l.

"-(C ₂ -C| ₀ )alkenyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. A branched alkenyl means that one or more straight chain -(C|-C ₈ )alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a -CH ₂ - or -CH= group of a straight chain alkenyl. Representative straight chain and branched (C ₂ -C| ₀ )alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyI,

-/so-butylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-l-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl- 2-butenyl, -l-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, -1-heptenyl, -2-heptenyl, -3-heptenyl, -1-octenyl, -2-octenyl, -3-octenyl, -l-nonenyl, -2-nonenyl, -3-nonenyl, -1-decenyl, -2-decenyl, -3-decenyl, and the like.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C ₂ -C| ₀ )alkenyl-" means a straight chain or branched non- cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups.

Representative -(C ₂ -Ci ₀ )alkenyl _r moieties include vin-l,l-diyl, vin- 1 ,2-diyl, prop- 1 -en- 1 , 1 -diy 1 , prop-l-en-1 ,2-diyl, prop-l-en-l,3-diyl, prop-2-en-l, 1-diyl, prop-2-en-l,3-diyl, 2-methylprop-l -en-

3.3- diyl, but-2-en-l, 1-diyl, but-l-en-4,4-diyl, but- 1 -en- 1 ,4-diyl, but-2-en- 1 ,4-diyl, but-3-en-l ,4-diyl, but- 1 -en-1 ,3-diyl, and the like.

"-(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -.sobutylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-l-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -l-hexenyl,

-2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, and the like.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl-" means a straight chain or branched non- cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon- carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups.

Representative -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl- moieties include vin-1, 1-diyl, vin- 1 ,2-diyl, prop-l-en-1, 1-diyl, prop- l-en-l,2-diyl, prop-l-en-l,3-diyl, prop-2-en-l,l-diyl, prop-2-en-l,3-diyl, 2-methylprop-l-en-3,3-diyl, but-2-en-l,l-diyl, but-l-en-4,4-diyl, but-l-en-l,4-diyl, but-2-en-l,4-diyl, but-3-en-l ,4-diyl, but-l-en- 1,3-diyl, and the like.

"-(C ₂ -C ₃ )alkenyl" means a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2 or 3 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative (C ₂ -C ₃ )alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, and 1-prop-l-enyl.

In connection with the Z group, "-(C ₂ -C ₃ )alkenyl-" means a straight chain or branched non- cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2 or 3 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative -(C ₂ - C ₃ )alkenyl- moieties include vin-l,.l-diyl, vin- 1 ,2-diyl, prop- 1 -en- 1 , 1 -diyl, prop-l-en-l,2-diyl, prop-

1- en-1 ,3-diyl, prop-2-en- 1,1 -diyl, and prop-2-en-l,3-diyl.

"-(C ₂ -C| ₀ )alkynyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. A branched alkynyl means that one or more straight chain -(C _r C ₈ )alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a -CH ₂ - group of a straight chain alkynyl. Representative straight chain and branched -(C ₂ -C _l0 )alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl,

-1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-l -butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, -1-heptynyl, -2-heptynyl, -6-heptynyl, -1-octynyl, -2-octynyl, -7-octynyl, -1-nonynyl, -2-nonynyl, -8-nonynyl, -1-decynyl, -2-decynyl, -9-decynyl, and the like.

"-(C ₂ -C6)alkynyl" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C ₂ -C ₆ )alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-l -butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, and the like.

"-(C _r C ₆ )alkoxy" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having one or more ether groups and I, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain and branched (C _r Q)alkoxys include -methoxy, -ethoxy, -methoxymethyl, -2-methoxyethyl, -5-methoxypentyl, -3-ethoxybutyI, (methoxymethoxy)methyl-, I -(methoxy)- 1 -methoxyethyl-, trimethoxymethyl-,

2- ((methoxy)methoxy)-2-methylpropyl-, 3-( 1 , 1 , 1 -trimethoxypropane), (methoxy)trimethoxymethyl-, (2,2,2-trimethoxyethoxy)-, and the like.

"-(C _r C ₄ )alkoxy" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having one or more ether groups and 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain and branched (C C ₄ )alkoxys include -methoxy, -ethoxy, -methoxymethyl, -2-methoxyethyl, (methoxymethoxy)methyl-, 1 -(methoxy)- 1 -methoxyethyl-, trimethoxymethyl-, and the like. "-(C [ -C3)alkoxy" means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having one or more ether groups and 1 , 2, or 3 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain and branched (C C ₃ )alkoxys include -methoxy (-OMe, -OCH ₃ ), -ethoxy, -methoxymethyl, -2-methoxyethyl,

(methoxymethoxy)methyl-, and the like.

"-(C ₃ -C| ₄ )cycloalkyl" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

1 1 , 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms. Representative (C ₃ -C | ₄ )cycloalkyls are -cyciopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyciohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, -cyclododecyl, and -cyclotetradecyl.

"-(C -C i ₂ )cycloalkyl" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , or 12 carbon atoms. Representative (C ₃ -C | ₂ )cycloalkyls are -cyciopropyl, -cyclobutyl,

-cyclopentyl, -cyciohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, -cycloundecyl, and -cyclododecyl.

"-(C ₆ -C | ₂ )cycloalkyl" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , or 12 carbon atoms. Representative (C6-C| ₂ )cycloalkyls are -cyciohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, -cycloundecyl, and -cyclododecyl.

"-(C ₄ -C ₈ )cycloalkyl " or "4- to 8-member cycloalkyl ring" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative -(C ₄ -C ₈ )cycloalkyls are -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyciohexyl, -cycloheptyl, and -cyclooctyl.

"-(C ₃ -C8)cycloalkyl" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C ₃ -C ₈ )cycloalkyls include -cyciopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyciohexyl, -cycloheptyl, and -cyclooctyl.

"-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyl " means a saturated monocycl ic hydrocarbon havi ng 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms. Representative (C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkyls include cyciopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyciohexyl, and -cycloheptyl.

"-(C ₆ -C _M )bicycloalkyl" means a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12,

1 3, or 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In one embodiment, the -(C ₆ - C | ₄ )bicycloalkyl has one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In another embodiment, the -(C ₆ -C i ₄ )bicycloalkyl has two saturated cyclic alkyl rings. Representative -(C6-C | ₄ )bicycloalkyls incl ude -indanyl,

-norbornyl, -1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -perhydronaphthalenyl, -bicyclo[2.2.1 ]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1.]heptyl, -bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, -bicyclo[3.3. l jheptyl,

-bicyclo[3.2. 1 ]octyl, -bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonyl, -bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, -bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl,

-bicyclo[4.2.2]decyl, -bicyclo[4.3.2]undecyl, -bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decyl, and the like.

"-(C8-C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl" means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13,

14, 1 5, 1 6, 17, 1 8, 19, or 20 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring; thus, one of the rings can comprise, e.g. , benzo. In one embodiment, the -(C8-C ₂ o)tricycloalkyl has one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In another embodiment, the -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl has two saturated cyclic alkyl rings. In another embodiment, the -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkyl has three saturated cyclic alkyl rings. Representative -(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkyls include -pyrenyl, -adamantyl, -noradamantyl, -1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenyl, - l ,2,3,4,4a,9,9a, 10-octahydroanthracenyl, -perhydroanthracenyl -aceanthrenyl, - 1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydropenanthrenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrenyI, - l ,2,3,4,4a,9, l 0, 10a- octahydrophenanthrenyl, -perhydrophenanthrenyl, -tetradecahydro- l H-cyclohepta[a]naphthalenyl, -tetradecahydro- l H-cyc!oocta[e]indenyI, -tetradecahydro- l H-cyclohepta[e]azulenyl,

-hexadecahydrocycloocta[&]naphthalenyl, -hexadecahydrocyclohepta[ ]heptaIenyl, -tricyclo- pentadecanyl, -tricyclo-octadecanyl, -tricyclo-nonadecanyl, -tricyclo-icosanyl,

-2,3-benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, -6,7-benzobicyclo[3.2.1 ]octanyl, -9, 10-benzobicyclo[3.3.2]decanyl, -2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro- lH-fluorenyl, - 1 ,2,3,4,4a,8b-hexahydrobipheny!enyl, and the like.

"-(C ₅ -C i )cycloalkenyl" means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon- carbon double bond in the cycl ic system and 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms.

Representative (C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl,

-cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, -cyclononenyl, -cyclononadienyl,

-cyclononatrienyl, -cyclodecenyl, -cyclodecadienyl, -cyclotetradecenyl, -cyclododecadienyl, and the like.

"-(C ₅ -C ₈ )cycloalkenyl " means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon- carbon double bond in the cyclic system and 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C ₅ - C ₈ )cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl,

-cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, and the like.

"-(C ₇ -C ₁₄ )bicycloalkenyl " means a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms. Representative -(C ₇ -C i ₄ )bicycloalkenyls include -bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enyl, -indenyl, -pentalenyl, -naphthalenyl, -azulenyl, -heptalenyl, - 1 ,2,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -norbornenyl, and the like.

"-(C ₈ -C ₂ o)tricycloalkenyl" means a tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 1 3, 14, 1 5, 16, 17, 18, 1 9, or 20 carbon atoms. Representative -(C ₈ -C ₂₀ )tricycloalkenyls include -anthracenyl, -phenanthrenyl, -phenalenyl, -acenaphthalenyl, -as-indacenyl, -s-indacenyl, -2,3,6,7,8,9, 10, 1 l -octahydro-l/J-cycloocta[e]indenyl, 2,3,4,7,8,9, 10, 1 l -octahydro-lH-cyclohepta[a]naphthalenyl, -8,9, 10, 1 1 -tetrahydro- 7H-cyclohepta[a]naphthalenyl, -2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13-dodecahydro-lH-cyclohepta[a]heptalenyl, - 1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14-tetradecahydro-dicyclohepta[a, c]cyclooctenyl,

-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 1 l, 12, 13-dodecahydro- lH-dibenzo[a,< ]cyclononenyl, and the like.

"-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle" or "-(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclo" means a 3- to

7-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, i. e., a monocyclic ring comprising at least one heteroatom, which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic. A 3-membered heterocycle contains 1 heteroatom, a 4-membered heterocycle can contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms, a 5-membered heterocycle can contain 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, a 6-membered heterocycle can contain 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, and a 7-membered heterocycle can contain 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrroly!, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, di hydro pyranyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyi, tetrahydropyridinyi, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,

tetrahydrothiopyrariyl, and the l ike.

"-(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle" or "-(5- or 6-membered)heterocyc!o" means a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, i. e. , a monocycl ic ring comprising at least one heteroatom, which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic. A 5-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms and a 6-membered heterocycle can contain 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyi, tetrahydropyridinyi, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.

"-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle" or "-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclo" means a 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, heterocycl ic ring, each ring of which is independently either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic, i. e. , where at least one ring comprises at least one heteroatom. A -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle contains 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycles include -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, -1 ,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl, -benzo[cf][ l,3]dioxolyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzo[6]thiophenyl,

-l ,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophenyl, -benzo[if][l ,3]dithioIyI, -chromonyl, -chromanyl,

-2,3-dihydrobenzo[6][l ,4]dioxinyI, -thiochromonyl, -thiochromanyl,

-2,3-dihydrobenzo[6][ l ,4]dithi inyl, -coumarinyl, -indolyl, -indolizinyl, -benzo[£]furanyl,

-benzo[b]thiophenyl, -indazolyl, -purinyl, -4H-quinolizinyl, -isoquinolyl, -quinolyl, -phthalazinyl, -naphthyridinyl, -indol inyl, -isoindolinyl, - 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl,

- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.

"-(C ₃ -C _{i 2} )cycloalkoxy" means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , or 12 carbon atoms where at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom. Representative (C ₃ -C | ₂ )cycloalkoxy are -oxiranyl, -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl, -tetrahydro- 2H-pyranyl, - 1 ,4-dioxanyl, -oxepanyl, - 1 ,4-dioxepanyl, -oxocanyi, - 1 ,5-dioxocanyl, - 1 ,3,5-trioxocanyl, -oxonanyl, - 1 ,5-dioxonanyl, - 1 ,4,7-trioxonanyl, -oxacyclododecanyl, - 1 ,7-dioxacyclododecanyl, and - 1 ,5,9-trioxacyclododecanyl.

"-(C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy" means a saturated monocycl ic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms where at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom. Representative (C ₃ -C ₇ )cycloalkoxy are -oxiranyl, -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl, -tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, - 1 ,4-dioxanyl, -oxepanyl, and - 1 ,4-dioxepanyl.

"-(C i4)aryl" means a 14-membered aromatic carbocyclic moiety such as -anthryl or

-phenanthryl.

"-(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl " means an aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 to 10 members, including both mono- and bicyclic ring systems, i. e., a monocyclic aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a bicyclic aromatic ring where at least one ring comprises at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In one embodiment, a monocyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl comprises at least two heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In another embodiment, a bicyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl comprises at least two heteroatoms, present in the same or in different rings, each heteroatom being independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In another embodiment, one of the -(5- to 10-inembered)hetei aryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. In another embodiment, both of the bicyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazo!yl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiadiazolyl, triazinyl, thienyl, cinnol inyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

"-(5- or 6-membered)heteroary! " means a monocyclic aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 or 6 members, i. e. , a monocyclic aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In one embodiment, the -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl ring contains at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1 ,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl,

1 ,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,3,5-triazinyl, and thiophenyl.

"-CH2(halo)" means a methyl group where one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced with a halogen. Representative -CH ₂ (halo) groups include -CH ₂ F, -CH ₂ CI, -CH ₂ Br, and -CH ₂ I.

"-CH(halo) ₂ " means a methyl group where two of the hydrogens of the methyl group have each been independently replaced with a halogen. Representative -CH(halo) ₂ groups include -CHF ₂ , -CHC1 ₂ , -CHBr ₂ , -CHBrCl, -CHCII, and -CHT ₂ .

"-C(halo) ₃ " means a methyl group where each of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been independently replaced with a halogen. Representative -C(halo) ₃ groups include -CF ₃ , -CC1 ₃ , -CBr ₃ , -Cl ₃ , -CF ₂ Br, -CF ₂ C1, -CC1 ₂ F, and -CFCI Br.

"-Halogen" or "-halo" means -F, -CI, -Br, or -I.

"Oxo", "=0", and the like as used herein mean an oxygen atom doubly bonded to carbon or another element.

"Thiooxo", "thioxo", "=S", and the like as used herein mean a sulfur atom doubly bonded to carbon or another element.

"(C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge" as used herein means a hydrocarbon chai n containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms joining two atoms of the piperidine ring of Formula (1) to form a fused bicyclic ring system. For example, compounds of the disclosure can comprise a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge). Exemplary compounds of the disclosure include those with an unsubstituted (C ₂ )bridge, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₂ )bridge); an unsubstituted (C ₃ )bridge, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₃ )bridge); an unsubstituted

(C ₄ )bridge, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH2-, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₄ )bridge); an unsubstituted (C ₅ )bridge, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₅ )bridge); or an unsubstituted (C ₆ )bridge, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C ₆ )bridge). Examples of compounds where A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge include compounds comprising the following ring systems: 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane; 9-aza- bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane; 10-aza-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decane; 1 l -aza-bicyclo[5.3.1 ]undecane; and 12-aza- bicyclo[6.3. 1 ]dodecane. Examples of a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge which contains -HC=CH- within the (C ₂ - C ₆ )bridge include -HC=CH-, -CH ₂ -HC=CH-, -HC=CH-CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -HC=CH-CH ₂ -, and the like. Examples of a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge which contains -O- within the (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge include -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - (containing 2 carbon atoms), -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - (each containing 3 carbon atoms), -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -, -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ - and -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ - (each containing 4 carbon atoms), and the like.

" Lactam group" as used herein in the phrase the "ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one lactam group" means a cyclic structure Q _x comprising at least one amide or a thioamide (e.g. , comprising one amide, one thioamide, two amides, two thioamides, or one amide and one thioamide) as part of the Q _x cycl ic structure, e.g. , a l -azacycloalkan-2-one or a 1 -azacycloalkan-2- thione. In particular, when the ri ng atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of one lactam group, that lactam group can be represented by any one of the following Q _x cyclic structures:

where R ₉₀ is as defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (1).

"Cyclic urea" as used herein in the phrase the "ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one cyclic urea group" means a cyclic structure Q _x comprising at least one urea or a thiourea as part of the Q _x cyclic structure, e.g. , a l ,3-diazacycloalkan-2-one or a l ,3-diazacycloalkan-2-thione. In particular, when the ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of one cyclic urea group, that cycl ic urea group can be represented by any one of the following Q _x cycl ic structures:

where R ₉₀ is as defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

As used herein in the phrase the "ring atoms of the Q _x ring are constituents of at least one lactam group or cyclic urea group", a lactam group and a cycl ic urea group are mutually exclusive because a lactam group has only one nitrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom of the carbonyl or thiocarbonyl whereas a cyclic urea group has two nitrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom of the carbonyl or thiocarbonyl.

As used herein in the phrase "the Q _x ring does not contain 3 consecutive ring nitrogen atoms" means that the Q _x ring does not comprise any of the following cycl ic structures:

In compounds of the disclosure comprising a bridge joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (e.g. , A-B can together form a (C2-C ₆ )bridge), for, e.g. , a compound of Formula (I), the exemplary endo bridge:

is equivalent to

In compounds of the disclosure comprising a bridge joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (e.g. , A-B can together form a (C ₂ -C ₆ )bridge), for, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), the exemplary exo bridge: ,

is equivalent to

In compounds of the disclosure where the -Z-R, group comprises a bicyclic group, that bicyclic group can have two orientations. For example, for a -Z-Ri group that is a -(C ₆ -C | ₄ )bicycloalkyl, e.g. , bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonanyl, attached directly to the piperidine ring nitrogen, the fol lowing orientations are possible:

As used herein in connection with "-[(C _r C io)aIkyl optionally substituted by Ru] _h -", when h is 1 means that the Z-R| bonded to the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents is understood to appear as follows:

where, when i is 0, the -(C _r C | ₀ )alkyl- is unsubstituted by a R _{! 3} group and, when i is 1 , the -(C _r C |o)alkyl- is substituted by a R, group at the carbon atom furthest removed from the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents and substituted by a R _l3 group at any carbon atom of the -(Ci-C io)alkyl- including at the carbon atom furthest removed from the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents. In one embodiment, R ₍₃ is selected from:

(a) -halo, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , and -C(=0)OV, ; and

(b) -(C _r C |o)alkyl, -(C ₂ -C | ₀ )alkenyl, -0(C _r C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₅ -C | ₄ )cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with I , 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c)

(iv) wherein R _l4 is -H and n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; (d) -phenyl and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R ₇ groups.

In another embodiment, R _!3 is selected from:

(a) -halo, -OH, -CH ₂ OH, -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH, -N(R ₆ ) ₂ , and -C(=0)OV , ; and

(b) -(C ,-C ₆ )alkyl, -(C ₂ -C ₆ )alkenyl, -0(C ,-C )alkyl, and -(5- or 6- membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R ₈ groups; and

(c)

(·)

wherein R _i is -H and n is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7;

(d) -phenyl and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with I or 2 independently selected R ₇ groups.

"-[(C ₂ -C io)alkenyl optionally substituted by as used herein in connection with Z-R| means that the Z-Ri bonded to the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents is understood to appear as fol lows: R

where, when i is 0, the -(C ₂ -C i ₀ )alkenyl- is unsubstituted by a R _{) 3} group and, when i is 1 , the -(C ₂ - C io)alkenyl- is substituted by a R, group at the carbon atom furthest removed from the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents and substituted by a R, ₃ group at any carbon atom of the -(C ₂ -C i ₀ )alkenyl- including at the carbon atom furthest removed from the piperidine ring bearing A and B substituents.

As used herein in connection with formula (i) of R _t , when the dashed line is present as a bond to provide one bond of a double bond, then formula (i) is understood to appear as follows

n

(i)

As used herein in connection with formula (i) of R|, when the dashed line is absent, then formula (i) is understood to appear as follows

(0

As used herein in connection with formula (iv) of R n, when the dashed line is present as to provide one bond of a double bond, then formula (iv) is understood to appear as follows

(iv)

As used herein in connection with formula (iv) of R| ₃ , when the dashed l ine is absent, then formula (iv) is understood to appear as fol lows

(iv)

As used herein in connection with the Q _x ring, when W is absent the Q„ ring is a 5-membered ring having the formula:

where E, G, J, M, U, and each dashed line are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

The terms "benzo," "benzo group" and the like, when used in connection with the Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ , and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

The terms "pyridino," "pyridino group" and the like, when used in connection with the Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ , and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridino Q _a ri ng is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted pyridino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridino Q _a ring is

The terms "pyrimidino", "pyrimidino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrimidino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrimidino Q _a ring is

The terms "pyrazino", "pyrazino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optional ly-substituted Q _n ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

The terms "pyridazino", "pyridazino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridazino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridazino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted pyridazino Q _a ring is

The terms "pyrrolino", "pyrrolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrrolino Q _a rin: is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted pyrrolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted pyrrolino Q _a ring is

The terms "imidazol ino", "imidazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted imidazol ino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted imidazolino Q _a ring is

The terms "pyrazol ino", "pyrazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optional ly-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted pyrazolino Q _; , ring is

The terms "triazolino", "triazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (1). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted triazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted triazol ino Q _a ring is

The terms "furano", "furano group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally- substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Typi Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q _a ring is

The terms "oxazolino", "oxazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optional ly-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxazol ino Q _a ring is

The terms "isoxazolino", "isoxazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q _a ring is

The terms "oxadiazolino", "oxadiazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxadiazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted oxadiazolino Q _a ring is

in another embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxadiazolino Q _a ring is

The terms "thiopheno", "thiopheno group" and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q _a ring is

The terms "thiazolino", "thiazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optional ly-substituted Q _a ring, means ^

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiazolino ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiazolino Q _a ring is

The terms "isothiazolino", "isothiazolino group" and the l ike, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazol ino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optional ly-substituted isothiazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazol ino Q ₀ ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazolino Q _a ring is

The terms "thiadiazolino", "thiadiazolino group" and the like, when used in connection with the optional ly-substituted Q _a ring, means

where R ₂ and a are defined above for the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazolino Q _a ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazol ino Q _a ring is

N-

N"

V y

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazol ino Q _a ring is

The term "3,3-diphenylpropyl-" and the l ike, when used in connection with the -Z-R ₍ group, means

where the 3 carbon of the propyl is indicated by the number 3 in the structure above.

In one embodiment, the term "optional ly substituted bicyclo[3.3. l ]nonyl" and the like when used in connection with the optionally-substituted R | group is understood to refer to one of the structures below:

where the substituents are as defined above for the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (1); and where in one or more embodiments, the optionally substituted R| group comprises one or more of the above-recited optionally substituted

bicycle[3.3. l ]nonyl structures.

in one embodiment, the term "optio -(C ₆ -C i4)bicycloalkyl " means

where the dashed line denotes the presence or absence of a bond. When the dashed line is present as a bond to provide one bond of a double bond, then the group above is understood to appear as follows

and when the dashed line is absent, then the optionally substituted -(C ₆ -C )bicycloalkyl group above is understood to appear as follows

The term "tetrazolyl group" means

In one embodiment, the tetrazolyl group is

In another embodiment, the tetrazolyl group

When a first group is "substituted with one or more" second groups, one or more hydrogen atoms of the first group is replaced with a corresponding number of second groups. When the number of second groups is two or greater, each second group can be the same or different. In one

embodiment, a first group is substituted with up to three second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with one or two second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with two second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with two second groups and each second group is identical. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with only one second group.

The term "animal " includes, but is not limited to, a human or a non-human animal, such as a companion animal or l ivestock, e.g. , a cow, monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit or guinea pig.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative", as used herein, includes any

pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, prodrug, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, prodrug, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another

embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, and/or tautomer, e.g. , of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a polymorph, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pseudopolymorph, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative is a solvate, e.g., of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a prodrug, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. I n another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a radiolabeled form, e.g. , of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a stereoisomer, e.g. , of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is an enantiomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a diastereomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a stereoisomeric form other than a stereoisomer, an enantiomer and a diastereomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the

pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a racemic mixture, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a geometric isomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a tautomer, e.g. , of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt", as used herein, is any pharmaceutically acceptable salt that can be prepared from a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound including a salt formed from an acid and a basic functional group, such as a nitrogen group, of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. Illustrative salts include, but are not l imited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucoronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenes u I fonate, /?-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e. , l , l '-methylene-bis-(2- hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. For example, for a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound where J is N(R ₉₀ ), a chloride salt can be formed by reacting the compound with HC1 to provide the hydrochloride of the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound, e.g. , J is Ν(Η)(Ι½). The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" also includes a salt prepared from a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxyl ic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkal i metals such as sodium, potassium, cesium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as al uminum and zinc; ammonia and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines;

dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; picol ine; N-methyl-N-ethylamine; diethylamine;

triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-(C |-C ₃ )alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-te -butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-[(C _r C3)alkyl]-N-(hydroxy-(C _r C ₃ )alkyl)-amines, such as NN-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the l ike. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt, a sulfate-salt, a sodium- salt, a potassium-salt, a benzene sulfonic acid-salt, a/?ara-tol uenesulfonic acid-salt, or a fumaric acid- salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt or a sulfate- salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sulfate-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt is a potassium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt is a /¾3A2-toluenesulfonic acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains about one equivalent of a-Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound and about 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid, e.g. , from about 0.3 to about 0.7 equivalents of fumaric acid in one embodiment, from about 0.4 to about 0.6 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, from about 0.44 to about 0.56 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, or from about 0.47 to about 0.53 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains one equivalent of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid. One ski lled in the art will recognize that, e.g. , acid addition salts, of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound can be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate acid by a variety of known methods.

The compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs of the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine

Compounds. "Polymorphs" are known in the art (see, e.g. , Giron, " Investigations of Polymorphism and Pseudo-polymorphism in Pharmaceuticals by Combined Thermoanalytical Techniques," J. Thermal Anal. Cal. 64:37-60 (2001 )) and are considered to be different crystalline phases in which a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is capable of existing. The crystalline phases can have different arrangements ("packing polymorphism") and/or conformations ("conformational polymorphism") of the molecules in the crystal lattice. The term "anhydrate" as used herein, is any crystal line form of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in which water molecules are a non-integral part of the crystal. An anhydrate of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be prepared, for example, by crystal lization from a solvent substantially free of water. In one embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present as an anhydrate, i. e., as a free base where the crystal lattice is substantially free of water molecules and any water molecules present are present as "surface water" (e.g. , loosely bound to the crystal's surface) as would be discernable and distinguishable to those in the art by, e.g. , thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and/or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), from water molecules that are an integral part of the crystal (e.g. , a hydrate). An anhydrate of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has less than about 0.2 mole water in one embodiment, less than about 0.15 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.12 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.1 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.085 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.075 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.06 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.057 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.05 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.03 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.025 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.02 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.01 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.005 mole water in another embodiment, and less than about 0.001 mole water in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking into account the presence of surface water and each said embodiment being per 1 mole of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

The compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass al l solvates of the Cyclic

Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Pi peridine Compounds. "Solvates" are known in the art and are considered to be a combination, physical association and/or solvation of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound with a solvent molecule. This physical association can involve varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. When the solvate is of the stoichiometric type, there is a fixed ratio of the solvent molecule to Cyclic

Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, e.g. , a disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate when the solvent molecule:Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound molecule molar ratio is 2: 1 , 1 : 1 or 1 :2, respectively. In other embodiments, the solvate is of the nonstoichiometric type. For example, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted - Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound crystal can contain solvent molecules in the structural voids, e.g. , channels, of the crystal lattice. In certain instances, the solvate can be isolated, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice of a crystal line sol id. Thus, "solvate", as used herein, encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. As the crystall ine form of a solvate can also be referred to as a "pseudopolymorph", the compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all pseudopolymorphs of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. A Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure can be present as a solvated form with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the disclosure include both solvated and unsolvated Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound forms. As "hydrate" relates to a particular subgroup of solvates, i. e., where the solvent molecule is water, hydrates are included within the solvates of the disclosure. In one embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present as a monohydrate, i.e. , as a free base where the watenCyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound molar ratio is about 1 : 1 , e.g., from 0.91 : 1 to 1 .09: 1 in one embodiment, from 0.94: 1 to 1 .06: 1 in another embodiment, from 0.97: 1 to 1 .03 : 1 in another embodiment, and from 0.985: 1 to 1 .01 5: 1 in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking no account of surface water that might be present, if any.

Preparation of solvates is known in the art. For example, Caira et al , "Preparation and Crystal Characterization of a Polymorph, a Monohydrate, and an Ethyl Acetate Solvate of the Antifungal Fluconazole," J. Pharmacent. Sci. , 93(3):601 -61 1 (2004), describes the preparation of solvates of fluconazole with ethyl acetate and with water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates, and the like are described by Van Tonder et al. , "Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of 5 Niclosamide Solvates and 1 Hemisolvate," A4 S .P/iarm. Sci. Tech. , 5( 1 ): Article 12 (2004), and Bingham et al , "Over one hundred solvates of sulfathiazole," Chem. Comm., pp. 603-604 (2001 ). In one embodiment, a non-limiting, process involves dissolving the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in a desired amount of the desired solvent (organic, water or mixtures thereof) at temperatures above about 20°C to about 25°C, cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals, and isolating the crystals by known methods, e.g. , fi ltration. Analytical techniques, for example, infrared spectroscopy, can be used to show the presence of the solvent in a crystal of the solvate.

The compounds disclosed herein also comprise all prodrugs of the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. "Prodrugs" are known in the art and, while not necessarily possessing any pharmaceutical activity as such, are considered to be any covalently bonded carrier(s) that releases the active parent drug in vivo. In general, such prodrugs wil l be a functional derivative of a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (I) which is readily convertible in vivo, e.g. , by being metabol ized, into the required Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (I). Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described in, for example, Bundgaard, ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier, Amsterdam ( 1985); Colowick et al, "Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Part A," Widder et al. , eds., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 1 12, Academic Press ( 1985); Bundgaard, "Design and Application of Prodrugs," A Textbook of Drug Design and

Development, rogsgaard-Larsen and Bundgaard, eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, Chapter 5, pp. 1 13- 191 ( 1991 ); Bundgaard et ai , "(C) Means to Enhance Penetration (1 ) Prodrugs as a means to improve the delivery of peptide drugs," Adv. Drug Delivery Revs. 8: 1 -38 ( 1992); Bundgaard et ai , "Glycolamide Esters as Biolabile Prodrugs of Carboxyl ic Acid Agents: Synthesis, Stability,

Bioconversion, and Physicochemical Properties," J. Pharmace t. Sci. 77(4):285-298 ( 1988); and Kakeya et al , "Studies on Prodrugs of Cephalosporins. I. Synthesis and Biological Properties of Glycyloxygenzoyloxymethyl and Glycylaminobenzoyloxymethyl Esters of 7P-[2-(2-Aminothiazol-4- yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxyl ic Acid," Chem. Pharm. Bull.

32:692-698 ( 1 984).

In addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be replaced by a radioactive isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such a "radiolabeled", "radiolabeled form", and the like of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, each of which is encompassed by the disclosure, is useful as a research and/or diagnostic tool in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays. "Radioacti ve", as used herein with respect to an atom, means an atom that comprises a radioactive atom and therefore the specific radioactivity thereof is above the background level of radioactivity. Examples of radioactive isotopes that can be incorporated into a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, such as ² H, ³ H, "C, ^l3 C, ^l4 C, ^{l 5} N, ^{l 7} 0, ^{, s} O, ³¹ P, ³² P, ³⁵ S, ^{l 8} F, ^l9 F, ³⁶ C1, ³⁷ C1, ⁷⁶ Br, ⁷⁷ Br, ^{8 ,} Br, ^{l 23} I, ^,24 I, ^l25 I, and ^{l 3 l} l, respectively. In one embodiment, a radiolabeled Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound contains I , 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromi ne, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. n another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 , 2, 3, 4, or more radioacti ve isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ² H, ³ H, ^M C, ^l C, ^l4 C, ¹⁵ N, ^{, 7} 0, ^{l 8} 0, ^I P, ² P, ³⁵ S, ^l8 F, ^l9 F, ³⁶ CI, ³⁷ CI, ⁷⁶ Br, ⁷⁷ Br, ^8l Br, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ 1, ¹²⁵ I, and ^{l 3 l} I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ² H, ³ H, "C, ^{l 3} C, ^l4 C, ^{l 5} N, ^{l 7} 0, ^{i 8} 0, ³¹ P, ³ P, ⁵ S, ^,8 F, ^l9 F, ³⁶ CI, ³⁷ CI, ⁷⁶ Br, ⁷⁷ Br, ^sl Br, ¹²³ I, ¹²⁴ I, ¹²⁵ I, and ¹³¹ I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ² H, ³ H, "C, ^l3 C, ^l4 C, ^l5 N, ^l7 0, ^,8 0, ^{3 I} P, ³² P, ³⁵ S, ^l8 F, ^,9 F, ³⁶ CI, ³⁷ Cl, ⁷⁶ Br, ⁷⁷ Br, ^{8 l} Br, ¹²³ I, ^l24 I, ^l25 I, and ^l ' l. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 , 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ² H, ³ H, ^l3 C, ^l4 C, ¹⁵ N, ^,8 0, P, and ^l2 I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ³ H, ¹⁴ C, ^{l 5} N, ¹⁸ 0, ³² P, and ¹²⁵ I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ³ H, ^l4 C, ^{l :,} N, ^l8 0, ² P, and ^l25 I.

Radiolabeled compounds of the disclosure can be prepared by methods known in the art. For example, tritiated Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be prepared by introducing tritium into the particular Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compound, for example, by catalytic dehalogenation with triti um. This method can include reacting a suitably halogen-substituted precursor of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound with tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst, for example, Pd/C, in the presence or absence of a base. Other suitable methods for preparing tritiated compounds can be found in Filer, "The Preparation and Characterization of Tritiated Neurochemicals," Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1, Labeled Compounds (Part A), E. Buncel et al, eds., Chapter 6, pp. 1 55-192 ( 1987). ^l4 C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materials having a ^l4 C carbon. Compounds containing piperazine isotopcially enriched with ^{l 3} C and/or ¹⁵ N can be prepared as described in, e.g., Figure 5A and the associated description, of U .S. Patent No. 7,355,045 B2. Radiolabeled compounds containing ^{l 8} F at the 6-position of an aniline ring can be prepared as described in column 27 of U.S. Patent No. 6,562,319 B2.

An Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, the disclosure encompasses compounds with all such possible forms as well as their racemic and resolved forms or any mixture thereof. The art recognizes that a geometric isomer is encompassed by a stereoisomer (See, e.g., the definitions of "stereoisomers" and "cis-trans isomers" appearing in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical

Terminology, 2 ^nd Ed. (the "Gold Book"), McNaught et al, eds., Blackwel l Scientific Publications, Oxford ( 1997)). When a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains an olefinic double bond or other center of geometric asymmetry, and unless specifically otherwise indicated, it is intended to include all "geometric isomers", e.g., both E and Z geometric isomers. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, all "tautomers", e.g., lactam-lactim, urea-isourea, ketone-enol, amide-imidic acid, enamine-imine, amine-imine, and enamine-enimine tautomers, are intended to be encompassed by the disclosure as well.

As used herein, the terms "stereoisomer", "stereoisomeric form", and the like are general terms for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another ("diastereomers").

The term "chiral center" refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached. The term "enantiomer" or "enantiomeric" refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optical ly active where the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.

The term "racemic" refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers which is optically inactive.

The term "resolution" refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule. Optical isomers of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound can be obtained by known techniques such as chiral chromatography or formation of diastereomeric salts from an optical ly active acid or base.

Optical purity can be stated in terms of enantiomeric excess {% ee) and/or diastereomeric excess {% de), each which is determined by the appropriate formula below: major enantiomerimol) - minor enantiomerfmoO

x 100%

major enantiomer(mol) + minor enantiomer(mol)

% de major diastereomer(mol) - minor diastereomers(mol) x 100%

major diastereomer(mol) + minor diastereomers(mol)l

The term "MeOH" means methanol, i.e. , methyl alcohol. The term "EtOH" means ethanol, i. e. , ethyl alcohol. The term "Et ₂ 0" means diethyl ether, i. e. , ethoxyethane. The term "THF" means tetrahydrofuran. The term "DMF" means NN-dimethylformamide. The term "DCM" means methylene chloride, i.e. , dichloromethane or CH ₂ Cl ₂ . The term "DCE" means 1 ,2-dichloroethane. The term "EtOAc" means ethyl acetate. The term "MeCN" means acetonitrile. The term "DMSO" means dimethylsulfoxide, i.e. , methylsulfinylmethane. The term "ΝΜΡ" means N-methylpyrrolidinone, i.e. , l -methylpyrrolidin-2-one. The term "DMA" means NN-dimethylacetamide. The term "MTBE" means teri-butyl methyl ether, i.e. , 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. The term "AcOH" means acetic acid. The term "TFA" means 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid. The term "TEA" means triethylamine. The term "DIEA" means diisopropylethylamine, i.e. , N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine. The term "Bn" means benzyl, i.e. :

The term "BOC" means teri-butyloxycarbonyl, i. e. :

The term "IBD" means inflammatory-bowel disease. The term "IBS" means irritable-bowel syndrome. The term "ALS" means amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The term "effective amount", when used in connection with a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, means an amount effective for: (a) treating or preventing a Condition or symptom thereof; (b) detectabiy inhibiting ORL- 1 receptor function in a cell; or (c) detectabiy activating ORL- 1 receptor function in a cel l.

The term "effective amount", when used in connection with a second therapeutic agent means an amount for providing the therapeutic effect of the second therapeutic agent.

The terms "modulate", "modulating", and the like as used herein with respect to the ORL- 1 receptor mean the mediation of a pharmacodynamic response (e.g. , analgesia) in an animal from (i) inhibiting or activating the receptor, or (ii) directly or indirectly affecting the normal regulation of the receptor activity. Compounds that modulate the receptor activity include agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, mixed agonists/antagonists, mixed partial agonists/antagonists and compounds which directly or indirectly affect regulation of the receptor activity.

As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and mimics the regulatory effect(s) of an endogenous l igand is defined as an "agonist". As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and is only partly effective as an agonist is defined as a "partial agonist". As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor but produces no regulatory effect, but rather blocks binding of another agent to the receptor is defined as an "antagonist". {See Ross et al. , "Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug Action and the Relationship Between Drug Concentration and Effect," in Goodman & Oilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics pp. 31 -43 (Goodman et al., eds., 10 ^th Ed., McGraw-Hil l, New York 2001 )). The terms "treatment of, "treating", and the like include the amelioration or cessation of a Condition or a symptom thereof. In one embodiment, treating includes inhibiting, for example, decreasing the overall frequency of episodes of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

The terms "prevention of, "preventing", and the like include the avoidance of the onset of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

A "disorder" includes, but is not limited to, the Conditions defined above.

In the event of doubt as to the agreement of a depicted chemical structure and a chemical name, the depicted chemical structure governs.

It is appreciated that various features of the disclosure which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment unless otherwise specifically herein excluded. Conversely, various features of the disclosure which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately and/or in any suitable subcombination unless otherwise specifically herein excluded.

4.3 Methods for Making Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be made using conventional organic synthesis, in view of the present disclosure, and including the following illustrative methods shown in the schemes below where R _b R ₂ , R90, Q _a , Yi, Z, A, B, Q _x , E, G, J, M, U, W, and a are defined above, L is a halogen leaving group such as Br or I, L' is F or CI, R is -(C _r

C ₄ )alkyl or -CF ₃ , and R' is -(C _r C ₄ )alkyl. For simplicity, in the following schemes the exemplary Q _a group is benzo which is sometimes unsubstituted with R ₂ ; however, the schemes are also appl icable to substituted benzo and any of the (5- or 6-membered) heteroaryl Q _a groups, whether unsubstituted or optionally substituted.

Section 4.3.1 describes methods for making Cycl ic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) where Y, is oxygen, i. e. , referred to as Cycl ic Urea-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la) in the schemes below. Section 4.3.2 describes methods for making Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) where Y | is oxygen, i.e. , referred to as Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (lb), Formula (Ic) and Formula (Id) in the schemes below. Section 4.3.3 describe methods for making N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds of Formula (I) where Yi is oxygen, i. e. , referred to as N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ie). Section 4.3.4 describes methods for making saturated N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) where Y| is oxygen, i. e., referred to as saturated N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (If). Section 4.3.5 describes methods for making Cyclic Urea- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) where Y | is sulfur, i.e., referred to as Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ig) in the schemes below. Sections 4.3.6 through 4.3.8 describe methods for making various stereochemical forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I).

4.3.1 Methods for Making Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la)

Preparation of Cycl ic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la) can be carried out through the reaction of a quinoxaline-2,3( lH4H)-dione (e.g., Compound A5) with a chlorinating agent fol lowed by reaction with a urea-containing ring. Six alternative methods for preparing Compound A5 are shown in Schemes A-F below. Methods for chlorinating Compound A5 to provide Compound G l are shown in Schemes G and H below. Methods for making Cyclic Urea- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la) from Compound G l are shown in Schemes I-L below.

4.3.1.1 Methods for Making Compound A5

Six alternative methods for making Compound A5 are shown below.

Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 1 (Scheme A)

Scheme A

Metal Alkoxide

A5

In Scheme A and the other schemes, "Lit l " refers to the procedures described in the publications Tortolani et al., "A Convenient Synthesis to N-Aryl-Substituted 4-Piperidones," Org. Lett. 1261 - 1 262 ( 1999) and/or International PCT Publ ication No. WO 2005/075459 A I of Euro-Celtique S.A., "Lit 2" refers to the procedures described in U.S. Patent No. 6,635,653 by Goehring et ai, and "Lit 3" refers to the procedures described in the publication Dudash et al , "Synthesis and evaluation of 3-anilino- quinoxali nones as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 15(21 :4790-4793 (2005).

Compounds A l and A2 are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

A piperidinium salt of structure A l can be reacted with a primary amine in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, under reflux conditions in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate, as described in reference "Lit 1 " to provide the l -(substituted)piperidine-4-one Compound A3. As described in reference "Lit 2," Compound A3 can also be prepared by alkylation of a piperidine-4-one of structure A2 with an alkyl bromide or alkyl iodide in a suitable solvent, such as dimethyl formamide, MeCN or DMSO, in the presence of an inorganic base, such as potassium carbonate, or an organic base, such as DIEA. As described in reference "Lit 2," Compound A3 can also be prepared by reductive amination of Compound A2 with an aldehyde or ketone using either sodium

triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride in a suitable solvent, such as DCM or MeOH, respectively. Compound A3 can then be reductively aminated with a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,2- phenylenediamine using sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride in a suitable solvent, such as DCM or MeOH, respectively, to provide Compound A4, as described in reference "Lit 2. " Compound A4 can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, and reacted with ethyl 2- chloro-2-oxoacetate in the presence of a base, such as TEA, followed by treatment with an alkali metal alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide, in a suitable solvent, such as MeOH or EtOH, to provide

Compound A5.

Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 2 (Scheme B)

Scheme B

In Scheme B and the other schemes, "Lit l b" refers to the procedures described in International PCT Publication No. WO 2005/075459 Al of Euro-Celtique S.A. As described in reference "Lit l b," Compound A3 can be reacted with 50% aqueous hydroxylamine in a suitable solvent, such as hexanes, to provide an intermediate hydroxylamine which can be converted to an oxime by dehydration in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, under reflux conditions using a Dean-Stark apparatus. The oxime intermediate can be reduced to the primary amine Compound B l by catalytic hydrogenation using a catalyst, such as rhodium on alumina, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, under a hydrogen atmosphere at a pressure of l atm or greater in a suitable apparatus, such as a Parr Hydrogenator, according to reference "Lit l b. " Compound B l can be reacted with ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate in the presence of a base, such as TEA, to provide Compound B2. Compound B2 can be reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted 2-halo- l -nitrobenzene (where the halo is fluoride or chloride) in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate, in a suitable solvent, such as MeCN, under reflux conditions to provide Compound B3. Compound B3 can be treated with a hydrogenation catalyst, such as Raney nickel, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, under a hydrogen atmosphere, and the product immediately treated with an alkali metal alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide, in a suitable solvent, such as MeOH or EtOH, to provide Compound A5.

4.3.1.1.3 Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 3 (Scheme C)

Scheme C

In Scheme C and the other schemes, "Lit 4" refers to the reference Rylander, "Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds," in Hydrogenation Methods pp. 104- 1 1 6 (Academic Press, London, 1985), which provides a review of the methods available for the reduction of nitro groups, and " Lit 5" refers to the Zinin reduction procedures described in the reference Porter, "The Zinin Reduction of Nitroarenes," Org. Reactions, 20:455-481 (1973).

Compound C I is commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art. Compound C I can be reacted with an acid chloride RC(=0)C1, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl chloride, or anhydride (RC(=0)) ₂ 0, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic anhydride, and a base, such as TEA, in a suitable solvent, such as DCM or THF, to provide Compound C2. Compound C2 can be converted to

Compound C3 in a two step procedure by hydrolysis of the ester to the carboxylic acid using an appropriate base, such as aqueous NaOH, followed by treatment with diphenyl phosphorazidate ("(PhO) ₂ P(=0)N ₃ ") and phenylmethanol ("BnOH") under Curtius rearrangement conditions. The benzyloxycarbonyl group of Compound C3 can then be removed under hydrogenolysis conditions using a noble metal catalyst, e.g. , pal ladium on carbon, under a hydrogen atmosphere, to provide Compound C4. Compound C4 can be reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted 2-halo- l -nitrobenzene (where the halo is fluoride or chloride) (similar to steps described in Scheme B) to provide Compound C5. In the next step, Compound C5 can be converted to Compound C6 using a catalyst, such as Raney nickel, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, under a hydrogen atmosphere as described in reference "Lit

4. " Compound C5 can also be converted to Compound C6 by chemical means, such as with Zn, Sn(II) chloride or Fe, or using sulfides or polysulfides by the Zinin Reduction as described in reference "Lit

5. " Compound C6 can then be treated with ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate and a base, such as TEA, in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, followed by treatment with an alkali metal alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, to provide Compound C7. Compound A5 can be prepared by alkylation of Compound C7 with an alkyl bromide or alkyl iodide or by reductive animation of Compound C7 with an aldehyde or ketone, each as described in Scheme A.

4.3.1. 1.4 Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 4 (Scheme D)

Scheme D

Compound D l is commercially available or can be prepared from Compound C I by methods known to the art. Compound D2 can be prepared from Compound D l in a similar manner to the preparation of Compound C4 from Compound C l in Scheme C. Compound D2 can be reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted 2-halo- l-nitrobenzene (where the halo is fluoride or chloride) (similar to steps described in Scheme B) to provide Compound D3. In the next step (similar to steps described in Scheme B), Compound D3 can be converted to Compound D4 by treatment with a hydrogenation catalyst, such as Raney nickel, in a suitable sol vent, such as EtOH, under a hydrogen atmosphere, or by chemical means using a reducing agent, such as Zn, Sn(II) chloride or Fe, or usi ng sulfide or polysulfides by the Zinin Reduction as described in Scheme C. Thereafter (simi lar to steps described in Scheme A), Compound D4 can be treated with ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate in the presence of a base, such as TEA, followed by treatment with an alkal i metal alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH, to provide Compound D5. Compound D5 can be hydrogenolyzed using a noble metal catalyst, e.g. , palladium on carbon, in a suitable solvent, such as MeOH or EtOH, under a hydrogen atmosphere to provide Compound C7. Compound A5 can be prepared by alkylation of Compound C7 with an alkyl bromide or alkyl iodide or by reductive amination of Compound C7 with an aldehyde or ketone (simi lar to steps described in Scheme C).

4.3.1 .1 .5 Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 5 (Scheme E)

Scheme E

As shown in Scheme E, Compound A3 can be converted to Compound E l under reductive amination conditions using a BOC protected, substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,2-phenylenediamine and a reducing agent, such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodi um cyanoborohydride, in a suitable solvent, such as DCM or MeOH, respectively as described in reference "Lit 2." The BOC protecting group can be removed using acidic conditions, such as using HCI or TFA, to provide an intermediate which can be converted to Compound A5 in a two step procedure using ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate and a base, such as TEA, followed by reaction with an alkali metal alkoxide, such as sodium ethoxide, in a suitable solvent, such as EtOH. Where substituent groups A and B together form a bridge, e.g. , a two carbon bridge, the "exo" and "endo" isomers which result can be conveniently separated using flash column chromatography.

4.3.1 . 1 .6 Synthesis of Compound A5: Method 6 (Scheme F)

Scheme F

In Scheme F, Compound A5 can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent Application

Publication US 2010/0022519 A l for example, at paragraph [ 1364] and thereafter. Briefly, the primary amine Fl , where -Z-R, can be cyclooctyl, adamantyl or noradamantyl, for example, can be treated with a piperidone salt in a polar solvent, such as EtOH or MeOH containing water, and an inorganic base, such as potassium carbonate, under reflux for from about 4 hours to about 6 hours to provide

Compound F2. Compound F2 can then be treated with a substituted or unsubstituted 1 ,2- phenylenediamine and AcOH in a solvent, such as TH F or 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, to provide an imine, which can be reduced with sodium triacetoxyborohydnde to provide Compound F3. Compound F3 can be treated with oxalyl dichloride in a non-aqueous solvent, such as DCM, and a base, such as TEA, to provide an amide which can be cycl ized to a Compound A5 using potassium carbonate in a polar solvent, such as EtOH.

4.3.1.2 Methods for Making Compound G l from Compound A5

Two alternative methods for making Compound G l from Compound A5 are shown below.

4.3.1.2.1 Synthesis of Compound G 1 : Method 1 (Scheme G)

Scheme G

A5 G1

In Scheme G, Compound G l can be obtained by chlorinating Compound A5, e.g. , by adding a chlorinating agent, such as thionyl chloride, phosphorus oxychloride or phosphorus pentachloride, to a mixture of Compound A5, DMF, and a base, such as TEA, in a solvent with a high boiling point, such as toluene or xylene, under reflux conditions such as is described in reference "Lit 3." Synthesis of Compound G l : Method 2 (Scheme H)

Scheme H

G1

In Scheme H, Compound A2 can be converted to the 2-chloroquinoxaline Compound G I using thionyl chloride in a solvent, such as DCM, using the procedures described in, e.g. , Pizey, "Thionyl Chloride," Ch. 4 in Synthetic Reagents, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Vol. 1 , pp. 321 -357 ( 1974).

4.3.1 .3 Methods or Making Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la) from Quinoxaline-2,3( l //,4H)-diones

Four alternative methods for making Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds of Formula (la) from quinoxal ine-2,3( IH4H)-diones are shown below.

4.3. 1.3. 1 Synthesis of Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la):

Method 1 (Scheme I)

Scheme 1

In Scheme I, Compound G l is reacted with urea-containing ring Compound I I in the pres base such as l ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) or sodium hydride (NaH) to provide Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la). In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent, such as NMP, at an elevated temperature (e.g., from about 100°C to about 120°C).

4.3.1 .3.2 Synthesis of Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la):

Method 2 (Scheme J)

Scheme J

In Scheme J, palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of Compound G I with Compound II using 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9,-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos) as a ligand, in the presence of a base (e.g. , Cs ₂ C0 ₃ ) provides Cycl ic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la). In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent, such as 1 ,4-dioxane, at an elevated temperature (e.g., from about 1 10°C to about 120°C).

4.3.1 .3.3 Synthesis of Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la):

Method 3 (Scheme K)

Scheme

In Scheme , Compound G l is reacted with urea-containing ring Compound I I in the presence of potassium phosphate ( ₃ P0 ₄ ) and copper(I) iodide (Cul) to provide Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la). In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent, such as DMSO, at an elevated temperature (e.g. , from about 90°C to about lO0°C).

4.3. 1 .3.4 Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la):

Method 4 (Scheme L)

Scheme L

G1 L2 (la) In Scheme L, Compound Gl is reacted with Compound L I in the presence of a base to provide a compound L2. In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as THF at a temperature of about 25°C. In the next step, Compound L2 is reacted with di( l H-imidazol-l - yl)methanone ("CDI") to provide Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la). In one embodiment, this step is carried out in an organic solvent, such as 1 ,4-dioxane, at an elevated temperature (e.g., from about 100°C to about 1 20°C).

4.3.2. 1 Methods for Making Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of

Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), Formula (Id), and Formula (le) Preparation of Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formulae (lb) through (le) can be carried out through a multiple step process. First, the reaction of Compound A5 with a chlorinating agent provides Compound G 1 . Compound G 1 is then reacted with a 2- methoxypyridine boronic acid or 2-methoxypyridine-substituted trialkyl stannyl compound M l , M2, M3, or M4 in the presence of a metal catalyst to provide Compounds M5 through M8, respectively. These compounds are subsequently converted to Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (lb) through (le), respectively. Methods for preparing Compound A5 are shown in Schemes A-F above. Methods for chlorinating Compound A5 to provide Compound G l are shown in Schemes G and H above. Methods for making Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formulae (lb) through (le) from Compound G l are shown in Scheme M below.

methoxy-substituted aryl boronic acid or methoxy-substituted trialkyl stannyl compound in the presence of a metal catalyst to provide Compound M2, Compound N2, or Compound P2, which is subsequently converted to a Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), or Formula (Id), respectively. Methods for preparing Compound A5 are shown in Schemes A-F above. Methods for chlorinating Compound A5 to provide Compound G 1 are shown in Schemes G and H above. Methods for making Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (lb), Formula (Ic), and Formula (Id) from Compound G l are shown in Schemes M, N, and P below. 4.3.2.1 Methods or Making Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (la) from Quinoxaline-2,3( lH,4H)-diones (Scheme M)

Scheme M

G 1 M7 (Id)

st Z-R! Z-R-,

G1 M8 (le)

In Scheme M, Compound G l is first reacted with Compound M l , M2, M3, or M4

presence of a metal catalyst to provide Compound M5 through M8, respectively. In certain embodiments, the Mt group can be boron, the X | and X ₂ groups can each be hydroxyl, and the X ₃ group is absent. In other embodiments, the Mt group can be boron, the X ) and X ₂ groups, taken together, can form a (4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l ,3,-dioxaborolan-2-yl) moiety, and the X ₃ group is absent. In yet other embodiments, the Mt group can be tin, and the X |, X ₂ , and X ₃ groups can each be, independently, (C C ) alkyl groups (e.g., n-butyl groups). The reaction of Compound G l and Compounds M l , M2, M3, or M4 can occur in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as a palladium catalyst. In particular embodiments, cesium carbonate can be added to improve the yield of Compound M5, M6, M7, and/or M.8. Additionally, a base such as TEA can be added to the reaction mixture. Compound M5, M6, M7, or M8 can then be converted to a Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (lb), (Ic), (Id), or (le), respectively. In certain embodiments, the reaction can be conducted in the presence of an acid such as 2N HCI or iodotrimethylsi lane. In alternative embodiments, the reaction can be conducted in the presence of a base such as potassi um hydroxide.

.2 Synthesis of Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds of Formulae (Ic'), (Tc"), and (lc'") (Scheme N)

Scheme N

(IC") (Ic")

In Scheme N, Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound (Ic') is prepared from Compound G l by a simi lar procedure as described for Compound M6 in Scheme M above. Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound (lc') can be reacted with (E)-acetaldehyde oxime in the presence of a metal catalyst to provide Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound (Ic"). In one embodiment, the metal catalyst is a rhodium catalyst (e.g. , h(PPh ₃ );,CI). Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound (Ic") can be hydrolyzed under basic conditions to provide a Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (Ic'"). 4.3.3 Methods for Making N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds of Formula (If) (Scheme O)

Scheme O

(lb) (If)

In Scheme O, a Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (lb) is reacted with alkylating agent R90-X to provide a V-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (If). In certain embodi ments, the alkylating agent R90-X can be an a- halo ester. In other embodiments, the alkylating agent can be a β-halo ester. In embodiments where the alkylating agent is an a ct-halo ester or a β-halo ester, the resultant ester functionality can be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acid or base catalyzed conditions. It will be understood by one of skil l in the art that, inter alia, a Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (Ic), (Id), or (Ie) can be alkylated in similar fashion as shown in Scheme O.

4.3.4 Methods for Making Saturated N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ig) (Scheme P)

Scheme P

(if) PI (ig) In Scheme P, a N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (If) is hydrogenated in the presence of a platinum catalyst to provide Compound P I .

Compound P I is next reacted with 4,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa- l ,4-diene-l ,2-dicarbonitrile (DDQ) to provide N-Substituted Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ig). In certain embodiments, the reaction between P I and DDQ is carried out in DCM at about 25°C.

4.3.5 Methods for Making Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidi ne

Compounds of Formula (Ih)

Preparation of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ih), where Y , is sulfur, can be carried out through the reaction of a quinoxaline- 2,3( 1 H,4H)-dithione (e.g., Compound Ql ) with a halogenating agent followed by reaction with a compound comprising a urea-containing ring. Preparation of Compound Q l from Compound A5 (Scheme Q) and subsequent conversion of Compound Q l to a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (Ih) (Scheme R) are described below.

4.3.5. 1 Synthesis of Compound Q l from Compound A5 (Scheme Q)

Scheme Q

In Scheme Q and the other schemes, "Lit 6" refers to the reference Perregaard et al , "Studies on Organophosphorus Compounds XVI II*. Oxidation of Tertiary Alicycl ic Amines with Elemental Sulfur in Hexainethylphosphoric Triamide (HMPA). Oxidative Rearrangements of Hexahydroazepines and

Octahydroazocines to bis(3-Pyrrolyl)PolysuIfides.," &<//. Soc. Chim. Belg. 86:679-691 ( 1 977).

Compound Q l , comprising a quinoxaline-2,3( lH,4H)-dithione, can be made by, e.g. , reacting

Compound A5 {i. e. , comprising a quinoxaIine-2,3( lH,4H)-dione) with Lawesson's reagent (i.e. , 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyI)- 1 ,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disulfide) according to the procedure described in reference "Lit 6." In one embodiment, Compound Q l can be made by reacting Compound A5 with Lawesson's reagent in a nonpolar solvent, such as THF or toluene, at a temperature of about

100°C for about 2-3 hours as shown above.

4.3.5.2 Synthesis of Cyclic Urea-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ih) from Compound Q l (Scheme R)

Scheme R

Q1 (Ih)

In Scheme R, Compound Q l is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as toluene, and reacted with methyl iodide in the presence of a base, such as DI EA, to generate an intermediate compound which is reacted with urea-containing ring Compound I I to provide Cycl ic Urea-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Ih).

4.3.6 Methods for Making Specific Stereoisomeric Forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I)

Specific stereoisomeric forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type

Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared using methods described above. As described below, the desired stereochemical form can be introduced into the optionally-bridged piperidine portion of the molecule prior to the addition of the quinoxaline portion of the molecule.

4.3.6.1 Synthesis of Stereoisomeric Forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Precursors (Scheme S)

Scheme S

In Scheme S, Compound S3 can be prepared according to the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2010/0216726 A l , for example, at paragraph [ 1745] and thereafter.

Briefly, Compound S I can be converted to oxime Compound S2 using aqueous hydroxylamine in an acidic solvent, such as AcOH. Compound S2 can be reduced to an endo amine Compound S3 by hydrogenation using a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum oxide, in a solvent, such as AcOH.

4.3.6.2 Alternative Synthesis of Stereoisomeric Forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Precursors (Scheme T)

Scheme T

S1

1 ) NH ₂ OH

2) Reduction (Lit 8)

T1 In Scheme T and the other schemes, "Lit 7" refers to Berdini et al, "A Modified Palladium Catalyzed Reductive Amination Procedure," Tetrahedron, 58:5669-5674 (2002) and "Lit 8" refers to Lewin et al, "Molecular Features Associated with Polyamine Modulation of NMDA Receptors," J. Med. Chem. 41:988-995 ( 1 998).

Compound S I , where substituent groups A and B together form a bridge, e.g., a two carbon bridge, is commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

When substituent groups A and B together form a bridge, e.g. , a two carbon bridge, Compound S I can be converted to Compound S3, the "endo" isomer, under reductive amination conditions using, e.g. , ammonium formate and a noble metal catalyst, e.g. , palladium on carbon, in a solvent, such as EtOH or MeOH, as described in reference "Lit 7." Similarly, where substituent groups A and B together form a bridge, e.g., a two carbon bridge, Compound SI can be reacted with aqueous hydroxylamine in a solvent, such as hexanes, to form an intermediate hydroxylamine, which can be converted to its oxime by dehydration in a solvent with a high boiling point, such as toluene, under Dean-stark conditions. The oxime intermediate can be converted to Compound Tl , the "exo" isomer, by reduction using, e.g. , sodium in propanol as described in reference "Lit 8."

4.3.6.3 Synthesis of Stereoisomers Forms of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I) from

Compound S3 (Scheme U)

Scheme U

In Scheme U, Compound U2 can be prepared according to the methods described in U. S. Patent Application Publication US 201 0/021 6726 A l , for example, at paragraph [ 1745] and thereafter. Briefly, amine Compound S3 or its salt, such as the acetate, can be reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted 2-fluoronitrobenzene in a polar solvent, such as MeCN or DMF, and a base, such as TEA or potassium carbonate, to provide Compound U 1 . Compound U l can be reduced to Compound U2 by hydrogenation using a noble metal catalyst, such as palladium on charcoal or Raney nickel, in a solvent, such as EtOAc or DCM. Thereafter, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (I) can be prepared using methods described in Sections 4.3.1 through 4.3.5.

Alternatively, Compound U2 can be reacted with Compound U3 to provide Compound M5'. The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a dilute acid, such as AcOH. In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in EtOH at a temperature of from about 80°C to about 100°C. Alkoxide

Compound 5' can then be converted into the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (lb'), e.g. , as described in the final step of Scheme or using LiOH in THF:H ₂ 0 as disclosed in the final step in Scheme 1 of Bulusu et al, "Selective photochemical cleavage of an a-ketoamide in a highly functionalised macrolide ascomycin," Tetrahedron Lett.

45( 12):2527-2530 (2004).

In these embodiments, the final product of the reaction, i. e. , the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of Formula (I), has a percent diastereomeric excess (% de) of at least about 90%. In another embodiment, the final product of the reaction has a % de of at least about 95%. I n another embodiment, the final product of the reaction has a % de of at least about 97%. In another embodiment, the final product of the reaction has a % de of at least about 98%. In another embodiment, the final product of the reaction has a % de of at least about 99%. In another embodiment, the final product of the reaction has a % de of greater than 99% {e.g. , 99. 1 % to 99.9%).

4.3.7 Methods for Making 3-Chloroquinoxalin-2( lH)-one Intermediates and Cycl or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds Comprising a 3-(Bicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonanyl) R, Group (Scheme V)

Scheme V

(Γ) V6

In Scheme V, 2-adamantanone V I can be dissolved in TFA and treated with a peracid, such sodium percarbonate, at from about 20°C to about 30°C to provide a lactone Compound V2.

Compound V2 can be hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl acid using sodium hydroxide in a solvent, such as MeOH, under reflux. The stereochemistry of the acid epimerizes from endo to exo. The hydroxyl acid can be dehydrated to Compound V3 using an acid, such as methanesulfonic acid, in a solvent, such as toluene, by azeotropic drying. Compound V3 can be hydrogenated using a catalyst, such as palladium on charcoal, in a mixed solvent system, such as MeOH and EtOAc, to provide a mixture of acid Compound V4 and its methyl ester (Compound V4', not shown). The mixture can be hydrolyzed to the acid Compound V4 using sodium hydroxide in aqueous MeOH. Compound V4 can be converted to Compound V5 using di-phenyl phosphoryl azide and TEA in a solvent, such as toluene, in a Curtius type reaction to provide an isocyanate that can be hydrolyzed to the amine of Compound V5 using sodium hydroxide in aqueous THF or another aprotic water miscible solvent. The isolated amine of Compound V5 can be converted to its hydrochloride salt by treatment with hydrochloric acid.

Compound V5 can be converted to a 2-chloroquinoxaline Compound V6 according to the methods described in Sections 4.3.1. 1 and 4.3.1.2. Compound V6 can be converted to Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (Γ) according to the methods described in Sections 4.3.1.3 through 4.3.5.

4.3.8 Methods for Making 3-Chloroquinoxalin-2( lH)-one Intermediates and Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds Comprising a 3-(7-Methylbicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonanyl) R, Group (Scheme W)

Scheme W

In Scheme W, 1 ,3-dihydroxyadamantane W l can be treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine at a temperature of about 70°C for from about 2h to about 6h to provide Compound W2. Compound W2 can be hydrogenated to Compound W3 using platinum oxide in a non-polar solvent, such cyclohexane. Compound W3 can be converted to the oxime Compound W4 using hydroxylamine in AcOH at a temperature from about 25°C to about 40°C. Compound W4 can be reacted with sodi um metal and zso-propanol in a solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature of about 100°C to provide the amine of Compound W5. The isolated amine of Compound W5 can be converted to its hydrochloride salt by treatment with hydrochloric acid in a solvent, such as Et ₂ 0. Compound W5 can be converted to Compound W6 according to the methods described in Sections 4.3.1 .1 and 4.3.1 .2. Compound W6 can be converted to Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I") according to the method described in Sections 4.3.1.3 through 4.3.5.

4.4 Therapeutic Uses of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds

In accordance with the disclosure, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are administered to an animal in need of treatment or prevention of a Condition.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting the activity of the ORL-1 receptor. Examples of Conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting the activity of the ORL- 1 receptor include, but are not limited to: pain (CNS effect), memory disorders, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, and Parkinsonism.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by activating the ORL- 1 receptor. Examples of Conditions that are treatable or preventable by activating the ORL- 1 receptor include, but are not l imited to, pain (PNS effect), anxiety, cough, diarrhea, blood pressure disorder (via vasodi lation and via diuresis), epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, and drug abuse.

The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. Examples of pain that can be treated or prevented using a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound include, but are not limited to, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post-operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, arthritic pain, and pain associated with a periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammation or with an inflammatory disease in an animal. Such pain can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue which can be a local inflammatory response or a systemic inflammation. For example, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to, organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et ai, "Protection against Hypoxia- reoxygenation in the Absence of Poly (ADP-ribose) Synthetase in Isolated Working Hearts," J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31_:297-303 ( 1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel

2 -»

J J - diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory disease of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory disease of the skin, incl uding sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related

neurodegeneration and Alzheimer 's disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephal itis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II diabetes me!litus; diabetic compl ications, including, but not limited to, diabetic cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy (such as microalbuminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy), gangrene of the feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma, foot ulcers, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis l ipoidica diabeticorum), immune-complex vascul itis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory disease of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and artherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exempl ified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. , shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g. , by a chemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.

The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with nerve injury {i. e. , neuropathic pain). Chronic neuropathic pain is a heterogenous disease state with an unclear etiology. In chronic neuropathic pain, the pain can be mediated by multiple mechanisms. This type of pain generally arises from inj ury to the peri pheral or central nervous tissue. The syndromes include pain associated with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy and lower back pain. The chronic pain is different from acute pain in that chronic neuropathic pain patients suffer the abnormal pain sensations that can be described as spontaneous pain, continuous superficial burning and/or deep aching pain. The pain can be evoked by heat-, cold-, and mechano-hyperalgesia, or by heat-, cold-, or mechano-allodynia.

Chronic neuropathic pain can be caused by injury or infection of peripheral sensory nerves. It includes, but is not limited to, pain from peripheral nerve trauma, herpes virus infection, diabetes mellitus, causalgia, plexus avulsion, neuroma, limb amputation, and vasculitis. Neuropathic pain can also be caused by nerve damage from chronic alcoholism, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hypothyroidism, uremia, or vitamin deficiencies. Stroke (spinal or brain) and spinal cord injury can also induce neuropathic pain. Cancer-related neuropathic pain results from tumor growth compression of adjacent nerves, brain, or spinal cord. In addition, cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause nerve injury. Neuropathic pain includes but is not limited to pain caused by nerve injury such as, for example, the pain from which diabetics suffer.

The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a migraine including, but not l imited to, migraine without aura ("common migraine"), migraine with aura ("classic migraine"), migraine without headache, basilar migraine, familial hemiplegic migraine, migrainous infarction, and migraine with prolonged aura.

According to the disclosure, some of the^Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compounds are agonists at the ORL- 1 receptor, some of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are partial agonists at the ORL- 1 receptor, and some of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds are antagonists at the ORL- 1 receptor. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound is an agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidi ne Compound is a partial agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an antagonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a partial agonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an antagonist at the ORL- 1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. The disclosure also provides methods for inhibiting ORL- 1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor with an amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound effective to inhibit ORL- 1 receptor function in the cell. This method can be adapted for use in vitro as part of an assay to select compounds that can be useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal. Alternatively, this method can be adapted for use in vivo, {i. e., in an animal such as a human) by contacting a cell in the animal with an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, or Parkinsonism in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention.

The disclosure also relates to methods for activating ORL- 1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor with an amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound effective to activate ORL- 1 receptor function in the cell. This method can be adapted for use in vitro as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing, pain, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse. Alternatively, the method can be adapted for use in vivo {i.e. , in an animal such as a human), by contacting a cell in the animal with an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/chachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention.

Examples of tissue comprising cells capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor include but are not limited to brain, spinal cord, vas deferens, and gastrointestinal tract tissue. Methods for assaying cells that express the ORL- 1 receptor are known in the art; for example, see Shimohigashi et ai , "Sensitivity of Opioid Receptor-like Receptor ORL1 for Chemical Modification on Nociceptin, a Naturally Occurring Nociceptive Peptide," J. Biol. Chem. 274 (39):23642-23645 ( 1 996); Narita et al , "Identification of the G-protein Coupled ORL 1 Receptor in the Mouse Spinal Cord by [^SJ-GTPyS Binding and Immunohistochemistry," Brit. J. Pharmacol. 128: 1 300- 1306 ( 1999); Milligan, "Principles: Extending the Util ity of [ ³⁵ S]GTPyS Binding Assays," 77PS 24(2):87-90 (2003); and Lazareno, "Measurement of Agonist-stimulated [ ⁵ S]GTPyS Binding to Cell Membranes," Methods in Molecular Biolosv 106:231 -245 ( 1999). 4.5 Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Compositions of the Disclosure

Due to their activity, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are advantageously useful in human and veterinary medicine. As described above, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof. The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of the disclosure can be administered to any animal requiring modulation of the opioid and/or ORL- 1 receptors.

When administered to an animal, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions, which comprise a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, can be administered orally. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithel ial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with a second therapeutically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, multiparticulates, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The method of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration wi ll result in the release of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound into the bloodstream.

in specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-

Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound locally. This can be achieved, for example and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or enema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound into the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal, and epidural injection, and enema. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g. , by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

When a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure is incorporated for parenteral administration by injection (e.g. , continuous infusion or bolus injection), the formulation for parenteral administration can be in the form of a suspension, solution, emulsion in an oily or aqueous vehicle, and such formulations can further comprise pharmaceutically necessary additives such as one or more stabilizing agents, suspending agents, dispersing agents, and the like. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure can also be in the form of a powder for reconstitution as an injectable formulation.

In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a l iposome (see Langer, "New Methods of Drug Del ivery," Science 249: 1527- 1 533 ( 1990); and Treat et ah , "Liposome Encapsulated Doxorubicin Preliminary Results of Phase I and Phase II Trials," pp. 3 17-327 and 353-365 in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer ( 1989)).

In yet another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound can be delivered in a control led-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, "Dental Applications," n Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Vol. 2, Applications and Evaluation, Langer and Wise, eds., CRC Press, Chapter 6, pp. 1 1 5- 138 ( 1984), hereafter

"Goodson"). Other controlled- or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249: 1527- 1 533 ( 1990) can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science

249: 1 527-1 533 ( 1990); Sefton, "Implantable Pumps," in CRC Crit. Rev. Diomed. Eng. J_4(3):201 -240 ( 1 987); Buchwald et ah , "Long-term, Continuous Intravenous Heparin Administration by an

Implantable Infusion Pump in Ambulatory Patients with Recurrent Venous Thrombosis, " Surgery 88:507-5 16 ( 1980); and Saudek et ah, "A Preliminary Trial of the Programmable Implantable

Medication System for Insulin Delivery," New Engl. J. Med. 321:574-579 ( 1 989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Goodson; Smolen et ah , "Drug Product Design and Performance," Controlled Drug Bioavailability Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York ( 1 984); Langer et ah , "Chemical and Physical Structure of Polymers as Carriers for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents: A Review," J. Macromoh Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. C23( l):61 - 126 ( 1983); Levy et ah, "Inhibition of Calcification of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves by Local Controlled-Release Diphosphonate," Science 228: 190-192 ( 1985); During et al , "Controlled Release of Dopamine from a Polymeric Brain Implant: In Vivo Characterization," Ann. Neurol. 25:351-356 ( 1989); and Howard et al, "Intracerebral drug delivery in rats with lesion-induced memory deficits," J. Neurosurg. 71 : 105-1 12 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, e.g. , the spinal column, brain, or gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

The compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the animal. Such a pharmaceutical excipient can be a di luent, suspending agent, solubi lizer, binder, disintegrant, preservative, coloring agent, lubricant, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be a liquid, such as water or an oi l, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oi l, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal si lica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is sterile when administered to an animal. Water is a particularly useful excipient when a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim mi lk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, EtOH, and the like. The compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Specific examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients that can be used to formulate oral dosage forms are described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (Amer. Pharmaceutical Ass'n, Washington, DC, 1986), incorporated herein by reference.

The compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pi lls, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule {see, e.g. , U.S. Patent No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described by Radebough et al , "Preformulation," pp. 1447- 1676 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (Gennaro, ed., 19 ^th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, PA, 1 995), incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to human beings. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound to be orally delivered can be in the form of tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, lozenges, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, for example. When a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is incorporated into oral tablets, such tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film- coated, multiply compressed or multiply layered. Techniques and compositions for making sol id oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (Lieberman et ai , eds., 2" ^d Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989 & 1990). Techniques and compositions for making tablets (compressed and molded), capsules (hard and soft gelatin) and pil ls are also described by King, "Tablets, Capsules, and Pi lls," pp. 1 553- 1 593 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Osol, ed., 16 ^th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, PA, 1980).

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, optional ly containing one or more suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspendi ng agents, di luents, sweeteners, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and the like. Techniques and composition for making liquid oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems

(Lieberman et al., eds., 2 ^nd Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996 & 1 998).

When a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound is to be injected parenterally, it can be, e.g. , in the form of an isotonic sterile solution. Alternatively, when a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is to be inhaled, it can be formulated into a dry aerosol or can be formulated into an aqueous or partial ly aqueous solution.

An orally administered Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment, the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be formulated for intravenous administration. Γη certain embodiments, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as benzocaine or prilocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound can be administered by control led-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are known to those in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos.

3,845,770, 3,916,899, 3,536,809, 3,598, 123, 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591 ,767, 5, 120,548, 5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cel lulose, ethylcell ulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, multiparticulates, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the disclosure. The disclosure thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

Controlled- or sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions can have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled or non-sustained-release counterparts. In one embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound to treat or prevent the Condition or a symptom thereof in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased compliance. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can initial ly release an amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in the body, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or avai lability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

The amount of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine

Compound that is effective for the treatment or prevention of a Condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro and/or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed wi ll also depend on, e.g. , the route of administration and the seriousness of the Condition, and can be decided according to the j udgment of a practitioner and/or each animal's circumstances. In other examples thereof, variations will necessari ly occur depending upon the weight and physical condition (e.g. , hepatic and renal function) of the animal being treated, the affliction to be treated, the severity of the symptoms, the frequency of the dosage interval, the presence of any deleterious side-effects, and the particular compound utilized, among other things.

Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, range from about O.O l mg/kg of body weight to about 3000mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day, although they are, in certain embodiments, from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 2500mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day or from about O.O l mg/kg of body weight to about l OOOmg/kg of body weight of the animal per day. In another embodiment, the effective dosage amount is about l OOmg/kg of body weight of the animal per day or less. In another embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about O.O l mg/kg of body weight to about lOOmg/kg of body weight of the animal per day of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, in another embodiment, about 0.02mg/kg of body weight to about 50mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day, and in another embodiment, about 0.025mg/kg of body weight to about 20mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day.

Administration can be as a single dose or as a divided dose. In one embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 24hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 12hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 8hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 6hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 4hr unti l the Condition is abated. The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

Where a cell capable of expressing the ORL- 1 receptor, the μ-opioid receptor, the κ-opioid receptor and/or the δ-opioid receptor is contacted with a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in vitro, the amount effective for inhibiting or activating that receptor function in a cell wi ll, in certain embodiments, range from about l O ^"12 mol/L to about 10 ^"4 mol/L, in one embodiment, from about l O ^"12 mol/L to about 10 ^"5 mol/L, in another embodiment, from about 10 ^" ' ² mol/L to about 10 ^"6 mol/L, and in another embodiment, from about 10 ^"12 mol/L to about 10 ^"9 mol/L of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension comprising the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound will be from about 0.0 l^L to about l mL. In another embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension wil l be about 200μί.

An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity ( ;) for the human ORL- 1 receptor of about l OOOnM or less in one embodiment, or about 500nM or less in another embodiment, about Ι ΟΟηΜ or less in another embodiment, about 50nM or less in another embodiment, or about 20n or less in another embodiment, or about 5nM or less in another embodiment. The binding affinity K _t can be measured in ways known to the art, e.g., by an assay utilizing membranes from recombinant ΗΈ -293 cells expressing the ORL- 1 receptor.

In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a Ki (nM) of about 300 or less for binding to ORL- 1 receptors. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K.; (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K, (nM) of about 35 or less. In another

embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Ki (nM) of about 20 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Kj (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K, (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Kj (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a | (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K, (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a j (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

ORL- 1 OTP EC ₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at an ORL- 1 receptor. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate ORL- 1 receptor function. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1000 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxali ne-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL-1 GTP EC _S0 (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 80 or less. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅ 0 (nM) of about 50 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1 5 or less. In another

embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 0.1 or less. ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by nociceptin, a standard ORL- 1 agonist. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure acting as an agonist has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 50% or greater. In one embodiment, agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 75% or greater. In another embodiment, agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 85% or greater. In another

embodiment, agonist Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 95% or greater. In another embodiment, agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 100% or greater. In certain embodiments, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure acting as a partial agonist has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 10%. In one embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 20%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 30%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 40%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 50%.

In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity ( ;) for the human μ-opioid receptor of about Ι ΟΟΟηΜ or less in one embodiment, or about 500nM or less in another embodiment, about Ι ΟΟηΜ or less in another embodiment, about 50nM or less in another embodiment, or about 20nM or less in another embodiment, or about 5nM or less in another embodiment.

In certain embodi ments, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a _: (nM) for the human μ-opioid receptor of about 3000 or less for binding to a human μ-opioid receptor, or about 1 000 or less, or about 650 or less, or about 525 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity.

μ GTP EC ₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human μ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human μ-opioid receptor function, or about 10,000 or less. In other embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate human μ-opioid receptor function, or about 4100 or less, or about 3100 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about I or less, or about 0.4 or less.

μ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by

DAMGO, a standard μ agonist. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 20% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 65% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 88% or greater. In other embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a j (nM) of about 20,000 or less for binding to a human κ-opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound has substantial ly no activity. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compound that bind to the human κ-opioid receptor has a K, (nM) of about 10,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 20 or less, or about 1 5 or less.

K GTP EC ₅ o is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human κ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human κ-opioid receptor function, or about 1 0,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1500 or less, or about 800 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 25 or less.

GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect el icited by

U69,593. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 1 5% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 40% or greater, or about 45% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater. In other embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a Kj (nM) of about 20,000 or less for binding to a human δ-opioid receptor. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity. In other embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound that binds to the human δ-opioid receptor has a j (nM) of about 10,000 or less, or about 9000 or less, or about 7500 or less, or about 6500 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 3000 or less, or about 2500 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 350 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less.

δ GTP EC ₅ o is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human δ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human δ-opioid receptor function, or about 10,000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 1 00 or less, or about 90 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 25 or less or less.

δ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect el icited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by met-enkephalin. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or about 100% or greater. In other embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 1 0% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

The Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

The methods for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof can further comprise co-administering to the animal being administered a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound (i.e. , a first therapeutic agent) a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

An effective amount of the second therapeutic agent wi ll be known to those skilled the art depending on the agent. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the second therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range. An Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and the second therapeutic agent combined can act either additively or synergistical ly to treat the same Condition, or they may act independently of each other such that the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound treats or prevents a first Condition and the second therapeutic agent treats or prevents a second disorder, which can be the same as the first Condition or another disorder. In one embodiment of the disclosure, where a second therapeutic agent is administered to an animal for treatment of a Condition (e.g. , pain), the minimal effective amount of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound will be less than its minimal effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent is not administered. In this embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Pi eridine Compound and the second therapeutic agent can act synergistically to treat or prevent a Condition. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered concurrently with a second therapeutic agent as a single composition comprising an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a second composition comprising an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent are concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered while the second therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the second therapeutic agent is administered whi le the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound exerts its therapeutic effect for treating or preventing a Condition.

The second therapeutic agent can be, but is not l imited to, an opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-I I inhibitor, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, an anti-emetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca ²⁺ -channel blocker, an anti-cancer agent, an agent for treating or preventing U I, an agent for treating or preventing anxiety, an agent for treating or preventing a memory disorder, an agent for treating or preventing obesity, an agent for treating or preventing constipation, an agent for treating or preventing cough, an agent for treating or preventing diarrhea, an agent for treating or preventing high blood pressure, an agent for treating or preventing epilepsy, an agent for treating or preventing

anorexia/cachexia, an agent for treating or preventing drug abuse, an agent for treating or preventing an ulcer, an agent for treating or preventing IBD, an agent for treating or preventing IBS, an agent for treating or preventing addictive disorder, an agent for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating or preventing a stroke, an agent for treating or preventing a seizure, an agent for treating or preventing a pruritic condition, an agent for treating or preventing psychosis, an agent for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea, an agent for treating or preventing ALS, an agent for treating or preventing a cognitive disorder, an agent for treating or preventing a migraine, an agent for inhibiting vomiting, an agent for treating or preventing dyskinesia, an agent for treating or preventing depression, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethy!methylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine,

phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, til id ine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof. Other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following, non-limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, chol ine magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsal icylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; para-am inophenol derivatives including

acetaminophen and phenacetin; indole and indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sul indac, and etodolac; heteroaryl acetic acids, including tol metin, diclofenac, and ketorolac; anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); alkanones, including nabumetone; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof. For a more detailed description of the NSAI Ds, see Insel, "Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout," pp. 617-657 in Goodman & Oilman's The

Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Goodman et al., eds., 9 ^th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1996), and Hanson, "Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs," pp. 1 196-1221 in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol. // (Gennaro, ed., 19 ^th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, PA, 1 995), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Patent No. 6, 136,839, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, celecoxib, DUP-697, flosulide, meloxicam, 6-MNA, L-745337, rofecoxib, nabumetone, nimesulide, NS-398, SC-5766, T-614, L-768277, GR-253035, JTE-522, RS-57067-000, SC-58125, SC-078, PD-138387, NS-398, flosulide, D- 1367, SC-5766, PD- 164387, etoricoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine, methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyl ine, propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone, zolmitriptan, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetyl pheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, niinetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenylmethyl barbituric acid, phenytoin, phethenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topi ramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, zonisamide, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful Ca ²⁺ -channel blockers include, but are not limited to, bepridi l, clentiazem, di ltiazem, fendil ine, gallopamil, mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadi l, terodil ine, verapamil, amiodipine, aranidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradi pine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nil vadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, fantofarone, perhexiline, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing UI include, but are not limited to, propantheline, imipramine, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, dicyclomine, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof. Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxiety include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tiospirone, zolpicone, Zolpidem, and zaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g. , amobarbita!, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; propanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing diarrhea include, but are not limited to, diphenoxylate, loperamide, a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing epi lepsy include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, γ vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, felbamate, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing drug abuse include, but are not limited to, methadone, desiprami ne, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, serotonin antagonists, a pharmaceutical ly acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 5- lipoxygenase inhibitors, anti-emetics, β-adrenergic blockers, antidepressants, and anti-cancer agents are known in the art and can be selected by those skilled in the art. Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing memory disorder, obesity, constipation, cough, high blood pressure, anorexia/cachexia, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, a stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, Huntington's chorea, ALS, a cognitive disorder, a migraine, dyskinesia, depression, and/or treating, preventing or inhibiting vomiting include those that are known in the art and can be selected by those skilled in the art.

A composition of the disclosure is prepared by a method comprising admixing a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Admixing can be accomplished using methods known for admixing a compound (or derivative) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present in the composition in an effective amount. 4.6 Kits

The disclosure further provides kits that can simplify the handling and administration of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to an animal.

A typical kit of the disclosure comprises a unit dosage form of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the unit dosage form comprises a first container, which can be sterile, containing an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to treat or prevent a Condition. The kit can further comprise a unit dosage form of a second therapeutic agent, for example, a second container containing an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent and a

pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Examples of second therapeutic agents include, but are not l imited to, those listed above.

Kits of the disclosure can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such a device include, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch, an inhaler, and an enema bag.

The fol lowing examples are set forth to assist in understanding the invention and should not be construed as specifically limiting the invention described and clai med herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, that would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein.

5. EXAMPLES

Certain Examples below relate to the synthesis of i l lustrative Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. 5.1 Example 1 : Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound B9a by Method 1

I D3 B9a

Compound 1 D3, l -(( l R, l 'R,3^,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)- 3-chloroquinoxalin-2( l H)-one, was prepared as described in Example 7 herein.

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of Compound 1 D3 (0.822mmol, 350mg) in NMP (7mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added l ,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (Compound X30, 2.465mmol, 279mg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and l ,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene ("DBU," i. e. , 2,3,4,6,7,8,9, 1 0-octahydropyrimido[ l ,2-a]azepine, 4. 10mmol, 0.619mL, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 120°C and stirred at that temperature for 2 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, diluted with 5% aqueous citric acid:brine ( 1 : 1 ), and extracted with EtOAc:CHCI ₃ (5 :2). The organic portion was dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and evaporated to dryness to provide an oi l which was chromatographed on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. WOO l , Osaka, Japan) eluted with a gradient of from 10:90 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCl ₃ to 50:50 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCl3. The fractions containing the product were combined, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, and triturated with MeOH. The resulting solid was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 1 15.3mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound B9a, 2-(4-(( l R,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)- l ,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4 /)-dione, as a yellow solid (yield 28%).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B9a was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B9a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and c¾-MeOH): 1.31 -2.12 (m, 14H), 2.13-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.41 -3.12 (m, 18H), 4.05-4.33 (m, 3H), 6.32-6.50 (m, 1 H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.81 , 7.81 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (d, =7.89Hz, IH), 7.88 (dd, J= l 1.1 , 7.88Hz, I H), 8.78 (d, J=8.73Hz, IH); LC/MS: z=503.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 502).

5.2 Example 2: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound B9a by Method 2

Compound 1 D3 was prepared as described in Example 7 herein.

To a suspension of Compound 1.D3 (0.5mmol, 21 3mg) and Compound X30 ( 1 .5mmol, 170mg) in 1 ,4-dioxane (7.5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added pal ladium (II) acetate (Pd(OAc) ₂ , 0.25mmol, 56mg, Sigma-Aldrich), 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos, 0.5mmol, 289mg, Sigma-Aldrich), and Cs ₂ C0 ₃ ( 1 .Ommol, 326mg, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C and stirred at that temperature for 1.5 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, quenched with water, and extracted twice with CHC1 ₃ ( l OOmL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide a product which was chromatographed on a flash column eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH ( 10% NH ₄ OH):DCM to 20:80 MeOH ( 10% NH OH):DCM. The fractions containing the product were combined and, under reduced pressure, evaporated and dried to provide Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B9a as a white solid (yield 72%). 5.3 Example 3 : Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound B9a by Method 3

Cul

I D3 B9a

To a suspension of Compound 1 D3 (0.47mmol, 200mg) and Compound X30 ( 1.24mmol, 140mg) in anhydrous DMSO (3mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added potassium phosphate (K ₃ PO ₄ , 0.53mmol, 184mg, Sigma-Aldrich) and copper(I) iodide (Cul, 0.24mmol, 50mg, Sigma- Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for 1 8 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, poured into a dilute aqueous ammonia solution (200mL), and extracted twice with CHC1 ₃ (200mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide a product which was chromatographed on a flash column eluted with a gradient of from 0: 1 00 MeOH ( 10% NH ₄ OH):DCM to 20:80 MeOH ( 10% NH ₄ OH):DCM. The fractions containing the product were combined and, under reduced pressure, evaporated and dried to provide Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B9a as a white solid (yield 76%).

5.4 Example 4: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds B5a(i) and B22a by Method 4

I D3 B5a(i) Method 4.1 :

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a suspension of 4-aminopyrimidin-2( l //)-one (Compound X3 1 , 1.467mmol, 163mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in NMP (5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added NaH (l . l 74mmol, 46.9mg, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at that temperature for 15 minutes. To the mixture was added Compound 1 D3 (0.293mmol, 125mg). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 80°C for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, diluted with 10% aqueous citric acid:brine ( 1 : 1 ), extracted with

MeOH:CHCl ₃ (1 :4), and washed with brine. The organic portion was dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ) and evaporated to dryness to provide an oil which was chromatographed on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 12g, Teledyne 1SCO, Lincoln, NE) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 50:50 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ . The fractions containing the product were combined, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, and triturated with MeOH:Et ₂ 0 ( 1 : 1 ). The resulting solid was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 73.7mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B5a(i), l -(( lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'- bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin- l (2 )-yl)qui noxalin-2( lH)-one, as an off-white solid (yield 50.2%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B5a(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B5a(i):

Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, J6-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 1 .44- 1 .73 (m, 1 1 H), 1 .93-2. 1 5 (m, 6H), 2.27-2.49 (m, 5H), 2.69-2.80 (m, 2H), 4.04-4.22 (m, 3 H), 6. 1 8-6.32 (m, 1 H), 6.41 (d, J=7.78Hz, 1 H), 7.53 (d, J=7.53Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (ddd, .7=7.91 , 7.91 , 1 .51 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (dd, J=8.03, 1.51 Hz, 1 H), 8.1 1 (d, J=7.78Hz, l H), 8.78 (d, J=9.04Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=501 .40 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 500).

I D3 B22a

Method 4.2:

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of 5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (Compound X32, 2. 162mmol, 277mg, Si gma-Aldrich) in DMA (2mL) at a temperature of 0°C was added NaH (2.162mmol, 86mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30 minutes. To the mixture was added a suspension of the hydrochloride of Compound 1 D3 (0.216mmol, l OOmg) in DMA (2mL). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at that temperature for 4 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, diluted with water:brine ( 1 : 1 ), and extracted with EtOAc. The organic portion was dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ) and evaporated to dryness to provide a solid which was chromatographed on an amino silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W093) eluted with a gradient of from 75:25 EtOAc:n-hexane to 100:0 EtOAc:n-hexane to provide a colorless amorphous solid. The solid was dissolved in EtOAc (2mL), 2N HC1 in EtOAc (2mL) was added, and the mixture was evaporated to dryness. The resulting solid was triturated with EtOAc, fi ltered, and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 62.0mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B22a, 3-(4-(( l R, rR,3r,3'R,5S,5 ^, S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-5,5-dimeth ylimidazol idine-2,4- dione, as a-white sol id (yield 52%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B22a was confirmed using Ή-NM and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B22a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, c/6-DMSO): 1.39- 1 .74 (m, 18H), 1 .97-2.19 (m, 8H), 2.23-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.81 (m, 2H), 4.01 -4.24 (m, 3H), 5.77-5.95(m, I H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.63, 7.63Hz, 1 H), 7.81 (dd, J=8.69, 7.32Hz, IH), 7.92 (dd, J=7.77, 1.53Hz, I H), 8.41 (d, J=9. 1 5Hz, I H), 8.76 (s, I H), 9.13-9.21 (br, I H); LC/MS: z=5 1 8.5 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 5 1 7). 5.5 Example 5: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound B25a by Method 5

1 D3 X34 B25a

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of the hydrochloride of Compound 1 D3

(0.541 mmol, 250mg) in CH ₂ CI ₂ (4mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added TEA (5.41 mmol, 0.750mL, Sigma-Aldrich), ethane-] ,2-diamine (Compound X33, 1 6.2mmol, 1.096mL, Sigma-Aldrich) and THF (4mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 9 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide an oil which was chromatographed on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W001 ) eluted with a gradient of from 10:90 MeOH (28%

NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ to 40:60 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ to provide 209.9mg of Compound X34, l -(( l R, l 'R,3r,3 ^, R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-((2- aminoethyl)amino)quinoxalin-2( lH)-one, as a white amorphous solid (yield 86%).

The identity of Compound X34 was confirmed using ^! H-NMR.

Compound X34: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and d4- MeOH): 1.06- 1 .1 8 (m, 1 H), 1.35- 1 .93 (m, 13H), 1 .93-2.09 (m, 6H), 2.33-2.51 (m, 1 H), 2.60-2.77 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=5.95Hz, 2H), 3.44-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.60 (dt, J=5.95, 5.95Hz, 2H), 5.03-5.27 (m, 1 H), 6.60-6.69 (m, 1 H), 7.1 8-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.57 (m, 2H).

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of Compound X34 (0.334mmol, 1 50mg) in dioxane ( l OmL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added CDI (0.467mmol, 76mg, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 45 minues, heated to 1 30°C, and stirred at that temperature for 6 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, diluted with water ( lOmL), and filtrated to provide a white solid which was chromatographed on an amino silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W091 -01 ) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH:CHCl ₃ to 5:95 MeOH:CHCl ₃ to provide a white amorphous solid. That solid was

chromatographed using a preparative thin layer chromatography apparatus (Merck, alumina-TLC, 1 .5mm x 20cm x 20cm x 4 sections, 7.5%:92.5% THF:EtOAc) to provide a white solid which was triturated with 1 : 1 EtOAc:n-hexane, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure at 90°C to provide 53.8mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B25a, 1 -(( 1 R, 1 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'5)-t3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(2-oxoimidazolidin- l -yl)quinoxalin-2( l //)-one, as a-white solid (yield 34%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B25a was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B25a: Ή-NM ^' R: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, atf-DMSO with one drop of TFA): 1.47- 1 .96 (m, 14H), 2.01 -2.23 (m, 6H), 2.28- 2.43 (m, 2Ή), 2.78-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=7.81 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=7.03Hz, 2H), 4. 10-4.22 (m, 3H), 5.29-5.45 (m, l H), 7.25-7.36 (br, 1 H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.64, 7.64Hz, 1 H), 7.61 (ddd, J=7.89, 7.89, 1 .68Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (dd, J=7.80Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J=8.73Hz, 1 H), 8.1 9-8.30 (br, I H); LC/MS: w/z=476.35

[M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 475).

5.6 Example 6: Synthesis of Compound 1 C3

1 C3 45 44 43 42 41 2-Adamantanediol (34, 500g, 2.97mol, Sigma-Aldrich), p-tosyl chloride (624g, 3.27mol, Sigma-Aldrich), and pyridine ( 1.5L) were combined and stirred under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature in the range of 68-71 °C and remained at that temperature for 2.5h. The reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and poured into saturated brine (6L). The resulting mixture was extracted three times with MTBE (4L for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated onto 1 kg silica gel (pre-treated with hexanes:TEA). The adsorbed material was chromatographed on 1 .5kg silica eluted sequentially with 1 : 10 EtOAc:hexanes (5L) then 2: 10 EtOAc:hexanes (5L). All product fractions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The residue was suspended in deionized water (2L), stirred for l Omin, and filtered under reduced pressure to remove any excess reactants. The remaining sol ids were taken up in MTBE (2L), dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 301 g of Compound 35, ( lR,5S)-7- methylenebicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one, as a white crystal line solid (yield 67%).

The identity of Compound 35 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC.

Compound 35: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 4.79 (2H, s), 2.51 (8H, m), 2.29 (2H, m), 1.94 (2H, m), 1 .60 ( 1 H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 1 : 10 EtOAc:hexanes: R ₇ =0.25 (visualized with Mn0 ₄ spray reagent).

Compound 35 (250g, 1 .66mol) was divided into five equal batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, the first batch was hydrogenated over platinum black (5g, Sigma-Aldrich) at 50 psi in dry 99: 1 cyclohexane.EtOAc (200mL) for 2h. The reaction mixture was decanted and the remaining catalyst washed with cyclohexane until no product remained as determined by TLC. The reaction flask was then recharged with the next batch of Compound 35, cyclohexane (200mL), and hydrogen and the reaction mixture was hydrogenated at 50psi for 2h. This procedure was repeated until all batches were reacted. All filtrates were combined, filtered through CELITE, and concentrated at a temperature of about 25°C to provide Compound 36, 7-methylbicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan-3-one, as a colorless oil.

The identity of Compound 36 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC.

Compound 36: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 2.42 (4H, m), 2.26 (2H, m), 1 .98-2.00 (3H, m), 1.65 ( l H, m), 1 .54 ( I H, m), 0.80 ( 1 H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 2: 10 EtOAc:hexanes: R ₇ =0.30 (visualized with KMn0 ₄ spray reagent).

Compound 36, taken directly from the previous step, was taken up in AcOH ( 1 L). To this was added 50% aqueous NH ₂ OH ( l OOmL, Sigma-Aldrich). With stirring, the reaction mixture was heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and slowly poured into 2.5 Na ₂ C0 ₃ aqueous solution (5L) with stirring. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred vigorously for l h. Deionized water ( 1 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for another 0.5h. The precipitate that formed was collected by filtering under reduced pressure and washed with deionized water (2L). The residue was taken up in DCM ( 1 L), dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 231.5g of Compound 37, 7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan- 3-one oxime, as a white fluffy solid (85% yield from Compound 35).

The identity of Compound 37 was confirmed using Ή-NMR.

Compound 37: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 3.21 ( 1 H, d), 2.05-2.41 (4H, m), 1.73- 2.1 1 (4H, m), 1 .51 - 1 .73 (2H, m), 1 .33 (l H, d), 0.82 (4H, m), 0.63 (1 H, t).

To a three neck 5L round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, 1 L pressure equalizing dropping funnel, and temperature probe was added toluene (about 3 L) and Na metal (67.1 7g, 2.8mol, Sigma-Aldrich). Under an argon atmosphere, the mixture was heated to a gentle reflux unti l the Na metal became molten. A solution of a portion of Compound 37 (66.66g, 0.40mol) in dry isopropyl alcohol (230mL) was then added dropwise via the dropping funnel over 1 .5h. With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 16h. After cool ing to a temperature of about 25°C, the following materials were added in sequential order: EtOH ( 1 64mL) dropwise over 1 5min, 1 : 1 EtOH: H ₂ 0 ( 164mL) dropwise over 15min, and water (500m L) dropwise over 30min. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2h. The mixture was poured into a 6L separatory funnel and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous portion was extracted three times with Et ₂ 0 ( 1 L for each extraction).

The process j ust described was repeated twice more with 66.66g of Compound 37 being used each time. All organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and filtered into a 6L Erlenmeyer flask. To the mixture was added 2M HCI in Et ₂ 0 (1.5L, 2.5eq). The mixture was allowed to stir and cool in an ice:MeOH bath for l h. The sol ids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 50°C for 18h to provide l OO.O l g of Compound 38,

(3s,7i')-7-methylbicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan-3-amine hydrochloride, as a white crystal line sol id. The fi ltrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with Et ₂ 0 (2L). The solids that remained were fi ltered and washed with Et ₂ 0 (2L) to provide 87. l g of a second crop of Compound 38 after drying (overall yield 39%).

The identity of Compound 38 was confirmed using Ή-NMR.

Compound 38: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.28 (3H, bs), 3.55 (1 H, m), 2.25 (2H, m), 1 .8 1 -2.09 (4H, m), 1 .85 ( 1 H, m), 1.61 (3H, m) 1 .08 ( 1 H, d), 0.70-0.88 (5H, m). Compound 38 (87. lg, 0.463mol), 9-benzyl-3-oxo-9-azoniabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane bromide (39, 165.20g, 0.509mol, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium carbonate (67.83g, 0.491 mol), EtOH ( 1.07L), and water (346mL) were combined. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for about 16h at a temperature of about 25°C. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux and refluxed for 3h. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C then further cooled to 5°C in an ice/MeOH bath and allowed to stir for 30min at that temperature. The solids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water, and dried under reduced pressure to provide 102. 1 g of Compound 40, ( l R,3r,5S,75)-7-methyl-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-one, as an off-white crystalline solid (yield 80%).

The identity of Compound 40 was confirmed using Ή-NMR.

Compound 40: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 3.68 (2H, m), 3.05 ( l H, m), 2.61 (2H, m), 2.25 (4H, m), 1.98 ( 1 H, m), 1.85 (4H, m), 1 .49- 1 .78 (7H, m), 1 .25 (2H, m), 1 .07 (1 H, d), 0.86 (3H, d), 0.78 (2H, t).

Compound 40 (67g, 0.243mol), THF (500mL), and AcOH (41 .78mL, 0.730mol) were combined. To this mixture was added 50% aqueous NH ₂ OH (45mL, 0.730mol). With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and deionized water was added (500mL). Potassium carbonate ( l OOg, 0.730mol) in deionized water (500mL) was then added in one portion. The resulting mixture was stirred and cooled in an ice bath for l h. The sol ids that formed were fi ltered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 60°C to provide Compound 41 , ( l R,3r,5S,7.s)-7-methyl- 9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-one oxime (yield >99%).

The identity of Compound 41 was confirmed using Ή- MR.

Compound 41 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 3.76 ( 1 H, m), 3.45 (2H, m), 3.18 ( 1 H, m), 3.02 (l H, m), 2.62 ( l H, m), 2.27 (4H, m), 1 .78-2.08 (7H, m), 1 .67 ( l H, m), 1 .58 (2H, m), 1.46 (l H, m), 1 .22 (2H, t), 1 .09 ( 1 H, d), 0.85 (5H, m).

Compound 41 (70.01 g, 0.241 mol) was taken up in AcOH (400mL). This mixture was divided into two batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to each batch was added platinum (IV) oxide (5.98g, 0.2eq, Sigma-Aldrich) and each batch was then hydrogenated at 50psi for 16h to 18h. The batches were combined and filtered through CELITE. The filter cake was washed with AcOH (500mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 70°C to provide an oil. To the oil was added MTBE (6L). The mixture was stirred and cooled to 0°C for 1 h. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with Et ₂ 0 (2L), and dried under reduced pressure to provide 76.2g of Compound 42, ( lR, l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,7S)-7-methyl-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1] nonan)]-3'-amine acetate, as a white solid (yield 94%).

The identity of Compound 42 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound 42: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 3.73 (2H, m), 3.55 ( IH, m), 2.46 (2H, m), 2.24 (2H, m), 1.75-2.12 ( 1 I H, m), 1.45-1.75 (4H, m), 1 .28 (4H, m), 1 .06 ( I H, d), 0.89 (3H, d), 0.80 (2H, t); LC/MS (t _r = 1.689min): w/z=277.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 276.5).-

Compound 42 (80. Og, 0.23mol), l -fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (35.69g, 0.253mol, Sigma-Aldrich), and potassium carbonate (95.36g, 0.69mol) were combined in dry DMF (400mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C under an argon atmosphere for l h then cooled to a temperature of about 25°C. Deionized water (2L) was added and the mixture was stirred and cooled in an ice/MeOH bath for l h. The resulting solids were filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water (4L), and dried under reduced pressure to provide 66.81 g of Compound 43,

( l /^ l '^,3r,3'R,5S,5 ,7S)-7-methyl^ as a orange solid (yield 73%).

The identity of Compound 43 was confirmed using Ή-N M R and LC/MS.

Compound 43 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, lOOMI Iz. CDC1 ₃ ): 8.17 ( I H, d), 8.01 ( I H, m), 7.43 ( I H, t), 6.93 ( I H, d), 6.61 ( I H, t), 3.95 ( I H, m), 3.45 (2H, m), 3.06 ( I H, m), 2.48 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, m), 1.87-2.08 (4H, m), 1 .45- 1 .89 (6H, m), 1.35 (2H, t), 0.95- 1 .22 (5H, m), 0.87 (5H, m); LC/MS

(t,=2.732min): w/z=398.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 397.6).

Compound 43 (30. Og, 75.57mmol) was taken up in DCM ( l OOmL). Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to this was added Pd/C (3g) and, with stirring, the reaction mixture was hydrogenated at 50psi for 2h at a temperature of about 25°C to provide Compound 44, N ^l -((\R, VR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,7S)- 7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-yl)benzene-l ,2-diamine.

The identity of Compound 44 was confirmed using LC/MS.

Compound 44: LC/MS (t _r =2.045min): z=368.9 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 367.6).

The reaction mixture containing Compound 44, taken directly from the previous step, was filtered through CELITE. Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate ( 1 2.65mL, 1 1 3.36mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25°C for 30min. Thereafter, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator to provide a residue. The residue was taken up in EtOH (800mL) and potassium carbonate (31.33g, 226.71 mmol) was added.

The resulting mixture was heated to reflux, refluxed for l h, then cooled to a temperature of about 25°C. The solids that formed were filtered and washed with EtOH. The filtered solids were then triturated with deionized water and filtered under reduced pressure to provide 27.49g of Compound 45, l-((l^,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)quinoxaline- 2,3(1 H,4 /)-dione, as an off-white crystalline solid.

The identity of Compound 45 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound 45: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, A5-DMSO): 7.26 (I H, m), 7.05 (3H, m), 4.80 (IH, bs), 3.44 (2H, m), 3.08 (IH, m), 2.25-2.46 (3H, m), 2.05 (2H, m), 1.93 (4H, m), 1.82 (2H, m), 1.69 (4H, m), 1.54 (IH, m), 1.18 (4H, m), 1.01 (IH, m), 0.88 (5H, m); LC/MS (t _r =2.048min):

m/z=422.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 421.6).

Compound 45, taken directly from the previous step, was suspended in DCE (250mL) and

DMF (2.5mL). Thionyl chloride (20equivalents, Sigma-Aldrich) was added dropwise. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 2h. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with MTBE. The residue was stirred for lh in MTBE then filtered under reduced pressure to provide 24.13g of Compound 1 C3, 3-chloro- l-((IR,l'R,3R,3'R,5S,5 ^, S,7S)-7-methyl-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)quinoxalin-2(l/^ as the hydrochloride (82% yield from Compound 43).

The identity of Compound 1C3 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound 1C3: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 11.05 (IH, bs), 8.79 (IH, d), 7.79 (2H, m), 7.43 (IH, t), 6.55 (IH, m), 4.10 (2H, m), 3.81 (IH, m), 3.00 (2H, t), 2.92 (IH, m), 2.47 (6H, m), 2.09 (4H, m), 1.50-1.93 (7H, m), 1.39 (IH, d), 0.92 (3H, d), 0.65 (2H, m); LC/MS (t _r =2.588min): m/z=442.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 440.0).

5.7 Example 7: Synthesis of Compound 1 D3

1 D3 57 56 55 54 53

2-Adamantanone (46, l OOOg, 6.66mol, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in TFA (3L, Sigma- Aldrich). To this mechanically stirred mixture surrounded by a cooling bath with a temperature maintained at 20°C was added sodium percarbonate ( 1254.8g, 7.99mol, Sigma-Aldrich) portion-wise over 1 h; the temperature of the reaction mixture increased to 60°C during the addition. After 2h additional stirring, deionized water (4L) was added fol lowed by four extractions with DCM (2L for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 1 180g of Compound 47,

(l R,3r,6s,8S)-4-oxatricyclo[4.3. 1 .1 3,8]undecan-5-one, as a white crystalline solid (yield 97%).

The identity of Compound 47 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC.

Compound 47: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 4.48 ( 1 H, s), 3.06 ( 1 H, m), 2.09 (2H, m), 2.00 (3H, m), 1 .95 (2H, m), 1 .81 (2H, m), 1 .70 (2H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 1 : 1 EtOAc:hexanes: R, =0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

Compound 47 ( 1 572.7g, 9.46 mol) was taken up in MeOH (2L). To this was added NaOH

(2270g, 56.7mol) in deionized water (6L); the temperature of the mixture increased from about 25°C to 54°C during the addition. With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for 36h. After cooling to a temperature of about 25°C, the MeOH was removed by vacuum distillation at 60°C. The resulting solution was stirred and acidified with concentrated HC1 to a pH of about 2.5. The white precipitate that formed was allowed to stir for 18h at a temperature of about 25°C then filtered under reduced pressure to provide partially dried Compound 48,

( lR,3r,5S,7r)-7-hydroxybicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane-3-carboxyl ic acid.

The identity of Compound 48 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC.

Compound 48: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, i/<5-DMSO): 1 1 .88 ( I H, s), 4.44 ( 1 H, s), 3.73 (1 H, m), 1.95 (4H, m), 1.63 (2H, m), 1 .41 (3H, m), 1.22 (2H, m), 1.16 ( I H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 2: 1 :0. 1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R^=0.3 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

Compound 48, taken directly from the previous step, was suspended in toluene (8L). To this was added methane sulfonic acid (367mL, 4.73mol, Sigma-A ldrich). With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and water removed azeotropically for 5h. After cooling to a temperature of about 25°C, deionized water (4L) was added with stirring. The organic layer was separated, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated to provide Compound 49,

( l R,3S,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1 ]non-6-ene-3-carboxylic acid.

The identity of Compound 49 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC.

Compound 49: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 10.45 ( I H, bs), 5.85 ( I H, m), 5.70 ( I H, m), 2.79 ( 1 H, m), 2.37 (2H, m), 2. 1 1 ( I H, m), 1.81 (3H, m), 1 .61 (4H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 1 : 1 :0. 1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R^=0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

Compound 49, taken directly from the previous step, was taken up in MeOH ( 1 L). This was divided into six batches and to each, under a hydrogen atmosphere, was added 10% Pd/C (0.01 mol). The reaction mixtures were each hydrogenated at 50psi until hydrogen uptake ceased ( l Oh to 1 5h). The mixtures were combined, filtered through CELITE, and NaOH ( 1 kg) in deionized water (400mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 4h at a temperature of about 25°C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and deionized water (4L) was added. Concentrated HC1 was added unti l a pH within the range of 3-4 was achieved. The white solid that formed was allowed to stir for 1 h at a temperature of about 25°C and then was filtered under reduced pressure to provide 1 .232kg of Compound 50, ( lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane-3-carboxyl ic acid, as an off-white crystall ine sol id (78% yield from Compound 47).

The identity of Compound 50 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC. Compound 50: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.25 ( 1 H, bs), 3. 13 ( 1 H, m), 1.97 (4H, m), 1.80 (2H, m), 1 .70 (5H, m), 1.57 (3H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 1 : 1 :0.1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R ₇ =0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

Compound 50 (1 1 08.5g, 6.59mol) was taken up in toluene (5L) in a 20L reaction vessel. To this was added TEA ( 1013.3mL, 7.26mol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated to 75°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA, 1 564mL, 7.26mol, Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted with toluene to 2L total vol ume and added slowly via addition funnel over 1 .5h; during this addition the temperature increased by about 10°C to 15°C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 3h at 75°C. The mixture was then concentrated to a brownish-yellow oil by vacuum distillation at 90°C. The oil was cooled to 5°C and THF (2.5L) was added. The mixture was al lowed to stir and cool to 0°C. NaOH (792g, 1 9.80mol) in deionized water (3 L) was added over 1 h keeping the temperature below 5°C. The mixture was stirred for 1 8h at 5°C. The resulting mixture was then extracted twice with Et ₂ 0 (4L for each extraction). To the remaining aqueous mixture at 5°C was slowly added concentrated HC1 until a pH of about 6-7 was reached; no significant change in temperature occurred during this neutralization. The resulting white precipitate was al lowed to stir for 2h at 0°C. The precipitate was then filtered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 50°C to provide 1.875kg of Compound 51, ( lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-amine diphenyl phosphate salt, as a white sol id (yield 73.1 %).

The identity of Compound 51 was confirmed using Ή-NM R.

Compound 51 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, d6-OMSO): 7.78 (2H, s), 7.22 (4H, t), 7. 1 1

(4H, m), 6.93 (2H, t), 3.61 ( 1 H, m), 3.31 ( 1 H, s), 1.93 (4H, m), 1 .33- 1.60 (10H, m).

Compound 51 ( 1037.5g, 2.67mol) and Compound 39 ( l OOOg, 3.08mol) were suspended in EtOH (6.2L) and deionized water (2L). To this stirred mixture was added potassium carbonate (390.72g, 2.83mol) in deionized water (800mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 1 8h at a temperature of about 25°C. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux, about 81 °C, and refluxed for 3h. Thereafter, the mixture was al lowed to cool slowly over 4h to a temperature of about 25°C with vigorous stirring during which time a white precipitate formed. The mixture was then cooled to 5°C and allowed to stir for 2h at that temperature. The white precipitate was fi ltered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water (8L), and dried under reduced pressure at 60°C to provide 580. l g of Compound 52, ( l RJ as a white crystalline solid (yield 83.1 %).

The identity of Compound 52 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and TLC. Compound 52: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 3.69 (2H, s), 3.38 (1 H, m), 2.62 (2H, m), 2.21 (2H, d), 2.12 (4H, m), 1.85 (2H, m), 1.41 - 1 .78 ( 14H, m); TLC (Si0 ₂ ) 7:3 hexanes:EtOAc: R _f =0.4 (visualized with potassium iodoplatinate spray).

Compound 52 (580. lg, 2.22mol) and THF (4L) were introduced into a reactor; the reactor temperature control was set to 18°C. 50% Aqueous NH ₂ OH (415mL, 6.66mol) was added followed by the slow addition of AcOH (381 .25mL, 6.66mol). The temperature of the reaction mixture increased to 28°C during the addition. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16h at a temperature of about 25°C then heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for l h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and deionized water (4L) and DCM (4L) were added. With vigorous stirring, solid NaHC0 ₃ (560g, 6.66mol) was then slowly added over 30min and the mixture was al lowed to stir until effervescence ceased. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water ( 1 L), and dried under reduced pressure at 60°C for 72h to provide 432.5g of Compound 53, ( lR, l 'R,3r,5S,5'S)-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-one oxime, as a white solid (yield 70.6%). The filtrate was al lowed to form layers and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was washed three times with DCM (2L for each wash). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a pale yel low solid. The solid was triturated with 10: 1 Et ₂ 0:EtOAc (l L), stirred for l h, and filtered under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was dried under reduced pressure at 60°C for 72h to provide an additional 1 38.4g of Compound 53 as a white solid (yield 22.6%, overal l yield 93.2%).

Compound 53 (570.9g, 2.07mol) was taken up in AcOH (3 L). This mixture, with a total dissolved volume of 3.3L, was divided into ten 330mL batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to each batch was added platinum (IV) oxide (9.40g, 0.04 1 mol) and each batch was then hydrogenated at 50psi for 16h to 1 8h. The batches were combined and filtered through CELITE. The filter cake was washed with AcOH (500mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 70°C to provide an oil. To the oil was added Et ₂ 0 (6L). The mixture was stirred and cooled to 0°C for 1 h. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure and washed with Et ₂ 0 (2L) to provide 253.4g of Compound 54, ( ] R, 17?,3r,37?,5S,5 )-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-amine acetate (yield 35.3%). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was subjected to the same treatment with Et ₂ 0. A second crop of 21 3.7g of Compound 54 was isolated (yield 32.1 %). The fi ltrate was again evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 201 .1 g of Compound 54 (yield 25.4%, overall yield 92.8%).

The identity of Compound 54 was confirmed using ' H-NMR. Compound 54: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 3.63 (3H, m), 3.42 ( 1 H, m), 2.36 (2H, m), 2.01 (5H, m), 1.89 (5H, m), 1.39- 1.78 (13H, m), 1 .12 (2H, m).

In part 1 , Compound 54 (439. Og, 1 .36mol) and MeCN (4L) were introduced into a reactor; the reactor temperature control was set to 25°C. To this mixture were added TEA (412.9g, 4.08mol, 3eq) and l -fluoro-2-nitrobenzene ( 194.2g, 1.38mol, leq). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux, refluxed for 6days, then cooled to 0°C. The yellow precipitate that formed was collected by filtration under reduced pressure. The filter cake was washed four times with DCM (2L for each wash) and the fi ltrates were set aside. The remaining 91g of solids, comprising recovered Compound 54, were dried and set aside.

In part 2, the reaction described in part 1 above was repeated using the recovered Compound

54 starting material except DMF (2L) and ₂ C0 ₃ (3eq) were used. After stirring for 2h at 1 10°C, the reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and poured into deionized water (4L). This mixture was extracted six times with Et ₂ 0 (2L for each extraction). The organic portions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue.

The residue from part 2 and the filtrates from part 1 were combined and the resulting combination was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide an oil which was triturated with deionized water (4L). The solids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure and washed with further deionized water. The solids were then dried under reduced pressure at 60°C for 48h to provide 402g of Compound 55, ( l R,rR ₎ 3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-N-(2-nitrophenyl)-9'-aza[3,9'-bi(bicycl o[3.3.1 ]nonan)]- 3'-amine, as a bright yellow solid (yield 77%).

Compound 55 (402g, 1 .05mol) was taken up in MeOH (2.5 L). This mixture was divided into ten batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to each batch was added 10% Pd/C (0.04mol) and, with stirring, each batch was hydrogenated at 50psi for 3h at a temperature of about 25°C. The batches were filtered through CELITE and the filter cake washed with MeOH. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with Et ₂ 0 then fi ltered under reduced pressure to provide Compound 56, N '-(( l R, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'5)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]- 3'-yl)benzene-l ,2-diamine, as a light brown solid (yield >99%).

Compound 57, l -(( l R, rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicycIo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3 ^* -yl)quinoxaline- 2,3( 1 /J,4H)-dione, was prepared from Compound 56 and ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate in a similar manner to the previously-described preparation of Compound 45 from Compound 44 (yield 95%).

The identity of Compound 57 was confirmed using Ή-NMR. Compound 57: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 7.74, (1H, d, J=8.7Hz), 7.55 (2H, m), 7.30 (1H, dt, J=8.7, 1.5Hz), 5.13 (1H, bs), 3.50-3.40 (3H, m), 2.65 (2H, bt), 2.40 (1H, m), 2.00-1.87 (6H, m), 1.86-1.30 (15H, m), 1.03 (2H, m).

Compound 57 (6.5g, 15.95mmol) was suspended in DCM (150mL). Thionyl chloride (20mL) was added followed by the addition of DMF (lmL). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with MTBE (lOOmL) to provide a light brown solid. The solid was partitioned between ice-water:aqueous soditim carbonate solution (400mL) and DCM (400mL). The organic layer was separated, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow solid which was triturated with Et ₂ 0 (150mL) to provide 4.8g of Compound 1 D3 as a white solid (yield 71%).

The identity of Compound 1 D3 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound 1D3: Ή-NM : δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.82 (1 H, d, 7=7.4Hz), 7.62 (2H, m), 7.37 (IH, m), 5.19 (1H, br), 3.55 (3H, m), 2.73 (2H, m), 2.47 (1H, m), 2.10-1.94 (5H, m), 1.90-1.50 (1 I H, m), 1.43 (3H, m), 1.10 (2H, d, ,/=13.0Hz); LC/MS (t,=2.925min): m/z=426.1 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 425.2).

5.8 Example 8: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds Where E is N Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 1 in Example 1, the following

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from Compound 1D3 and the appropriate co-reactants. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g., Sigma- Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

B7a(i) BlOa B15a U065 B7a(i): l-CCl^l'R^r^'R^S^'^-CS^'-bii '-azabicyclo^.S.llnonan^-S'-y -S^-amino-S- fluoro-2-oxopyrimidin-l(2H)-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

B7a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and J4-MeOH): 1.30-1.46 (m, IH), 1.50-2.07 (m, 14H), 2.19-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.75 (m, 5H), 2.86-2.97 (m, 2H) 4.05- 4.13 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.27 (m, 1 H), 6.28-6.40 (m, 1 H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.09, 7.09Hz, 1 H), 7.79-7.88 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, ,/=4.64Hz, IH), 8.05 (br, 2H), 8.72 (d, J=8.64Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=519.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 518).

BlOa: 2-(4-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-6-methyl-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-d ione. BlOa: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, DMSO): 7.93 (m, IH), 7.86 (t, J= 8.6Hz, IH), 7.80 (m,

1 H), 7.54 (t, J=7.9Hz, 1 H), 5.29 (br, 1 H), 3.60 (br, 3H), 3.40 (br, 2H), 2.36 (m, 1 H), 2.10 (m, 3H), 2.17 (m, 6H), 1.86 (m, 3H), 1.69 (m, 4H), 1.53 (m, 4H), 1.12 (d,J=, 13.2Hz, 3H); MS: m/z=517.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

B15a: l-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non an)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione. B15a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DCI and Λ-MeOH): 1.24-

1.39 (m, IH), 1.46-2.01 (m, 14H), 2.12-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.75 (m, 5H), 2.85-2.97 (m, 2H), 3.99-4.08 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.21 (m, IH), 6.24-6.35 (m, IH), 7.38 (dd, J=7.65, 7.65Hz, IH), 7.55 (d, .7=5.15Hz, IH), 7.74-7.80 (m, 2H), 8.66 (d,J=8.91 Hz, IH), 10.2 (br, IH); LC/MS: m/z=520.30 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 519).

U065: l-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non an)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(17/,3/7)-dion e.

U065: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCI): 1.33-1.47 (m, IH), 1.52-1.82 (m, 9H), 1.84-2.07 (m, 6H), 2.17-2.29 (m, 5H), 2.42-2.84 (m, 5H), 2.98 (dd, J=22.1, 12.8Hz, 2H), 4.10 (d, J=10.8Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.31 (m, IH), 5.64 (s, IH), 6.25-6.38 (m, IH), 7.41 (t, =7.5Hz, IH), 7.80 (t, J=8.3Hz, IH), 7.86 (d, J=8.0Hz, IH), 8.69 (d, J=8.8Hz, IH); LC/MS: z=516.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 515).

B16a B52a U00I

B16a: l-(4-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]no nan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-5-bromopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.

B16a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1.33-1.47 (m, IH), 1.52-1.87 (m, 7H), 1.87-2.08 (m, 6H), 2.24 (br, 2H), 2.50 (td, 7=11.98, 7.95Hz, 2H), 2.62 (td, 7= 12.05, 4.77Hz, 2H), 2.68-2.84 (m, IH), 2.86-3.04 (m, 3H), 3.58 (s, 5H), 4.12 (d, 7= 10.54Hz, 2H), 4.24 (br, IH), 6.33-6.43 (m, IH), 7.46 (t, 7=7.53Hz, 1 H), 7.82-7.89 (m, 3H), 8.08 (s, 1 H), 8.76 (dd, 7=9.16, 2.89Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=580.3 and 582.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 580).

B52a: l-(4-((lR, \'R, 3R, 3'R, 55, 5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-5-methoxypyrirnidine-2,4(l/J,3 /)-dione

B52a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and d ₄ -MeOH): 1.40 (s, IH), 1.58 (d, 7 = 13.1 Hz, IH), 1.62-1.85 (m, 8H), 1.86-2.08 (m, 5H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.51 (dd,J = 20.1 , 11.8 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.77 (dd, J= 27.9, 14.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.99 (t, J = 12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 4.12 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 1 H), 6.37 (s, 1 H), 7.04 (s, 1 H), 7.45 (t, J= 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.84 (d, 7=7.8 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (d, J= 17.6 Hz, 2H), 8.75 (d,.7=5.8 Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=532.35 [M + H] ⁺ (Calc: 531).

UOOl: l-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,55,5 ^, S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9 ^, -azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yI)-3-(6-methyl-5-oxo- 3-thioxo-4,5-dihydi -l,2,4-triazin-2(3 /)-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one. U001 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 7.87 (d, J= 13.2Hz, 2H), 7.77 (t, J=8.6Hz, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=13.2Hz, 1H), 5.49 (br, 1H), 4.35 (m, 3H), 3.12 (m, 3H), 2.64 (m, 3H), 2.24 (m, 7H), 2.11 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 12H); MS: w/z=533.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 532).

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 1 in Example 1, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxalin-2(lH)-one and the appropriate co-reactants. The 3-chloroquinoxalin- 2(lH)-ones are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/0216726 Al (see, e.g., Examples 3, 14, 17, and 29), US 2011/0178090 Al, and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 Al (see, e.g., Examples 1, 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

H9c N9b U066 P9b

H9c: 2-(4-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cycIooctyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl) -3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione.

H9c: Ή-N R: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, c/6-DMSO): 7.92 (m, l H), 7.85 (m, 1H), 7.71 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 5.20 (br, 1H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.48 (m, 14H), 1.44 (m, 2H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 1.12 (m, 2H), 0.86 (m, 2H); MS: w/z=491.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 490).

N9b: 2-(4-((lR,3R,55)-8-((lR,6S,8 )-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4H)-dione. N9b: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop of DC1): 1.22-1.46 (m, 5.0H), 1.61- 1.93 (m, 5.0H), 2.10-2.26 (m, 2.0H), 2.33-2.55 (m, 9.0H), 2.90-3.10 (m, 2.0H), 4.25 (s, 2.0H), 6.35- 6.44 (m, 1.0H), 7.44 (t, J=7.53Hz, 1.0H), 7.60 (s, 1.0H), 7.82 (dd, J= 10.29, 5.52Hz, 1.0H), 7.89 (dd, J=8.03, 1.25Hz, 1.0H), 8.31 (dd, .7=8.53, 3.76Hz, 1.0H), 9.35 (d,J=3.01Hz, 0.3Η), 11.09 (d, J=4.27Hz, 0.7H); LC/MS (t = 1.46min): z=503.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 502).

U066: 3-(4-arnino-2-oxopyrirnidin-l(2H)-yl)-l-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,6 S,85)- bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)quin oxalin-2(l/)-one.

U066: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, 6-DMSO+DC1): 1.34-1.80 (m, 10H), 1.92-2.38 (m, 12H), 2.56-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.98 (m, IH), 4.35-4.40 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.25 (m, IH), 6.47 (d, ,/=7.8Hz, IH), 7.53 (dd, 7=7.7, 7.7Hz, 1 H), 7.82 (ddd, J=8.0, 8.0, 1.4Hz, IH), 7.91 (dd,J=7.9, 1.5Hz, IH), 8.13 (d, J=7.7Hz, IH), 8.24 (d, J=8.9Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=501.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 500).

P9b: 2-(4-((lR,5S,7S)-9-((lR,65,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-3-o xa-9- azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazi ne-3,5(2H,4H)-dione.

P9b: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.75 (br, IH), 7.91 (d, J=8.6Hz, IH), 7.68 (t, J=7.3Hz, IH), 7.52 (s, IH), 7.41 (t,J=7.9Hz, IH), 5.82 (br, IH), 4.13 (m, 5H), 3.88 (br, IH), 3.41 (m, 2H), 2.63 (br, IH), 2.44 (br, 2H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.31 (m, 13H); MS: m/z=519.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 518).

09b Ol Ob U067 U068

09b: 2-(4-((lR,3R,55)-9-((lR,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-a zabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2/J ,4H)-dione. 09b: Ή-NM : δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, ί/6-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 1.36-2.88 (m, 26H), 3.67-3.86 (m, IH), 4.17-4.28 (m, 2H), 6.17-6.35 (m, IH), 7.55 (dd, .7=7.47, 7.47Hz, IH), 7.81 (dd, J=8.23, 7.55Hz, IH), 7.93 (d, J=8.06Hz, IH), 8.76 (d, J=8.73Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=517.30 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 516). OlOb: 2-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((l/?,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-6-methyl-l,2,4-triazin e-3,5(2H,4/J)-dione.

OlOb: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCl ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCl): 1.36-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.69-2.04 (m, 16H), 2.31 (s, 4H), 2.38-2.56 (m, 7H), 2.72-2.82 (m, IH), 3.02 (t, 7=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 1 H), 4.20 (d, J=l 0.4Hz, 2H), 6.28 (t, J=10.0Hz, 1 H), 7.46 (t, J=7.6Hz, 1 H), 7.83-7.90 (m, 2H), 8.69 (d, J=8.7Hz, IH); LC/MS: z=531.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 530.7).

U067: 3-(4-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxopyrimidin-l(2/^

bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)q uinoxalin-2(l/7)-one.

U067: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D+DC1): 1.31-1.52 (m, 5H), 1.64-2.07 (m, 12H), 2.37-2.57 (m, 6H), 2.65-2.82 (m, IH), 2.87-3.00 (m, 2H), 3.77-3.94 (m, IH), 4.12-4.23 (m, 2H), 6.32-6.46 (m, IH), 7.46 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5Hz, I H), 7.83 (d, ./=7.9Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (dd, ,/=8.2Hz, 1 H), 7.97 (d, y=4.8Hz, IH), 8.07 (s, 2H), 8.75 (d, J=8.9Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=533.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 532).

U068: 3-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin- 1 (2H)-yl)- 1 -(( lR,3R,55)-9-(( 1 R,65",8.s)- bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)quinoxalin-2( 1 H)-one.

U068: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, ί/6-DMSO+DCl): 1.32-2.01 (m, 18H), 2.15-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.70-2.83 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.80 (m, IH), 4.16-4.28 (m, 2H), 6.18-6.31 (m, 1 H), 6.47 (d, ./=7.5Hz, IH), 7.53 (dd, J=7.5Hz, IH), 7.79 (ddd, 7=7.9, 7.9, 1.4Hz, IH), 7.90 (dd, J=8.0, 1,4Hz, IH), 8.14 (d, J=7.9Hz, 1 H), 8.74 (d, J=9.0Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=515.40 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 514).

A9a B34a

A9a: 2-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-a zabicyclo[3.2.1]octari-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4 )-dione.

A9a: Ή-N R: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D+DCI): 1.20-1.39 (m, I H), 1.54-1.79 (m, 6H), 1.85(d,J=12.5Hz, IH), 1.99-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.33 (m, 4H), 2.36-2.59 (m, 6H), 2.93 (dd, J=24.5, 9.9Hz, 2H), 3.42-3.54 (m, 1 H), 4.24 (br s, 2H), 6.22-6.31 (m, 1 H), 7.45 (t, ./=7.4Hz, 1 H), 7.58 (s, IH), 7.82 (t, J=7.8Hz, IH), 7.89 (d, ./=8.0Hz, 1 H), 8.24 (d, J=9.0Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=489.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 488).

B34a: 2-(4-((lR,l ^, /? _> 3r,3'R,55,5' ₁ S',7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3- oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-l ,2,4-triazine-3,5(2/-,4H)-dione.

B34a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D+DC1): 0.62 (t, J=12.8Hz, 2H), 0.89 (d,

J=5.4Hz,3H), 1.36 (d,.7=10.9Hz, IH), 1.66-2.09 (m, 10H), 2.46 (s,5H), 2.82 (s, 2H), 3.02 (s, 2H),

3.84 (s, IH), 4.12 (s, 2H), 6.21 (s, IH), 7.70 (dd, J=\ 48.4, 23.3Hz, 5H), 8.71 (s, IH); LC/MS:

m/z=517.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 516.63).

5.9 Example 9: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds B17a and B23a

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 2 in Example 2, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from Compound 1D3 and the appropriate co-reactants. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

B17a B23a

B17a: l-(4-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5 ^, S)-t3,9'-bi(9'-azabicycIo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3 ,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

B17a: ' H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 7.80 (m, 2H), 7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.38 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5Hz, 1 H), 5.33 (br, lH), 4.67 (s, 2H), 3.65 (m, 3H), 2.76 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 1 H), 2.08 (m, 6H), 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.45 (m, 11H), 1.16 (m, 2H); MS: w/z=490.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 489).

B23a: l-((1?,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan) ]-3'-yl)-3-(5-oxo-4,5- dihydro-lH-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

B23a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 8.28 (s, lH), 7.96 (dd, J=1.2, 8.0Hz, 1 H), 7.89 (d,./=8.8Hz, 1H), 7.74 (m, 1 H), 7.47 (dd, J=1A, 7.4Hz, 1H), 5.39 (br, lH), 3.68 (m, 3H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.09 (m, 6H), 1.98 (m,2H), 1.81-1.50 (m, 11H), 1.16 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=475.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 474).

5.10 Example 10: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds B5a(ii), B13a, and 013b

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 4.1 in Example 4, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from Compound 1D3 and the appropriate co-reactants. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

B5a(ii) B13a

B5a(ii): ^-(l-(4-((lR,rR,3r 'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxaIin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)acetamide.

B5a(ii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and d4-MeOH): 1.26-1.39 (m, 1 H), 1.45-2.02 (m, 14H), 2.12-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.69 (m, 8H), 2.81-2.93 (m, 2H), 6.43- 6.55 (m, IH), 7.41 (dd,J=7.53, 7.53Hz, 1H), 7.61 (br, IH), 7.79 (dd, 7=7.15, 7.15Hz, IH), 7.84 (dd, J=7.02, 7.02Hz, IH), 8.10 (br, IH), 8.82 (br, IH); LC/MS: m/z=543.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542).

B 13a: l-(4-(( \R, 1 ^, R,3r,3'/?,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9 ^, -azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione. B13a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DCI and ί/4-MeOH): 1.33-

1.48 (m, IH), 1.52-2.09 (m, 14H), 2.21-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.93-3.04 (m,2H), 4.08-4.15(m, 2H), 4.18-4.29(m, IH), 5.91 (d,J=8.03Hz, IH), 6.41-6.55(m, IH), 7.45 (dd, J=7.59, 7.59Hz, IH), 7.52 (d, J=8.03Hz, IH), 7.82-7.89 (m, 2H), 8.84 (d, 7=8.16Hz, 2H), 10.7 (br, IH); LC/MS: m/z=502.30 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 501). Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 4.1 in Example 4, the following

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound was prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxalin-2(l H)-one and the appropriate co-reactant. The 3-chloroquinoxalin- 2(lH)-ones are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/0216726 Al (see, e.g., Examples 3, 14, 17, and 29), US 2011/0178090 Al, and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 A 1 (see, e.g., Examples 1, 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The co-reactant compound is commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

013b

013b: l-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-a zabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3/)-d ione.

013b: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and ί/4- eOH): 1.24-

1.48 (m,4H), 1.56*1.87 (m, 11H), 1.87-1.99 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.98

(m, 2H), 3.70-3.83 (m, 1 H), 4.06-4.15 (m, 2H), 5.83 (d, 1 H), 6.33-6.46 (m, 1 H), 7.37 (dd,

7=7.59, 7.59Hz, 1 H), 7.43 (d,J=8.03Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.80 (m, 2H), 8.62-8.76 (m, 2H), 10.5 (br, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=516.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 515).

5.11 Example 11 : Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds B20a, B47a, and 022b

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 4.2 in Example 4 Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B20a was prepared from Compound IC3 and the appropriate co-reactant. The co-reactant compound is commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

B20a

B20a: 3-(4-(( lR, rR,3r,3'R,55',5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

B20a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ +CD ₃ OD): 1 .13 (s, 2H), 1.48-2.05 (m, 20H), 2.41 (s, br, I H), 2.69 (s, br, 2H), 3.37-3.65 (m, 2H), 4.64-4.77 (m, 2H), 5.26 (s, br, 1 H), 7.36 (s, I H), 7.58 (s, I H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3Hz, I H), 7.81 (d, J=6.7Hz, I H); LC/MS: z=490.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 489).

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 4.2 in Example 4, except that either the hydrochloride of Compound 1 C3 (prepared as described in Example 6 herein) or Compound 1 B3 (prepared as described in Example 31 herein) was used in place of Compound 1 D3, the Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds below were prepared from Compound X32 as the co-reactant.

B47a 022b B47a: 5,5-dimethyl-3-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,55,5'S,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-b i(9'- azabicyclo[3 .l]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)imidazoli dine-2,4-dione.

B47a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, 6-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 0.67-0.80 (m, 2H), 0.85 (d,J=6.12Hz, 3H), 1.00-1.09 (m, IH), 1.38-2.44 (m, 19H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 2.65-2.78 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.86 (m, IH), 4.02-4.14 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.28 (m, 1H),7.48 (dd, J=7.63, 7.63Hz, 1 H), 7.73 (dd, =7.93, 7.93Hz, IH), 7.89 (d, =7.93Hz, IH), 8.73 (d, J=9.30Hz); LC/MS (t=l .69min):

w/z=532.5 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 531.0).

022b: 3-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yI)-9-a zabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolid ine-2;4-dione.

022b: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCI): 1.34-1.47 (m, 4H), 1.55-2.07 (m,

19H), 2.47 (s, br, 6H), 2.79 (d, br, J=13.3Hz, IH), 2.99 (t, J=\2. z, 2H), 3.84 (s, br, IH), 4.17 (d,

J=11.3Hz,2H), 6.25-6.39 (m, IH), 7.41 (t,J=7.7Hz, IH), 7.82 (d,J=8.3Hz, IH), 7.89 (d,J=7.5Hz,

IH), 8.70 (d,J=8.8Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=532.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 531).

5.12 Example 12: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds Rla(i), U003, and Rla(iii) by Method 6.1

Rla(iii) U003 To a suspension of the hydrochloride of Compound 1D3 (0.865mmol, 400mg), (6- methoxypyridin-2-yl)boronic acid (Compound X35, 1.297mmol, 198mg, Sigma-Aldrich), Cs ₂ C0 ₃ (2.59mmol, 845mg), and TEA (2.59mmol, 0.360mL) in 1 ,4-dioxane ( 12mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh ₃ ) , 0.052mmol, 60.0mg, Sigma- Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 120°C and stirred at that temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, held for 16 hours, quenched with water, and extracted twice with CHC1 /H ₂ 0 (120mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over gS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow oil which was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 40g, Teledyne ISCO) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH ( 10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 5:95 MeOH ( 10% NH ₃ ):CHCI ₃ to provide 361 mg of Compound X36, l -(( lR, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'- yl)-3-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)quinoxal in-2( l /)-one, as a pale yellow amorphous solid (yield 84%).

The identity of Compound X36 was confirmed using Ή-NIVIR and LC/MS.

Compound X36: Ή-N R: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.00 (t, J=4.53Hz, 1 H), 7.73-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.35 (t, J=7.42Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (dd, J=\ 1.67, 7.00Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (dd, J=7.14, 1 .92Hz, I H), 5.25 (br, 1 H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.56 (m, 3 H), 2.77 (t, ,/=l 1 .40 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (br, l H), 2.31 -2.02 (m, 6H), 1 .88- 1 .41 (m, 12H), 1 .20- 1 . 10 (m, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=499.06 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 498.66).

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of Nal (3.26mmol, 488mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in MeCN (5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added trimethylchlorosilane ("TMSCI," 3.26mmol, 0.4 l 6mL, Sigma-Aldrich) to form a pale yel low suspension that was stirred at that temperature for 1 5 min. To a suspension of Compound X36 (0.724mmol, 361 mg) in MeCN (6mL) at 0°C was added dropwise over 5min the pale yellow suspension. With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of about 25°C then stirred at that temperature for an additional l Omin.

Thereafter, the reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 70°C and stirred at that temperature for 1 .5 hours. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, quenched with water, a 20% Na ₂ S ₂ 0 ₃ aqueous solution was added, and 2N aqueous HC1 was added unti l a pH of about 6-7 was reached. The pale yellow precipitate that formed was col lected by fi ltration and dried at 80°C for 16hr to provide 350mg of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound Rl a(i), l -(( lR, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9 ^, -azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6-oxo- l,6- dihydropyridin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2( l H)-one, as a pale yellow solid (yield 99%). The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R l a(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R l a(i): Ή- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.77 (d, J=8.79Hz, I H), 8.40 (d, J=7.42Hz, I H), 8.07 (t,

J=8.24Hz, 2H), 7.90 (t, J=7.97Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (t, =7.55Hz, I H), 7.26 (d, J=9.06Hz, I H), 6.44-6.29 (m, 1 H), 4.33-4. 1 5 (m, 3 H), 3.07 (t, J= l 3.18Hz, 1 .9H), 2.88 (br, 1 H), 2.55 (m, 4H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2.00 (m, 5H), 1 .90- 1 .74 (m, 6H), 1 .70-1.60 (m, I H), 1 .45 (t, y=9.34Hz, I H); LC/MS: w/z=485. 1 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 484.6).

Under a nitrogen atmosphere, to a solution of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound R l a(i) (0.303mmol, 147mg) in DMF (4mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added NaH (0.607mmol, 24.26mg); the resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 5min. Then, methyl 2-bromoacetate (Compound X37, 0.455mmol, 0.042mL, Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C and stirred at that temperature for 6 hours.

Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and extracted twice with

EtOAc/H ₂ 0 (70mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, washed with brine, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide an oil which was

chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 12g) eluted with a gradient of from 1 :99 MeOH ( 10% to provide 65mg of of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U003, methyl 2-(6-(4- (( l R, rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxal in-2-yl^ oxopyridin- l (2H)-yl)acetate, as a yellow oil (yield 39%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U003 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U003 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 8.04 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (dd, .7=7.97, 1 .37Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.79, 6.59Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=6.87Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (t, J=7.55Hz, 1 H), 7.00 (d, J=7.97Hz, 1 H), 6.33 (br, 1 H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 4.32-4. 13 (m, 4H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 4H), 3.1 1 -3.02 (m, 3H), 2.59-2.48 (m, 3 H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2. 10-1.92 (m, 6H), 1.89-1.68 (m, 9H); LC/MS: w/z=557. 1 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556.7).

To a suspension of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U003 (0.1 17mmol, 65mg) in MeOH ( l mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.350mmol, 0. 175mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 4 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, neutralized with 2N aqueous HCI, and additional 2N aqueous HC1 was added unti l a pH of about 4-5 was reached. The precipitate that formed was extracted twice with CHCI ₃ /H ₂ 0 (40mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over gS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow oil. The oil was added to EtOAc; a precipitate formed which was collected by filtration and washed with 9: 1 EtOAc:Et ₂ 0 to provide 32mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compound R l a(iii), 2-(6-(4-(( l R, 17?,3r,37?,5S,5\S [3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyrid in- l (2H)-yl)acetic acid, as a pale yellow solid (yield 5 1 %).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound l a(iii) was confirmed using Ή-N MR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R l a(ii i): Ή- NMR: 5 _H (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 8.78 (d, J=8.79Hz, l H), 8.33-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.05 (dd, J=8. 10, 1 .51 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (dt, J= l 5.20, 3.85Hz, 1 H), 7.54-7.48 (m, 2H), 6.41 -6.33 (m, LH), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.19- 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.12-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.80 (m, I H), 2.64-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 2. 1 1 - 1 .42 (m, 14H); LC/MS: w/z=543.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.67).

5. 13 Example 1 3 : Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds Where E is C

Using procedures similar to those descri bed above for Method 6. 1 in Example 12, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from Compound 1 D3 and the appropriate co-reactants. The co-reactant compounds are commercially avai lable from, e.g. , Sigma- Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

U005 U006 U007

U005: 1 -((\R, 1 y?,3r,37?,5 5'S [3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6-oxo- 1 ,6- dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(17/)-one.

U005: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.28 (d, J=2.44Hz, 1 H), 8.97 (dd, J=9.46, 2.29Hz, IH), 8.62 (d, J=9.15Hz, IH), 7.84 (dd, .7=8.01, 1.45Hz, 1H),7.71 (t, .7=8.01 Hz, lH),7.37(t, y=7.63Hz, IH), 7.16(d, J=9.30Hz, IH), 6.27-6.14 (m, IH), 4.29-4.22 (m, IH), 4.09 (d, J=10.37Hz, 2H), 2.99 (t, .7=12.96Hz, 2H), 2.83 (d, J=13.27Hz, 1 H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.44 (dd, J=19.98, 12.20Hz, 2H), 2.20 (s, 2H), 2.06-1.80 (m,6H), 1.67 (m, 7H), 1.52 (d, .7=12.51 Hz, IH), 1.35 (m, IH); LC/MS: OT/Z=485.01 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 484.63). U006: methyl 2-(5-(4-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5 ^, 5)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-

3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2/7)-yl)acetat e.

U006: LC/MS: [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556.7).

U007: 2-(5-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,55,5 ^, S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3 ,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2 /)-yl)acetic acid. U007: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ) 9.13 (d, 7=1.92Hz, IH), 8.64-8.58 (m, 2H), 7.86

(dd, .7=7.97, 1.37Hz, IH), 7.72 (dd, J=\ 0.03, 5.91 Hz, IH), 7.40 (t, J=7.42Hz, IH), 6.72 (d,J=9.61Hz, 1 H), 6.28-6.20 (m, 1 H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.28-4.22 (m, 1 H), 4.14 (d, J=9.61 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (t, J=l 2.64Hz, 2H), 2.92-2.88 (m, 1 H), 2.66-2.43 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 2.11 -1.88 (m, 5H), 1.72 (d, J=\ 4.01 Hz, 6H), 1.58 (t, J=6.46Hz, IH), 1.43 (m, IH); LC/MS: m/z=543.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.67).

U008 U009 U010

U008: 1 -(( 1 R, 17?,3r,37?,555'^-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(2-oxo- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-4-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U008: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.75 (d, J=8.52Hz, 1 H), 8.37 (s, 1 H), 8.16-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.99-7.95 (m, 1 H), 7.86 (t, J=7.97Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (t, J=7.69Hz, 1 H), 6.45-6.32 (m, 1 H), 4.45- 4.32 (m, IH), 4.15 (s, J=10.44Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=l 3.18Hz, 2H), 2.90-2.86 (m, IH), 2.70-2.47 (m, 4H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2.11-1.37 (m, 14H); LC/MS: z=485.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 484.6).

U009: methyl 2-(4-(4-((l ?,l ^, /?,3/-,3'R,5S,5'5)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan) ]-3 ^, -yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2 /)-yl)acetate. U009: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 7.92 (d, J=7.97Hz, 1 H), 7.74-7.55 (m, 2H),

7.37 (dd,J=9.61, 4.94Hz, IH), 7.09-7.05 (m, IH), 5.27-5.19 (m, IH), 4.70 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.62- 3.45 (m, 3H), 2.79-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.57-2.32 (m, IH), 2.02 (d, J=14.01Hz, 6H), 1.90-1.65 (m, 13H), 1.12 (d, J=12.91Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=551 Λ [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556.7).

U010: 2-(4-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,55',5 ^, 5)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2//)-yl)acetic acid.

UOlO: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 8.62 (d, 7=9.06Hz, 1 H), 7.96 (dd, J=7.97, 1.10Hz, IH), 7.89 (d, 7=1.65Hz, IH), 7.80 (dd,J=12.36, 4.67Hz, IH), 7.68 (d,J=7.14Hz, IH), 7.48 (s, 0.5H), 7.41 (dd,J=7.28, 1.79Hz, 1.5H), 6.30-6.12(m, 1H),4.84 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.25 (m, IH), 4.17 (t, J=5.22Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dd, .7=20.05, 6.59Hz, 2H), 2.87 (dd, J=8.65, 7.83Hz, 1 H), 2.59-2.45 (m, 4H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2.19 (s, 2H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 3H), 1.89-1.72 (m, 7H), 1.67-1.36 (m, 2H); LC/MS:

m/z=543.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.67).

R15a(i) U012 R15a(iii)

R15a(i): -CCl^l'R^^S'R^S^'^-tS^'-biC '-azabicycIoCSJ.nnonan^-S'-yl^S-CZ-oxo-l^- dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

R15a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.79 (dd, J=7.83, 1.79Hz, l.OH), 8.87 (d, J=8.79Hz, l.OH), 8.35 (dd,J=6.18, 1.79Hz, l.OH), 7.93 (t, ,/=7.83Hz, 2.0H), 7.56 (dd, J=9.61, 5.77Hz, l.OH), 7.21 (dd, .7=7.97, 6.32Hz, l.OH), 6.49-6.27 (m, l.OH), 4.29 (dd, 7=10.99, 5.49Hz, 0.9H), 4.18 (d, J=\ 0.16Hz, 1.8H), 3.04 (t,J=l 1.67Hz, 2.0H), 2.81 (dt,J=23.53, 8.03Hz, l.OH), 2.65-2.50 (m, 4.0H), 2.27 (s, 2.0H), 2.14-1.57 (m, 12.0H), 1.53-1.32 (m, l.OH); LC/MS: [M+H] ⁺ (Calc:

484.63). UO 12: methyl 2-(3-(4-(( \R, 1 'R,3r,3'^,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-

3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetate .

U012: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 7.89 (d, J=6.59Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (dd, J=6.87, 2.20Hz, 1 H), 7.70-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.33 (td, J=8.45, 3.85Hz, 2H), 6.34 (dd, J=8.65, 5.08Hz, 1 H), 5.44- 5.03 (br, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.40 (m, 3H), 2.87-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.15-1.90 (m, 5H), 1.85-1.40 (m, 12H), 1.15-0.99 (m, 1H); LC/MS: z=557.1 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556.7).

R15a(iii): 2-(3-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,55 ^, ,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-ox o-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetic acid.

R15a(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.73 (d, J=8.52Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=7.69Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.80(m, 3H), 7.47 (t, J=7.42Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J=7.00Hz, IH), 6.37-6.17 (m, 1H), 4.87 (d, J=7.69Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=10.44Hz, IH), 4.14 (d, J=10.44Hz, 2H), 3.04 (t, 7=12.64Hz, 2H), 2.78 (d, J=14.28Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 1.75 (ddt, J=\ 10.15, 59.15, 17.61Hz, 14H); LC/MS: z=543.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.67).

5.14 Example 14: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds Where E is C

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 6.1 in Example 12, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxalin-2(lH)-one and the appropriate co-reactants. The

3-chloroquinoxalin-2(l /)-ones are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos: US 2010/0216726 Al (see. e.g., Examples 3, 14, 17, and 29), US 2011/0178090 Al, and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 Al (see, e.g., Examples 1, 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g., Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

Qla(i) U0I5 Qla(iii)

Qla(i): l-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,3r,55)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azab icyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)- 3-(6-oxo-l ,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

Qla(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 11.23 (s, 1 H), 9.51 (s, IH), 8.42 (d, J=8.79Hz, 1 H), 7.94 (dd, J=17.99, 7.00Hz, 2H), 7.78 (t, J=7.97Hz, 1 H), 7.55 (dd, J=9.06, 7.14Hz, IH), 7.46 (t, J=7.83Hz, IH), 6.76 (d, J=9.06Hz, IH), 6.41-6.14 (m, IH), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, IH), 3.06 (dd, J=19.50, 14.28Hz, 2H), 2.82 (d, J=7.69Hz, 2H), 2.66 (d, J=8.52Hz, 2H), 2.31 (dd, J=14.28, 7.42Hz, 6H), 2.00 (t, J=14.56Hz, 4H), 1.90-1.64 (m, 12H), 1.26 (t, J=7.00Hz, 1H); LC/MS: /z=471.26

[M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 470.61).

U015: methyl 2-(6-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)- 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2 -yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetate. U015: LC/MS: w/z=543.36 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.67).

Qla(iii): 2-(6-(4-((lR,3R,55)-8-((lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3-yl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-y l)-2-oxopyridin-l(2//)-yl)acetic acid.

Qla(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.42 (d, J=7.69Hz, 0.8H), 8.33 (dd, J=14.83, 8.52Hz, 1.2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.52Hz, 0.3H), 8.09-8.00 (m, 1.7H), 7.88 (t, J=7.97Hz, 0.6H), 7.78 (d, J=7.97Hz, 0.4H), 7.50 (ddd, J=23.90, 11.40, 5.08Hz, 1.6H), 7.25 (t, J=4.67Hz, 0.4H), 6.40-6.14 (m, l.OH), 5.27 (s, 1.3H), 5.16 (s, 0.7Ή), 4.31 (s, 2.0H), 3.61-3.42 (m, 2.0H), 2.93 (dd, J=23.35, 9.89Hz, 2.0H), 2.52 (tt, =21.97, 6.59Hz, 5.0H), 2.30 (t, J=\ 7.99Hz, 3.0H), 2.08 (dd, J=l 1.26, 3.57Hz, 2.0H), 1.84 (d, .7=13.18 Hz, l.OH), 1.65 (dd, .7=35.43, 10.99Hz, 5.0H), 1.42-1.19(m, l.OH); LC/MS:

w/z=529.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 528.6).

QI3a(i) Q23a(i) U0I8 Q13a(iii)

Q13a(i): l-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azab icyclo[3.2.1]octan-3- yl)-3-(2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

Q13a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 9.86 (dd, J=7.97, 1.37Hz, 1H), 8.38-8.34 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.57 (t,J=7.69Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, .7=7.83, 6.18Hz, 1H), 6.42-6.22 (m, 1H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 3.52 (dd, .7=11.67, 5.63Hz, 1H), 2.96 (dt, .7=17.12, 7.07Hz, 2H), 2.47 (dtd, J=41.07, 13.87, 6.82Hz, 7H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 2.10 (dd, J=l 1.81, 5.49Hz, 2H), 1.72 (dt, 7=48.89, 18.20Hz, 6H), 1.33 (d, J=5.49Hz, 1H); LC/MS: w/z=471.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 470.6).

Q23a(i): 1 -(( lR,3R,5S)-8-(( 1 R,3r,5S,7S)-7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-(2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-y l)quinoxaliri-2(l /)-one.

Q23a(i): ¹ H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 7.88-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.34-

7.53 (m, 1 H), 6.49-6.66 (m, 1 H), 6.49-6.66 (br, 1 H), 5.26-5.46 (br, 2H), 4.33-4.48 (br, 1 H), 4.16-4.32 (br, 1H), 3.01-3.19 (m, 5H), 2.69-2.92 (m, 14H), 2.52-2.67 (m, 4H); LC/MS: m/z=485.2 [M+H] ⁺ .

UO 18: methyl 2-(3-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-8-(( 1 R,3r,55)-bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)- 8-azabicyclo[3.2. l]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin -l(2H)-yl)acetate. U018: LC/MS: m/z=543.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542.7).

Q13a(iii): 2-(3-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-8-((lR,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)- 8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-y l)-2-oxopyridin-l(2//)-yl)acetic acid.

Q13a(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.30 (d, J=6.0Hz, 1 H), 8.32 (d, ,7=11.4Hz, 1H), 8.17(d,./=6.0Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, lH), 6.87 (m,lH), 6.27 (m, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.31 (m, 2H), 3.48 (m, 1 H), 2.93 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.01 (m, 12H), 1.91-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.29 (m, 1H);

LC/MS: m/z=529A [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 528.6).

BBlc(i) U021 BBlc(iii)

BB 1 c(i): 1 -(( 1 R,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)-3-(6-oxo- l,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2(l /)-one. BBlc(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 11.08 (s, IH), 8.09 (d, J=6.87Hz, IH), 7.92 (d, J=7.97Hz, IH), 7.58 (dt, J=25.09, 8.38Hz, 3H), 7.42 (d, J=8.24Hz, 1 H), 6.74 (d, J=9.06Hz, IH), 5.39-4.95 (m, IH), 3.54 (d, J=12.09Hz, 2H), 3.07 (s, IH), 2.72 (t, J=12.50Hz, 2H), 2.43 (t, J=8.38Hz, IH), 2.07-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.71 (m, 24H), 1.19 (d, J=\ 0.71 Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=501.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 500.67).

U021: methyl 2-(6-(4-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetate.

U021: LC/MS: m/z=573.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 572.7).

BBlc(iii): 2-(6-(4-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2 )-yl)acetic acid.

BBlc(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 8.77 (d, ,7=8.79Hz, 1.OH), 8.29-8.19 (m, 2.0H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.10, 1.51 Hz, l.OH), 7.88 (t, .1=1.14Hz, l.OH), 7.49 (dd, .7=16.89, 8.10Hz, 2.0H), 6.47-6.32 (m, l.OH), 5.22 (s, 2.0H), 4.15 (d, ,7=10.16Hz, 2. OH), 3.80 (s, 1.1H), 3.07 (t, J=l 2.91Hz, 2.0H), 2.86 (d,J=l 5.11 Hz, l.OH), 2.56 (dd, .7=20.19, 12.50Hz, 2.0H), 2.29 (dd, .7=13.18, 5.22Hz, 2.0H), 2.08 (dt, J=25.91, 10.09Hz, 4.0H), 1.87-1.32 (m, 18.0H); LC/MS: z=559.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 558.7).

BB13c(i) U024 BB13c(iii) DDlb(iii)

BB13c(i): l-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3-yI)-3-(2-oxo-l ,2- dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(l//)-one. BB13c(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 10.07 (dd, 7=7.97, 1.65Hz, IH), 8.90 (d, J=9.34Hz, IH), 8.46 (dd,7=6.18, 1.79Hz, IH), 7.97-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.58 (t,7=7.69Hz, IH), 7.31 (dd, 7=8.79, 6.87Hz, IH), 6.49-6.35 (m, IH), 4.18 (d, J= 11.54Hz, 2H), 3.83 (s, IH), 3.03 (t, 7=13.18Hz, 2H), 2.85 (d,7=l 3.18Hz, IH), 2.65-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.30 (dd, 7=14.70, 6.46Hz, 2H), 2.14-2.04 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.54 (m, 16H); LC/MS: w/z=501.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 500.67).

U024: methyl 2-(3-(4-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2 )-yl)acetate.

U024: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 7.89 (d, 7=7.69Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (d, 7=7.42Hz, 1 H), 7.57 (s, 2H), 7.34 (t, ,/=6.04Hz, 3H), 6.44-6.26 (m, 1 H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 3.05 (s, IH), 2.70 (s,2H), 2.46-2.29 (m, 1 H), 2.03 (s, 2H), 1.61 (t, 7=17.99Hz, 22H), 1.21 (d,

7=26.64Hz, 5H), 0.87 (d, 7=7.42Hz, 2H); LC/MS: m/z=575.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 572.74).

BB13c(iii): 2-(3-(4-((lR,3r,5S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3- yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l (2H)-yl)acetic acid.

BB13c(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.94 (dd, 7=7.02, 1.22Hz, 1 H), 8.78 (d, 7=8.85Hz, IH), 8.02 (dd, .7=6.86, 2.14Hz, IH), 7.87 (dd, .7=13.27, 7.63Hz, 2H), 7.49 (t,J=7.63Hz, IH), 6.76 (t,.7=7.09Hz, IH), 6.40-6.26 (m, IH), 4.94 (s, 2H), 4.14 (d, =9.00Hz, 2H), 3.79 (t, 7=5.19Hz, IH), 3.03 (t, J=12.5IHz, 2H), 2.81 (dd, .7=25.70, 13.34Hz, IH), 2.55 (dd, 7= 19.29, 11.82Hz, 2H), 2.32- 2.28 (m,2H), 2.20-2.08 (m,4H), 1.91-1.42 (m, 18H); LC/MS: m/z=559.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 558.7).

DDlb(iii): 2-(6-(4-((17?,3R,5S)-8-((lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl) -8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-y l)-2-oxopyridin-l(2/7)-yl)acetic acid.

DDlb(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCl ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCl): 1.30-1.78 (m, 1 OH), 1.89- 2.38 (m, 12H), 2.55-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.96 (m, IH), 4.30-4.40 (m, IH), 4.90 (s, 2H), 5.98-6.12 (m, 1 H), 7.03 (d, J=8.5Hz, I H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5Hz, 1 H), 7.65-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.93 (m, 2H), 8.10 (d, J=8.8Hz, IH); LC/MS: [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542).

U39a(i) U027 U39a(iii)

U39a(i): l-((lR,3S,5S)-9-(2-((lS,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1. l]heptan-2-yl)ethyl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-(6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyridin-2 -yI)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U39a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 11.18 (s, IH), 9.88 (s, lH), 8.80 (d, J=8.90Hz, IH), 7.93 (dd, J=15.53, 6.97Hz, IH), 7.80 (t, J=7.81Hz, IH), 7.56-7.44 (m, IH), 6.75 (d, J=9.06Hz, IH).6.25-6.02 (m, IH), 3.87 (d, J=10.24Hz, 2H), 3.26 (d, ,/=5.54Hz, 2H), 2.96 (ddd, J=52.67, 19.01, 10.11 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 1 H), 2.23-1.50 (m, 18H), 1.22 (s, 2H), 1.11 (s, 2H), 0.91 (d,J=9.57Hz, 1H);LC/ S: w/z=513.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 512.69).

U027: methyl 2-(6-(4-((lR,3S,55)-9-(2-((lS,25,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1 .l]heptan- 2-yI)ethyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro quinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin- 1 (2H)-yl)acetate.

U027: LC/MS: m/z=585.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 584.75).

U39a(iii): 2-(6-(4-((lR,3S,5S)-9-(2-((15,2S,55')-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3. 1.1]heptan-2-yI)ethyl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin -l(2H)-yl)acetic acid. U39a(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 8.67 (d, J=8.85Hz, 1 H), 8.30-8.21 (m, 2H),

8.04 (d,J=7.78Hz, IH), 7.87 (t, J=8.01 Hz, IH), 7.54-7.45 (m, 2H), 6.32-6.12(m, 1 H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 3.86 (d, J=10.68Hz, 2H), 3.24 (t, J=8.01 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=12.66Hz, 2H), 2.77 (d, J=l 6.01 Hz, 1 H), 2.53 (dd, J=17.54, 10.52Hz, 2H), 2.42-2.35 (m, IH), 2.07-1.60 (m, 14H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H), 0.92 (d,J=9.76Hz, IH); LC/MS: z=571.45 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 570.72). 5. 15 Example 15: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds R8a(i), U030, and R8a(iii) by Method 6.2

8a(iii) U030

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds R8a(i), U030, and R8a(ii i) were prepared using procedures similar to those described above for Method 6. 1 in Example 12 except that the hydrochloride of Compound 1 C3 was used in the first step in place of Compound 1 D3, ethyl 2-bromoacetate (Compound X39, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in the third step in place of methyl 2-bromoacetate (Compound X37), and the conversion of the methoxy-substituted intermediate X38 to the oxo-substituted Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound R8a(i) in step two was as described below.

Intermediate X38 (0.648mmol, 332mg) was added to 2N aqueous HCI (20mL, 40.0mmol) to form a suspension. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C and stirred at that temperature for 9 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, neutralized with NaHC0 ₃ , and extracted with CHC1 ₃ . The organic portion was washed with brine, dried (over l^SC^), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound R8a(i), l-^l^l'R^r^'R^S^'S ^-V-methyl-

[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[33.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6-oxo-l,6-d ihydropyridin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U030: ethyl 2-(6-(4-((lR,rR ^3'R,5S,5'S,7. ^< )-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]- 3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)- yl)acetate.

U030: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop of DC1 and one drop of c/4-MeOH): 0.81-1.34 (m, 11H), 1.55-2.10 (m, 7H), 2.12-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.51 (m, 1 H), 2.58-2.79 (m, 2H), 3.06- 3.22 (m, IH), 3.46-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 5.01-5.36 (m, 1H), 6.60 (d,J=6.71Hz, IH), 6.74 (d, J=9.15Hz, IH), 7.39 (dd, J=8.03, 4.12Hz, IH), 7.45 (ddd, .7=9.30, 6.86, 0.92Hz, IH), 7.62-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.86 (dd, 7=7.61,0.61 Hz).

R8a(iii): 2-(6-(4-((lR,l'R,3^3'R,5S,5 ,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'- yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin-l (2 /)-yl)acetic acid.

R8a(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop of DC1 and one drop of d4- MeOH): 0.52-0.67 (m, 2H), 0.83-0.91 (d, =6.25Hz, 3H), 1.22-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.60-2.15 (m, 1 IH), 2.27-2.56 (m, 6H), 2.92-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.87 (m, IH), 4.03-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.29-6.45 (m, 1 H), 6.76 (d, J=6.86Hz, 1 H), 6.94 (d, ./=9.30Hz, 1 H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.70, 7.70Hz, 1 H), 7.61 (dd, J=9.00, 6.86Hz, IH), 7.79-7.89 (m, 2H), 8.70 (d, J=8.69Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=557.4 [ +Hf(Calc: 556.0).

5.16 Example 16: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound Rl la(iii)

U031 X40 Rlla(iii)

To a suspension of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound R8a(iii) (0.173mmol, 96.4mg) in EtOH (lOmL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added Pt0 ₂ (0.205mmol, 46.6mg, Sigma-Aldrich). Under a hydrogen atmosphere (5 bar), the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 22 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was filtered through CELITE and concentrated to dryness to provide Compound X40,

2-(2-(4-(( l R, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,75)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo- l ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-6-oxopiperidin- l -yl)acetic acid, as a brown amorphous solid.

Compound X40, taken directly from the previous step, was dissolved in CH ₂ CI ₂ ( 1 .5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C; then, 4,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa- l ,4-diene- l ,2-dicarbonitri le (DDQ,

0.208mmol, 47.2mg, Sigma-Aldrich) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated to dryness to provide a residue which was chromatographed on a si lica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 20:80 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 50:50 MeOH (28% ΝΗ ₄ ΟΗ):ΟΗΟΙ ₃ to provide a brown solid which was triturated with MeCN, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure at 1 00°C to provide 57.5mg of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound Rl l a(ii i), 2-(2-(4-(( 1 R, 1 'R,3r,3'/?,5S,5 ,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxal in-2-yl)-6-oxopiperidin- l -yl)acetic acid, as an off-white solid (yield 59.2%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R l l a(iii) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R l l a(ii i): Ή- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop each of DC! and iW-MeOH): 0.51 -0.68 (m, 1 H), 0.83- 0.91 (d, .7=6.41 Hz, 3 H), 1 .27- 1 .37 (m, 1 H), 1.61-3.08 (m, 28H), 3.36-3.50 (m, 1 H), 3.72-3.86 (m, 1 H), 4.05-4. 16 (m, 2H), 4.44-4.56 (m, 1 H), 5.26-5.33 (m, 1 H), 6.20-6.36 (m, 1 H), 7.36 (dd, .7=7.55, 7.55Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.00, 8.00Hz, 1 H), 7.82 (d, ,7=7.91 Hz, 1 H), 8.63 (d, J=8.54Hz, 1 H); LC/MS:

m/z=561 .5 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 560.0).

5.17 Example 1 7: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds EE l b(i), U034, EE l b(iii), DD 13b(i), EE 15b(i), and FF 1 3b(i)

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 6.2 in Example 1 5, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxalin-2( 177)-one. The 3-chloroquinoxalin-2( 1 /)-one is commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g. , as described in U.S.

Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/0216726 A 1 (see, e.g. , Examples 3, 14, 1 7, and 29), US 201 1 /0178090 A 1 , and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 A 1 (see, e.g. , Examples

1 , 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

EElb(i) U034 EElb(iii)

EElb(i): l-CClR^R^^-HClR^^S^-bicyclo^JJldecan-S-y - -azabicycloCSJ-lJnonan-S- yl)-3-(6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyi"idin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

EElb(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop of DC1 and one drop of d4- MeOH): 1.30-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.65-2.02 (m, 14H), 2.40-2.60 (m, 6H), 3.01-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.92 (m, IH), 4.11 -4.31 (m, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 6.37-6.63 (m, IH), 6.76 (d, J=8.98Hz, IH), 7.56 (dd, J=7.80Hz, IH), 7.66 (ddd, J=8.10, 8.10, 1.49Hz, IH), 7.76 (dd, J=8.20, 1.47Hz, IH), 7.94 (m, 2H), 8.54 (d, J=7.87Hz, 1 H), 9.57 (d, J=6.90Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=499.8 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 498.3).

U034: ethyl 2-(6-(4-(( \R,3R,5S)-9-(( lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yI)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-y l)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetate.

U034: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop of DC1 and one drop of c/4-MeOH): 1.33-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.63-2.10 (m, 17H), 2.42-2.61 (m, 6H), 3.00-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.99 (m, IH), 4.13- 4.34 (m, 4H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 6.31-6.61 (m, IH), 7.38-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.89 (ddd, J=8.01, 8.01, 1.47Hz, IH), 8.02 (dd, J=8.00, 1.47Hz, IH), 8.21 (dd, J=7.90, 7.90Hz, 1 H), 8.30 (d, J=7.44Hz, I H), 8.81 (d, ,/=8.70Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=585.8 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 584.3).

EElb(iii): 2-(6-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((li ⁱ ?,65 ^, ,8.)-bicyclo[4.3. l]decan-8-yl)-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-y l)-2-oxopyridin-l(2H)-yl)acetic acid.

EEIb(iii): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop of DC1 and one drop of d4- MeOH): 1.34-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.67-2.15 (m, 14H), 2.43-2.66 (m, 6H), 3.04-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.97 (m, IH), 4.16-4.31 (m, 2H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 6.35-6.58 (m, IH), 7.46-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.91 (ddd, J=8.06, 8.06, 1.50Hz, IH), 8.08 (dd, 7=8.06, 1.50Hz, IH), 8.21 (dd,J=7.97, 7.97Hz, IH), 8.29 (d, J=7.55Hz, IH), 8.84(d,/=8.73Hz, IH); LC/MS: mz=557.8 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556.0).

DDI3b(i) EE15b(i) FFI3b(i)

DD 13b(i): 1 -(( lR,3tf,5S)-8-(( 1R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octan-3- yl)-3-(2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

DD13b(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz,.CDCl ₃ with one drop of DCI and one drop of d4- eOH): 1.24-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.96 (m, 4H), 2.22-2.62 (m, 10H), 2.90-3.10 (m, 3H), 4.20-4.36 (m, 2H), 6.43 (quint, 7=9.30Hz, IH), 7.36-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.44 (brs, IH), 7.55 (t, 7=7.50Hz, 1 H), 7.89 (d, J=7.50Hz, 1 H), 7.95 (d, 7=7.50Hz, 1 H), 8.40 (d, 7=8.70Hz, 1 H), 8.48 (dd, ./=1.50Hz and 6.00Hz, I H); LC/MS: m/z=485.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 484.3).

EE 15b(i): 1 -(( 1 R,3R,5S)-9-(( 1 R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3- yl)-3-(2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

EE15b(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop of DCI and one drop of d4- MeOH): 1.30-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.65-2.22 (m, 13H), 2.39 (m, 9H), 3.83-3.99 (m, IH), 4.19-4.31 (m, 2H), 6.50-6.68 (m, 1 H), 7.29-7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.58 (dd, J=7.72, 7.72Hz, 1 H), 7.93 -8.02 (m, 2H), 8.50 (d, J=6.02Hz, IH), 8.99 (d, 7=8.73 Hz, 1 H), 9.93 (d, 7=7.89Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=499.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 498).

FF 13b(i): 1 -((\R,5S S)-9-(( 1 R,6S,85 bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-3-oxa-9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)-3-(2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-y l)quinoxalin-2(li/)-one.

FF13b(i): Ή-NMR: 5 _H (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 7.69-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.63 (m.2H), 7.24-7.40 (t, 7=7.9Hz, 1 H), 6.35-6.52 (t, 7=6.6Hz, IH), 6.03-6.26 (br, 1 H), 3.97-4.28 (br, 6H), 3.60- 3.89 (br, IH), 2.31-2.81 (br, 4H), 1.40-1.72 (br, 2H), 1.73-1.90 (br, 2H), 1.99-2.19 (br, 3H), 0.18-0.10 (br, 10H); LC/MS: m/z=501.3 [M+H] ⁺ . 5.18 Example 18: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds U037, U038, and U040 by Method 7

To a mixture of Compound 1D3 (1.174mmol, 500mg), 2-methoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yI)nicotinonitrile (Compound X40, 1.291mmol, 336mg, Sigma-Aldrich), Cs ₂ C0 ₃ (3.52mmol, l,147mg), and Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ (0.117mmol, 136mg) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 1 ,4-dioxane (25mL) and TEA (3.52mmol, 0.491 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 120°C and stirred at that temperature for 1.5 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, concentrated under reduced pressure, water (50mL) was added, then the mixture was extracted twice with CHC1 ₃ (50mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, washed with brine, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a brown amorphous solid which was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 12g) eluted with 0:100 MeOH (10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 5:95 MeOH (10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to provide a brown solid. That solid was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (FL60D, Fuji Silysia Chemical USA Ltd., Greenville, NC) eluted with 1:99 MeOH (10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to provide 575.7mg of Compound X41, 5-(4-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-methoxynicotinonitrile, as a yellow solid (yield 94%).

The identity of Compound X41 was confirmed using Ή-NM R and LC/MS.

Compound X41: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 1.34-1.51 (br, l H), 1.58 (d, J=\ 1.13Hz, 1 H), 1.63- 1.82 (m, 8H), 1.82-2.15 (m, 7H), 2.25 (s, br, 2H), 2.50 (td, J=\ 1.78, 8.08Hz,

2H), 2.66 (td, J=11.86, 5.24Hz, 2H), 2.80-3.00 (m, 1H), 3.06 (d, J=\ 4.10Hz, 2H), 4.13 (d, J=\ 1.70Hz, 2H), 4.150 (s, 3H), 4.19-4.32 (m, 1H), 6.34 (m, lH), 7.42 (t, J=7.47Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.58- 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.95 (dd,J=8.14, 1.59Hz, 2H), 8.70 (d,J=8.70Hz, 1H), 9.01 (d, J=2.44Hz, 1H), 9.38 (d,J=2.44Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=524.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 523). To a suspension of Compound X41 ( 1.090mmol, 571 mg) in 2-methoxyethanol (2.85mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added KOH (4.91mmol, 275mg). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 120°C and stirred at that temperature for 1 .5 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, 2N aqueous HC1 was added until a pH of about 7 was reached, and water ( 1 5mL) was added. The precipitate that formed was collected by filtration and dried for 2 hours to provide a gray solid which was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 12g) eluted with 10:90 MeOH ( 10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 20:80 MeOH ( 10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to provide a yellow solid which was triturated with EtOAc (8mL), collected by filtration, and dried under reduced pressure to provide 355.9mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U037, 5-(4-(( l R, l 'R,3r,3 ^, R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicycIo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3-oxo-

3,4-dihydroquinoxal in-2-yl)-2-oxo- l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile, as a yel low sol id (yield 64%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U037 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U037 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 1 .34- 1 .51 (br, l H), 1.58 (d, J= l 1. 13Hz, 1 H), 1.63- 1 .82 (m, 8H), 1 .90-2.12 (m, 7H), 2.25 (s, br, 2H), 2.50 (td, .7=1 1 .78, 8.08Hz, 2H), 2.66 (td, J= \ 1 .86, 5.24Hz, 2H), 2.97-3. 1 9 (m, 2H), 4. 14 (d, J= l 1 .29 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (s, l H), 6.34 (m, 1 H), 7.41 (t, J=7.47Hz, 1 H), 7.72-7.78 (m, 1 H), 7.86 (dd, J=7.93, 1 .37Hz, 1 H), 8.69 (d, J=8.54Hz, 1 H), 9. 14 (d, J=2.59Hz, l H), 9.26 (d, J=2.44Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=510.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 509).

To a mixture of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

U037 (0.697mmol, 355mg) and Rh(PPh ₃ ) ₃ Cl (0.174mmol, 161 mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in toluene (21 .3mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added (is)-acetaldehyde oxime (6.97mmol, 0.425mL, Sigma- Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C and stirred at that temperature for 1 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow sol id which was triturated with EtOAc (6mL) and collected by filtration to provide 336.9mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U038, S^-^ l i. l 'R^r^'R^^S'S)- [3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yI)-2-oxo- l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide, as a yellow solid (yield 92%).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U038 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS. Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U038: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1.36-1.51 (br, 1H), 1.57 (d, J=12.60Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.81 (m, 8H), 1.81-2.13 (m, 7H), 2.25 (s, br, 2H), 2.50 (td, J=\ 2.30, 8.08Hz, 2H), 2.64 (td,J= 12.00, 5.10Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.98 (m, 2H), 3.05 (t, 7=13.20Hz, 2H), 4.13 (d, J=9.90Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, br, 1H), 6.32 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.50Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.78 (m, IH), 7.89 (dd,J=7.80, 1.5, 1H), 8.67 (d, J=9.00Hz, 1H), 9.16 (d, J=2.70Hz, 1H), 9.59 (d, J=2.40Hz, 1H); LC/MS: OT/Z=528.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 527).

To a suspension of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U038 (0.559mmol, 295mg) in EtOH (35mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 8 ^" N aqueous NaOH (48.0mmol, 6mL). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at that temperature for 63 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, 2N aqueous HCI was added until a pH of about 4 was reached, and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow amorphous solid which was triturated, collected by filtration, and washed with water to provide a yellow solid. The solid was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (REDISEP RF GOLD 12g) eluted with 10:90 MeOH (10% NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 30:70 MeOH (10% ΝΗ ₃ ):0ΗΟ ₃ to provide a yellow amorphous solid which was triturated with watenMeCN

(10mL:l .5mL), collected by filtration, and dried for 8 hours under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 226.4mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U040, 5-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'5)-[3,9'-bi(9 ^, -azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin- 2-yl)-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid, as a yellow solid (yield 77%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

U040 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U040: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1.36-1.51 (br, IH), 1.57 (d, J=12.60Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.81 (m, 7H), 1.81-2.13 (m, 7H), 2.25 (s, br, 2H), 2.50 (td, J=12.30, 8.08Hz, 2H), 2.64 (td, J=12.00, 5.10Hz, 2H), 2.77-2.98 (m, IH), 3.05 (t,J=13.20Hz,2H), 4.14 (d,J=9.90Hz,2H), 4.25 (s,br, IH),6.32(m, I H), 7.39 (t, ,/=7.50Hz, IH), 7.69-7.78(m, IH), 7.88 (d, J=7.80, ΓΗ), 8.69 (d, J=8.54Hz, IH), 9.15 (d, J=2.70Hz, IH), 9.61 (d, J=2.70Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=529.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 528). 5.19 Example 19: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound R 1 6a(i)

Using procedures similar to those described in the first step of Method 7 in Example 1 8 for the first step shown above, except that 5-fluoro-2-methoxy-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- l ,3,2-dioxaborolan- 2-yl)pyridine (Compound X43, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in place of Compound X40, and using procedures similar to those described in the second step of Method 6.1 in Example 12 for the second step shown above, Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound R 16a(i), l -(( l/?,rR,3r,3 ^, /^,5S,5'5 -[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(5-fluoro-2-oxo- l ,2- dihydropyridin-3-yI)quinoxalin-2( lH)-one, was prepared.

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R 16a(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R 16a(i): Ή- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 9.09-8.74 (m, 2H), 7.94-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J= \ 1 .67, 4.26 Hz, 1 H), 7.45 (t, J=7.55Hz, 1 H), 6.30-6.07 (m, 1 H), 4.60-4.35 (m, 1 H), 4. 18 (d, ,7= 10. 16Hz, 2H), 3.07-2.85 (m, 5H), 2.65-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.26 (d, J= 12.36Hz, 2H), 2.05 (dt, .7=22.98, 10.64Hz, 5H), 1 .73 (tt, J=38.32, 12.54Hz, 8H), 1 .33 (dt, J=27.65, 9.55Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: z=503.35 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 502.62).

5.20 Example 20: Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine

Compounds U041 , U042, and U043

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 7 in Example 1 8, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxaIin-2( l/7)-one and 2-methoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyI- l ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)nicotinonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich). The 3-chloroquinoxalin-2(lH)-ones are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/0216726 A 1 (see, e.g., Examples 3, 14, 17, and 29), US 2011/0178090 Al, and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 Al (see, e.g., Examples 1, 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

U041 U042 U043

U041 : 5-(4-(( 1 R,3R,5S)-9-(( lR,65,8i)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan- 3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile.

U041: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1.38-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.79-2.14 (m, 14H), 2.49- 2.62 (m, 7H), 3.09 (t, J= 13.01 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, br, 1 H), 4.25 (d, J=) 0.58Hz, 2H), 6.26-6.48 (m, IH),

7.45 (t, J=7.47Hz, IH), 7.76-7.82 (m, IH), 7.91 (dd, J=7.72, 1.34Hz, IH), 8.72 (d, J=8.56Hz, IH), 9.19 (d, J=2.69Hz, IH), 9.33 (d, J=2.52Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=524.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 524).

U042: 5-(4-(( \R,3R,5S)-9-(( lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan- 3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide. U042: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1:,): 1.21-1.32 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.65-

2.12 (m, 13H), 2.48 (m, 6H), 3.06 (t, J=13.34Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, br, IH), 4.19 (d, J=l 6.00Hz, 2H), 6.20- 6.42 (m, IH), 7.39 (t,J=7.63Hz, IH), 7.70-7.76 (m, IH), 7.90 (dd, J=8.01, 1.45Hz, IH), 8.66 (d, J=8.69Hz, IH), 9.13 (d, J=2.75Hz, IH), 9.60 (d, 7=2.44Hz, IH); LC/MS: w/z=542.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 541). U043: 5-(4-((lR,3R,5S)-9-(( lR,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan- 3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo- l ,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

U043: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 1.38- 1.57 (m, 4H), 1 .71 -2.18 (m, 14H), 2.45-

2.64 (m, 6H), 3.09-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, br, 1 H), 4.25 (d, J=10.74Hz, 2H), 6.38 (m, 1 H), 7.45 (t, J=7.64Hz, 1 H), 7.76-7.82 (m, 1 H), 7.94 (dd, J=7.89, 1.34Hz, 1 H), 8.72 (d, J=8.56Hz, l H), 9. 19 (d,

J=2.52Hz, 1 H), 9.67 (d, J=2.52Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=543.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542).

5.21 Example 21 : Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U044 by Method 8

NaO-t-Bu

To a suspension of the hydrochloride of Compound X45 (0.31 5mmol, 1 50mg), sodi um 2- methylpropan-2-olate (NaO-t-Bu, 1 .259mmol, 121 mg, Sigma-Aldrich), and (2-methoxypyridin-4- yl)boronic acid (Compound X46, 0.630mmol, 96mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in 1 ,4-dioxane (4.5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 1 , 1 '-bis (di-t-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II) dichloride (0.031 mmol, 20.52mg, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was then irradiated for 2h at 1 50°C using a Biotage Initiator focused microwave heating apparatus (Uppsala, Sweden) operating at 2.45 GHz. Thereafter, the mixture was diluted with 5% NaHC0 ₃ in EtOAc ( l OOmL) and filtrated. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, washed with brine, dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and evaporated to dryness. The resulting solid was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 30:70 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to provide 91 .6mg of Compound X47, l -(( lR,3R,5S)-9-(( l R,6S,85)- bicyclo[4.3. l ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)-3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)quinoxalin- 2( lH)-one, as an orange solid (yield 56.8%).

The identity of Compound X47 was confirmed using Ή-NMR. Compound X47: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and d4- MeOH): 1.33-2.21 (m, 1 7H), 2.46-2.66 (m, 6H), 2.80-2.99 (m, I H), 3.02-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.97 (m, IH), 4. 17-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.49 (s, 3H), 6.45-6.66 (m, 1 H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.47, 7.47Hz, IH), 7.94 (dd, J=7.80, 7.80Hz, I H), 8.02 (dd, J=7.89, 1.34Hz, I H), 8.45-8.57 (m, 3H), 8.89 (d, J=8.73Hz, I H).

At a temperature of about 25°C, a suspension of Compound X47 (0. 179mmol, 91.6mg) in concentrated aqueous HCl ( l OmL) was prepared. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 10°C and stirred at that temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and evaporated to dryness. The resulting solid was chromatographed on a on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp.W003) el uted with a gradient of from 10:90 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCl ₃ to 30:70 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ to provide a yellow solid which was triturated with 1 :4

CHCl ₃ :Et20, collected by fi ltration, and dried for 8 hours under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 63.2mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U044, l -((lR,3R,5S)-9-(( lR,6S,8i)-bicyclo[4.3. 1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan-3-yl)-3-(2-oxo- l ,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)quinoxalin-2( l H)-one, as a yel low sol id (yield 70.9%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

U044 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U044: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and cW-MeOH): 1.32-2.12 (m, 17H), 2.41 -2.63 (m, 6H), 2.81 - 3.1 5 (m, 3 H), 3.8 1 -3.96 (m, I H), 4.16-4.27 (m, 2H), 6.33-6.5 1 (m, I H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.55, 7.55Hz, I H), 7.89 (ddd, J=7.89, 7.89, 1.60Hz, I H), 7.98 (dd, 7=7.89, 1 .50Hz, 1 H), 8.09-8. 1 8 (m, 2H), 8.42 (s, 1 H), 8,78 (d, J=8.88Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: z=499.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 498).

5.22 Example 22: Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds R 1 7a(i), R 1 8a(i), U048, and R21 a(i)(i)

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 8 in Example 2 1 , the fol lowing

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from the hydrochloride of Compound 1 D3 and the appropriate co-reactants. The co-reactant compounds are commercially available from, e.g. , Sigma-Aldrich, or can be prepared by methods known to the art.

RI7a(i) R18a(i) U048 R21a(i)(i)

R 17a(i): 1 -(( IR, 17^37^5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9 ^l -azabicycIo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(5-chloro-2- oxo-1 ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxaIin-2(lH)-one.

R17a(i): ¹ H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DCI and c/4-MeOH): l.26-1.49(m, 1H), 1.49-2.12 (m, 14H), 2.15-2.28 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.68 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.89 (m, 1H),2.92- 3.07 (m, 2H), 4.05-4.18(m, 2H), 4.18-4.32 (m, 1H), 6.30-6.49 (m, 1H), 7.49 (dd, .7=7.53, 7.53Hz, lH), 7.83-7.92 (m, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1 H), 8.84 (d, J=8.85Hz, 1 H), 9.48 (s, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=519.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 518).

R18a(i): 5-(4-((lR,l ^, R,3r,3'R,5S,5 ^, S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyridine-3-carb oxylic acid.

R18a(i): ¹ H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, 6-DMSO with one drop of DCI): 1.43-1.78 (m, 11 H), 1.95-2.18 (m, 6H), 2.23-2.68 (m, 5H), 2.73-2.90 (m, 2H), 4.01-4.24 (m, 3H), 6.06-6.30 (m, 1H), 7.44 (dd, .7=7.52, 7.52Hz, 1 H), 7.65 (ddd, J=8.55, 7.22, 1.42Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (dd, ,7=7.89, 1.57Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (d, ,7=2.69Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J=2.52Hz, 1 H), 8.66 (d, J=8.73Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=529.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 528).

U048: l-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan )]-3 ^, -yl)-3-(2-oxo- 1 ,2-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)quinoxalin-2(l//)-one.

U048: ¹ H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, d6-DMSO with one drop of DCI): 1.46-1.86 (m, 9H), 1.93-2.20 (m, 5H), 2.20-2.74 (m, 7H), 2.80-2.98 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.27 (m, 3 H), 6.13-6.34 (m, 1 H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.45Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (ddd, J=8.56, 7.21 , 1.18Hz, 1 H), 7.93 (dd, J=7.89, 1.50Hz, 1 H), 8.74 (d, =8.56Hz, 1H), 9.40 (s, 2H); LC/MS: w/z=486.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 485). R21a(i)(i): 5-(4-((l/?,r?,3r,3 ^, /?,55,5 ^, 5)-[3 _s 9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3 ^]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo- 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione.

R21a(i)(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, ί6-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 1.44-1.73 (m, 1 IH), 1.94-2.11 (m, 6H), 2.23-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.75-2.83 (m, 2H), 4.08-4.12 (m, 3H), 6.09-6.14 (m, IH), 7.41 (dd,J=7.82, 7.82Hz, 1 H), 7.62 (dd, J=7.99, 7.99Hz, 1 H), 7.78-7.85 (m, 2H), 8.64 (d, J=7.55Hz, 1H); LCMS: w/z=502.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 501).

5.23 Example 23: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U050

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 8 in Example 22 except that the dioxaborolane compound 2-methoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- 1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazine (Sigma- Aldrich) was used, Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U050 was prepared from the hydrochloride of Compound 1 D3.

U050: l-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'5')-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicycIo[3.3.1]nonan )]-3'-yl)-3-(5-oxo-

4,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl)quinoxalin-2( 17J)-one.

U050: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, c¾-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 1.46-1.77 (m, 1 IH), 1.90-2.16 (m, 6H), 2.19-2.66 (m, 5H), 2.77-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.97-4.24 (m, 3H), 5.96-6.14 (m, IH), 7.42 (dd, «7=7.55, 7.55Hz, IH), 7.61 (dd, J=7.93, 7.93Hz, IH), 7.88 (dd,J=7.93, 1.33Hz, IH), 8.16 (d, J=1.22Hz, IH), 8.54 (d, J=8.85Hz, 1 H), 8.65 (d, J=l .22Hz, IH), 9.95 (br, 1H);LC/MS: w/z=486.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 485). 5.24 Example 24: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound R28a(i)

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 8 in Example 21 , Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R28a(i) was prepared from the hydrochloride of Compound 1 C3 and (5-cyano-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)boronic acid (Sigma-Aldrich).

R28a(i)

R28a(i): 5-(4-(( lR, 1 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5 ,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)- 3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxal in-2-yl)-6-oxo- l ,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid.

R28a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, 5-DMSO with one drop of DCI): 0.70-0.83 (m, 1 H), 0.87 (d, .7=6.21 Hz, 3H), 1 .03- 1 .15 (m, I H), 1.42-2.41 (m, 15H), 2.42-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.72-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.87 (m, I H), 4.04-4. 19 (m, 2H), 6.04-6.26 (m, I H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.63, 7.63Hz, I H), 7.65 (ddd, .7=8.34, 7.39, 1 .51 Hz, I H), 7.86 (dd, J=7.89, 1 .34Hz, I H), 8.03 (d, ,/=2.52Hz, I H), 8.1 7 (d, J=2.69Hz, I H), 8.63 (d, [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 542).

5.25 Example 25: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U052

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 8 in Example 24 except that the dioxaborolane compound 2-methoxy-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- l ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazine was used, Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U052 was prepared from the hydrochloride of Compound 1 C3.

U052: l -(( l R, rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)- 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl)quinoxal in-2( l H)-one.

U052: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, cl6-OMSO with one drop of DCl): 0.68-0.81 (d, 1 H), 0.85 (d, .7=6.41 Hz, 1 H), 0.99- 1 . 10 (m, 1 H), 1 .44-2.65 (m, 1 9H), 2.79-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.88 (m, 1 H), 4.02-4. 19 (m, 2H), 6.03-6.26 (m, 1 H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.45, 7.45Hz, 1 H), 7.58 (dd, J=7.70, 7.70Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J=7.63Hz, 1 H), 8.1 5 (s, 1 H), 8.63 (d, J=9.46Hz, 1 H), 8.67 (s, l H); LC/MS: m/z=500A

[M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 499).

5.26 Example 26: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U55a(i)

Using procedures similar to those described in the first step of Method 8 in Example 21 for the first step and using procedures similar to those described in the second step of Method 6.1 in Example 12 for the second step, Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U55a(i) was prepared from the appropriate 3-chloroquinoxalin-2( lH)-one and (2-methoxypyridin-

3-yl)boronic acid (Sigma-Aldrich). The 3-chloroquinoxalin-2( l /- )-ones are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g. , as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2010/0216726 A 1 (see, e.g., Examples 3, 14, 17, and 29), US 201 1 /0178090 A l , and/or International PCT Publication No. WO 2012/085648 A l (see, e.g., Examples 1 , 2, and 10), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

CH ₃

U55a(i)

U55a(i): l-((lR,3S,5S)-9-(2-((lS,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hep tan-2-yl)ethyl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)-3-(2-oxo-l ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U55a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.94 (d, 7=6.25Hz, l.OH), 8.82 (d, 7=8.39Hz, l.OH), 8.42 (dd,J=6.18, 1.60Hz, l.OH), 7.93 (t, 7=7.93Hz, 2.0H), 7.56 (t, J=7.63Hz, l.OH), 7.27 (dd, 7=7.78, 6.10Hz, l.OH), 6.31-6.18(m, l.OH), 3.87 (s, 1.OH), 3.26 (d, 7=8.69Hz, 2. OH), 3.02 (t, .7=12.28Hz, 2.0H), 2.76 (d, .7=13.12Hz, l.OH), 2.57 (dd, 7=18.23, 10.14Hz, 2.0H), 2.39 (dd, 7= 14.49, 6.56Hz, l.OH), 2.02 (ddt, 7=45.91, 24.05, 10.50Hz, 10.9H), 1.69 (dd, 7=36.91, 9.00Hz, 2.9H), 1.28 (d, 7=7.17Hz, 0.2H), 1.23 (s, 3.0H), 1.10 (s, 3.0H), 0.92 (d, 7=9.61 Hz, 1.0H); LC/MS: z=513.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 512.7).

5.27 Example 27: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound R3a(i) by Method 9

1D3 X49 R3a(i) To a solution of the hydrochloride of Compound 1D3 (0.432mmol, 200mg) and 2-methoxy-6- (tri-n-butylstannyl)pyrazine (Compound X48, 0.649mmol, 259mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in 1 ,4-dioxane (l OmL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ (0.043mmol, 50.0mg). The resulting reaction mixture was then irradiated for 2h at 130°C using a Biotage Initiator focused microwave heating apparatus operating at 2.45 GHz. Thereafter, the mixture was evaporated to dryness to provide an oil which was chromatographed on a silica-gel col umn (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 1 5:85 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ to provide I a brown amorphous solid. That solid was chromatographed on on an amino silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W091 -01 ) eluted with a gradient of from 20:80 EtOAc:n-hexane to 50:50 EtOAc:n- hexane to provide 129.1 mg of Compound X49, l -(( l R, i y?,3r,3'#,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)quinoxal in-2( l H)-one, as a yellow amorphous solid (yield 59.7%).

At a temperature of about 25°C, a suspension of Compound X49 (0.126mmol, 63mg) in concentrated aqueous HCI (7.5mL) was prepared. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for 9 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The resulting solid was neutral ized with saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ and extracted with CHCI ₃ . The organic portion was washed with brine, dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide an oil which was chromatographed on a si lica-gel col umn (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCI ₃ to 20:80 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to provide a yellow solid which was triturated with CHCI ₃ :hexanes, col lected by fi ltration, and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 50.4mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Qui noxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R3a(i), 1 -(( \R, 1 ^, R,3r,3'R,55',5VS)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6-oxo-l ,6- dihydropyrazin-2-yl)quinoxal in-2( l /J)-one, as an off-white sol id (yield 82.3%).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

R3a(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R3a(i): Ή- NMR: 5 _H (ppm, 400MHz, £/6-DM SO with one drop of DCI): 1 .39- 1 .79 (m, l l H), 1.89-2.1 7 (m, 6H), 2.20-2.67 (m, 5H), 2.76-2.96 (m, 2H), 4.04-4.28 (m, 3 H), 6.04-6.29 (m, 1 H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.47, 7.47Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (dd, .7=7.85, 7.85Hz, 1 H), 7.97 (dd, 7=7.93, 1 .37Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (s, 1 H), 8.53 (s, 1 H), 8.67 (d, 7=9.15Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=486.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 485). 5.28 Example 28: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound R2a(i) by Method 10

Compound 56 was prepared as described in Example 7 herein.

To a solution of ethyl 2-(2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-2-oxoacetate (Compound X50,

0.295mmol, 62mg, Sigma-Aldrich) in EtOH (2mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added Compound 56 (0.246mmol, 87mg) and AcOH (0.6 I 5mmol, 0.035mL). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 1 00°C and and stirred at that temperature for 1 7 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and evaporated to dryness to provide an oi l which was chromatographed on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W002) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% NH ₄ OH):CHCl ₃ to 10:90 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to provide a pale yel low amorphous solid. That solid was chromatographed on on an amino si lica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W091 -01 ) eluted with a gradient of from 20:80 EtOAc:n-hexane to 50:50 EtOAc:n-hexane to provide Compound X51 , 1 -(( 1 R, 1 ^, R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(2- methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)quinoxalin-2( l H)-one, as a yel low amorphous solid.

At a temperature of about 25°C, a suspension of the quantity of Compound X5 1 prepared above in 2N aqueous HCI ( 12.00mmol, 6m L) was prepared. The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at that temperature for 7 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and evaporated to dryness. The resulting sol id was neutral ized with saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ , triturated with 1 : 1 MeOH:water, col lected by filtration, and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide I 03.1 mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R2a(i), l -(( l R, l 'R,3 ,3'R,55,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(2-oxo- 2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl)quinoxaIin-2( l H)-one, as an off-white solid (overall yield 86.4%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R2a(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS. Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R2a(i): Ή- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ with one drop each of DCI and ί/4-MeOH): 1.32-2. 16 (m, 15H), 2.20-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.99-3.12 (m, 2H), 4.06-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.19- 4.34 (m, I H), 6.54-6.69 (m, I H), 6.57 (d, J=6.56Hz, I H), 7.53 (dd, J=7.62, 7.62Hz, I H), 7.93 (dd, J=7.77, 7.77Hz, I H), 8.17 (dd, J=8.08, 1.07Hz, 1 H),8.27 (d, J=6.56Hz, IH), 8.96 (d, J=9.00Hz, I H); LC/MS: m/z=486.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 485).

5.29 Example 29: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Com ounds U056, U057, U058, and U059

U058 U059 To a solution of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

R15a(i) (0.468mmol, 227mg) in DMA (2.3mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added NaH ( 1 .874mmol, 74.9mg); the resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30min. Then, methyl 3-bromopropanoate (Compound X52, 1 .405mmol, 0.1 53mL, Sigma-Aldrich) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25°C for 1 hour. Thereafter, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic portion was washed with water, washed with brine, dried (over Na ₂ S0 ₄ ), and evaporated to dryness to provide an amorphous solid which was chromatographed on a silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 MeOH (28% MH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 1 5:85 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to provide 188.2mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U056, methyl 3-(3-(4-((lR,rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3J. l]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxa^ 2-yl)-2-oxopyridin- l(2H)-yl)propanoate, as an orange amorphous solid (yield 70.4%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound U056 was confirmed using Ή-NMR.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U056: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ with one drop each of DC1 and ί/4-MeOH): 0.83- 1 .14 (m, 2H), 1 .27-2.06 (m, 14H), 2.14-2.38 (m, l H), 2.40-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.88 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.70 (m, 9H), 4.00-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.83-5.30 (m, 1 H), 6.24-6.42 (m, 1 H), 7.30-7.45 (m, 1 H), 7.48-7.72 (m, 3H), 7.72-7.92 (m, 2H), 8.24-8.37 (m, 1 H).

To a solution of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U056 (0.322mmol, 1 84mg) in MeOH (7.2mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.967mmol, 0.484mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30min, heated to 85°C, and stirred at that temperature for 30min. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, acidified with 2N aqueous HC1 (720μί), and evaporated to dryness. The resulting solid was chromatographed on a si lica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W003) eluted with a gradient of from 10:90 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to 50:50 MeOH (28% NH ₄ 0H):CHC1 ₃ to provide a yellow solid that was triturated with MeOH, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 91.8mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U057, 3-(3-(4-(( l R, rR,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin- 2-yl)-2-oxopyridin- 1 (2H)-yl)propanoic acid, as a yellow sol id (yield 51. 1 %).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U057 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U057: Ή-N MR: 5 _H (ppm, 400MHz, ί/6-DMSO with one drop of DC1): 1 .34- 1 .79 (m, 1 1 H), 1 .86-2.1 7 (m, 6H), 2.17-

2.59 (m, 5H), 2.60-2.90 (m, 4H), 3.99-4.22 (m, 5H), 6.01 -6.24 (m, 1 H), 6.34 (dd, J=6.79, 6.79Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (dd, J=7.48, 7.48Hz, 1 H), 7.57-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.85 (m, 2H), 8.61 (d, J=8.54Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=557.4 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 556).

To a solution of methyl 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanoate (Compound X53, 2.042mmol, 260.3μί, Sigma-Aldrich) in toluene (3mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R 1 5a(i) (0.309mmol, 150mg) and 2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile (Compound X54, 1 .414mmol, 371 μί, Sigma-Aldrich); the resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30min. Then, to the mixture was added methyl 3-bromopropanate

Thereafter, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 130°C and stirred at that temperature for 2 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and evaporated to dryness. The resulting oil was chromatographed on on an amino silica-gel column (Yamazen Corp. W091 -01 ) eluted with a gradient of from 20:80 EtOAc:n-hexane to 50:50 EtOAc:n-hexane to provide 89.4mg of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U058, methyl 3-(3-(4-(( lR, l ^, R,3r,3'R,5S,5'5}-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-

2- yl)-2-oxopyridin- l (2H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, as a yellow amorphous solid (yield 66.8%).

To a suspension of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compound U058 (0.149mmol, 89mg) in 1 : 1 eOH :THF (1.1 mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.446mmol, 0.223m L). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 70min, heated to 65°C, and stirred at that temperature for 4 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, diluted with 5% aqueous citric acid, and extracted with 5: 1 CHCl ₃ :MeOH. The organic portion was dried (over Na ₂ S0 ) and evaporated to dryness to provide a solid which was triturated with 1 : 1 2-isopropoxypropane:MeOH, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 68.7rng of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U059, 3-(3-(4-(( lR,rR,3;-,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9 ^l -azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-

3- oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxopyridin- l (2H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, as an off-white solid (yield 79.0%).

The identity of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U059 was confirmed using ^' Ή- R and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound U059: Ή-NMR: 6 _H (ppm, 400MHz, ί/6-DMSO with one drop of DCI): 1 .07 (s, 6H), 1 .38- 1 .72 (m, 1 1 H), 1 .92-2.1 5 (m, 6H), 2. 1 9-2.55 (m, 5H), 2.75-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.84-4.39 (m, 3H), 6.07-6.24 (m, 1 H), 7.1 1 (dd, J=7.32, 5.03Hz, 1 H), 7.41 (dd, .7=7.52, 7.52Hz, I H), 7.63 (dd, .7=7.93, 7.93Hz, 1 H), 7.80-7.86 (m, 2H), 8.25 (dd, J=5.03, 1 .08Hz, 1 H), 8.62 (d, ,7=8.85Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=585.5 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 584).

5.30 Example 30: Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds U060, U061 , R25a(i), U063, and U064

Using procedures similar to those described above for Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compounds R l a(i ii) (Example 12), U008 and Rl 5a(i) (Example 13), and U038 and U040 (Example 18), respectively, except that Compound 1 C3 (prepared as described in Example 6 herein) or its hydrochloride was used in place of Compound 1D3, the following Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were prepared from Compound 1C3 and the appropriate co-reactant.

U060 U061 R25a(i) U060: l-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S,75)-7-methyl-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(6- oxo-l,6-dihydropyridin-3-yI)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U060: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 9.41-9.47 (m, IH), 9.20-9.29 (d, J=l 1.6Hz, !H), 8.43-8.50 (d, J=8.3Hz,lH), 7.96-8.02 (d,J=8.1Hz, IH), 7.72-7.79 (t, J=8.8Hz, IH), 7.46-7.53 (t, J=9.9Hz, IH), 7.30-7.38 (d, J=9.2Hz, 1 H), 5.96-6.08 (br, 1 H), 4.22-4.32 (d, ./=10.5Hz, 2H), 3.88-4.02 (br, IH), 3.09-3.21 (t,J=14.0Hz, 2H), 2.81-2.92 (br, IH), 2.35-2.55 (m, 5H), 2.00-2.21 (m, 9H), 1.83- 1.92 (d, 6H), 1.65- 1.74 (d, 2H); LC/MS: m/z=499.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

U061: 1-((lR,l'R,3r,3'R,5S,5 ^, S,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3' -yl)-3-(2- oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl)quinoxalin-2(lH)-one.

U061: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 8.46-8.61 (m, 2H), 8.18-8.40 (m, 2H), 7.99- 8.12(d,J=8.1Hz, IH), 7.71-7.92 (t, J=7.2Hz, IH), 7.45-7.60 (t, J=7.9Hz, IH), 5.96-6.17 (br, IH), 4.19- 4.32 (d,J=9.4Hz, 2H), 3.85-4.07 (m, IH), 3.07-3.21 (t, J=12.5Hz, 3H), 2.75-2.94 (m, IH), 2.33-2.57 (m, 5H), 1.99-2.22 (br, 16H), 1.55-1.95 (m, IH); LC/MS: m/z=499.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

R25a(i): l-((lR,l ^, R,3r,3 ^, R,5S,5'S,7S)-7-methyl-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicycIo[3.3.1]non an)]-3'-yl)-3-(2- oxo-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(l /)-one.

R25a(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CD ₃ OD): 7.73-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.49-

7.55 (t, J=8.1Hz IH), 7.32-7.40 (t, J=6.6Hz, IH), 6.43-6.51 (br, IH), 5.30-5.45 (d, J=6.4Hz, 2H), 4.07- 4.20 (br, IH), 3.78-3.91 (t, J=12.5Hz, 2H), 2.98-3.09 (m, 5H), 2.11 -2.66 (m, 15H), 1.46-2.09 (m, 7H); LC/MS: m/z=499.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

U063 1 ⁾ 064

U063: 5-(4-((lR,rR,3 ,3' _J R,55,5'5,75)-7-methyl-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3- oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridine-3- carboxamide.

U063: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 9.33 (s, IH), 8.86 (s, IH), 8.27 (s, IH), 7.69 (s, lH),7.47(s, lH), 7.18(s, lH),5.89(br, 1 H), 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.64 (m, IH), 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, IH), 2.23 (m, 4H), 2.06-1.42 (m, 12H), 0.67 (m, 4H), 0.43 (m, 2H); LC/MS: w/z=542.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

U064: 5-(4-(( I R, 1 'R,3-,3' ⁱ ?,5S,5'5,7^)-7-methyl-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3- oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyridine-3- carboxylic acid.

U064: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 9.42 (d, J=2.3Hz, I H), 8.98 (s, IH), 8.41 (d, J=8.8Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J=8.0Hz, IH), 7.57 (s, IH), 7.26 (s, lH),6.02(br, IH), 3.71 (m, IH), 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, I H), 2.33 (m, 2H), 2.23 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.47 (m, 10H), 0.71 (m, 4H), 0.48 (m, 2H); LC/MS: m/z=543.3 [M+H] ⁺ .

5.31 Example 31: Synthesis of Compound IB3

1B3 67 66 65 64 63

Using procedures similar to those described in Examples 6 and 7, Compound I B3,

1 -((lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)- 3-chloroquinoxalin-2(lH)-one, was prepared from Compound 60.

The identity of Compound 61, (lR,6S)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-amine, was confirmed using MS.

Compound 61: MS: m/z= 154.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

The identity of Compound 62, {}R,5S)-9-((\R,6S£s b\cyc\o[43. l]decan-8-yl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3-one, was confirmed using Ή-NMR and MS.

Compound 62: ¹ H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, CD ₃ OD): 3.76 (br, 2H), 3.45 (m, 1 H), 3.13 (m, 1 H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.20 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.76 (m, 9H), 1.75-1.34 (m, 10H);MS: m/z=276.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

The identity of Compound 63, (lR^^- iR^^S^-bicyclo^J.lJdecan-S-yl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one oxime, was confirmed using Ή-NMR and MS.

Compound 63: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.29 (br, 1 H), 3.52 (br, 2H), 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m,4H), 1.95-1.26 (m,20H); MS: m/z=291.4 [M+H] ⁺ . The identity of Compound 64, (lR,3R,55)-9-((lR,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine acetate, was confirmed using Ή-NMR and MS.

Compound 64: '.H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, CD ₃ OD): 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 4H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.81 (m, 7H), 1.71-1.42 (m, 8H), 1.31-1.15 (m, 6H); MS:

w/z=277.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

The identity of Compound 65, (lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)- N-(2-nitrophenyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3. l]nonan-3 -amine, was confirmed using ¹ H-NMR and MS.

Compound 65: ' H-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.17 (dd, J=1.7, 8.4Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.3Hz, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d,,/=8.4Hz, 1H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 2H), 2.02 (m, lH), 1.86-1.52 (m, 12H), 1.49-1.32 (m, 4H), 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=398.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

The identity of Compound 66, V-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)benzene-l,2-diamine, was confirmed using ¹ H-NMR and MS.

Compound 66: ¹ H- R: δ _Η (ppm, CDC1 ₃ ): 6.78 (m, 4H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1 H), 3.91 (m, 3H), 3.74 (m, lH), 3.11 (m, 2H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.55 (m, IH), 2.42 (m, 4H), 2.02-1.55 (m, 12H), 1.52-1.27 (m, 5H); MS: m/z=368.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

The identity of Compound 67, l-((lR,3R,5S)-9-((lR,6S,8i')-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)- 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)quinoxaline-2,3(lH,4//)-dione, was confirmed using MS.

Compound 67: MS: /z=422.4 [M+H] ^" ' ^" .

The identity of Compound 1 B3 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and MS.

Compound 1B3: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, CDC1 ₃ ): 8.77 (d, J=8.6Hz, 1H), 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 6.52 (m, 1 H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.92 (m, 1 H), 2.60-2.44 (m, 6H), 2.10 - 1.66 (m, 13H), 1.54-1.33 (m, 4H); MS: m/z=440.4 [M+H] ⁺ .

Compound 60, (li?,6 )-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-one, was prepared by hydrogenating Compound 58 using palladium on carbon under a hydrogen atmosphere, for example, similarly to the preparation of Compound 50 in Example 5. Alternately, Compound 60 can be prepared by protecting the oxo group of Compound 59 followed by debromination with n-butyl lithium, quenching with water, and deprotection of the oxo group.

The identity of Compound 60 was confirmed using MS.

Compound 60: MS: m/z= 153.4 [M+H] ⁺ . Compound 58, (R)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]dec-6-en-8-one, was prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in House et al., J. Org. Chem. 44(16):2819-2824 ( 1979) and House et al, J. Org. Chem. 45(10): 1800- 1806 ( 1980). These House et al. references also describe the preparation of Compound 59, ( l S,6S)-l -bromobicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-one.

The identity of Compound 58 was confirmed using MS.

Compound 58: MS: m/z= \ 5 \ A [M+H] ⁺ .

5.32 Example 32: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound B l 9a by Method 1 1

1 D3 X56 B 19a

To a solution of 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5,5-dimethyl imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Compound X55, 280mg, 1 . 127mmol) in DMA (4mL) at 0°C was added NaH (45. 1 mg, 1 . 127mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30 minutes. To the mixture was added Compound 1 D3 (400mg, 0.939mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at that temperature for I hour. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and diluted with water; a precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected by fi ltration and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide a solid which was chromatographed on a si lica gel column (Fuji Silysia Chemical NH60 Size20) eluted with a gradient of from 10:90 EtOAc:hexanes to 20:80 EtOAc:hexanes to provide 1 92mg of Compound X56, 1 -(4-(( l R, 17?,3^37?,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3. 1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-3-(4-metho xybenzyl)-5,5- dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, as a colorless solid (yield 32%).

The identity of Compound X56 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS. CompoundX56: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1.11 (d, J=12.8Hz, 2H), 1.39-1.90 (m, 18H), 1.96-2.10(m, 7H), 2.38 (d, J=10.5Hz, IH), 2.67 (t, J=l 1.2Hz, 2H), 3.46-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 5.22 (s, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J=7.8Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.2Hz, IH), 7.39 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 7.57 (t, J=7.2Hz, IH), 7.63 (d, J=8.5Hz, IH), 7.76 (d, J=7.8Hz, IH); LC/MS: m/z=638.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 637).

To a solution of Compound X56 (170mg, 0.267mmol) in MeCN (17mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added eerie ammonium nitrate (CAN, 1.096g, 1.999mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) in water (8.5mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. Thereafter, the mixture was diluted with water and the aqueous portion was extracted twice with CHC1 ₃ (lOOmL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, washed with brine, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a solid which was chromatographed on a on a silica gel column (12g, Teledyne ISCO) eluted with a gradient of from 0:100 MeOH (10% aqueous NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 5:95 MeOH (10% aqueous NILKCHCl-, to provide 66.8mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B19a, l-(4-((lR,l ^* R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'- bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquino xalin-2-yl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine- 2,4-dione, as a white solid (yield 48%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B19a was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound B19a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ ): 1.32-2.08 (m, 22H), 2.24 (br s, 2H), 2.49 (dd, J=20.3, 12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.58- 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.85 (m, IH), 2.98 (t, J=13.3Hz, 2H), 4.11 (d,J=10.4Hz, 2H), 4.23 (br s, IH), 6.21- 6.34 (m, IH), 7.39 (t, J=6.9Hz, IH), 7.70-7.82 (m, 2H), 8.66 (d, J=8.2Hz, IH); LC/MS: z=518.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 517).

Compound X55 was prepared as follows.

X32 X57 X55 To a suspension of KOH (565mg, 10.07mmol) in EtOH (l OmL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added Compound X32 ( l -29g, 10.07mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to 90°C and stirred at that temperature for 10 min then cooled to a temperature of about 25°C. To the mixture was added MeOH (5mL) and l -(chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (Compound X57, 1.365mL, I 0.07mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 60°C and stirred at that temperature for 18 hours. Thereafter, the mixture evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with CHC1 ₃ ; the insoluble white solid that formed was removed by filtration. The resulting filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed on a on a silica gel column (24g, Teledyne ISCO) eluted with a gradient of from 0: 100 EtOAc:hexanes to 50:50 EtOAc:hexanes to provide 338. Omg of Compound X55 as a colorless oi l (yield 14 %).

The identity of Compound X55 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound X55 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDCI ₃ ): 1 .41 (s, 6H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 5.64 (br s, 1 H), 6.84 (d, ,/=7.5Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, ,/=7.4Hz, 2H); LC/MS: w/z=249.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 248). 5.33 Example 33 : Synthesis of Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxali ne-Type

Piperidine Compound 019a

019a

Using procedures similar to those described above for Method 1 1 in Example 32, except that Compound 1 B3 (prepared as described in Example 31 herein) was used in place of Compound 1 D3, Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound 019a, l -(4-(( lR,3R,55)- 9-((lR,65,85)-bicyclo[4.3.1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydiOquinoxalin- 2-yl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, was prepared from Compound X55 as the co-reactant. 019a: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 300MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D+DC1): 1.33- 1.52 (m, 4H), 1.62-2.07 (m, 19H), 2.43-2.55 (m, 6H), 2.80 (d, J= 1 3.6Hz, 1 H), 2.99 (t, J=12.8Hz, 2H), 3.80-3.91 (m, 1 H), 4.1 7 (d, J= 10.3Hz, 2H), 6.19-6.34 (m, 1 H), 7.39 (t, J=7.3Hz, 1 H), 7.73-7.82 (m, 2H), 8.64 (d, J=8.8Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=532.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 531 ).

5.34 Example 34: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound R6a(i)(i) by Method 12

X58 X59 R6a(i)(i)

To a mixture of 4-(( l^, rR,3r,3 ^* /?,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4- dihydroquinoxaIine-2-carboxylic acid (Compound X58, 300mg, 0.689mmol) and SOCI ₂ (2.01 l mL, 27.6mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) at 0°C was added DMF (5.36μΕ, 0.069mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the acid chloride of Compound X58 as an oil which was dried under reduced pressure at a temperature of about 25°C for 15 min. To a mixture of the acid chloride of Compound X58 in THF (9mL) at 0°C was added the hydrochloride of hydrazinecarboxamide (230mg, 2.066mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) and TEA (0.573mL, 4. 13mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of about 25°C and stirred at that temperature for 7 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was diluted with water and a saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ solution then extracted twice with CHCI ₃ /H ₂ 0 (70mL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was chromatographed on a on a silica gel column ( 12g, Teledyne ISCO) eluted with a gradient of from 2:98 MeOH ( 10% aqueous NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 10:90 MeOH ( 10% aqueous NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to provide 80mg of Compound X59, 2-(4-(( lR, R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]- 3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carbonyl)hydrazinecarb oxamide, as a yellow solid (yield 23%). The identity of Compound X59 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound X59: Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D+DC1): 1 .21 -2.05 (m, 16H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2.52 (t, J=22.0Hz, 4H), 2.83 (s, 1 H), 3.03 (t, J=\ 2.0Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 1 H), 6.33 (s, l H), 7.50 (t, J=7.3Hz, 1H), 7.89 (t, J=7.7Hz, 1 H), 8.06 (d, J=7.5Hz, 1 H), 8.74 (d, J=8.5Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: m/z=493.25 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 492.6).

To a suspension of Compound X59 (80mg, 0. 162mmol) in EtOH (2.4mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added 2N NaOH (0.244mL, 0.487mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for 3 days. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25°C, concentrated under reduced pressure, 10% citric acid was added, and the mixture was extracted twice with CHCI ₃ /H2O ( l OmL for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (over MgS0 ₄ ), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was chromatographed on a on a si lica gel column eluted with a gradient of from 1 :99 MeOH ( 1 0% aqueous NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to 1 5:85 MeOH ( 10% aqueous NH ₃ ):CHC1 ₃ to provide 3 1 mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R6a(i)(i), l -(( l R, 1 7?,3^37?,5S,5\S [3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro- l H- l ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)quinoxalin-2( lH)-one, as a pale yellow solid (yield 40%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound R6a(i)(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound R6a(i)(i): Ή- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCl ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCI): 1 .41 (s, 1 H), 1 .57-2.08 (m, 1 5H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 2.48- 2.58 (m, 4H), 2.92 (dd, 7=30.9, 1 3.6Hz, 1.H), 3.08 (t, J= l 2.8Hz, 2H), 4.37 (s, 1 H), 6.27-6.36 (m, 1 H), 7.46 (t, y=7.7Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (t, J=7.9Hz, 1 H), 7.97 (d, J=8.0Hz, l H), 8.72 (d, J=8.8Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=475.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 474.6).

Compound X58 was prepared as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication US

201 1 /0178090 A l , at paragraph [0395] and thereafter, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 5.35 Example 35: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal

Piperidine Compound EE6b(i)(i)

EE6b(i)(i)

Using procedures simi lar to those described above for Method 12 in Example 34, except that

Compound 1 B3 (prepared as described in Example 3 1 herein) was used in place of Compound 1 D3, Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound EE6b(i)(i), 1 - ((l R,3R,5S)-9-(( l /?,6S,85)-bicyclo[4.3. 1 ]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-(5-oxo-4,5- dihydro- l H- l ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)quinoxalin-2( l H)-one, was prepared.

EE6b(i)(i): Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCl ₃ +CD ₃ OD+DCl): 1.32- 1 .58 (m, 4H), 1 .68-

2.02 (m, 1 5H), 2.47 (s, 6H), 3.89-3.05 (m, 3 H), 3.87 (s, 1 H), 6.32 (s, 1 H), 7.46 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.82 (d, J=7.0Hz, 1 H), 7.97 (d, ,/=6.8Hz, 1 H), 8.70 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=489.25 [M+Hf (Calc:488.62).

5.36 Example 36: Synthesis of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound R6a(i ii)(i) by Method 1 3

X60 X61 X62 R6a(iii)(i) To a solution of Compound X60 (769mg, 1.659mmol) in EtOH ( 15mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added hydrazine mono-hydrate (0.403mL, 8.29mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for 3 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was filtered to provide a solid that was washed with EtOH and dried under reduced pressure at 60°C to provide 548mg of Compound X61 , 4-((lR, l 'R,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3. l ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carbohydrazid e, as a yellow solid (yield 73%).

The identity of Compound X61 was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS.

Compound X61 : Ή-NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDCIj): 1 .1 1 (d, J=12.5Hz, 2H), 1.42-1 .78 (m, 19H), 1 .86 (t, J= 13.2Hz, 2H), 2.009-2.08 (m, 6H), 2.38 (s, 1 H), 2.70 (s, 2H), 3.48-3.59 (m, 3H), 4.35 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.25 (s, 1 H), 7.44 (t, 7=7.2Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (d, =5.5Hz, 2H), 8.20 (d, J=7.9Hz, 1 H), 10.74 (s, 1 H); LC/MS: w/z=450.2 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 449.6).

To a solution of Compound X61 ( 1 50mg, 0.334mmol) in TH F (4.5mL) at a temperature of about 25°C was added ethyl 2-isocyanatoacetate (0. 1 12mL, 1 .001 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2.5 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was filtered to provide a solid that was washed with TH F to provide 165mg of Compound X62, ethyl 2-(2-(4- (( lR, l ' ?,3r,3'R,5S,5'S)-[3,9 ^, -bi(9'-azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3 ^, -yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxal ine-2- carbonyl)hydrazinecarboxamido)acetate, as a yellow sol id (yield 85%).

The identity of Compound X62 was confirmed using LC/MS.

Compound X62: LC/MS: m/z=579.3 [M+Hf (Calc: 578.7).

Compound X62 ( 165mg, 0.285mmol), taken directly from the previous step, was suspended in EtOH (4.8mL) at a temperature of about 25°C. 2N NaOH (0.71 3mL, 1 .426mmol) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 100°C and stirred at that temperature for about 16 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and neutralized with 10% citric acid; a precipitate formed. The precipitate was col lected by fi ltration, washed with water, and dried for 16 hours under reduced pressure at 80°C to provide 160mg of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R6a(iii)(i), 2-(3-(4-(( l ?, r/^,3r,3'R,55 ^, ,5'S)-[3,9'-bi(9'- azabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonan)]-3'-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxal in-2-yl)-5-oxo- l H- l ,2,4-triazol-4(5H)- yl)acetic acid, as a yellow sol id (yield 98%).

The identity of Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound

R6a(iii)(i) was confirmed using Ή-NMR and LC/MS. Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound R6a(iii)(i): ¾- NMR: δ _Η (ppm, 400MHz, CDC1 ₃ +CD ₃ 0D): 1.69-1.85 (m, 18H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.47-2.55 (m, 4H), 2.87 (s, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=26.5, 14.4Hz, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=6.1Hz, 2H), 4.24 (s, 1 H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 6.23 (s, 1 H), 7.39 (s, l H), 7.83 (t, J=19.7Hz, 2H), 8.67 (s, 1 H); LC MS: /z=533.3 [M+H] ⁺ (Calc: 532.6).

Compound X60 was prepared as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication US

201 1 /0178090 A l , at paragraph [0395] and thereafter, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.37 Example 37: In vitro ORL-1 Receptor Binding Assay ORL- 1 Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cel ls expressing the human opioid receptor-like receptor (ORL-1 ) (Receptor Biology) were prepared by lysing cells in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (2.5mM MgCI ₂ , 50mM HEPES, pH 7.4) ( l OmL/ 10 cm dish) followed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/Teflon pestle. Membranes were collected by centrifugation at 30,000 x g for 15min at 4°C and pellets resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration l -3mg/mL. Protein concentrations were determined using the BioRad protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as a standard. Aliquots of the ORL-1 receptor membranes were stored at -80°C.

Radioligand binding assays (screening and dose-displacement) used 0. 1 nM [ ³ H]-nociceptin (NEN; 87.7 Ci/mmole) with 10-20μg membrane protein in a final volume of 500μί binding buffer (l OmM MgCI ₂ , I mM EDTA, 5% DMSO, 50mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of l OnM unlabeled nociceptin (American Peptide Company). Al l reactions were performed in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1 h at about 25°C. Binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine (Sigma-Aldrich). Harvesting was performed using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) followed by three filtration washes with 500μί ice-cold binding buffer. Fi lter plates were subsequently dried at 50°C for 2-3 hours. Fifty μίΛνεΙΙ scintillation cocktail (BetaScint; Wallac) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. The data from screening and dose-displacement experiments were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and the curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM™, v. 3.0, respectively, or an in-house function for one-site competition curve-fitting.

ORL- 1 Receptor Binding Data: An Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type

Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity (K,) for the human ORL- 1 receptor of about 1000 nM or less in one embodiment, or about 500 nM or less in another embodiment. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K, (nM) of about 300 or less for binding to ORL- 1 receptors. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a j (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K; (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline- Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K, (nM) of about 20 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a K; (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Kj (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Kj (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a j (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a Kj (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of the disclosure has a j (nM) of about 0. 1 or less.

5.38 Example 38: In vitro ORL- 1 Receptor Functional Assay

ORL- 1 Receptor [ ³⁵ S]GTPyS Binding Assay Procedures: Membranes from recombinant ΗΈΚ- 293 cells expressing the human opioid receptor-l ike (ORL- 1 ) (Receptor Biology) were prepared by lysing cells in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (2.5mM MgCI ₂ , 50mM HEPES, pH 7.4) ( l OmL/10 cm dish) fol lowed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/Teflon pestle. Membranes were collected by centrifugation at 30,000 x g for 15min at 4°C, and pellets resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration of l -3mg/mL. Protein concentrations were determined using the BioRad protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as a standard. Al iquots of the ORL- 1 receptor membranes were stored at -80°C.

Functional binding assays were conducted as follows. ORL- 1 membrane solution was prepared by sequentially adding final concentrations of 0.066μg/μL ORL- 1 membrane protein, ^g/mL saponin, 3μΜ GDP and 0.20nM [35S]GTPyS to binding buffer (l OOmM NaCl, l OmM MgCl ₂ , 20mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice. The prepared membrane solution ( 190μί/\νεΙ1) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing \ 0μ1, of 20x concentrated stock solutions of agonist/nociceptin prepared in DMSO. Plates were incubated for 30min at about 25°C with shaking.

Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) and followed by three filtration washes with 200μL· ice-cold binding buffer ( l OmM NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , lOmM Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50°C for 2-3 hours. Fifty μίΛνεΙΙ scintillation cocktail (BetaScint; Wallac) was added and plates were counted in Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. Data are analyzed using the sigmoidal dose-response curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0, or an in-house function for non-linear, sigmoidal dose- response curve-fitting.

ORL- 1 Receptor Functional Data: ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at an ORL-1 receptor. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate ORL- 1 receptor function. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1000 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 80 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 50 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1 5 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅ o (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP EC ₅₀ (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by nociceptin, a standard ORL- 1 agonist. In one embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 50% or greater. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 75% or greater. In another embodiment, a Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 85% or greater. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxal ine- Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 95% or greater. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of about 100% or greater. In another embodiment, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 1 10% or greater. In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acting as a partial agonist has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 10%. In one embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 20%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 30%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cyclic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 40%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Cycl ic Urea- or Lactam-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL- 1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 50%.

5.39 Example 39: In vitro Mu-opioid Receptor Binding Assays

μ-Opioid Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Radioligand binding assays were conducted using freshly thawed membranes expressing human μ-receptors (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT).

Radioligand dose-displacement binding assays for human μ-opioid receptors used 0.2nM[ ³ H]- diprenorphine (NEN, Boston, MA), with 5-20mg membrane protein/well in a final volume of 500μί binding buffer ( l OmM MgCl ₂ , I mM EDTA, 5% DMSO, 50mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Reactions were carried out in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of unlabeled naloxone. All reactions were conducted in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1 -2 hr at about 25°C. Binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-wel l Unifi lter GF/C filter plates (Packard, Meriden, CT) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine using a 96-wel l tissue harvester (Brandel,

Gaithersburg, MD) followed by performing three filtration washes with 500μί of ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50°C for 2-3 hours. BetaScint scintil lation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, Finland) was added (50μίΛνε11), and plates were counted using a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. The data were analyzed using the one-site competition curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0 (San Diego, CA), or an in-house function for one-site competition curve- fitting.

μ-Opioid Receptor Binding Data: In certain embodiments, a Cyclic Urea- or Lactam- Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K, (nM) of about 3000 or less for binding to μ-opioid receptors, or about 1 000 or less, or about 650 or less, or about 525 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 1 00 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less, or about 0.1 or less.

5.40 Example 40: In vitro Mu-Opioid Receptor Functional Assays μ-Opioid Receptor Functional Assay Procedures: [ ³⁵ S]GTPyS functional assays were conducted using freshly thawed membranes expressing human μ-receptors. Assay reactions were prepared by sequentially adding the following reagents to binding buffer ( l OOmM NaCI, l OmM MgCl ₂ , 20mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice (final concentrations indicated): membrane protein (0.026mg/mL), saponin ( l Omg/mL), GDP (3mM) and [ ³⁵ S]GTPyS (0.20nM; NEN). The prepared membrane solution (190μίΛνε11) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing \ 0μ1, of 20x concentrated stock solutions of the agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala2, N-methyl-Phe4 Gly-ol5]-enkephalin) prepared in DMSO. Plates were incubated for 30min at about 25°C with shaking. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard, Meriden, CT) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, MD) followed by three filtration washes with 200μL· of ice-cold wash buffer ( l OmM NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , l OmM Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50°C for 2-3 hr. BetaScint scintillation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, Finland) was added