- ues usne crcesoenexrscn.osure reaeso maeras an meosor remova o conamnansrom suur connc meonsra coounnsrnes,esee c aonnamonaense conueens m oaueesms src reuae.or exame, mon or eveneow m.ssecause, s eoeow mars-er- wen suur-c uur emssons, suc as suur oxesorme an onumanoneaamn.aeeusesuse a oreeusruneu,rzaaveon snnocsan neave eecs one amosere seraoeuse aese reuae s sues anouesasecome more r uurmsecomeower aneemanoruesrouceromow roesues u moc ras znn aoecr nreoaseeu.m.nuoswrev mere,oor removn suur conamnanss oeraes a-°, a wcem oes no wor weoroeseecause roesuurzaon seeraureoese sarsoermaerae. oer rener sreams.n a ca maoss ws uese usoeacroceases roearceosnusurezwneeneseues, an conamnans an a-ressure sream oroeno e suur roen sue .eroeumnusr removee suurromeue as esuurzaon an a ₂ sorveesuurzaonrorcoecsessess,o surc rem asovn, aen su asuor c exracve eroeum aoweremeraures,aveee onamnansrom an sues.e mansav ncaesneor exracnos,oenes o caass anae oese an oeresuurzaonrocessesse cos e e,r reaeseunsur ozra aosonreecnns.ue eswueru erxzaracono ansorocaevsese resuare umseen sss s ecauc azr a evsea exrene a cco- asn oceesuesuuruzarzoanoon, oxaevvees. exensveecause oe rce oe s suc asoncus are aso ese secaze exr secaze exracans anecu o reccn acuumsaacaonns aas sueenc uesneoes ecenc. eesocs.owever,ase on rumenar ecounoumrcze esomaeesse, vaecruvuemrosmaowonr caane a ecxcaomune,onre v oacu eumumsena coosns arnocess, ra owoer ooaerwroseu scuounr- ccos ooese.or eaeo rou ° uner vacuumressures near onamnaeoeses esne eumen an sncan ener con . amoseres, reurn seca conamnanows, corosm,ouwe e,nearrcuraorcessoore rseemosu uvm enr co oonn. ucamnans,arcuar suur e vauae. eromow-raeeesocs, wou remova oe coresenscosure reaeso maeras an meosor ecen an cos-eecve eesoc namnansromues, an esecaromoeserouceromow-rae one asecrso. ,c aes ssessema an can a remroocveses conaa umnansromues areescreeren.ccorno conamnan ses annexensve an reusae so maerao exrac mae aows-rroameu raew a aomeseenreomuecreaurreom anowresrsaureeesesscocosse, s.e conamnaeue rease.erocess mae aacrocess or a uc asow-rae wase removn conamnansr connuousowrocess.erocessor ressure. omeue mae conuce a roomemeraure an amoserc rovnc acoreans ao orsne c aosnaecn,er aorocenss aoru raenmov on c cocnoamexnrannsromuencues: anna concenraon o aeas one conamnan nroucn aueavn euan o ccoexrn, were noe conanero causeeueo conac we ccoex n aeas aoron oe aeas one conamnan assocaes e conaneras arnna an co rnecmenovranon oeuee aromease on ceon coannaemr, wnaner,e aneue removerom concenraon ncues:rors vne n werenena cco ss no a ana eon asee ar ansrseac co, c n aonc are non ecrersaso oonr. n rem aouvann co ona cmcnoanesxrronmnorese oeseavn anna concenraon oon-rocaron-can co oucn e conanero causeeoeseo conaceu namnan moecuesno oeon-rocaron-can co an o ccoexrn, weren aeas some removneoeserome cnonamannearn, w moereecnuese assooceasees r wemovee crocmoexe cronn aanneras anana co cnocnecnenraraonons oesseaonn-enrocaar coonnc-ecnaran conamnan moecues, an werenencues:ccroorvnno a aeuars aer arsse ccon, aanreorcesosonr reo amn.ovn suur-conamnansromoese oeseavn anna concenraon o su uan o ccoexrnnroucn causeeoeseo c ur-conamnan moecuesnoe conanero conamnan moecueso anssaoccaee wuane c oc coceoxerxnr ann, w reemreovnn aeaes soomees oeroe suur- conaner, wereneoese removerome conaneras an me suur-conamnan moecues, an weren a concenraon o e concenra ena concenraonsessanena ccoonr.no aurer asec, a ssemor removn conamnansromuencues: a corsnc ceonnraanoenr oo aneas a onuean cona om cnacnonexorne a co mneaannseornroucn aueavn anna uan o ccoexrn, weren aeas aor ro causeeueo conac e e ccoexrn an a mea on o e aeas one conamnan assocaes w removerome conanernsaso ar renmaov connceneraueonr oomee a coenasa onnere, c wonearemnnaneue werenena concenraonsessanena concenraon. , an conamncacnor maneo a ceornan- emroocarmoenn-sc,aen c mooneacmunea.n mea co cnoanan a suur aom. e ccorno oer emomens,e ccoexrn mnan ma e a suracan. ccoexrn mancue naveea-cc mancue nave ccoexrn. e ccoexrn. oexrn. e ccoexrn mancueea- o ccornourer e seesaesroucero momens,eue mancueoese. eue mancue wa mas, os, anorreases. eue mancueoeseroucerom nerac,c worasne os, wasereases anorrownrease. ree o ceran oer emomens,erocess maurerncueeroca cncore ccoexrn w a ro c anor aoar oranc soven. wae nourer emomens,erocess mancuenroucn auan o ccorenxorn.euoer e sxuacmea, aouaneu oe w anaer mea waeer anreronu ccoenacno we coenauanner w oee ueeusen. coneacro wcess maeuaennur oe crcncouexer sen.araenuane wa oer wraer mae remove w ccorno anoer emomen,eue exners conomaneue. concenra er maave a suur coneow m anreeraeow m. conaner mcoarne aor cser caonum emnoavmnen as,aceerocees osr m aaue a connuousowrocess.e resenceme oeuene coumn maeew zee o ccoexrn.e mnues an mnues, ore een mnues an mnues, oreween mnues, o ween mnues an mnues, oreween mnues an cc ressan mnues. secon coumnavn aacee oruzee o rocoessex mran mncauee aroevrnaen, weoew se oconue c coounmannnna croaneam wners coumn.e coumn ane secon coumn aneroca re anseweeners anor a enerane ccoexrn w aroc coar oranc soven. conanercoornn aou aanon oa c emcooexmrennsn, seererso wcess maeres a conacanrocess. secon eue removeromers conaner maenro er maerove. ccoexrn, an oona wa ucenoe secon conaner.eue, conannce sro.e er, mxure mae aae weners anor secon ora ccoexrn maeeroca reenerae w aroc anor aoar ue, anccv eoern. menansoo srom reee enmeraomens,e meansornroucnue,e meansor removn a conro ssem conureo connroe cecnoroexucrnon m oanecuueenuom ans, v raeves, sensors, anor e conaner as wouenownersons o sne a mova oerom o ornare sr ssnemse, m are uoons, exeaamurneas aonn o avaenaeaese or. eenvenon we aareno one suc aona ssems, meos, aneaures scron.snenea a summar,e wne scoe oenvenon, aennceureoe wcenseeoscorwnon c aanms.s escrone.nveen coomn coannenesenere uneurrseso aore w no n reeceesresanrceoo secarea,w emnsa asnsnseeaoowenn aaceca ueo,neu rseraerennce neumrenrcaseses onaeen cvoerrnesono.oreover,neures, were . sows exermenaaaore e nnarsrououeeren vews. eween aoeseue an a cc urumaronn o suur conamnans eween a.o seosewsuee a enec a c oc wo oae eex xr or rnn so n soer r een eu.rumaronn o suur conamnans ccoexrn. sows exermena oane sorn.onnecsaaor aoeseue an a . so . srceenm.acausraes aacrocess. coumns.. sceneemraac saowsu oseraraesn an enxeesmora ar m cuon-snuaouesaocwrroocceessss. usnwo monerman u conerammna.nsonr exuaems aree, c suurruen reuae an man neeo mee aars-er-oave no morean rneroeum anoeseues curren nees canoa o mne.osoeses arerouceromee socs, suc as suur conc oernreaoownsreeaosew,a amre rse uasuvae nroee a o cr sucaur conamnans.s suc, acevn eesocoeses.owever, ssue w suc conamnan-ree- ca conan eves eoesesrouceromowraeeesocs, wc crcaroem wc mus oe c oovmercoemxe sunu orr ceornoamrnoanucse,en su-urra reeucooensecomes a a rawow-raeeesocoese maave anwererom o e. ca, ne case ooese, suur enerserocess wenow m o suur. rownreaserome wasewaerre vaueeesocs, suc as conanne su amennusr, are use.ns case,e moecues ounneroeumu.r conecamcanan,s cean sueu vrerounenrenrownanreease moas,eo moenes an sues suracans or oeron-rocaron-can moecu sneorm o oec suaes are aca com es,or exame, soumoec suae. neeeo m onen oeerens.ew suur removaecnues are asasonoera ,ure eso u ess ,ees o oow oess-ra e,sece roose sue nrees ,,oc aves ae. ormn “ueue, a”nnc euaenso c,omum eoxncu ueses mamameraase suc oruows,e srucene arsaoersa onre oera acneo unne,s.ao arr eex naom coem,mon useorove enero run ennes an ocane ran o ans unsuaeor eanesounnasone,u seas osues areervero ovee enero run a car oreneraeower. meas an suur,s necesmsare srooeuem.nsn meanue ca wses, come rem wova o env cornonammennaans r, suc as oruroses osscosure,eerm “oese” means an e euaons. n eserea ac canoraas an unrance rocaroserea ac can. aoms,ncuno caroncaronoueons.sas cn can w o caron caronrou=oueon, conneceo an oxe onneceo aeancun a rocaron can oo carons w noou n aom, an conneceo a sor easca a sne me- rouue couonse. ane sorrocaron can oe 2 _{2 3} e- ₂₃ orro- rouceor ₃ roumrroo resu ees. a o acsss acnosuorre,ceererm “rawoese” meansoeseaaseen anor wasn anorrnor es esercaon anorrans-esercaon me eser. “onamnae ouceea ac eser, an mos commonea ac excess o reuaor reuremenos.ese c”on maemansnaone asoemas a cnon aaonms soames c uonnaemsrnaanesnn nserouc an wcsareeor remova.s noe aove, suurs on e conamnan aom.or exame, maera suc asas, os, anr e suc wase os, wasereases anorrownrease ease , waseas, raw, conamnaeoese ma con mae useorouce rawoese ans reuaorms.aseas, wase oasn, weavsees or seuaseusr, a orer ooeser caons,a omsn aanns,rnea esxecess oena use anor soorerneneurosesnoos anoorea sa were enscare as raon acves, an avn aorurorcaors weosas n oe.sscosure, “on-rocaron-can moecues” areene as onseweene car can rannromo caron aoms. ca, a maor oe can moecue on aomsne can we sneons,ueon-rocaron- o caron as ma asoncueoueons.e cansowarse en oe rane ca,oemso,n-e caronca mraon e-vcenanncau eexrancses arnooor ac c ccarcacerroscacrs.on rn srucure. oneon-orurrocoasreson o-casnasco ansur ae, ae “ason on-ecaean conamcana,n a m woee-cuee”nncues aeas moecuar conuraon conann aeas one conamna e, reave s,on-can conamnan moecues conann a n aom. ca exames o suc oec suae anoeco. e suaese aans oneo suur aomneeancue conann moecues oneres, oers suur s aree moscaes o suur can-conamnan moecues m unconaes are asoosse.eron- conamnans m ancue conamnan aoms oeran suur.or exame, soum, ec., wacn mcauee o coenra sneecnc v aaormosus su mco aescu nesro suecn, aso nsuceorco aucs,soassum, suracans, aromacs, sas,oenes,os, anervav ,roens, ona, sucon-can conamnan mo es oese casses o susances. we conamnan-conannea.eoar oecuesca ex oar assocae caracerscs.eoar oe conamnan-conaneea mave rseoroc roc caracerscs mae sncan,erernovena moare- enouae eseoar an roc caracerscso no necessar meansou n waer. sou n waer,u raerae conamnan-conann e enre moecueas w waer.s an exame, suaes,os, an suu ea cannerac aracve oar enouo ex sncanroc.r-conann eser-anaoues areca unconaes arencuenon-can- s suc, wen suc suur-conann moecueese ma e conamnan moecues,eseon-can-conamnannerac x suracanroeres. suracans a moecueareersoe ae rowceeesns woar reerm aonvn a conroamonacnsuro. reeermneuan o ccoexrn,rovnm auereeroeancuesrovn a conamnans, conacnereeermneuan rmneuan oue conann ccoexrnor areeermneero ome,e c ocue wereeermneuan o aeas one conamnan, searane oexrn caurn aeas aracon o aracon oe aeas one c uerome ccoexrn, anere removn aeas or a conerocess o removonna cmonnaamnnraonmsroemueu.e cane accomse as aacrocess nn auouascowrrocess. an conace w eoaccess o,eer. ccuornexren amne oe c coonnaacm, cnoaneamunean arsenaceeuneo aa co anreaner asraecrseeonee cuceo.exurrnnose cvoenac assomcea,e we conaem cncano ceoxnrcennrraeeornen aao remann ue wa, wee conamnan concenraon assocae we ccssocae we conaceroson enou,e conamnans w reac a sa oexrn rses.e concenraon o conamnans assocae weue a e o eurum werene enaance, soa nourer concenraon n assocae we ccoexrn w eurum caneen uon oeracor canes occur.eme reureo reac conamnan,e mor s, suc as,or exame,e moecuar srucure oe ass vscos oo oe ccoexrn, as we asu caracerscs oeue, suc uo .e reuconne conamnan concenraon assocae weueeens o cnonaem ranaon os cncoeexuern.on aune envena, aeur aneoroe c oonmaneer aen coneacn ora re csonecnencraon e ccoexrns searaeromeue vaern, cenrun, sen, ec. eme,essenn oe amoun o conamnansneue snce aoron o , resunn a remove we ccoexrn.oreuroses osscosuree conamnanss rocesssene ase conacmeeweeneue ane,e resencemen aacsene asemenervaromrs conac oeu ccoexrn, ane conacme oe searaonrocess searaneuerome ce we ccoexrnoenaon exsecause manesnraeosewe coexrn.anes o resencemes exs. en caa exenures an oeraona exenures ccoexnr an c.ononru eousowrocess,eues connuous movn reaveoeuan o aceno a xame,n mos connuousowrocesses,e ccoexrnsna ccoex conaner aneneuesorceoowroue conaner conanne ccoern.seueowsroue conaner, conamnans wneue conace e conxarnenr, as aoeruoen oowes a croonuanm annansasnee cuec,o secxrno. anu resm, aasn weue.eo.,wsosrou assocae w e ccoexrn.s suc,eue exne conaneras aower ve concenraonc oaees connaomnansaneue enerne conaner. soren, su r suc a connuousowrocesss axeerocess weree conaneroc aes cocoexrn,sacenoe conanern sucuan a se eueuow,n.e. w,eere soree snoraerncaerscorems c aannacoe sne.canno meorve arcoaun connn reusouosnseowo asroceessuesonwss arouuzee ceonraonceers,s wee sorerene soarrecne osn are aaraa se conaner, an acon oeownue are reanene conaner aseue ex an mxe e rocesses areca orene verca, weuown uwars.ucuzee e oarces soae swr, rse, ana aseuowsromse anara ne e cona oomoeo o oosacconrer aru.reso cseosns osns os ac nousumre,er oeerum “ccoexrn” reerso arou o s rn srucuresn conras cose suunsoneoeeroorm a rn.oeeroorm a sra coexrn wcs a numer oucose suunsone cenra ca an oosaccare.e rn srucure o ccoexrnorms a aownvor,na som caen canseesra,cu wes m mooeceucueseso o eneer corere ccav sze a an cemca naure,ere ccoexrn, ann oer cases aownues moecues ne reane e ccoexr areane cenra cav oe arerouccn eooexe er r nznee msase. accraeameronu oce sarc e,n az mmxaucrer oea smxe-,n se ove sn-a,rc an. een-m cecmoeexrns rns arecarouce, anese arenown as aa-,ea-, ana re resecve. a-ccoexrnas a cavameer ra mma-ccoexrn, ccoexrnas a cavameer rannrom. nnrom.nmo.nmea- a cavameer rannrom.nmo nmo.nm anamma-ccoexrnas amma-ccoexrns canen .nm.nna mxure o aa-,ea-, an ccoexrn manuac e searaease onern waer sou.eas one rouce on one oureracereme aseveoe secaze enzmesa “ave ccoeexser cncoexrns, reevnem oe searaon se. urer c ,” as useeren,s ccoexrnaas noeen sueceo an enz emca mocaon suc asenervaze anoromerze aerena mmacrocnr seazem.enu.eoavee ccoaecxrnn e oxses a csc croseaxsr anssnemo cresanso,arucses o rou moecuesno an ou oe cc on o us, a nume oexrn maenere. crsasn a so r o meosaveeeneveoeorsssovee ccoexrn an neworsovenrev aenn reecnrsnazoaroon.meornze soe e cmcnoaeesxrne moecuacesnno moorno coans o meo cercuseasso an muase moa anes aweanrovmuae c cccooeexxrrnn m mooeeccuueess. more accesseor oer ccoexrns areomerzeoorm verar n some cases,e nave necs o conamnan uae e ccoee moecues.ase ouson seese oer acaons,e nave cco xrn orrueverrome ccoexrn.n rouconervazn somexrns maaveeen cemca moe aererna roeresor secc a e oeroxrous oneucose suunso omzeer exensvene aanvaonamee orze uscano or o nnas. evrwe csec mooexrens cscoaexrens a.reoewneera mucess removn conamnansromues, non-nave ver,oruroses o ccoexrns mae susue or usenerc, caemca moe oromerze eren. nea we nave ccoexrnsscosenusr,oc aoexnrnes s arae usezn a vare onusres,or exame,nearmaceuca roucso reea aon oavors an oer avesneoonusr,n ceann cases, weer reseanranra onrc rees,e aansno m reomeocvuee as, varee mec oa cnonsamnansrom waer.n aese ormaon o anncuson comex weree ccoe m o acvsase uone cav.sncuson comexeno xrns encasuae aues moecuens eues moe mena oeraes a a moecuar scae weren moecues onoenecue maeveo weaonsoe ccoexrn an,e szes r, move erorc caavue os moee ccuceoseoxrrmnn moneccuue. moecues suc asoenes, an son comexes w ccoexrns are s s urucures.e rn srucures oeeu aerse m soeceuceasusemee coneaornm aaromonasce osre s mmoeacru rens can snzee oro,.vnmn acreomss ss rnness a ann a a sm wea-ere sznee o sezses.oanr ex.anmme,oeneas a maxmum s moecue an oer smar moecues suc as acrosseane oe rn. wenoe.nmameer cavnea-ccoeexnzroene anenzoene, wors,enownues moecu nsoormncuson comexes.n oer srucuresaro esanerac we w ccoexrns are moecues w rn we vare ov suce s rnn mesos aencue as weav-eeeenne s sozwenoa moramcnecsuseo snz ceom oeexe csc woexrn. c moceocuexesr ans, weer suursncuene moecues or no. ca,eseues wasewaererne nuosruroe, suso crco. asu wceaseroams, weaow-raeeesoc resues assocae we comonens suc as se os an wasereases,en removneeren a suracan anereooreec en ssu uaeneceo wmaessewmaoerra snre.amo ase ac co snuamaenasn u aseneerens as wasereasesromeoo servcenusr as we ase was ssocae w roeres. ewaerrom resena caronsns noee ca anov.e,n coonecra suaes aon-rocaron-can conamnan moecue ccoexrns, s,oe s rn-srucureues moecuesa assocae w caar eon-rocaron-can ooec suae, wc conans on caron- eon sneons,as areaea oex an caneormno maneren saes ase.r,oen sseaueen an, szee ooeecx sue caaen moroeccaureosn araeesocers neoav ae s aa wes-cene sze. uncon anossess sascaescrors suc as an avera asruon oroec suaes.nm.ereore,s ex eameer.e averaeameer moecues w moreanweve ecea mos conormaons oexe can avn aameer o. -.n caron aoms w nono an aa-ccoexrn cav rannrom. -.nm,m, norno aea-ccoexrn cavavn aameer .nm.s aso ex norno aamma-ccoexrn cavavn aameer o. - romrown ecea oer suur conann moecuesounneoese mae caron arease wou caaveon-rocaron cansavn e or more averaeoamms,e seoroers oe coenrsoner-aonrsoc aaron-oc maonre moaencuuses saevcncaeweoec suae.e canss,or exame,.nmameerorve caro r caron aomsne aoms—eac oeseen conseraarer n aoms an.nmor e caron ea-, ora ane cavameers o an oe aa-, w emmeaa-c oc aooexecrns s.uae moecue,.e.,e suaerou,as aameer o.nm,scs s unnecana smea sueraeaneae c waovu enamerenero o a a cnco oexer cnc caovexrencsa.useoweev cear,snreo cavoc. aneeeraeaures concerornnc,eeaormnaoon a v a o reuncsuvseonn ceoramcoenxese wweeneea c cccooeexxrrnnss,nucaesroa rcn m-osreuccuuerseo norooromcn mcousecouesormncuson comexes w us, wou noe execeaon-rocarn comexes w ccoexrns. woureerena assocae w ccoe on can conamnan moecues can conamnan moe xrnsecauseeas oeseon-rocaron execeae cues areooareonoe caves, anurer, wou noe ccoex rocea o conamnan moecues woureerena assocae w urrn csaseec wauseoee ccoexrn caves arerooc. ccoexrnas remove ac co snuamaena rnem movoaecuroemromo aesuee a, suecars asooeesee.rs case were wasouna ccoexrns removeeon-rocaron ca nexece, as surac n conamnan moecues, suc nanes,oromoese. coronwanmnreaanse mooeocwuesen esnos erc r eu axs casmon, we,e ce m cee orc eea xnn r rs nemssuoe w ss seucc, ao usn wo-eocroc u saur maon ne c ea an e.ounn sscusson.ccornoeose mecansm, maeosseo nvenono eon-rocaron can conamnan moecueso “r reexe can o cav.oos,eexe can wouaveoeoreae neee” oe ccoexrno movenoe cav, anen remanneo mno aowroa saen orer eavors une unesseres aavor wroa saeo resene cav.aneror oe cava overco aeneraconeweeneexe can ane conormaon necessaro meseossn enroueo aoneowroa osseeween resene cav.nsnsanceroocneracons mae cav,u on eerooc caron can aneroocneror oe ccoexrn meume. roocneraconseweeneexe can ane surrounn or e.x,ameeu,e res aeraer wceanerc oare noresen. mxures, aormao sa wen ccoexrns aeooec suae-waer cco n o mceesne mxures cane,ncan anneraconeweene suaeexrn anoec suae. waer ase meum,erooca oeoec ro wouc waeer execeoreereroocneror oe ccoexrnoe oeoec su,a aneo esnerrvne cocrcoee mxarn ov caevrcom.e weasososunn enaroe n meoceressarrooroeca ne waaer o.e suracans,e sronere assocaon w ccoexrn wen a are susene suae-owee mvoere,c nuonese oese conseraons a oe case o ccoexrn anoecmmsce w waer.nnoacese.oeses rooc,en nearoa oese asoas aonex,eoerosecarso mnuc mrooreo smcaar aone a meoerereona rre esseurese snce rou.n oer wors,eoese moecuearaeseonexero a rooca anoarearou ooec suae an smareerecaron suracans.eroocas oexe can moecue n resues an roocneracons weexeroocaseoec suaeave sron emnanervnorceoreoec s s oeoese moecues,ere e ccoexrn.ase uae an smar moecueso enere cav o remove suc onrevouseraure, wou noe execea ccoexrn wou surexereo csan conamnansromoese. conamnansnoeseeaseaeroc suaeearou oe suur oe ccoexr maneracoss sron weroc exeror surace oese surrounn.eserocneracons mae ame erooc eac ne ccoexrn ane suur conamnans.seas suore ccoexran, wee srue euars con reammonvaensronmoee csec,o aeexrr renm wova arorme weoese e ou ae acaon oeroc sovene.., meanoas w meano.s nueseneracon oroc suaeear , aoar oranc soven ccoexrn,ereermneoec suaeou weroc exeror oe assocae we meano.n conr o eas was oe ccoexrn an cav roocneracoas,eoec suae wereene ccoexrn soven wou am osenrs, woue execeae acaon o aroc ecoue or remo oocneracons man unea are was wou us,n suvmemearo, cecco seuxaerome ccoexrn. conamnan mo rn mae useo removeon-rocaron can e cona ecuesromoese.eose mecansmsaerocea o roomcnaan m asosoeccuaees as wsocaees wnerore ca evxer oor oe cec coceoxerxn.rn an aoron oe moecues,e s aucov aes- suscuusrs ceon caomnsnaenra suornsac aans,oouneonn-errocaron can conamnan exermenaaaas sowna severaere ownreaseoese.nee, remove n suur-conann suracansnoese are x ccoexrn. eccae,rmroewnns wreearese c wonasu cconeve wreoooeseesea w was a swno-sesezerocroemssrownrease. ncun wasn anrn,oowe ransesercaonncun w, esercaon eanesuonc ac was useo caazee esercaon reac asn anrn. coseno caazeeransesercaon reac on an soum meae was w uo cecuroamraoenraca uosnn o a mea ssus sure ccoo rnn. omameenranesecnor.eoe mesaeor was o accoemse ouno resenoec suaesecca, soumoec suae, ac suur was comonen useneerens.sescre aove,oec sua a suracan suur conamnan. ona mnor conruor es aon-rocaron can mrs suae,,-enzeneme soe suur conamnaon wereene as e rawoese sneszeaneromor,o awn eenecooec eer suae. an m, moreca one ore nreasecaa suur concenraonsess we rane o suur conen,orer o m.n oreroesoese sames w a wen exoseo ccoexr urose o evauan eurum anneceavors wasraconae n, raw conamnaeoese w a suur conen near m mso w over vacuumacsaonno cus w suur conen rannrom rou same m.ese cus wereen recomnen conroeuanesorouce xer smuenurs c wonereeno onvere ranesaeneures. conamnanseweeneoeeoseeermnee eurumaronn oe suur soren useor mos o sames ane ccoexrn soren.e ccoexrn a- an e eurum annecs exermens was a naveea-ccoexrn. successuamma-ccoexrns were aso usen ame se o exermensore e re emuovar oum su anur connamnansromoese. meo were auan ecs exermensescreeren use aac conacn ccoexrn, ove o conamnaeoese was conace w anoeruan o eoeseore a cecrooex ornm.eoerac aearoe oeramnes seur oc seunuro-coenrmanne m moasescuraensserormo aaece vacae,raveo seesne a,n cen crcuoaexorn,n areer sena,r oare an.onerenrera,s searaon maae wereaceecncoa a v,a. o ae conoamesena mexuore aense c mcxoureex arnoce n w.ss. e o naveea-ccoexrn an roomemeraureor.ours.e re saen a amenressure oeonze waer w mxure wasenranserreo am cenrueue, conamnae ccoeas aeo ane searaon oereaeoeseromereaeoese xrn, ane maera was cenrueor mnues a rm.e remove e saem.e wc comrseeoaer oune cenrueue was us e res oe cenrueue conens were vacuumereo coece oee crceaoeexron.esee a snuure c souneunr c ooneen c ooname cnoaneamsnaaren ccoese,e suur conen -rau oexrn were measure one as an c exoreesrcmenecne. usne sameroceureu noncun an ccoexrn was aso ecause ooner cocooeemxornnsraeae suur conamnan reuconneoese occurre eurume e exuermruenma ex. aeram weenrea weaa ar were asnenen..s sownn.,e oese suur concenraonsow xeneanmursoerm moe.or sra nesee.,nse.eran me exermenaaa are weescre a consan cane oa romenear aow concenraons,e eurum e ccoexrn anne ass ^^ _! e _" s =u ^u^ _# r co ^n^ _% c _& e _! n _' ^≈ra.onn, weereoCeDsesuee s,u wuer concenraonn reace. _fuel n eurums rocaruoen-ocaen ceoonreamcananm mrooeacue,ose aove, o ccoexrn removnon- e eec o waer was ssuc asoec suae suracansromoese, averaeameer o roe.eeorecamroa sueoeacae sasca caves are aessaonec.n sum.aeesre woere, oveeronnm-urocearaomn-ecerasn o conea cmcnoanex mrn sou noe aeonoe ccoexrn cav annerac we ccoe oecues we-nown an accee mecansm oeormaon o anncu xrn vae examnaon oe moecuarscs,owever son comex.onn-e comex caneormuae. , a mecansmoreormaon oencuson neraconrsuaa r aesu cenm acaecnreearsaecnonrsee ar eenerrve mna o ac ccuarn seonnanreeeou esner, anose ormaon o anncuson comex oon-rocaron-can cona .us,e ccoexrn cav resusn aecrease oree ener mnan moecuesne searae,en we ma execencuson comareoewo moecues san comnaon o an enroerm an an e comexoorm.ow,eree eners a e numer o conuraonseon-nraerm.ns case,e enroerms sm moves aoun souo ocaron-can conamnan moecue ma same as verexe. n.eona oeon-rocaron-can conamnan moecues a aea ea oeon-rocaron-can conamnan moecueseorme suc cons reuruas co a onnsor neoon en o nu-e merroa oca crou coonn-cuan rano o cnosne ,a rem cc uncao ene s mx eorn eenc cuav roe ca, ann aess n nuu cmm reee asr orea reuce. reaveoe case wereewo moecues sa searae, seseree enerncuson wcs unavoraeorormne conamno c arom n meo eenx. ecuaesneremra,c wne comaree ener oeon-rocaron-can rocaron-can conamnan we surrounn meumoe ener oeon- surrounn meumsoes moecuesneracn we cavne ccoexrn.e conamnan moecue e,eon rocaronas oeon-rocaron-can moecues.eonsnrerac veravora weon rocaronas oeoese ma aso ocaronas oeon-rocaron-can conamnan moecuessroan neora mcavora werooc cav oe ccoexrn,usneracon enacrvoreavoraeaneneracon weoese.ereore,eres no conamnan mnoorceo reucee enro oea oeon-rocaron-can onraseceu ceasse an o arvoeesneo mee cumcoexrn cav. case o waer,eon rocaronas oe case weree meums waer.ne ave an unavoraen oeon-rocaron-can conamnan moecues can conam eracon we waer.e concenraon oeon-rocaron- c nan moecuesn waerecomesare enoueon-rocaron-can wonamnan moecues cumoeern an eoroeerroocas awarome raeaer.reeeornonerraocca wronaes oroeoonc- cavroc waronn-cae cn ccoonaemxrnann mano wecue wsa weor.u ovesrc eonmereeec enreroeren rceeuocnoner naecce wssaroe crcveoeexran c oaveornov-esr aorvnorceo conamnan moecu caron-can . sowsesenoe ccoexrn cav. asar oe mxur xeneanmur curverom.a waseveoe usn waer eurum exermee.. asoncuesreeaaons wc were oanerom waer was a ns were no waer was aeoe mxure.. sowsa wen no e ccoeexron.e mesex euxree ar mmuecna sm reasuers a smoowun oa wea seuruerne concaamnannuse wnas remove remova oon-rocaron-can conamnan moecuesrom cese we weeor ues usn ccoexrn an onae,caneecveomen aove. usn conamnaeoeses e saxmeremsenrso wuecreeerroomrmreow an amreaseenaevmneraureere annevreessure suur conen conacn naveea-ccoexrn.ese exermens s o smaroe eurum exermensscusse aove,u were conuce ver sma sames oe mxure were wrawn overe course o mnues ver oese anne ccoexrn we an cenrue.e suur concenraonsne course oesene re measure.o waer was aeoe mxureurne were c exermens.e exermena measuremens are sownn., eunrum s _C u _D usr coencmene-raeoennnene su cucro coenxcernn.raoon monee cec soorexornn,n aencs, _C a _D se reverserocess was assume.. asousraese cos rs orer moeoe exermenaaa usn ^^ =.^ ^^, werenes oe soronnecs consan. ers-orernecs rocess.onoamnroacnesss mesanceu reemorvoeromue usn aacrocess or a connuousow reeermneuan oue cvn areeermneuan o ccoexrn,rovn a reeermneuan ouonann one or more conamnans, conacne reeermneero omeeo weree areeermneuan o ccoexrnor a searaneuerome ccoexssocaee conamnans we ccoexrn, conamnansromeue. carn, anere removn aeas aracon oe e mxure we aae s ,n aacrocessurne conac or resenceme, rocesses mae conuce a roorrmne,m saeranur,e u anras aomnc,e enc.roessaucre,aue c oonearce.meeraures anrorroessueresue ma aneera ccccoee.xrnoenan c,o amuanne, w oe wnaeer muea ane aee coerocessesna comne, ore waer mae ae a aaerme,or ex coexrn are comnn aneor ame, aerena n exemee searaonrocess. rov aracrocessor removn conamnansromue mancue: nrnou auan o ccoexrnn a conaner,can a ranerom o, canc an ran aeuarnom oue conaanon o,ne or more conaam conansnoe conaner, ccoexrnor aer nacneue we e conamnan moecoue os wme,e cccaoenx arn ran ane sreomaran mnueesueorom mnuee cs,coo aesxsorcae anere c roemnoacvnm aese maas a rarna n, e ceornom o reea cvoenam smnaanmroemse muen.,or exame wen eouo cornumac, roesumessn sa anecaarna croneramannane remmoev raeunr aeraocon oeme reureo aan wenoo conaceweeneue an ccoex aan eurum,or exame conacmes ma asoereerre w rn ma noe aceve.eave sma maons are mnm enomerze ccoexrns useecauseusona e ra ze e use oomerze ccoexrn reaveo nave ccoexrn.o.or examos oe, a wna aemroouno o wesaee mr,a racnaernom a r raonue o ra.osorom, anarre waerearrom ueoars waeroarue, maenroucenoe conaner,ca oarsnrouce.n somensances,e waer maurere us weneue rome c eo an searaneoese eurumecno a ree amx aor nvnn. e connamnansrom conamnaeoese usn ccoexrn,e oese w cco ecsaaescrneascneracons o conamnansn exame o exrn mae useoesn aacrocessornusra use.n moecuero smuc co enuamnrauemaoa aense unsenc nsaavaeoera re-cmocvonexornn-can suur conamnan .rou.oracrocesses, ceranesna areresene aoven econamnae,e mass o ccoe rameersncuee mass oueoe concenraonneue xrnoe conace weue,ena conamnan ccoexrn. , aneme o conacor resencemeeweeneue ane ccoexrn., m sce,m araecaace snowos a a conaacnerrocess, were a mass oue, m _fuel , an a mass o conans ann _C a _D conamnan concenraon o an mx,e ano eneconuraae conooam cnoannac co.nceeuene ccoexrn, ,s zero or aeas muc s _u m _el,0 nraon en conace _CD, w ₀ eac oer,e conamnaeran _uel,0 . ccoexrn un concenraon oe ansneue wranseroe eurum w eac oe conamnansneue ane ccoexrn aren conamnansroves a corncassseu emunao enno ruea cnonac,m mes, a mow,e an.e m cassaance one ^{conamnans a eurum} _{uel,0 uel CD} oncenraons oe % _& ⁿ _!',+ ^e _^m ^u _%& ^e _{!' =} ^u _^ ^el, % ^E & _! ^a _' ⁿ _{, ^m} ⁿ _%&!' ^{e c} _^ ^c _# ^o _, ^ex _^m ^r _# ^nCD,E. es euaon sm aer euraon ewueeen weenue w aansrsacenoea rounoe ssem w conamen eanu conrcuemnraeoanvsonr noe aovcerroovcesess. a reaonseween _uel,E an _CD,E . escre a sra nesuc ase sue ouel m,e eurum mae we can suur-co ownn.or conamnaeoese conannon- weresen eamunanru mmo ceocnusaesn anew naeevne coenaa-mcncaonexrn, soa _#, =^ _, ^ _%&!', , ^{neue. e eurum reaons,e massa} s ^an ne ccoexrn % _{=^ -!."} ^c _# ^e _. ^{aove cane} eacrocess _{&!', %&!',+} conace w an amoun o ae o cnocoeexarcn srooue encouraee uae o conamnans e ccoexrn ass cesso aeoerocess weneue an c cusse aove.e waer maeaerme. e en o coexrn are comne ore waer mae ae a a cane aoweo searaee m sexnn an ove cronmace orm cea,nee aucev,e cc soeeaxrarn, an oona waer oer mecancaevce.s execeae a e usn a cenrue or reaonsu w no aereasc oera on o waer w aece eurum sowse eurumne ane oe nrncesusraeeownure wc rocess. rannes o varousac saesneeconamnaon eueerunm vsu nnnaee ooscr eea ao csn a o sror a caener esssncevenac n acc oorer eaanocoen n wsve ,en w renacon. ss. oe _# . o _, n = s e^ow _, s o ^rz _%& e o _! n _', . axs. _uel,0 a conamnane conecennnrano onneero ccecsos,exe conamnan concenraonneues _uel,0 ane n oneorzona axs.er a sucrns _CD,0 =.enceenaonsoe ue anne ccoexrn re enero omeasasse,e conamnanne oe one eu aces eurum as reresene eon _uel,E1 , _CD,E1 “ae oerannreu …m” cunrve..u ws,ce saocwsroece cssa cnanene coenacmenan coen acreronwraaonee eue anne ccoexrnromenaon _uel,0 , _CD,0 oeaeon asn eeu rarou ome _u m _el a _,E s ₁ s, o _CD c _,E c ₁ o.exer snooe oe meas os oeraenuenessnc -rm _uel m _CD , wc meansa ue’s conamnan concenraon c ease areaer reuconne reuconn. su ausor counscernareasona man nue a euec e.aevce or s. exaames mea,ee us ceo aceveeesre ,soo,eue an ccoexrn mae searaeonamnaneve aae, sa _uel e _,E1 econamnaon. een , aneue sueceo a secon f _uel,E1 ane secon sae ccoexnrnn oevee w secone ze srao,e s,oeeuoen conaaemenan _uel e _,E v ₁ e on wee reorrezosennas axes s reecornese snase oe seercaonn sanee suasrrann cone cona.e arrowaee “ae” orzona axsoenaae conon one eurunmeromenaon one saes mae emoe, necessar,o a ne _uel,E2 , _CD,E2 . ona conamnaneve.sns aro cevee umaeesre reuconnue amoun o ccoexrn ac,eraeoseweene numer o saes ane eren oecv reure mae omzeoneowes cosesn, oro sas a ra ueo meec.ancassues o conacneue we ccoexrn,e ran onoa mm _ue n _l ame _CD wue macaaveeeve.s o= c mon _ue a _l mm _C n _D ao=n ra,n ann mrooreca = m _fuel em o _CD e=. oeserouceromrownrease,eoreesuurzaon,m mo m. conamnaon rann uo m, moreca uo mam.aveeves o suur conamnaen e murum consan _E or conamnaeoese conannon-can suur- esroceuoreecou eexs aenrm naveea-ccoexrnsee. wasounoe. usn a annusrarocess maee wnana aa.rooeae vaue o an eurum consanounn waer ore asenc a raneueoeresence o varn amouns o .use o waersee.. owever,emeroaeosroem conceen oe mu-sae oeranneneacrocess. na eurum sae ma,nraccea, ceonueono onn.eeorrzona axs o.o neare rocessoreacrocess maeone correc amoeunore o,amr oeesn omzaon ccoexrn a eac sae.enecsaancaesae aroaceoor eeuueruom co onace conamnan concenraonne ccoex e r ^/0 rns weescre ars orer reverse aroceesrsa,c _# on _#, =^ −^ ^^.e curveescre snecs euaons one were a eavor so ovne aeroancecos e euuaornumorse acmeveuc.aeusraess aroaceso eurum,ven ^^ ^^ = ^−n^ −e^ r _# eureo. aceve severaracona eraucornaum ar _C o _D ac _CD o ae _{#, E} ,or =. s ^-1 , mnues wc wasees va . , eaa, a reasonae ranuee oooe exermen ^-1 aaascose ^-1 n..ueo scaern aroaco eurums acreve maneess.an s m=nues=,.ue s n.exoe oae a ore reures near more mnues.us, maeesraeoesn anor oeraeeoarcocess u osr enve anrea oerran aro eacuor eumu.rum raeran aemno acevereaeran , e sreca ocaocesreoce usssn examrowes envsoneore case were aac rouces era o raw c nreaseeesoc.ns exemar case,ouraces ereore, eaconacam cnoansesno oese, cou oeu ceon maacee w con cacceo wexrn ano am reomovee suur. c amcoounex or cn rcaonenxrnromeens uooneev,eo or e sxuamur ceo,noarm anarooxmae munnu oes.e weer or no a mu-saeac conacnroce nneue an aso uon rocess mancue aur sss use.sescre aove, a mu-sae ccoexrns c a oansn seres werenn ars saean, auan o s onace weueor someme anen remove.nen,n a secon suaueraon,e areessn rueanurem oen csc.onexer enx caomue ae coovne,ace w o cecuoeourer reucee suureven oueownoe reureeven a sne-s exrn marnewo-saerocess, usn o ccoex aerocess.owever,n a reucneoa amoun o cc rnn eac sae mae eua eecve,ere reuremens.sr oexrn reureoesuurzeeoeseoeesn omze w we-anoewoneeaweeenersocens csa cocmuaeoxns. an concaoe,x ar conu unsear-ecu mrraene coue useors mu-sae se-u e meansornro acrocess. vaves, s ucnue ane meansor removnue mancueums, an remoevnaso ors, aneroorm a coen croon sanseerm as c wonouureenoo cwonnroeernroucon oeueno arcuar means cosenonrouce an rem sons o sne ar.e ownsreamrocesses an oveeue maeen uon usream an conronravrven sowssemos m.ource so meanssc maae r eanuemroemn mnavnouvan o senersaore vaves conroeums an conro aormsaroverecse s, comuer- anorme reuaon oow anorressure rou we.rnaev reea,nne cceo cexrn mae conanen aevceaerms aow oue evce. coexrn maera, consun a connuousow conacn sownnou.sra weas a m cooneneuo.uso.w cnocnuamesnawno r ceouucmnosn, s cosuemmn, a sc arun conu smnsem, as avne same voume.onamnaeueowsno coumn ans coumn. eac uersens exn coumn,e conc en e enraons verow,eues aeuae cocnoanmamnanna ceon,c aennrasounmnee ouue o exen ss ceomum asnenraauraou rcs.es assee cowco connues,e ecomes saurae w conamnan.eme wene conamnan conc exrn exn coumn reaces areeermne vaue, a wceues nenraonneue seoconeam, anna wea,esr, oer anneo aesrmemresacerouusermeu,b,reask.umbereak,nueo aoweunaoe coumns uen coumn overo coumn.onamnaeuesennroo cuoumnouse coumns oeraene same manner as coumn, une ceno coumn, anneue exn coumn reacesereeermn concenraon o conamnan urneme coumnsrocessn conaemnraeaeuroeu,useveer. coumn an meanoor anoer reeneraonusumerouusranerom an reeneraee ccoexrn.eneue exn coumn reac coumno cean concenraon,ueowo coumns soe.emmsceuseerserearou euen coumnaco reenerae coumn, ans cce connuus useous ccoexrn muse reace.eansoreroca reenerane ccoes une mancue man oe sameums, vaves, sensors, anor exrn soren conureo conroenroucon oeueno an rem conro ssema were wouenownersons o sne ar.earcuova oerome conaner, as removee reeneraonu maeen uo ar means cosenonrouce an ssems.uc means ma rane n usream anownsreamrocesses ano more soscae rom manua oerae vaves conronravrvenows aorm eumennvovn sensors, comuer-conroeums an conro ss a saecrovc eerecse reuaon oow anorressure anorme. ow o xame,esn cacuaons wereerormeore case oe connuous exermenoaesaea orou n.a-ve weerea- ucsecooe cxrarnacoerrzee reem eovua or suumu arn connaemcnsanes.ae oerocess. oeseow om was moee.ne moe, eac coumn wasvor raus ocm an a voume o., resunn a resenceme o s, wereeven a reosnencemeseneors connuousrocess asean voumeve eueow. ,asmsnaaeueeeonwes rneso ceonucmen ans coumnn,s.ean me o ., resunn an avaae voumemoreecausee moe assume aaceeoros o cacuaons,eme wene accumuaeuueow ex onaean voume.oreseesn conamnan concenraon o oe concenraon coumn reaces an averae wasen o conamnan enerne coumn sen aseseereeasroume, _break . wou convereo narameers,esn cacuaonsncaeaewo-coumn ssem e conamnan con scea oeraonnour cces an wou reaceesnoa o reucn cacuaons enaeener saouonoon oene concenraon.ese seccesn conamnan massaancesne oowwon couoearaerena euaonsescrne ase. esease anne saonar ccoexrn ccoexren exoe rermmoevnea conaaam annan msoreomnuere,s senece aovescosewo meos o usn conamnansrom raw, conamnaeoese.oca,ocuse on removn suur ewo me wever,sscosures nomeo onneneoeo e v eas xr n eoo muesa e a rmo ,ove. ramerensan omennve.nonaveeenescre,eescrons excen oe aace cams aner euccvoarenns.,envenons nooe resrce