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Title:
CYLINDER PACK TURBINES AND HYBRID CYLINDER-DISK PACK TURBINES
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2013/130876
Kind Code:
A1
Abstract:
In at least one embodiment according to the invention, a system includes a plurality of nested cylinders where at least two opposing surfaces have a plurality of waveforms on them. In at least one embodiment according to the invention, a system includes a plurality of nested cylinders where at least two opposing surfaces have a plurality of waveforms on them with the center cylinder having a hollow core for placement of a disk-pack turbine. In at least one embodiment, the system further includes a drive system and/or vortex chamber feeding an expansion chamber in fluid communication with chambers defined by at least one pair of neighboring cylinders.

Inventors:
IRVIN WHITAKER B (US)
Application Number:
PCT/US2013/028410
Publication Date:
September 06, 2013
Filing Date:
February 28, 2013
Export Citation:
Click for automatic bibliography generation   Help
Assignee:
QWTIP LLC (US)
International Classes:
F03D9/00; F03B13/00; H02K7/18
Foreign References:
CH105567A1924-07-01
US0699636A1902-05-06
US20060233647A12006-10-19
US7074008B22006-07-11
GB2270543A1994-03-16
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
METZENTHIN, George, A. et al. (LLP1100 17th Street N.W.,Suite 40, Washington DC, US)
Download PDF:
Claims:
IN THE CLAIMS:

I claim:

1 . A system comprising:

a cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of nested cylinders having at least two opposing surfaces with waveforms covering at least a portion of said opposing surfaces and said nested cylinders defining at least one chamber between them; and

a drive system connected to said cylinder pack turbine.

2. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising :

a vortex housing having a vortex chamber; and

wherein said cylinder pack turbine includes a housing having an expansion chamber in fluid communication with the vortex chamber and the at least one chamber between said plurality of nested cylinders.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein said nested cylinders include

a core having a plurality of members extending from a central support column; and

an outer cylinder defining a cavity in which said core fits.

4. The system according to claim 3, wherein said outer cylinder including a plurality of members extending in towards said core to define the chamber between respective members.

5. The system according to claim 3 or 4, further comprising a plurality of inlets connecting the expansion chamber to the at least one chamber between said plurality of cylinders.

6. The system according to claim 5, wherein said inlets are at least one of angled relative to vertical and have at least one protrusion and/or groove lining a passageway running through said inlet.

7. The system according to any one of claims 1-6, further comprising:

a coil cylinder around said cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of vertically extending coils spaced in or on said coil cylinder; and

a magnet cylinder having a plurality of magnets arranged parallel to an axis of rotation of said cylinder pack turbine.

8. The system according to claim 7, wherein said magnets are sized to match a space defined by one coil and positioned in said magnet cylinder to be at a height to match the spaces defined by the coils in said coil cylinder.

9. The system according to any one of claims 1 -8, further comprising a flux return positioned around at least a portion of said cylinder pack turbine.

10. The system according to any one of claims 1 or 7-9, wherein said nested cylinders include

a core having a plurality of members extending from a central support column; and

an outer cylinder defining a cavity in which said core fits.

1 1 . The system according to claim 10, wherein said outer cylinder including a plurality of members extending in towards said core to define the chamber between respective members.

12. The system according to any one of claims 1 , 2, or 7-9, wherein said waveforms include a series of waveforms with progressively higher frequency as a distance from a top of said cylinder pack turbine increases.

13. The system according to any one of claims 1 , 2, or 7-9, wherein said waveforms include a series of waveforms running at an angle relative to an axis of rotation of said cylinder pack turbine.

14. The system according to any one of claims 1 , 2, or 7-9, wherein said waveforms include at least one of circular and sinusoidal waves around the cylindrical surface.

15. The system according to any one of claims 1 -14, wherein waveforms of neighboring cylindrical surfaces are complimentary.

16. The system according to any one of claims 1 -14, wherein waveforms of neighboring cylindrical surfaces are matching.

17. The system according to any one of claims 1-16, wherein an outer surface of the outermost cylinder includes a plurality of waveforms along its surface.

18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of waveforms on the outer surface of the outermost cylinder are a mirror image of the waveform patterns on the interior surface of the outermost cylinder.

19. A system comprising:

a cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of nested cylinders having at least two opposing surfaces with waveforms covering at least a portion of said opposing surfaces and said nested cylinders defining at least one chamber between them;

a disk-pack turbine system located inside the center nested cylinder; and

at least one drive system connected to said cylinder pack turbine and said disk-pack turbine.

20. The system according to claim 19, further comprising:

a vortex housing having a vortex chamber; and wherein said cylinder pack turbine includes a housing having an expansion chamber in fluid communication with the vortex chamber and the at least one chamber between said plurality of nested cylinders.

21 . The system according to claim 19 or 20, further comprising:

a coil cylinder around said cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of vertically extending coils spaced in or on said coil cylinder; and

a magnet cylinder having a plurality of magnets arranged parallel to an axis of rotation of said cylinder pack turbine.

22. The system according to claim 21 , wherein said magnets are sized to match a space defined by one coil and positioned in said magnet cylinder to be at a height to match the spaces defined by the coils in said coil cylinder.

23. The system according to any one of claims 19-22, further comprising a flux return positioned around at least a portion of said cylinder pack turbine.

24. The system according to any one of claims 19-23, wherein said nested cylinders include a core having a plurality of members extending from a central support column, said central support column is hollow; and

an outer cylinder defining a cavity in which said core fits.

25. The system according to claim 24, wherein said outer cylinder including a plurality of members extending in towards said core to define the chamber between respective members.

26. The system according to any one of claims 19-23, wherein said waveforms include a series of waveforms with progressively higher frequency as a distance from a top of said cylinder pack turbine increases.

27. The system according to any one of claims 19-23 and 26, wherein said waveforms include a series of waveforms running at an angle relative to an axis of rotation of said cylinder pack turbine.

28. The system according to any one of claims 19-23, 26, and 27, wherein said waveforms include at least one of circular and sinusoidal waves around the cylindrical surface.

29. The system according to any one of claims 19-28, wherein waveforms of neighboring cylindrical surfaces are complimentary.

30. The system according to any one of claims 19-28, wherein waveforms of neighboring cylindrical surfaces are matching.

31 . The system according to any one of claims 19-30, wherein an outer surface of the outermost cylinder includes a plurality of waveforms along its surface.

32. The system according to claim 31 , wherein the plurality of waveforms on the outer surface of the outermost cylinder are a mirror image of the waveform patterns on the interior surface of the outermost cylinder.

33. The system according to any one of claims 19-32, wherein said disk-pack turbine includes

at least one pair of mated disks, said mated disks are substantially parallel to each other, each disk having

a top surface,

a bottom surface,

a waveform pattern on at least one surface of the disk facing at least one neighboring disk such that a passageway is formed by the neighboring waveform patterns of said neighboring disks in said pair of mated disks,

at least one mated disk in each pair of mated disks includes at least one opening passing through its height, and

a fluid pathway exists for directing fluid from the at least one opening in said disks through the at least one passageway towards the periphery of the disks; and

each of said waveform patterns includes a plurality of at least one of protrusions and depressions.

34. The system according to claim 33, wherein said disk-pack turbine includes

a top rotor attached to one surface without the waveform pattern of one mated disk, and a bottom rotor attached to one surface without the waveform pattern of another mated disk from a second pair of mated disks.

35. The system according to claim 33 or 34, wherein at least one substantially horizontal outer surface of said disk-pack turbine includes a waveform.

36. The system according to claim 35, wherein said waveform on the outside of said disk- pack turbine mirrors the waveform present on the closest horizontal internal surface with its own waveform.

37. The system according to any one of claims 33-36, wherein said disk-pack turbine includes a flux return located at least above said disk-pack turbine.

38. The system according to any one of claims 33-37, further comprising a flux return housing shrouding a top and side of said disk-pack turbine.

39. The system according to claim 37 or 38, wherein said flux return includes at least one of iron and steel.

40. The system according to any one of claims 37-39, wherein said flux return includes laminating layers of material.

41 . The system according to any one of claims 33-40, wherein said at least one drive system includes one drive system connected to said cylinder pack turbine and one drive system connected to said disk-pack turbine.

42. A method of generating electricity using a hybrid cylinder pack turbine and disk-pack turbine system as shown in the figures and discussed in the above description.

43. A system having a cylinder pack turbine and a disk-pack turbine within the same system shown in the figures and discussed in the above description.

44. A method of generating electricity using a cylinder pack turbine as shown in the figures and discussed in the above description.

45. A system having a cylinder pack turbine shown in the figures and discussed in the above description.

Description:
Cylinder Pack Turbines and Hybrid Cylinder-Disk Pack Turbines

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional Application Serial No. 61/604,904, filed February 29, 2012, and entitled Cylinder Pack Turbines; U.S. provisional Application No. 61/605,250, filed March 1 , 2012, and entitled Hybrid Disk-Cylinder Pack Turbine System and Method, which are hereby each incorporated by reference.

I. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention in at least one embodiment relates to a cylinder pack turbine having nested cylinders whose neighboring surfaces include waveforms.

II. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention in at least one embodiment includes a system having a cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of nested cylinders having at least two opposing surfaces with waveforms covering at least a portion of the opposing surfaces and the nested cylinders defining at least one chamber between them; and a drive system connected to the cylinder pack turbine. The system in a further embodiment includes a vortex housing having a vortex chamber; and the cylinder pack turbine includes a housing having an expansion chamber in fluid communication with the vortex chamber and the at least one chamber between the plurality of nested cylinders. The system in a further embodiment to either of the previous embodiments further includes a coil cylinder around the cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of vertically extending coils spaced in or on the coil cylinder; and a magnet cylinder having a plurality of magnets arranged parallel to an axis of rotation of the cylinder pack turbine.

[0004] In a further embodiment, the system further includes a vortex housing having a vortex chamber; and wherein the cylinder pack turbine includes a housing having an expansion chamber in fluid communication with the vortex chamber and the at least one chamber between the plurality of nested cylinders. In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, the nested cylinders include a core having a plurality of members extending from a central support column; and an outer cylinder defining a cavity in which the core fits. In a further embodiment, the outer cylinder includes a plurality of members extending in towards the core to define the chamber between respective members. In a further embodiment to the previous two embodiments, the system further includes a plurality of inlets connecting the expansion chamber to the at least one chamber between the plurality of cylinders. In a further embodiment, the inlets are at least one of angled relative to vertical and have at least one protrusion and/or groove lining a passageway running through the inlet.

[0005] In a further embodiment to any of the previous embodiments, the system further includes a coil cylinder around the cylinder pack turbine having a plurality of vertically extending coils spaced in or on the coil cylinder; and a magnet cylinder having a plurality of magnets arranged parallel to an axis of rotation of the cylinder pack turbine. In a further embodiment, the magnets are sized to match a space defined by one coil and positioned in the magnet cylinder to be at a height to match the spaces defined by the coils in the coil cylinder.

[0006] In a further embodiment to any of the previous embodiments, the system further includes a flux return positioned around at least a portion of the cylinder pack turbine. In a further embodiment to any of the previous embodiments, the waveforms include at least one of the following characteristics: a series of waveforms with progressively higher frequency as a distance from a top of the cylinder pack turbine increases, a series of waveforms running at an angle relative to an axis of rotation of the cylinder pack turbine, and at least one of circular and sinusoidal waves around the cylindrical surface. In a further embodiment to any of the previous embodiments, the waveforms of neighboring cylindrical surfaces are complimentary or matching. In a further embodiment to any of the previous embodiments, an outer surface of the outermost cylinder includes a plurality of waveforms along its surface. In a further embodiment, the waveforms on the outer surface of the outermost cylinder are a mirror image of the waveform patterns on the interior surface of the outermost cylinder.

[0007] In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, the system further includes a disk-pack turbine system located inside the center nested cylinder. In a further embodiment, the disk-pack turbine includes at least one pair of mated disks, the mated disks are substantially parallel to each other, each disk having a top surface, a bottom surface, a waveform pattern on at least one surface of the disk facing at least one neighboring disk such that a passageway is formed by the neighboring waveform patterns of the neighboring disks in the pair of mated disks, at least one mated disk in each pair of mated disks includes at least one opening passing through its height, and a fluid pathway exists for directing fluid from the at least one opening in the disks through the at least one passageway towards the periphery of the disks; and each of the waveform patterns includes a plurality of at least one of protrusions and depressions. In a further embodiment to the prior two embodiments, the disk-pack turbine includes a top rotor attached to one surface without the waveform pattern of one mated disk, and a bottom rotor attached to one surface without the waveform pattern of another mated disk from a second pair of mated disks. In a further disk-pack turbine embodiment, at least one substantially horizontal outer surface of the disk-pack turbine includes a waveform. In a further embodiment, the waveform on the outside of the disk- pack turbine mirrors the waveform present on the closest horizontal internal surface with its own waveform. In a further disk-pack turbine embodiment, the disk-pack includes at least one of the following: a flux return located at least above the disk-pack turbine, a flux return housing shrouding a top and side of the disk-pack turbine, a flux return including at least one of iron and steel and a flux return includes laminating layers of material. In a further disk-pack turbine embodiment, the at least one drive system includes one drive system connected to the cylinder pack turbine and one drive system connected to the disk-pack turbine.

[0008] Given the following enabling description of the drawings, the apparatus should become evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

III. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0009] The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. The use of cross- hatching (or lack thereof) and shading within the drawings is not intended as limiting the type of materials that may be used to manufacture the invention.

[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of an embodiment according to the invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified version of a cross-section taken at 2-2 in FIG. 1 where the chambers between the cylinders are not illustrated.

[0012] FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section taken at A-A in FIG. 3.

[0014] FIGs. 5A-5H illustrate examples of different waveforms being present on a cylinder for at least one embodiment according to the invention. Different figures provide side, perspective and cross- section views.

[0015] FIGs. 6A and 6B illustrate cross-sections taken at A-A in FIG. 3 of alternative embodiments according to the invention.

[0016] FIGs. 7A and 7B illustrate cross-sections taken at A-A in FIG. 3 of alternative embodiments without the vortex module and an expansion chamber according to the invention.

[0017] FIGs. 8A-8C illustrate another embodiment according to the invention. FIGs. 8B and 8C illustrate individual components of that embodiment.

[0018] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section taken at A-A in FIG. 3 of another embodiment according to the invention.

[0019] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a disk-pack turbine system according to the invention.

[0020] FIGs. 1 1 A-11C illustrate another example disk-pack turbine according to the invention.

[0021] FIG. 12 illustrates a top view of another disk-pack turbine system embodiment according to the invention.

[0022] FIG. 13 illustrates a side view of the system illustrated in FIG. 12. [0023] FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the system illustrated in FIG. 12 taken at 14-14 in FIG. 12.

[0024] FIGs. 15A-15D illustrate another example disk-pack turbine according to the invention.

[0025] FIG. 16 illustrates a side view of another disk-pack turbine system embodiment according to the invention.

[0026] FIG. 17 illustrates a side view of another disk-pack turbine system embodiment according to the invention.

[0027] FIG. 18 illustrates a side view of another disk-pack turbine system embodiment according to the invention.

[0028] FIGs. 19A-19E illustrate another example disk-pack turbine according to the invention.

[0029] FIG. 20 illustrates a perspective view of another example disk according to the invention.

[0030] FIG. 21A-21 D illustrate another example disk-pack turbine according to the invention.

[0031] FIG. 22 illustrates another example disk-pack turbine according to the invention.

[0032] Given the following enabling description of the drawings, the invention should become evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

IV. Detailed Description of the Drawings

[0033] In at least one embodiment of the invention includes at least a pair of cylinders nested together where the inner cylinder 260 is within the outer cylinder 266 and along the opposing (or neighboring) surfaces are a plurality of waveforms that allow for mating of the two cylinders to form a chamber 262 between them for air and/or other material to pass between them. In at least one embodiment, the cylinders are connected through, for example, a plurality of support bars and/or wing shims 270. In at least one further embodiment, the waveforms are complimentary to each other. In at least one further embodiment, there is at least one magnet in rotation around and/or inside of said nested cylinders with further embodiments providing at least one coil array capable of having a current established in them for producing electricity. In a further embodiment, there is at least one disk-pack turbine inside of the inner cylinder. In a further embodiment to the other embodiments, there are multiple layers of nested cylinders and in a still further embodiment there are one or more passageways (or openings) through cylinder walls. In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, the system operates without the active injection of air and/or other material, and in a further embodiment at least a vortex module 100 and an expansion chamber 252 are omitted. A. Definitions

[0034] In this disclosure, waveforms include, but not limited to, circular, sinusoidal, biaxial, biaxial sinucircular, a series of interconnected scallop shapes, a series of interconnected arcuate forms, hyperbolic, and/or multi-axial including combinations of these that when rotated provide progressive, disk channels with the waveforms being substantially centered about an axial center of the disk and/or an expansion chamber. The waveforms are formed, for example but not limited to, by a plurality of ridges (or protrusions or rising waveforms), grooves, and depressions (or descending waveforms) in the waveform surface including the features having different heights and/or depths compared to other features and/or along the individual features. In some embodiments, the height in the vertical axis and/or the depth measured along a flow path of the cylinder chambers vary along a flow radius as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 15D. In some embodiments, the waveforms are implemented as ridges that have different waveforms for each side (or face) of the ridge. In this disclosure, waveform patterns (or geometries) are a set of waveforms on one disk surface. Neighboring rotor and/or disk surfaces have matching waveform patterns that form a channel running from the expansion chamber to the periphery of the disks. In this disclosure, matching waveforms include complimentary waveforms, mirroring geometries that include cavities and other beneficial geometric features. FIGs. 10, 1 1 B, 15D, and 20A-23 illustrate a variety of examples of these waveforms.

[0035] In this disclosure, a bearing may take a variety of forms while minimizing the friction between components with examples of material for a bearing including, but not limited to, ceramics, nylon, phenolics, bronze, and the like. Examples of bearings include, but not limited to, bushings and ball bearings. In at least one alternative embodiment, the bearing function uses magnetic fields to center and align rotating components within the system instead of mechanical bearings.

[0036] In this disclosure, examples of non-conducting material for electrical isolation include, but not limited to, non-conducting ceramics, plastics, Plexiglas, phenolics, nylon or similarly electrically inert material. In some embodiments, the non-conducting material is a coating over a component to provide the electrical isolation.

[0037] In this disclosure, examples of non-magnetic (or very low magnetic) materials for use in housings, plates, disks, rotors, and frames include, but not limited to, aluminum, aluminum alloys, brass, brass alloys, stainless steel such as austenitic grade stainless steel, copper, beryllium-copper alloys, bismuth, bismuth alloys, magnesium alloys, silver, silver alloys, and inert plastics. Although non-magnetic materials are used for rotating components, the rotating components have been found to be conductors in some embodiments. Examples of non-magnetic materials for use in bearings, spacers, and tubing include, but not limited to, inert plastics, non-conductive ceramics, nylon, and phenolics.

[0038] In this disclosure, examples of diamagnetic materials include, but not limited to, aluminum, brass, stainless steel, carbon fibers, copper, magnesium, bismuth, and other non-ferrous material alloys some of which containing high amounts of bismuth relative to other metals.

[0039] In this disclosure for embodiments using a charging media, examples of how charging media is provided include ambient air, pressurized supply, and metered flow. Charging media includes any material such as gas, liquid, predominately liquid fluid, and a combination of any of these. In at least one embodiment, the charging media is processed by the system to separate it into its components and/or harness energy released from the disassociation and/or re-association that the charging media undergoes as it progresses through the system. The charging media may also be externally preconditioned or "pre-sweetened" prior to entering the system. The pre-conditioning of the charging media may be accomplished by including or mixing into the charging media desirable material that can be molecularly blended or compounded with the predominant charging media. This material may be introduced as the media enters into and progresses through the system, or at any stage within the process. Polar electrical charging or excitation of the media may also be desirable. Electrical charging of the media may be accomplished by pre-ionizing the media prior to entering the system, or by exposing the media to induced frequency specific pulsed polar electrical charges as the media flows through the system via passage over the surface of the disks.

B. Cylinder Turbine System Examples

[0040] FIGs. 1 -4 illustrate an example of an embodiment according to the invention. The system as illustrated includes an optional vortex module 100 for funneling the charging media into the cylinder pack module 200, which is rotated by a drive system 300. FIG. 4 illustrates an optional expansion chamber 252 between the vortex chamber 130 and the cylinder pack turbine 250. The expansion chamber 252 feeds each of the chambers 262 that are defined by neighboring mated cylinders. In at least one embodiment, the adjoining cylinders are connected with wing shims 270 as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3. The system illustrated in FIG. 4 includes five layers of cylinders 260, 264, 266 including a central cylinder 260 that is attached to the drive system 300, three middle cylinders 264, and an external cylinder 266. However, based on this disclosure, it should be understood that the cylinder turbine may employ one or more cylinders.

[0041] FIGs. 1 and 4 illustrate a vortex module 100 as the entry point into the system. Although illustrated as being an open top, the vortex module 100 in at least one embodiment includes an enclosed vortex chamber with at least one inlet into the vortex chamber. The vortex module 100 includes a housing 110 having a vortex chamber 130 in fluid communication with an expansion chamber 252 of the cylinder pack turbine 250. The expansion chamber 252 distributes the charging media into at least one chamber 262 defined between two neighboring cylinders. See, e.g., FIGs. 4, 6A, and 6B.

[0042] The central (or inner) cylinder 260 is illustrated as being solid, but in at least one alternative embodiment the central cylinders 260A is hollow [see, e.g. , FIGs. 5B and 6) and/or includes a disk-pack turbine, magnetic material and/or a flux return.

[0043] The central cylinder 260 includes a waveform pattern on its outside surface FIGs. 5A-5H illustrate different examples of waveforms that may be used individually or in combinations with each other. The central cylinder C260A-H includes a waveform pattern defining channels (C2602A, C2602C, C2604C, C2602C, C2602E, C2604E, C2602F, C2602G, and C2602H) on its outside surface with FIGs. 5A-5H , respectively, illustrating examples of patterns for the waveforms that can be repeated, stretched, and/or condensed over the surface of the cylinder along with be used in combination with each other or with the over waveform patterns defined above. The waveforms in different embodiments run around the circumference of the cylinder (see, e.g., FIG. 5A-5G), down the length of the cylinder, angled and/or spiral about the cylinder surface (see, e.g., FIGs. 5D-5F). In at least one embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 5F, the waveform pattern C2602F mirrors that of an auger, corkscrew, and/or spiraled such that material that enters at the top of the cylinders C260F migrates its way through the cylinder chambers to the bottom with the benefit that a spiral pattern will assist with cooling the rotating cylinder pack if needed. In at least one embodiment, the waveform pattern includes a plurality of protrusions and/or channels that form a waveform pattern when viewed in cross-section. In at least one embodiment, the waveforms include no angles along any radius extending from a start of the waveform pattern to the end of the waveform pattern. As illustrated in FIG. 5D, in at least one embodiment the channel defined by a waveform C2604D that is formed has different widths along its path and in other embodiments the protrusions along the side of the channel are offset to each other. In at least one embodiment, the channel and/or protrusion depth and/or width are not constant along the surface of the cylinder. In at least one embodiment, the neighboring protrusions are not parallel and have different shapes and/or waveforms as illustrated in FIG. 5D by channels C2602D and C2604D. FIG. 5H illustrates the use of a series of protrusions to create a waveform pattern C2602H, which in the illustrated embodiment begins with large protrusions at the top and increase in the number of protrusions while decreasing their sizes with each layer. In at least one embodiment, the protrusions would continue down the side of the cylinder C260H. Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the various embodiments in this paragraph may be combined in different ways.

[0044] In at least one embodiment, the waveforms as they progress down the cylinder surface increase in frequency with each level. In at least one further embodiment, the increases are doubling or another multiple of two between each level. In a further embodiment to these or the prior embodiments, the spacing between each level of waveforms increases and/or decreases along the length of the cylinder. An example of how to accomplish this is to increase or decrease the width of the channels and/or protrusions to change the frequency of waveforms along the length of the cylinder. In at least one further embodiment, the waveforms will repeat at each level. In at least one further embodiment, the frequency of the waveform pattern will change over the levels, and in a further embodiment will change for each level with an example being 64 to 32 to 16 to 32 to 64 to 32 to 16 and so on or some other form of multiples of two (or multiple of two).

[0045] The illustrated middle cylinders 264 will include waveform patterns on both the inner and outer surfaces. In at least one alternative embodiment, the waveform patterns are one of the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder.

[0046] The outer cylinder 266 in at least one embodiment includes a waveform pattern along its interior surface that mates with the adjacent cylinder's waveform pattern. In a further embodiment, the outer cylinder 266 acts as housing for the cylinder turbine. In a further embodiment, the outer surface of the outer cylinder includes a waveform pattern. In a further embodiment, the waveform pattern on the outer surface of the outer cylinder is substantially an exact reverse representation (or mirror image) of the waveform pattern present on the inner surface of the outer cylinder. An example of a mirror image is that if there is a protrusion on the inner surface then there is a matching protrusion on the outer surface. The waveform pattern in at least one embodiment is substantially a negative image of the waveform pattern present on the face facing the neighboring cylinder. An example of a negative image is that if there is a protrusion on the inner surface then there is a substantially matching channel on the outer surface.

[0047] The illustrated cylinders 260, 264, 266 are spaced from each other to form chambers 262 between them that are in fluid communication with the expansion chamber 252. One way to space them apart is illustrated in FIGs. 3 and 7A, where impellers (or wing shims) 270 such as ceramic spacers are used to separate them and also to interconnect them together so that they rotate together. Alternative materials besides ceramics that would work include materials that do not conduct electrical current to electrically isolate the illustrated cylinders from each other and the system. In further embodiments one or more of the cylinders are electrically connected. Another way the cylinders may be separated is using support pieces fixedly attached to support bolts running between the cylinders. In an alternative embodiment, the cylinders are attached on proximate to their bottoms as defined by the end opposite the vortex module 100.

[0048] In a further embodiment, one or more of the middle cylinders 264B include an opening 2642B passing therethrough to establish a passageway between neighboring chambers 262 as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 6A and 7B. Although the illustrated opening 2642B is cylindrical in nature, in at least one embodiment the opening expands or compresses or both over its length such as by tapering the opening.

[0049] In a further embodiment, the cylinders are assembled stacks of rings that have mated waveforms.

[0050] In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, the expansion chamber 252C is in fluid communication with a first chamber 262C that begins a serpentine pattern through the cylinder pack turbine 250C as the path moves outwardly as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 6B. In an alternative embodiment, the expansion chamber is in direct fluid communication with multiple chambers but less than all of the chambers in the cylinder pack turbine. FIG. 6B also illustrates an example of the outer cylinder 266C including an opening 2662C externally of the cylinder pack turbine 250C. In an alternative embodiment, the expansion chamber delivers the material to the outer chamber and the pathway moves inward.

[0051] In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, one or more of the chamber(s) include ports to remove material and/or supplement the material with additional material and/or sweeteners to encourage the process. In at least one embodiment, the ports extend from the chamber through the bottom of the cylinder turbine.

[0052] The drive system 300 in at least one embodiment is connected to the cylinder pack turbine 250 through a drive shaft 312 or other mechanical linkage such as a belt, and in a further embodiment the drive system 300 is connected directly to the cylinder pack turbine 250. In use, the drive system 300 rotates the plurality of cylinders in the cylinder pack turbine 250. An example of a drive system 300 is a motor 310.

[0053] In operation with an embodiment having a vortex module 100, the charging media, which in most embodiments is a fluid including liquid and/or gas, in order to impart desired physical characteristics on the fluid. As the charging media enters the vortex chamber 130 it begins to form a vortex that acts to shape, concentrate, and accelerate the charging media into a through-flowing vortex, thereby causing a decrease in temperature of the charging media and conversion of heat into kinetic energy. These effects are realized as the charging media is first compressed, then rapidly expanded as it is drawn into the expansion chamber 252 by the centrifugal suction/vacuum created by the dynamic rotation and progressive geometry of the cylinders. The vortex also assists the fluid in progressing through the system, i.e., from the vortex chamber 130, into the expansion chamber 252, through the chambers 262 formed by the patterns and channels created by the waveforms such as hyperbolic waveforms on the cylinders 260, 264, 266, and out of the system. In some embodiments, there may also be a reverse flow of fluid within the system where fluid components that are dissociated flow from the chambers to the expansion chamber 252 back up (i.e., flow simultaneously axially and peripherally) through the vortex chamber 130 and, in some embodiments, out the fluid intakes. Media (or material) tends toward being divided relative to mass/specific gravity, with the lighter materials discharging up through the eye of the vortex while simultaneously discharging gases/fluids of greater mass at the periphery. While progressing through the waveform geometries, the charging media is exposed to a multiplicity of dynamic action and reactionary forces and influences such as alternating pressure zones and changing circular, vortex and multi-axial flows of fluid as the fluid progresses over the valleys and peaks and highly variable hyperbolic and/or non-hyperbolic geometries.

[0054] FIGs. 7A and 7B illustrated modified systems that include the cylinder pack turbines 250, 250B that omit the vortex module 100 and the expansion chamber 252.

[0055] In a further alternative embodiment, one or more chambers 262 are open to the outside environment. In a further embodiment, the orientation of the system is reversed where the motor and the driveshaft are above the cylinder pack turbine or there is a horizontal alignment. Based on this disclosure, it should be understood other orientations are possible.

[0056] FIGs. 8A-8C illustrate another example embodiment of a cylinder pack turbine 250D in a cross-section taken along a diameter of the system. Similar to FIG. 3, the illustrated vortex module 100D is optional and in the alternative could be enclosed with a cover and have at least one inlet into the vortex chamber. FIG. 8A illustrates a slightly different configured vortex chamber 130D shape, but it still maintains the long radii in the bottom portion to narrow the chamber prior to entry into the expansion chamber 252D. The expansion chamber (or accumulation chamber) 252D illustrated in FIG. 8A is different in that it does not directly connect to the chamber(s) 262D, but instead connects through inlets 254D to provide a fluid pathway to the chamber(s) 262D.

[0057] The core (or central/inner cylinder) 260D includes a central support column 2602D from which a plurality of waveform members (or complimentary structures) 2604D extend out from. In an alternative embodiment, the central support column is hollow. In at least one embodiment, the waveform members are rings that have non-uniformed thickness such that in one further embodiment the series of rings in cross-section form a wave pattern. The core 260D fits within an external cylinder 266D that as illustrated in FIG. 8B is a two part construction in at least one embodiment that includes recesses (or complimentary structures) 2664D for receiving the waveform members 2604D of the core 260D along with providing a collar 2662D on which the core 260D rests in at least one embodiment. In other embodiments the external cylinder 266D includes a centrally aligned opening passing through the top sized to allow the core 260D to extend up through the opening. In at least one embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 8B, the external cylinder 266D includes at least two members that define (or at least partially define) each inlet 254D and/or a point of connection for an inlet. Although two inlets are illustrated in FIGs. 8A and 8B, it should be understood that a larger number of inlets may be present and in at least one embodiment evenly spaced around the proximate periphery of the accumulation chamber 252D. Together the core 260D and the external cylinder 266D define a downward flow path through a chamber 262D from the accumulation chamber 252D down to the outlet passageways 230D. The chamber 262D includes a variety of waveform progressions that progressively reduce the pressure.

[0058] Above the core 260D is an upper housing 210D having the accumulation chamber 252D that allows the charging medium to expand and diffuse some of the pressure before exiting the accumulation chamber 252D through a plurality of inlets 2542 into the waveform progression chamber 262D. In at least one embodiment, the core 260D includes a flange 2606D that is attached to a flange 2522D of the upper housing 210D. The accumulation chamber 252D may take a variety of forms other than the illustrated ellipsoid including spherical, parabolic shape, and/or hyperbolic shape that allow for material arriving in the accumulation chamber 252D to expand outwardly.

[0059] Although the inlet 254D are illustrated in FIGs. 8A and 8B as having substantially circular cross-section, it should be appreciated based on this disclosure that different cross-sections could be used oval, ellipse, bent oval, bent ellipse, etc. In at least one non-circular cross-section embodiment, the inlet 254D extends along the bottom (or top) of the accumulation chamber 252D to provide an opening longer than it is wide and curved to match the entry point into the chamber(s) 262D.

[0060] In a further embodiment, the complimentary structures 2604D, 2664D include concentric waveforms or other protrusions along their respective surfaces in addition to the larger waveform depicted in FIG. 8A. In a further embodiment to the previous embodiment, the chamber 262D height as defined by the distance between neighboring structures changes height along the length of neighboring structures to form a variety of compression and/or expansion zones along the radius of a particular structure. In a further embodiment to the previous embodiments in this paragraph, the length of the structures for the intermediary housing and the core are of varying lengths and/or shorter. In a further embodiment, there are waveforms along the waveform members 2604D and the recesses 2664D.

[0061] In at least one embodiment, the inlet 254D include at least one protrusion that spirals down the inside of the inlet 254D from the accumulation chamber 252D to the chamber 262D to impart spinning motion to the material flowing through the inlet 254D in at least one embodiment. In an alternative embodiment, the protrusions are replaced with grooves, which can occur with each of the example inlet embodiments discussed in this disclosure. In a further embodiment, the protrusions and/or rifling are used in combination and/or do form complete spiral patterns within the inlet. The height and/or thickness of the protrusions and/or grooves can vary along their length and may have a variety of dimensions such that in at least one embodiment, the space between neighboring protrusions and/or grooves is greater than the thickness and/or height of the protrusions and/or grooves.

[0062] In a further embodiment, the protrusions include, for example, bumps, dimples, flanges, fins and/or short protrusion segments that are angled relative to horizontal. In a further embodiment, the protrusions are other than perpendicular with the wall and as such are angled relative to a vertical plane drawn tangential with the mid-point of these protrusions (a similar concept could be used to angle the spiral protrusion along its path).

[0063] FIGs. 9A-9C illustrate cross-sectional views of different embodiments of the inlet 254D that could be used in connection with any of the above embodiments. Each of the embodiments shares an expansion chamber 2546 along its pathway and the diameter of the input side conduit 2544 is smaller than or at least the same size as the diameter of the output side conduit 2548 from the expansion chamber 2546. In further embodiments, the expansion chamber 2546 has more of a light bulb shape to it where the wall of the cavity includes a portion that has a long radial path in the direction of input to output to impart a compression of the cross-section for return to the conduit and in at least one embodiment impart a spinning motion or encourage creation of a vortex flow to the material.

[0064] FIG. 9A illustrates an example where the spiral protrusion 2542D1 is present in just the expansion chamber 2546D1.

[0065] FIG. 9B illustrates an embodiment where the protrusions 2542D2 are a set of short ribs that are spaced about both the conduit 2544D2, 2548D2 and the expansion chamber 2546D2 (although it should be appreciated based on this disclosure that the protrusions could be present in any of the input conduit, the expansion chamber, and the output conduit). FIG. 9B also illustrates an example of how the angle relative to a horizontal plane of the protrusions 2542D2', 2542D2" can change at different points along the inlet 254D2. Based on this example of different angles to the horizontal plane, it should be understood that the protrusions may have different angles relative to the tangential plane described above.

[0066] FIG. 9C illustrates an inlet 254D3 embodiment where the input conduit 2544D3 has a smaller diameter than the output conduit 2548D3. This structure results in a pressure reduction when the material enters the expansion chamber 2546D3 and a smaller compression when it exits the expansion chamber 2546D3 than the embodiments illustrated in FIGs. 9A and 9B.

[0067] FIG. 9D illustrates an example of how the inlet 254D4 in at least one embodiment is angled relative to a horizontal plane as it travels from the accumulation chamber 252D to the chamber(s) 262D. The protrusions 2542D4 in this embodiment are illustrated as being angled relative to a plane perpendicular to the material flow (as represented by the arrow line) through the inlet. In a further embodiment, the inlet 254D4 also includes a slight curvature to fit within an imaginary vertical orientated cylinder drawn around the accumulation chamber 252D and the outer cylinder 266D. In at least one embodiment, the angled inlet 254D4 assist in the formation of a material flow that spins around the chamber 262D as the material progresses down through the chamber 262D.

[0068] In a further embodiment, the protrusions are omitted from the inlets illustrated in FIGs. 9A- 9D.

[0069] For various applications, it may be desirable to have an internal geometry conducive to hyper-expansion of the charging media followed by reduction/diminishing flow tolerances for the purpose of compression or reconstitution of the charging media. This secondary compression cycle is useful for producing concentrated, highly energetic, molecularly reorganized charging media for applications such as fuel formulation.

C. Power Generation Examples

[0070] In at least one further embodiment to at least one of the previously described embodiments, the invention further includes a first array of magnets in a magnet cylinder that are in magnetic and/or flux communication with a plurality of coils made of wire present on or in a stationary non-conductive cylinder around the cylinder pack turbine. The magnet cylinder is located around the coil cylinder, which is around the cylinder pack turbine. The coil cylinder is supported from above and/or below depending at least in part on whether the cylinder housing the first array of magnets is connected to the cylinder pack turbine. The coil cylinder in at least one embodiment is electrically isolated from the rest of the system. In at least one embodiment, the cylinder is manufactured from Plexiglas, plastic, phenolic or a similarly electrically inert material or carbon fiber. In at least one embodiment, the coils are sized to have their loops extend above and below the waveform patterns present on the cylinders. In a further embodiment, the coils each have a slight curvature to match the curvature of the outer cylinder in the cylinder pack turbine.

[0071] In at least one embodiment, the magnet cylinder is located on a bearing ring that allows it to rotate mechanically independent of the cylinder pack turbine, but in operation as the cylinder pack turbine rotates, the magnet cylinder will also rotate from the coupling that occurs between them. In a further alternative embodiment, the speed of rotation of the magnet cylinder is controlled by a drive system independent of the cylinder pack turbine. In at least one embodiment, the ratio of coils to magnets is 3 to 2 to provide three phases of electrical power although other ratios are possible to provide different number of phases of electrical power by having the coils connected in a manner to form the number of legs to match the desired number of phases. Although not illustrated, it should be understood based on this disclosure that there are a variety of ways to interconnect the coils to form multiple phases in wye or delta or even a single phase by connecting coils in series or parallel. In at least one embodiment, each coil has a pair of junction points that are used to connect to common and positive.

[0072] In at least one embodiment, the magnet cylinder includes elongated magnets or magnetized areas that are sized to match the area within each coil. Instead of elongated magnets, a plurality of other magnets may be assembled as a set to replicate the same coverage area. In a further embodiment, the poles (or magnetic regions/areas) are divided into alternating quarters, sixths, eighths, etc. In a still further embodiment, the poles are divided by small gaps of non-magnetic material. Alternatively, the magnets may be electromagnets. In another embodiment, the number of magnets is determined based on the number of phases and the number of coils such that the magnets of the same polarity pass over each of coils in each phase-set geometrically at the exact moment of passage.

[0073] Suitable magnets for use in at least one embodiment of the invention are rare earth and/or electromagnets. An example is using three inch disk type rare earth magnets rated at 140 pounds and in further embodiments magnets rated at 400 pounds are used; but based on this disclosure it should be understood that a variety of magnet strengths may be used. Depending on the construction used, all may be North magnets, South magnets, or a combination such as alternating magnets. In at least one embodiment, all metallic system components, e.g., vortex housing, cylinders, magnet plate, and any support structure are formed of non-magnetic or very low magnetic material with other system components, e.g., bearings, spacers, tubing, etc. , are preferably formed of non-magnetic materials. In a further embodiment, all movable components, particularly including the cylinder pack turbine and magnet plate are all electrically isolated by insulators such as non-conductive ceramic or phenolic bearings, and/or spacers. [0074] The diamagnetic fields utilized for electrical power generation make it possible to orient all magnets within the magnet arrays to North, South, or in a customary North/South alternating configuration. When all North or South facing magnets are configured in relation to the diamagnetic rotor fields, voltages and frequencies realized are extremely high. With all North or South magnet orientation the diamagnetism, which is both North and South magnetic loops, provides the opposite polarity for the generation of AC electricity. Based on research, it is believed the magnetic fluxes behave like gasses/fluids and can act as such. The addition/intake/dissociation of air and other ambient influences adds significantly to the process; however, with the presence of magnetic fields interacting with the hyperbolic waveform structures alone, it is believed that both exotic, magnetic phenomena as well as electricity are generated. It is believed it would be impossible to be generating these profound diamagnetic fields without also simultaneously generating corresponding electrical currents. Based on the above, it is believed that the magnet cylinder(s) used in connection with the above flux field generators could have all North or South facing magnets or magnetic material and still provide levitation.

[0075] In a further embodiment to at least one of the above embodiments, the system further includes a flux return includes a plurality of cylinders (or laminated layers) where each cylinder is selected from steel, sheet steel, iron, silver, gold, nickel, platinum, bismuth, copper, carbon fibers, and mercury (in a static vessel or in motion) resulting in a combination of material being used in any order. In a further embodiment, the flux return includes at least one of steel and iron. In at least one embodiment, the flux return is sized to match the height of the outer edge of the magnets in or on the magnet cylinder. In a further embodiment, at least cylinder of the flux return is attached to the cylinder pack turbine. In a further embodiment, at least one cylinder of the flux return is spaced from the cylinder pack turbine. In a further embodiment to the other embodiments in this paragraph, the flux return includes a housing (see, e.g. , FIG. 19A) that shrouds the top and sides of the cylinder pack turbine. Examples of shapes for the housing include bell, cylindrical, and conical. In at least one embodiment further to the embodiments and examples discussed in this paragraph, the flux return is used with the non-power generating flux field generators and placed around and/or above the cylinder pack turbine. In at least one further embodiment to the embodiments in this paragraph, the flux return is used also as a shield against the diamagnetic fields reaching beyond the containment area.

D. Hybrid

[0076] In at least one embodiment of the invention includes an inner cylinder 260 that is hollow allowing insertion of a disk based flux field generator 85 such as a disk-pack turbine system into its center to in at least one embodiment provide production of diamagnetic fields in multiple directions and/or in perpendicular directions between the fields produced by the cylinder-pack turbine and the disk-pack turbine. In at least one further embodiment, the turbines share the same drive system, while in an alternative embodiment the driveshafts of independent drive systems are nested using bearing thus allowing them to drive the turbines at independent speeds. The turbines can be used as part of the same process, different processes, or complimentary processes with examples of processes being gas and/or material processing, electrical power generation, and diamagnetic field generation.

[0077] Examples of the structure and components of a disk-pack turbine are provided in the following examples in connection with FIGs. 10-22. In the embodiments that are described as including power generation, the generated power in at least some embodiments is fed back into the system to maintain operation of the system and in further embodiments could be utilized for other functions. The use of risers in the various disk-pack turbine system examples provide an example of the structure around the different example disk-pack turbine systems that could be modified and adapted for attachment to the inside of the inner cylinder or to support the disk-pack turbine independent of the cylinders.

[0078] The systems and methods of the disk-pack turbine system in at least one embodiment include an intake chamber and a disk-pack turbine having an expansion and distribution chamber (or expansion chamber) in fluid communication with the intake chamber, and disk chambers formed between the rotors and/or disks that form the expansion chamber as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 10. The intake chamber serves to draw charging media, i.e. , liquids and/or gases (hereinafter collectively referred to as "fluid" or "media" or "material") into the system before passing the charging media into the expansion chamber. The expansion chamber is formed by two or more stacked rotatable waveform members (e.g. , rotors and/or disk(s)) having an opening in their center. The stacked rotatable rotors and/or disk(s) are centered axially such that one or more openings are aligned whereby the aligned openings form the expansion chamber. The expansion chamber may include a variety of shapes, ranging from a horizontal substantially cylindrical shape to varying degrees of converging and diverging structures. However, in at least one embodiment for the disk-pack turbine system, the expansion chamber includes both a convergent structure and a divergent structure designed to first compress, and then expand the media. In an alternative embodiment for the disk-pack turbine system, the system draws in fluid including environmental air and other gasses from the periphery in addition or in place of the intake chamber.

[0079] In some embodiments for the disk-pack turbine system, the intake chamber may be formed as a vortex induction chamber that creates a vertical vortex in the charging media, which in most embodiments is a fluid including liquid and/or gas, in order to impart desired physical characteristics on the fluid . Examples of how the charging media is provided include ambient air, pressurized supply, and metered flow. The vertical vortex acts to shape, concentrate, and accelerate the charging media into a through-flowing vortex, thereby causing a decrease in temperature of the charging media and conversion of heat into kinetic energy. These effects are realized as the charging media is first compressed, then rapidly expanded as it is drawn into the expansion chamber by the centrifugal suction/vacuum created by the dynamic rotation and progressive geometry of the disks. The vortex also assists the fluid in progressing through the disk-pack turbine system, i.e. , from the vortex induction chamber, into the expansion chamber, through the disk chambers formed by the patterns and channels created by the waveforms such as hyperbolic waveforms on the disks, and out of the system. In some embodiments for the disk-pack turbine system, there may also be a reverse flow of fluid within the system where fluid components that are dissociated flow from the disk chambers to the expansion chamber back up (i.e. , flow simultaneously axially and peripherally) through the vortex chamber and, in some embodiments, out the fluid intakes. Media (or material) tends toward being divided relative to mass/specific gravity, with the lighter materials discharging up through the eye of the vortex while simultaneously discharging gases/fluids of greater mass at the periphery. While progressing through the waveform geometries, the charging media is exposed to a multiplicity of dynamic action and reactionary forces and influences such as alternating pressure zones and changing circular, vortex and multi-axial flows of fluid as the fluid progresses over the valleys and peaks and highly variable hyperbolic and/or non-hyperbolic geometries.

[0080] The number and arrangement of disks can vary depending upon the particular disk-pack turbine system. Examples of the various disk arrangements for the disk-pack turbine systems include paired disks, multiple paired disks, stacked disks, pluralities of stacked disks, multi-staged disk arrays, and various combinations of these disk arrangements as illustrated, for example, in FIGs. 1 1A-11C, 15D, 19E, and 22. Further examples add one or more rotors to the disks. A disk-pack turbine is a complete assembly with rotors and/or disks being elements within the disk-pack turbine. In at least one embodiment for the disk-pack turbine systems, the bottom rotor (or disk) includes an optional parabolic/concave rigid feature that forms the bottom of the expansion chamber.

E. First Example Disk-pack turbine system

[0081] FIG. 6 provides a broad overview of an example of a flux field generator for use in the present invention. This overview is intended to provide a basis for understanding the principles and components of the various embodiments for the flux field generators that can be used in the present invention that will be discussed in more detail below. The flux field generator as illustrated in FIG. 6 includes an optional intake module 100 with an intake chamber 130 and a disk-pack module 200 having an optional expansion chamber 252 and a disk-pack turbine 250. To simplify the discussion, the optional housing around the disk-pack turbine 250 is not included in FIG. 6. The intake chamber 130 is in fluid communication with the expansion chamber 252. In at least one embodiment, the intake module 100 is omitted with the expansion chamber 252 drawing air in as needed from the surrounding environment. The expansion chamber 252 is formed by openings and the recess present in the rotors and/or disk(s), which in at least one embodiment when a waveform is present on them will be an example of a waveform member, that form the disk-pack turbine 250. The rotatable rotors and/or disks are stacked or placed adjacent to each other such that a small space of separation remains between the adjacent waveform members to form disk chambers.

[0082] In a further embodiment for an embodiment using a pair of rotors in the disk-pack turbine, the rotors each have a waveform pattern on at least part of the surface opposite where the disk is attached to the rotor. In an embodiment where there are no rotors present, the outside disks in stack include a waveform pattern on at least part of their exposed surface. The waveform pattern in at least one embodiment is substantially an exact reverse representation (or mirror image) of the waveform pattern present on the face facing the neighboring disk. An example of a mirror image is that if there is a protrusion on the inner surface then there is a matching protrusion on the outer surface. The waveform pattern in at least one embodiment is substantially a negative image of the waveform pattern present on the face facing the neighboring disk. An example of a negative image is that if there is a protrusion on the inner surface then there is a substantially matching channel on the outer surface. Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that a combination of mirror and negative images may be present on one waveform surface.

[0083] The drive system 300 in at least one embodiment is connected to the disk-pack turbine 250 through a drive shaft 314 or other mechanical linkage 316 such as a belt, and in a further embodiment the drive system 300 is connected directly to the disk-pack turbine 250. In use, the drive system 300 rotates the plurality of rotors and/or disks in the disk-pack turbine 250. In at least one embodiment, the rotation of which creates a centrifugal suction or vacuum within the system that causes a charging media to be drawn into the intake chamber 130 via at least one inlet 132 and in further embodiments the fluid is drawn in from a periphery of the disk-pack turbine 250. In at least one example, the intake chamber 130 and the at least one inlet are together an inlet for the disk-pack turbine 250.

[0084] The intake chamber 130 when present concentrates (and/or compresses) and passes the charging media into the expansion chamber 252. The expansion chamber 252 causes the compressed charging media to quickly expand after entry into the expansion chamber 252 (in at least one embodiment the charging media enters in a vortex flow) and distribute through the disk chambers 262 and over the surfaces of the disk-pack turbine members towards a periphery via the disk chambers 262 and in some embodiments back towards the expansion chamber 252. In at least one embodiment, components of the fluid reverse course through the system, for example, lighter elements present in the fluid that are dissociated from heavier elements present in the fluid. In at least one embodiment, the system includes a capture system for one or more of the dissociated fluid elements. The media is conditioned as it passes between the rotating disks from the center towards the periphery of the disks. In at least one embodiment, the intake chamber 130 is omitted.

F. Disk-Pack Turbine Examples with Power Generation

[0085] In at least one example the flux field generator produces and harnesses energy from ambient sources at rates that are over unity relative to the measurable electrical power input (i.e. , invested energy input) by harnessing, utilizing and/or transmutating the ambient fields of energy, i.e., the electrical energy produced is higher than the electrical energy consumed (or electrical energy out is greater than electrical energy in). The flux field generator in at least one example utilizes rotating waveforms (e.g., FIGs. 1 1A-11C) to manipulate, condition, and transform mass and matter into highly energetic fields, e.g., polar flux, electrical, and electro-magnetic fields. In a further embodiment, the waveforms are hyperbolic waveforms that in at least one further embodiment are substantially, continuously curved to create relationships with applied magnetic and electromagnetic fields as well as multiple ambient energy fields and wavelengths, which is accentuated by motion, results in the harnessing and production of useful, compounding electrical, electromagnetic and magnetic field phenomena. In at least one embodiment, the flux field generator is capable of generating diamagnetic fields as strong forces at ambient operational temperatures. It should be appreciated that the power generation components may be omitted from these examples while still providing the flux field generator. In at least one further embodiment to each of the following embodiments, the power generation components of the coils and magnet plates are omitted.

[0086] FIGs. 12-15D illustrate an example of the flux field generator useful in generating electrical energy. FIGs. 15A-15D illustrate a pair of waveform disks that can be mated together with a pair of rotors. The illustrated waveform disks are depicted in FIG. 14. FIG. 15A illustrates the top of a disk-pack turbine 250E with a top rotor 264E with an opening into the expansion chamber 2522E. FIGs. 15B and 15C illustrate a pair of mated disks for use in power generation according to the invention. The disks are considered to be mated because they fit together as depicted in FIG. 15D, because a disk channel (or chamber) 262E is formed between them while allowing fluid to pass between the disks 260E. FIG. 15D illustrates an example of the mated disks 260E placed between a top rotor 264E and a bottom rotor 266E with bolts attaching the components together around the periphery such as through ears 2602E. The bolts in at least one embodiment pass through a nylon (or similar material) tube and the spacers are nylon rings. Based on this disclosure, it should be understood that at least one rotor could be integrally manufactured with at least one waveform disk.

[0087] The creation of a magnetic field that also generates electrical current results from the rotation of a disk-pack turbine 250E and at least one magnet disk 502 that is on an opposite side of the coil disk from the disk-pack turbine. In at least one example for the flux field generator, the coil disk 510 includes a plurality of coils 512 that are connected into multiple-phase sets. The disclosure that follows provides additional discussion of the flux field generator illustrated in FIGs. 12-15D; as an example, starting with the chamber 130E and proceeding down through the system. As with the previous examples for the flux field generator, the chamber 130E feeds the charging media to the disk-pack turbine 250E during operation and in at least one further example for the flux field generator the chamber 130E is omitted as depicted in FIGs. 16 and 17. In the flux field generators depicted in FIGs. 16 and 17, the intake occurs through the feed housing 126E (or inlet) and/or the periphery of the disk-pack turbine 250E. As mentioned previously, the intake of air is not a requirement for operation of the system in at least one embodiment and as such the feed housing 126E may be replaced by a shaft.

[0088] In at least one example for the flux field generator, the intake chamber 100E includes a cap 122E, a housing 120E connected to an intake port 132E, a lower housing 124E around a bearing 280E as illustrated , for example, in FIG. 14. In an alternative example for the flux field generator, one or more of the intake chamber components are integrally formed together. The housing 120E includes a vortex chamber 130E that includes a funnel section that tapers the wall inward from the intake ports 132E to an opening that is axially aligned with the feed chamber 136E. The funnel section in at least one flux field generator is formed by a wall that has sides that follow a long radial path in the vertical descending direction from a top to the feed chamber 136E (or other receiving section or expansion chamber). The funnel section assists in the formation of a vortex flow of charging medium downward into the system.

[0089] Below the main part of the chamber 130E is a tri-arm centering member 602 that holds in place the system in axial alignment with the drive shaft 314E. Although a tri-arm centering member is illustrated, the number of arms present may vary while accomplishing the centering function. Alternatively, the centering member is a plate. The vortex chamber 130E is in fluid communication with feed chamber 136E present in feed housing (or shaft or alignment shaft) 126E. The feed housing 126E passes through a collar housing 125E and a magnet plate 502, which is positioned below and in rotational engagement with the collar housing 125E. The feed housing 126E is in rotational engagement through bearings 282E with the collar housing 125E. The collar housing 125E is supported by bearing 282E that rides on the top of the lower feed housing 127E that is connected to the disk-pack turbine 250E. The feed chamber 136E opens up into an optional bell-shaped section 138E starting the expansion back out of the flow of the charging medium for receipt by the expansion chamber 252E. The intake housing components 120E, 122E, 124E together with the feed housing 138E in at least one embodiment together are the intake module 100E.

[0090] The magnet plate 502 includes a first array of six magnets (not shown) attached to or embedded in it that in the illustrated embodiment are held in place by bolts 5022 as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 14 or the magnets may be enclosed on the magnet plate with a cover. In at least one embodiment, the magnet plate 502 is a North-South magnet with the poles making up the magnet plate 502 where one half of the magnet is North and the other half is South. In a further embodiment, the poles (or magnetic regions/areas) are divided into alternating quarters, sixths, eighths, etc. In a still further embodiment, the poles are divided by small gaps of non-magnetic material. In another embodiment, the number of magnets is determined based on the number of phases and the number of coils such that the magnets of the same polarity pass over each of coils in each phase-set geometrically at the exact moment of passage. Alternatively, the magnet plate 502 includes (or is replaced by) a magnet ring with multiple polarity regions on it such as at least one of North-South alternating regions or North/South areas spaced apart. The magnet plate 502 in at least one flux field generator is electrically isolated from the feed housing 126E and the rest of system via, for example, electrically insulated/non-conducting bearings (not shown). The magnet plate 502 is able to freely rotate about the center axis of the disk-pack turbine 250E by way of the collar housing 125E made from, for example, aluminum which is bolted to the top of the upper round plate 502 and has two centrally located ball bearing assemblies, an upper bearing 282E and a lower bearing 283E, that slide over the central feed housing 126E, which serves as a support shaft. Alternatively, the bearings are incorporated into the magnet plate and the collar housing is omitted. The distance of separation between the magnet plate 502 and the top of the disk-pack turbine 250E is maintained, for example, by a mechanical set collar, shims, or spacers. In a further alternative embodiment, the magnet plate 502 rotates with the disk-pack turbine 250E.

[0091] During operation, the first array of magnets is in magnetic and/or flux communication with a plurality of coils 512 present on or in a stationary non-conductive disk (or platform) 510. The coil platform 510 is supported by support members 604 attached to the frame 600 in a position between the array of magnets and the disk-pack turbine 250E. The platform 510 in the illustrated flux field generator is electrically isolated from the rest of the system. In at least one example for the flux field generator, the platform 510 is manufactured from Plexiglas, plastic, phenolic or a similarly electrically inert material or carbon fiber.

[0092] A disk-pack turbine 250E is in rotational engagement with the feed chamber 138E. As with the other examples for the flux field generators, the disk-pack turbine 250E includes an expansion chamber 252E that is in fluid communication with the intake chamber 130E to establish a fluid pathway from the inlets to the at least one disk chamber 262E (two are illustrated in FIGs. 14) in the disk-pack turbine 250E. The illustrated flux field generator includes two pairs of mated disks 260E sandwiched by a pair of rotors 264E, 266E where the disks 260E and the top rotor 264E each includes an opening passing therethrough and the bottom rotor 266E includes a rigid feature 2522E that together define the expansion chamber 252E. The disk chambers 262 in the illustrated flux field generator are present between the two disks in each mated pair with slightly paraboloid shaped surfaces (although they could be tapered or flat) being present between the neighboring disks, where the bottom disk of the top mated disk pair and the top disk of the bottom mated disk pair are the neighboring disks. In an alternative embodiment, these surfaces include one or more waveforms to provide an additional disk chamber. Each disk 260E of the mated pairs of disks is formed of complimentary non-magnetic materials by classification, such that the mated pair incorporating internal hyperbolic relational waveform geometries creates a disk that causes lines of magnetic flux to be looped into a field of powerful diamagnetic tori and repelled by the disk. An example of material to place between the mated disk pairs is phenolic cut into a ring shape to match the shape of the disks.

[0093] In the illustrated embodiment, the bottom rotor 266E provides the interface 2662E with the drive system 314E. In at least one example for the flux field generator, the rotors will be directly connected to the respective disks without electrically isolating the rotor from the nested disk. In another example for the flux field generator, the disks are electrically isolated from the rotor nesting the disk. The illustrated configuration provides for flexibility in changing disks 260E into and out of the disk-pack turbine 250E and/or rearranging the disks 260E.

[0094] A lower coil platform 510' may also be attached to the frame 600 with a plurality of support members 604. The lower platform 510' includes a second array of coils 512' adjacent and below the disk- pack turbine 250E. An optional second array of six magnets (not shown) present in magnet plate 504 are illustrated as being in rotational engagement of a drive shaft 314E that drives the rotation of the disk-pack turbine 250E, but the bottom magnet plate 504 in at least one embodiment is in free rotation about the drive shaft 314E using, for example, a bearing . The drive shaft 314E is driven by a motor, for example, either directly or via a mechanical or magnetic coupling. In an alternative embodiment, at least one magnet plate 502, 504 includes a magnet ring with multiple polarity regions on it such as at least one of North-South alternating regions or North/South areas spaced apart. Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the magnet plate and coil disk examples can apply to both sets.

[0095] Each of the first array of coils 512 and the second array of coils 512' are interconnected to form a phased array such as a three or four phase arrangement with 9 and 12 coils, respectively. Although not illustrated, it should be understood based on this disclosure that there are a variety of ways to interconnect the coils to form multiple phases in wye or delta or even a single phase by connecting coils in series or parallel. As illustrated, for example, in FIG. 13, for each coil, there are a pair of junction points that are used to connect to common and positive and as illustrated the left box 5124 attaches to electrical power out while the right box 5126 connects to neutral/common.

[0096] In at least one implementation with a three phase arrangement, the coils for each phase are separated by 120 degrees with the magnets in the magnet plate spaced every 60 degrees around the magnet plate. The first array of magnets, the first array of coils 512, the second array of coils 512', and second array of magnets in at least one embodiment are arranged in a pattern substantially within the vertical circumference of the disk-pack turbine 250E, e.g., in circular patterns or staggered circular patterns of a substantially similar diameter as the disks 160E. In another example of a flux field generator, there are multiple coil platforms and/or coil arrays between the disk-pack turbine and the magnet plate.

[0097] The lower magnet plate 504 has a central hub 5042 bolted to it which also houses two ball bearing assemblies 282E, which are slid over the main spindle drive shaft 314E before the disk-pack turbine 250E is attached. This allows the lower magnet plate 504 to freely rotate about the center axis of the system and the distance of separation between the lower plate 504E and the disk-pack turbine 250E is maintained , for example, by a mechanical set collar, spacers, and/or shims or the height of the driveshaft 314E.

[0098] Suitable magnets for use in the flux field generator include, for example, rare earth and/or electromagnets. An example is using three inch disk type rare earth magnets rated at 140 pounds and in further embodiments magnets rated at 400 pounds are used; but based on this disclosure it should be understood that a variety of magnet strengths may be used. Depending on the construction used, all may be North magnets, South magnets, or a combination such as alternating magnets. In at least one embodiment, all metallic components, e.g., frame 600, chamber housing 120E, magnet plates 502, 504, are formed of non-magnetic or very low magnetic material with other components, e.g., bearings, spacers, tubing, etc., made of non-magnetic materials. The flux field generator, including frame 600 and lower platform 504, in at least one example are electrically grounded (Earth). In a further example, all movable components, particularly including chamber housing 120E and individual components of the disk-pack turbine 250E, are all electrically isolated by insulators such as non-conductive ceramic or phenolic bearings, and/or spacers.

[0099] In a further flux field generator, the magnet plate(s) is mechanically coupled to the waveform disks, for example, through the driveshaft. In a still further flux field generator, the magnet plate(s) is mechanically locked to rotate in a fixed relationship with the disk-pack turbine through for example the collar housing 125E illustrated in FIG. 13. This results in lower, but very stable output values. In a further alternative embodiment, the magnet plate(s) are connected to a separate drive system(s) that provides independent control of rotation speed from the rotation speed of the disk-pack turbine and in at least one further embodiment precise frequency control which can range from hertz to gigahertz as waveform structures and numbers of waveforms, other structures and waveform transitional waveform geometry have a direct correlation to outgoing output and operational frequencies. In a further example of a flux field generator, one set of coil platform and magnet plate are omitted from the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 12-17.

[0100] In use of the illustrated embodiment of FIGs. 12-14, the rotatable disk-pack turbine is driven by an external power source such as a battery bank, wall power, or a generator. In at least one embodiment, as the disk-pack turbine rotates a vacuum or suction is created in the flux field generator in at least one example. This vacuum draws a charging media into the intake chamber 130E via fluid inlets 132E. The intake chamber 130E transforms the drawn charging media into a vortex that further facilitates passing the charging media into the expansion chamber. As the charging media passes through the system, at least a portion of the through-flowing charging media is transformed into polar fluxes which are discharged or emanated from specific exit points within the system. This magnetic polar energy discharges at the center axis and periphery of the rotatable disk-pack turbine. For example, when the magnetic polar energy discharged at the periphery is a North polar flow, the magnetic energy discharged at the axis is a South polar flow. In this example, by introducing North-facing permanent magnets on magnet plates 502, 504 into the north-flowing flux, repulsive forces are realized. By placing the North- facing polar arrays at specific oblique angles, the rotatable disk-pack turbine is driven by the repelling polar flux. Utilizing only the polar drive force and ambient environmental energies and air as the charging media, the system is capable of being driven at a maximum allowed speed. Simultaneously, while generating polar flux discharges at the axis and periphery of the disk-pack turbine 250E, powerful, high torque, levitative diamagnetic fields manifest through the top and bottom surfaces of the disk-pack turbine. In at least one embodiment, the field strength of the diamagnetic fields is directly proportionate to the speed of rotation of the magnet arrays and magnet strength in relation to the rotating disk-pack turbine. Each of the mated pairs of rotatable waveform disks 160E is capable of producing very strong field energy at ambient temperatures while utilizing an extraordinarily small amount of input electrical energy. As an example, each of the mated pairs of rotatable waveform disks 160E is capable of producing well over one thousand (1 ,000) pounds of resistive, repulsive, levitative field energy. That is, the flux field generator is capable of repeatedly, sustainably and controllably producing a profoundly powerful diamagnetic field at ambient temperatures while utilizing relatively minimal input energy.

[0101] In a further flux field generator illustrated, for example, in FIG. 16, the chamber 120E above the tri-arm support member 602 is omitted and the expansion chamber pulls charging material from the atmosphere as opposed to through the intake chamber. In at least one example during operation, material is pulled from and discharged at the periphery of the disk-pack turbine 250E simultaneously. In a further embodiment, the intake chamber 120 is omitted and/or substantially sealed.

[0102] FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative flux field generator to that illustrated in FIG. 16. The illustrated embodiment includes a flux return 700 to restrain the magnetic fields and concentrate the magnetic flux created by the disk-pack turbine 250E and increase the flux density on the magnet plate 502 and coils 512. Examples of material that can be used for the flux return 700 include but not limited to steel, iron, bismuth, and copper. In a further embodiment, steel and/or iron are used as part of the flux return 700. In at least one embodiment, other non-magnetic materials are used. In a further embodiment, the flux return includes a plurality of disks (or plates or laminated layers) where each disk is selected from the above materials resulting in a combination of material being used in any order. In at least one embodiment, the flux return 700 is sized to match the outer diameter of the outer edge of the magnets on the magnet plate 502. In a further embodiment, at least one disk of the flux return is attached to the disk-pack turbine. In a further embodiment, at least one disk of the flux return is spaced from the disk-pack turbine in a housing or on a shelf. In a further embodiment to the other embodiments in this paragraph, the flux return and/or containment includes a housing that shrouds the top and sides of the disk-pack turbine. Examples of shapes for the housing include bell, cylindrical, and conical. In at least one embodiment further to the embodiments and examples discussed in this paragraph, the flux return 700 is used with the non-power generating flux field generators and placed above the disk-pack turbine. In at least one further embodiment to the embodiments in this paragraph, the flux return is used also as a shield against the diamagnetic fields reaching into the interior of the vehicle such as, for example, the cargo area and/or the passenger area.

[0103] Another example flux field generator of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 18 and includes two disk-pack turbines 250F having a pair of rotors 264F, 266F sandwiching a pair of disks 260F, two sets of electrical coil arrays configured for the production of three-phase electrical power, and two bearing-mounted, free-floating, all North-facing magnetic arrays, along with various additional circuits, controls and devices. One difference with the previous flux field generators is that the disk-pack turbines 250F are spaced apart leaving an open area between them.

[0104] In a further embodiment to the above embodiments, flux field generators include a collection/containment wall 740 (or dome) around a generation system 90 as illustrated in FIG. 19A to provide a means of collecting and harnessing for application and/or utilization the profound additional environmental electrical fields, voltages and dramatic currents/field amperage (for example, collectors 750) as well as in further embodiments the collection of any fluid components that manifest as a result of the power generation processes. The illustrated collectors 750 include a plurality of fins 752 that extend perpendicularly away from a base 754. In at least one embodiment, the collectors are electrically isolated from the wall (or other support structure). In a further embodiment, a containment area is defined by a cylindrical containment wall 740 (although the wall may take a variety of other forms) and a flux return (not illustrated in FIG. 19A). In a further embodiment, these components include steel and/or iron to restrain the produced magnetic fields within the defined containment area. The use of the containment components allow for passive generation of what is substantially identified as DC power from a non- power flux field generator where, for example, an external power source would stimulate the flow of field energy through the collectors.

[0105] In a further alternative embodiment, the wall and the frame are combined together where the wall provides the vertical and/or horizontal stabilization of the system. In a further embodiment, the frame extends up from the wall to engage with the centering support member, which in at least one embodiment is incorporated into (or as a part of) the flux return. In yet another embodiment, the wall is within a space defined by the frame.

[0106] During testing of the collector concept, six collectors were attached to the frame that included six vertical support members (or risers) around the prototype disk-pack turbine. The collectors provided DC power for use by DC electrical devices or for converting to AC power. Each collector was attached to an output of a coil or phase, which in at least one embodiment occurred through a diode orientated to provide current flow from the coil to the collector, to simulate the flow of field energy through each collector. The outputs of at least some of the collectors were attached to a respective DC electrical device that was connected to ground and in parallel with a capacitor enabling the flow of electrical energy to the respective DC electrical device, and the outputs were capable of powering the attached DC electrical devices. In at least one embodiment, the voltage values from the collectors are much higher than the AC voltage used to stimulate the collector based on voltage meter readings.

[0107] FIGs. 19B and 19C illustrate two views of an alternative collector 750A that includes sine waveforms, which in at least one embodiment are replaced with the hyperbolic waveforms discussed in this disclosure providing a smooth face as opposed to the illustrated fin pattern. The illustrated collector 750A includes a plurality of fins 752A attached to a base 754, which then is attached to a support or wall as discussed above in connection to collector 750.

[0108] Based on the above discussion regarding collectors, it should be understood that the number of collectors and the density of fins and/or waveforms present on individual collectors may vary from that illustrated in FIGs. 19A-19C. Furthermore, the fin and/or waveform pattern may have a variety of orientations on the base along with the base being placed in a variety of orientations while having the base be substantially parallel to a vertical plane passing through the center of the system when the system is in a vertical orientation. In a further alternative embodiment, the wall and/or collector is a retrofit component to waveform turbine (e.g., disk-pack turbine) systems such as those disclosed in this disclosure.

[0109] The nature of electricity generated is substantially different as compared to conventional power generation. The waveform disks in at least one embodiment are manufactured as nesting pairs. Each waveform disk pair may be of like or dissimilar materials, depending on design criteria, i.e., aluminum and aluminum, or, as example, aluminum, brass or copper. When a waveform disk pair is separated by a small distance/gap and are electrically isolated from one another by means of no mechanical contact and non-conducting isolation and assembly methods and elements like those described earlier, chambers formed between each disk pair provide for highly exotic flow paths, motion, screening currents, frequencies, pressure differentials, and many other actionary and reactionary fluid and energetic dynamics and novel electrical and polar phenomena. Immediately upon energizing the drive motor to set the disk-pack turbine rotor in motion, the inner disk hyperbolic geometries begin to interact with the magnetic fields provided by the rotatable Rare Earth magnet arrays, even though there are no magnetic materials incorporated into the manufacture of the disk-pack turbine. By the time the disk-pack turbine reaches the speed of approximately 60 RPM, diarnagnetic field effects between the disk-pack turbine faces and magnet arrays are sufficient to establish a strong driving/impelling link between the disk-pack turbine and magnet array faces.

[0110] A variety of magnetic polar fluxes and electrical currents begin to manifest and dramatically increase in proportion to speed of rotation. Diamagnetism manifests as a profoundly strong force at the upper and lower rotor faces as primarily vertical influences which, through repellent diamagnetic fields, act to drive the magnet arrays while simultaneously generating a significant rotational torque component. It has been determined that these strong force diamagnetic fields can be transmitted through/passed through insulators to other metallic materials such as aluminum and brass. These diamagnetic fields, generated at ambient temperatures, are always repellant irrespective of magnet polarity. Although mechanically generated, these diamagnetic fields are, believed to be in fact, screening and/or eddy currents previously only recognized as a strong force associated with magnetic fields as they relate to superconductors operating at cryogenic temperatures. The system in at least one embodiment is configured to rotate on the horizontal plane, resulting in the most profound magnetic field effects manifesting and emanating at an oblique, though near right angle relative to the upper and lower rotor faces. The most profound electrical outputs in the system emanate from the periphery of the disk-pack turbine and are measurable as very high field amperages and atmospheric voltages. As an example, when attaching a hand held amp meter to any of the three structural aluminum risers of the built system illustrated, for example, in FIG. 12, it is common to observe amperages of over 150 amps per electrically isolated riser. Polar/magnetic fluxes are the primary fluid acting in this system configured for electrical power generation. An additional material acting within the system is atmospheric air. In certain implementations, allowing the intake, dissociation, and discharge of the elements within atmospheric air as well as exposure to ambient atmospheric energies increases the magnetic field effects and electrical power output potential by plus/minus 40%.

[0111] The diamagnetic fields utilized for electrical power generation make it possible to orient all magnets within the magnet arrays to North, South, or in a customary North/South alternating configuration. When all North or South facing magnets are configured in relation to the diamagnetic rotor fields, voltages and frequencies realized are extremely high. With all North or South magnet orientation the diamagnetism, which is both North and South magnetic loops, provides the opposite polarity for the generation of AC electricity. By configuring the system with alternating magnetic polarities and minor power output conditioning , it has been possible to practically divide the output values and bring the voltages and frequencies into useful ranges. As an example, measuring combined upper coil array only, output values of 900 volts at 60HZ with a rotor speed of 1200 RPM are typical. A disadvantage to this configuration is that there is a reduction in overall electrical energy output. Based on research, it is believed the magnetic fluxes behave like gasses/fluids and can act as such. The addition/intake/dissociation of air and other ambient influences adds significantly to the process; however, with the presence of magnetic fields interacting with the hyperbolic waveform structures alone, it is believed that both exotic, magnetic phenomena as well as electricity are generated. It is believed it would be impossible to be generating these profound diamagnetic fields without also simultaneously generating corresponding electrical currents. As soon as a magnet, even handheld, is introduced above the disk surface and the diamagnetic repellent effect is felt, electrical current is being produced, thereby creating the diamagnetic phenomena.

G. Examples of Waveform Disks

[0112] The previously described waveforms and the one illustrated in FIGs. 1 1 B and 1 1 C are examples of the possibilities for their structure. The waveform patterns increase the surface area in which the charging media and fields pass over and through during operation of the system. It is believed the increased surface area as alluded to earlier in this disclosure provides an area in which the environmental fields in the atmosphere are screened in such a way as to provide a magnetic field in the presence of a magnet. This is even true when the waveform disk is stationary and a magnet is passed over its surface (either the waveform side or back side of the waveform disk), and the ebbs and flow of the magnetic field track the waveform patterns on the disk, manifesting in at least one embodiment as strong, geometric eddy currents/geometric molasses.

[0113] FIGs. 1 1A-1 1 C illustrates an example of a small biaxial configuration for the disk-pack turbine, which includes an upper rotor 264A and a lower rotor 266A, was sufficient to establish repeatable, verifiable dissociation achieved through hyperbolic rotary motion alone. FIG. 11A illustrates the top of the disk-pack turbine 250A, FIG. 1 1 B illustrates the bottom face of the upper rotor 264A, and FIG. 11 C illustrates the top face of the lower rotor 266A. The illustrated waveform pattern includes a sinusoidal ridge 2642A and a circular ridge 2646A. The lower rotor 266A includes a circular outer face ridge 2668A. Also, illustrated is an example of mounting holes 2502A for assembling the disk-pack turbine 250A. In an alternative embodiment, the wave patterns are switched between the upper rotor 264A and the bottom rotor 266A. Stoichiometric gas concentrations capable of sustaining flame were achieved through broad variations in systemic configuration and operating conditions.

[0114] The previously described waveforms and the one illustrated in FIGs. 1 1 B and 1 1 C are examples of the possibilities for their structure. The waveform patterns increase the surface area in which the charging media and fields pass over and through during operation of the system. It is believed the increased surface area as alluded to earlier in this disclosure provides an area in which the environmental fields in the atmosphere are screened in such a way as to provide a magnetic field in the presence of a magnet. This is even true when the waveform disk is stationary and a magnet is passed over its surface (either the waveform side or back side of the waveform disk), and the ebbs and flow of the magnetic field track the waveform patterns on the disk, manifesting in at least one embodiment as strong, geometric eddy currents/geometric molasses.

[0115] As discussed above, the waveform disks include a plurality of radii, grooves and ridges that in most examples are complimentary to each other when present on opposing surfaces. In at least one example, the height in the vertical axis and/or the depth measured along a radius of the disk chambers vary along a radius as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 15D. In at least one example, when a disk surface with the waveforms on it is viewed looking towards the waveforms, the waveforms take a variety of shapes that radiate from the opening that passes through (or the ridge feature on) the disk. In at least one example, the number of peaks for each level of waveforms progressing out from the center increases, which in a further example includes a multiplier selected from a range of 2 to 8 and more particularly in at least one embodiment is 2. In at least one embodiment, the number of peaks for each level of waveforms progressing out from the center stays the same or increases by a multiplier. In at least one embodiment, the multiplier is selected to amplify and compound internal and external energy interactions and production.

[0116] FIGs. 20A-20E illustrate a variety of additional waveform examples. The illustrated plates include two different waveforms. The first waveform is a circular waveform 2646G in the center and around the periphery. The second waveform 2642G is a biaxial, sinucircular, progressive waveform located between the two sets of circular waveforms. The illustrated disks mate together to form the disk channels 262G that extend out from the expansion chamber 252G discussed previously. Each of the disks includes a plurality of assembly flanges 2629G for mounting impellers between the disks.

[0117] FIG. 20A illustrates an example combination of biaxial, sinucircular, progressive, and concentric sinusoidal progressive waveform geometry on a disk 260G according to the invention. FIG. 20B and 20C illustrate respectively the opposing sides of the middle disk 260G. FIG. 20D illustrates the top surface of the bottom disk 260G. FIG. 20E illustrates how the three disks fit together to form the disk chambers 262G and the expansion chamber 252G of a disk-pack turbine. In an alternative embodiment, one or more of the circular waveforms is modified to include a plurality of biaxial segments.

[0118] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a center disk incorporating varied biaxial geometries between two sets of circular waveforms according to the invention. [0119] FIGs. 22A-22D illustrate a disk-pack turbine 250H with two disks. FIG. 22A illustrates the top of the disk-pack turbine 250H with an expansion chamber 252H. FIG. 21 B illustrates the bottom surface of the top disk 264H. FIG. 22C illustrates the top surface of the bottom disk 266H including the concave feature 2522H that provides the bottom of the expansion chamber 252H in the disk-pack turbine 250H. FIG. 22D illustrates the bottom of the disk-pack turbine 250H including an example of a motor mount 2662H. The illustrated waveforms are circular, but as discussed previously a variety of waveforms including hyperbolic waveforms can be substituted for the illustrated circular waveforms.

[0120] FIG. 23 illustrates another example of a disk-pack turbine 250I with a top rotor 264I, a disk 260I, and a bottom rotor 266I . The top rotor 264I and the disk 260I are shown in cross-section with the plane taken through the middle of the components. FIG. 23 also illustrates an embodiment where the components are attached around the periphery of the opening that defines the expansion chamber 250I through mounting holes 2502I. Each of the waveform patterns on the top rotor 264I, the disk 260I, and the bottom rotor 266I includes two sets of circular waveforms 2646I and one set of hyperbolic waveforms 2642I.

[0121] In at least one example, the disk surfaces having waveforms present on it eliminates almost all right angles and flat surfaces from the surface such that the surface includes a continuously curved face.

[0122] In at least one example, at least one ridge includes a back channel formed into the outer side of the ridge that together with the complementary groove on the adjoining disk define an area having a vertical oval cross-section.

[0123] In at least one embodiment, one or more waveform disks used in a system include other surface features in addition to the waveforms.

[0124] Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the described motor mounts could be modified to work with a rotor having an axially centered opening. The illustrated waveforms can be used on the different illustrated rotors and/or disks. In at least one embodiment, the waveforms are incorporated into one or more rotors instead of having the rotors nest a disk.

[0125] In a further embodiment, the orientation of the system is reversed where the motor and the driveshaft are above the disk pack turbine or there is a horizontal alignment. Based on this disclosure, it should be understood other orientations are possible with, for example, the axial center being angled relative to the horizon (or a horizontal plane). H. Testing of a Prototype Disk-Pack Turbine System

[0126] At least one prototype has been built to test the operation of the system and to gather data regarding its operation. The flux field generators illustrated in FIGs. 12-18 include a three phase arrangement of nine coils, three coils per phase using 16 gauge copper magnet wire with 140 turns and six magnets (three North and three South magnets alternating with each other) above the disk-pack turbine and coils. On the bottom side of the disk-pack turbine there is a four phase arrangement of 12 coils, three coils per phase using 18 gauge copper magnet wire with 260 turns and six magnets. Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the gauge and material of the wire and the number of turns and of coils can be modified and that the above descriptions are examples. The disk-pack turbine was assembled with two pairs of mated disks between the top rotor and the bottom rotor as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 16. In this particular configuration the two top waveform disks were made of aluminum and the bottom two waveform disks were made of brass. It has been found that alternating brass and aluminum disks, as opposed to nesting like disks results in significantly higher magnetic and electrical values being produced. In further testing when copper is used in place of brass, the voltages have stayed substantially equal, but a much higher current has been produced. After one testing session, it was discovered that the brass disks were not electrically isolated from each other and there was still excess electrical power generated compared to the power required to run the motor. The feed tube (or intake chamber) in at least one embodiment is made of brass and/or non-magnetic stainless steel and electrically isolated from the aluminum rotor face through use of a non-conductive isolation ring, which also is present between the two mated disk pairs. The system was connected to a motor via a belt.

[0127] When the motor was not running , and the disk-pack turbine was slowly rotated by hand, even at this very low speed, a diamagnetic field arose sufficient to engage the upper magnet plate (the magnet plate was not mechanically coupled), resulting in the production of enough electricity to cause a connected three-phase motor (2 HP, 230 V) to rotate as the disk-pack turbine was being turned by hand from the current produced in the coil arrays.

[0128] The lower magnet disk rotated with the disk-pack turbine while the upper magnet disk was magnetically coupled to the waveform disks. One way to illustrate the results will be to use classic power generation formulas. One of the greatest points of interest is that, even though there is, mathematically speaking, production of very high power readings as relates to watts, there is very little discernible heat generated through the process as a result of negligible resistance resulting from the diamagnetic fields, and this phenomenon extends to devices connected and driven by this electricity, such as multiple three- phase high voltage electric motors. An example is prior to starting the system, ambient temperatures for the induction coils and other associated devices were about 82° Fahrenheit. After running the system for in excess of one hour, the temperature rise was as little as two or three degrees and, at times, the temperature has been found to actually fall slightly. The temperature measured at the core of the waveform rotor when measured always has dropped a few degrees over time. The temperature of a three phase electric motor connected to the output will generally remain within one or two degrees of coil temperature. The three phases of the upper generating assembly were measured with each phase was producing approximately 200 volts at 875 RPM. Based on measurements, each of the three coil sets in the three-phase system measure out at 1.8 ohms. Divide 200 volts from one phase by 1.8 ohms equals about 111.1 1 Amps. The amperage of 1 1 1.1 1 Amps is multiplied by 200 volts multiplied by 1.732 (root mean square (RMS) factor for AC power) multiplied by cosine/Power Factor, which is usually around 1 , divided by 1000 to obtain about 38.485 kW. The motor powering the system was drawing approximately 10.5 Amps with a line voltage of 230 volts, which yields 2,415 Watts being consumed by the motor to produce this output of about 38 kW. Similar phenomena have been observed when the AC power produced by the system is rectified into DC power and supplied to a DC load.

[0129] When the top magnet disk was locked with the waveform disks such that they rotate together as driven by the drive system, the process was repeated. The upper coil array produced about 540 Volts peak-to-peak between the three phases (or about 180 Volts per phase) and about 100 Amps for a power generation using the formula from the prior paragraph of about 31 kW. With regard to the lower generator, the math is actually quite different because there is a higher coil set resistance of approximately 3.7 Ohms per coil set of three coils (four phases). Each phase was producing 120 Volts peak-to-peak, which is using a simplified approach of voltage squared divided by resistance results in almost 3.9 kW per phase. Testing has found that diamagnetic energy will really start to rise at 1700 RPM and up as do the corresponding electrical outputs. The coils in these sets after further use have had their resistance lowered to negligible levels when read with an ohm meter.

[0130] Changing the material used for the intake chamber in the built system from D2 steel to brass improved the strength of the diamagnetic field and resulting power generation by approximately 30%.

[0131] The use of a flux return made from bismuth, copper, iron, or steel or a combination of these has resulted in a reorientation of the fields produced by the flux field generator. In at least one further embodiment, the flux return includes at least steel or iron

[0132] For example, a one-eighth inch thick bismuth plate was placed above the disk-pack turbine on a Plexiglas shelf. The plate had sufficient diameter to cover the waveform geometries present in the disk-pack turbine. The push and torque forces felt when placing a magnet over the disk-pack turbine were redirected to the sides of the disk-pack turbine to increase the diamagnetic field to the periphery while substantially blocking the diamagnetic field above the bismuth plate. In addition, measured amperages at the bottom edge of the disk-pack turbine and in the environment around the disk-pack turbine increased. When the bismuth plate was attached with adhesive tape to the top of the disk-pack turbine, there were similar or better results obtained , but interestingly the bismuth was still and exhibited no signs of being impacted by the diamagnetic fields being redirected and/or shaped.

[0133] Another example is that when a copper plate was placed into the system above the disk- pack turbine, the field effect around the periphery and below the disk-pack turbine increased by approximately 25%. When a bismuth and/or steel plate were added, there was still an increase. Both the bismuth and copper plates when used individually cause an increase in the diamagnetic fields being projected laterally from the disk-pack turbine with a very good combination being to use a copper plate and a bismuth plate above the disk-pack turbine.

[0134] FIG. 24 illustrates how power may be pulled from the flux field generator 85 with a coil array having three AC phases and a magnet plate and how the power may be conditioned for storage in a battery bank 87', which in turn is able to power the DC motor M that is used to rotate the disk-pack turbine in the flux field generator 85. In the built test bed, the motor M drove the disk-pack turbine through a mechanical linkage that included a belt. The illustrated example of the test bed includes a battery bank 87', which could be a capacitor bank instead or in addition, a DC motor M, a three phase rectifier 50 such as a full wave bridge rectifier in parallel with a capacitor C1 , and a pair of rheostats R1 , R2. The flux field generator 85 was configured to provide a three phase output to the rectifier 50 that than produced a DC signal that passed through the rheostat R1 , which allowed for control of the voltage provided for battery charging, to the battery bank 87', which in the test bed included twelve 12-volt batteries connected in series and in another test bed included twelve sets of three 12-volt batteries in parallel to the other batteries in the set. Based on this disclosure, it should be appreciated that the battery bank could take a variety of configurations. The battery bank 87' was connected to the negative terminal of the motor and the rectifier 50. The positive terminal of the battery bank 87' connected to the positive terminal of the motor M through a rheostat R2, which provided motor speed control. The various illustrated diodes D and capacitors C1 , C2 are provided for illustration purposes and may be adjusted while still having the overall function of the circuit provided and in at least one embodiment capacitors are placed in series prior to the motor M and/or the battery bank 87'. The illustrated test bed was used to run the experiments resulting in the data shown in FIGs. 25A-25C and 26. In testing , the power into the battery bank 87' has been greater than the power used to run the system as demonstrated by the data in FIGs. 25A-25C. [0135] Testing was performed using a disk-pack turbine with three pairs of waveform disks with copper separation plates placed between neighboring pairs of waveform disks produced the data contained in FIGs. 25A-25C. The waveform disks (top to bottom) were made from brass, aluminum, aluminum, aluminum, aluminum, and copper. The top waveform pair includes the presence of compression/decompression areas around the periphery of the waveform disk pair. The system also included a steel flux return above the magnet plate. The waveform disks were rotated using a 1.5 HP drive motor connected to a dial controller and a bank of batteries rated for 12 Volts and as such was not connected to wall power or any other power source.

[0136] There were three test runs performed with each having a different load being connected to the prototype system. For each test run, the temperature of the room and of a motor, which temperature was also recorded at the end of each test run, were taken at the start. In addition, the net standing voltage of the battery bank was measured using a multimeter. During each test run there was a first reading taken after the system had stabilized (first read) and an end reading proximate the end of the test run at 30 minutes (end read). The device motor measurements and output measurements were taken from power meters with one power meter on the input side of the drive motor and the other power meter on a rectified DC output that was used to recharge the battery and to run the system. All three phases were rectified through dual three phase, full-wave bridge rectifiers and all three phases were included to produce the DC output. The load measurements were taken from a power meter (e.g., connected 1 HP DC motor (rated at 1750 RPM) free-running) or calculated (e.g., the electrolytic cell). A common occurrence in each of the test runs was that the temperature of motors running on power from the system decreased and the voltage reading for the battery bank increased during the 30 minute test run. The system takes a few moments after it starts up and the load is present to stabilize itself, after which time the system produces voltages typically within a window of plus or minus 0.3 V variation over time. The drive motor temperatures were higher than ambient temperature in part using power originating from the wall. Typically, when the system is using power from the battery bank, which was previously charged by the system, the drive motor will stay within about 5 degrees Fahrenheit of ambient temperature.

[0137] The data for the first test run is depicted in FIG. 25A. The first test run used a 1 HP DC motor free-running as a load in addition to the recharging of the battery bank. Taking the watts readings for the outputs (output measurement, which represents voltage provided to the battery bank and the drive motor), the load measurement, and the drive motor measurements at the end , the differential in watts is 1339.1 W. Comparing the beginning and end voltage readings for the battery bank resulted in an increase of 0.3 V in the battery bank. A temperature reading of the battery bank at the end of the test run was 74.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0138] The data for the second test run is depicted in FIG. 25B. The load that was placed on the prototype system included an electrolytic cell and substantially continuous maintenance of a plasma arc over the 30 minute test run. The electrolytic cell included 584 ounces of water catalyzed with sulfuric acid to an adjusted pH of 3.00. The plasma arc was pulled between a positive copper electrode connected to the positive output of the system and an alligator clamp communicating electrically through the electrolytic fluid to the positive pole/static plate of the plasma arc puller, which was partially submerged in the electrolyte cell fluid. The negative pole/cable and alligator clamp were connected to an articulated arm of the plasma arc puller that was configured to pull vertical plasma arcs. The catalytic cell was activated once a continuous plasma arc was established, thus providing both an electrolytic cell and plasma arc system load to the system being tested. The selected electrodes for the plasma arc puller were carbon- steel positive and carbon-graphite at the negative. Taking the watts readings for the outputs (output measurement, which represents voltage provided to the battery bank and the drive motor), the load measurement, and the drive motor measurements at the end, the differential in watts is 548.6 W. Comparing the beginning and end voltage readings for the battery bank resulted in an increase of 0.6 V in the battery bank. A temperature reading of the battery bank at the end of the test run was 75 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0139] The data for the third test run is depicted in FIG. 25C. The load that was placed on the system was an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell for the second and third test runs had a similar structure, but the electrolytic cell had a pH of 5.31 for the third test run. Taking the watts readings for the outputs (output measurement, which represents voltage provided to the battery bank and the drive motor), the load measurement, and the drive motor measurements at the end , the differential in watts is 1281 W. Comparing the beginning and end voltage readings for the battery bank resulted in an increase of 0.8 V in the battery bank. A temperature reading of the battery bank at the end of the test run was 74.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0140] FIG. 26 illustrates data that was gathered from an experiment using two new BlackBerry PlayBooks as the testing objects. During each of the runs a video from YouTube was repeatedly played. The original run time was based on the Playbooks being charged using wall power to determine their length of run time. After the initial run time, PlayBook 1 was recharged using AC power generated by a prototype system illustrated in FIG. 24, while PlayBook 2 was recharged using power from a DC inverter connected to the rectified power in the system illustrated in FIG. 24. Each of the tests produced longer running times for the respective PlayBook, with run time for test 1 for PlayBook 1 being impacted by the circumstance that it was on standby overnight and used approximately 8% of the battery charge before the run time test was started.

[0141] In other battery testing that occurred with rechargeable AA batteries, it has been found that their run time have also been increased after they have been recharged using power generated by a prototype system.

[0142] In a battery test involving an iPod 4, the run time appears to be within about 30 minutes of original time. The difference was that there was a reduction in charging time of about 3.5 hours (e.g. , about 9 hours down to about 5.5 hours) when the iPod after having multiple charging cycles using power generated by a prototype system was returned to charging from wall power.

[0143] Another occurrence that has been noticed antidotally is that the electronics seem to operate and charge cooler after being exposed to power generated by a test system.

I. Conclusion

[0144] While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, numerous changes, alterations and modifications to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. The number, location, and configuration of disks and/or rotors described above and illustrated are examples and for illustration only. Further, the terms disks and rotors are used interchangeably throughout the detailed description without departing from the invention.

[0145] The example and alternative embodiments described above may be combined in a variety of ways with each other without departing from the invention.

[0146] As used above "substantially," "generally," and other words of degree are relative modifiers intended to indicate permissible variation from the characteristic so modified . It is not intended to be limited to the absolute value or characteristic which it modifies but rather possessing more of the physical or functional characteristic than its opposite, and preferably, approaching or approximating such a physical or functional characteristic.

[0147] The foregoing description describes different components of embodiments being "connected" to other components. These connections include physical connections, fluid connections, magnetic connections, flux connections, and other types of connections capable of transmitting and sensing physical phenomena between the components. [0148] The foregoing description describes different components of embodiments being "in fluid communication" to other components. "In fluid communication" includes the ability for fluid to travel from one component/chamber to another component/chamber.

[0149] Although the present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments, it is not limited to those embodiments. Alternative embodiments, examples, and modifications which would still be encompassed by the invention may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.

[0150] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the embodiments described above can be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.