CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to United States Patent Application No. 13/167,056 filed on June 23, 201 1 . The entire disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to corner assemblies for a vehicle's suspension system. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a shock absorber for the corner assembly which includes a reinforced outer tube in the area that interfaces with the other components of the corner assembly.

BACKGROUND

[0003] This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

[0004] Corner assemblies for suspension systems are well known in the motor vehicle industry. The most common form of a corner assembly for a suspension is the strut suspension system. The strut system includes a coil spring located concentrically around a telescopic strut which is the shock absorber. The upper end of the strut assembly includes an upper mounting assembly which is mounted in a tower formed by the vehicle body at a position above the wheel arch of the vehicle. The lower end of the strut assembly is attached to a knuckle of the wheel assembly. Typically the knuckle includes a clamping mechanism which clamps the outer tube of the shock absorber.

[0005] The coil spring is located around the shock absorber and it extends between an upper spring seat which is a part of the top mount assembly for the strut assembly and a lower spring seat which is attached, typically by welding, to the shock absorber of the strut assembly. The outer tube of the shock absorber must be designed strong enough to meet the clamping load requirements for interfacing with the vehicle's knuckle as well as side loads due to braking, acceleration and cornering. While the clamped area and the area directly above the knuckle of the outer tube must be designed to withstand these load requirements, the remainder of the outer tube, while having to be designed to withstand significant loading, the loading is not as high as the clamped area and the area directly above the knuckle. The strength requirements for the remainder of the outer tube are typically lower than the strength requirements of the clamped area and the area directly above the knuckle. Typically, the outer tube of the shock absorber is designed as a constant wall thickness tube. The thickness of the outer tube is designed to meet the clamping load requirements as well as side loads due to braking, acceleration and cornering and because the remainder of the outer tube does not require the same strength as the clamped area and the area directly above the knuckle, the constant wall thickness tube is over designed in the remainder of the outer tube. This leads to wasted material and excessive costs. While a single piece tube having a variable thickness could be applied to this application, the costs and complications in manufacturing a single piece variable wall thickness tube does not make this an acceptable option.

[0006] Other types of corner assemblies include a strut assembly which includes a yoke where the outer tube of the shock absorber is clamped by the yoke which is attached to a lower control arm, a knuckle or another component of the corner assembly. Another type of corner assembly is a dual control arm corner assembly which includes a yoke where the outer tube of the shock absorber is clamped by the yoke which is attached to a lower control arm, a knuckle or another component of the corner assembly. In each of these corner assemblies, the shock absorber is attached to the sprung mass of the vehicle. These corner assemblies have the same issue with regard to the clamping of the outer tube of the shock absorber discussed above for the strut assembly.

SUMMARY

[0007] This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.

[0008] The present disclosure is directed to a shock absorber having a constant wall thickness outer tube where the thickness of the outer tube is designed to meet the load requirements of the lower load portion of the outer tube. In the higher load portion of the tube a reinforcement member is provided. The reinforcement member increases the strength of the outer tube in the higher load portion including the clamped area and the area immediately above the knuckle in order to withstand the clamping load requirements and the bending load requirements during operation of the vehicle. This system provides a lower cost and lower weight shock absorber which is design optimized to meet the load requirement of both the clamped portion and the non-clamped portion of the outer tube.

[0009] Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. DRAWINGS

[0010] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 1 is an illustration of an automobile using the shock absorber in accordance with the present disclosure;

[0012] Figure 2 is a side view of a corner assembly that incorporates the shock absorbers in accordance with the present disclosure;

[0013] Figure 3 is a side sectional view of a shock absorber which incorporates the reinforcement of the outer tube in the clamped portion of the outer tube;

[0014] Figure 4 is an enlarged side view, partially in cross-section, of the piston assembly from the shock absorber illustrated in Figure 3;

[0015] Figure 5 is an enlarged side view, partially in cross-section of the base valve assembly from the shock absorber illustrated in Figure 3;

[0016] Figure 6 is an enlarged cross-section of the clamped portion of the shock absorber in Figure 3; [0017] Figure 7 is an enlarged cross-section of the clamped portion of a shock absorber in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0018] Figure 8 is a side view of a corner assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention incorporating the shock absorber of the present disclosure;

[0019] Figure 9 is an end view of an assembly including a reserve tube, a pressure tube and an insert in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0020] Figure 10 is a side perspective view of the assembly illustrated in Figure 9; and

[0021] Figure 1 1 is a perspective view of the insert illustrated in Figure

9.

[0022] Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0024] There is shown in Figure 1 a vehicle incorporating a suspension system having a corner assembly in accordance with the present disclosure and which is designated generally by the reference numeral 10. Vehicle 10 comprises a rear suspension 12, a front suspension 14 and a body 16. Rear suspension 12 has a transversely extending rear axle assembly (not shown) adapted to operatively support the vehicle's rear wheels 18. The rear axle assembly is operatively connected to body 16 by means of a pair of corner assemblies 20 which include a pair of shock absorbers 22 and a pair of helical coil springs 24. Similarly front suspension 14 includes a transversely extending front axle assembly (not shown) to operatively support the vehicle's front wheels 26. The front axle assembly is operatively connected to body 16 by means of a second pair of corner assemblies 28 which include a pair of shock absorbers 30 and by a pair of shaped helical coil springs 32. Shock absorbers 22 and 30 serve to dampen the relative motion of the unsprung portion (i.e. front and rear suspensions 12 and 14, respectively) and the sprung portion (i.e. body 16) of vehicle 10. While vehicle 10 has been depicted as a passenger car having front and rear axle assemblies, shock absorbers 22 and 30 may be used with other types of vehicles and/or in other types of applications such as vehicles incorporating independent front and/or independent rear suspension systems. Further, the term "shock absorber" as used herein is meant to be dampers in general and thus will include struts. Also, while front suspension 14 is illustrated having a pair of struts or shock absorbers 30, it is within the scope of the present invention to have rear suspension 12 incorporate a pair of struts or shock absorbers 30 if desired.

[0025] Referring now to Figure 2, the front corner assembly 28 for vehicle 10 is illustrated in greater detail. Body 16 defines a shock tower 34 comprising sheet metal of vehicle 10 within which is mounted a strut assembly 36 which comprises a telescoping device in the form of shock absorber 30, coil spring 32, a top mount assembly 38 and a knuckle 40. Strut assembly 36 including shock absorber 30, coil spring 32 and top mount assembly 38 are attached to vehicle 10 using shock tower 34. Top mount assembly 38 comprises a top mount 42, a bearing assembly 44 and an upper spring seat 46. Top mount 42 comprises an integral molded body and a rigid body member, typically made of stamped steel. Top mount assembly 38 is mounted to shock tower 34 by bolts 48. Bearing assembly 44 is friction fit within the molded body of top mount 42 to be seated in top mount 42 so that one side of bearing assembly 44 is fixed relative to top mount 42 and shock tower 34. The second side of bearing assembly 44 freely rotates with respect to the first side of bearing assembly 44, top mount 42 and shock tower 34.

[0026] The free rotating side of bearing assembly 44 carries upper spring seat 46 that is clearance fit to the outer diameter of bearing assembly 44. A jounce bumper 50 is disposed between upper spring seat 46 and shock absorber 30. Jounce bumper 50 comprises an elastomeric material which is protected by a plastic dirt shield 52. A bumper cap 54 is located on shock absorber 30 to interface with jounce bumper 50 and plastic dirt shield 52. [0027] A lower spring seat 56 is attached to shock absorber 30 and coil spring 32 is disposed between upper spring seat 46 and lower spring seat 56 to isolate body 16 from front suspension 14. While shock absorber 30 is illustrated in Figure 2, it is to be understood that shock absorber 22 may also include the features described herein for shock absorber 30.

[0028] Prior to the assembly of strut assembly 36 into vehicle 10, the pre-assembly of strut assembly 36 is performed. Bumper cap 54, jounce bumper 50 and plastic dirt shield 52 are assembled to shock absorber 30. Coil spring 32 is assembled over shock absorber 30 and positioned within lower spring seat 56. Upper spring seat 46 is assembled onto shock absorber 30 and correctly positioned with respect to coil spring 32. Bearing assembly 44 is positioned on top of upper spring seat 46 and top mount 42 is positioned on top of bearing assembly 44. This entire assembly is positioned within an assembly machine which compresses coil spring 32 such that the end of shock absorber 30 extends through a bore located within top mount assembly 38. A retaining nut 58 is threadingly received on the end of shock absorber 30 to secure the assembly of strut assembly 36.

[0029] Top mount 42 is designed as an identical component for the right and left hand sides of the vehicle but it has a different orientation with respect to shock absorber 30 and its associated bracketry when it is placed on the right or left side of the vehicle.

[0030] Referring now to Figure 3, shock absorber 30 is shown in greater detail. While Figure 3 illustrates only shock absorber 30, it is to be understood that shock absorber 22 could also be a part of a strut assembly and include the reinforcement described below for shock absorber 30. Shock absorber 30 comprises a pressure tube 60, a piston assembly 62, a piston rod 64, a reserve tube assembly 66 and a base valve assembly 68.

[0031] Pressure tube 60 defines a working chamber 72. Piston assembly 62 is slidably disposed within pressure tube 60 and divides working chamber 72 into an upper working chamber 74 and a lower working chamber 76. A seal 78 is disposed between piston assembly 62 and pressure tube 60 to permit sliding movement of piston assembly 62 with respect to pressure tube 60 without generating undue frictional forces as well as sealing upper working chamber 74 from lower working chamber 76. Piston rod 64 is attached to piston assembly 62 and extends through upper working chamber 74 and through an upper end cap 80 which closes the upper end of pressure tube 60. A sealing system seals the interface between upper end cap 80, reserve tube assembly 66 and piston rod 64. The end of piston rod 64 opposite to piston assembly 62 is adapted to be secured to top mount assembly 38 and to the sprung portion of vehicle 10 as discussed above. Valving within piston assembly 62 controls the movement of fluid between upper working chamber 74 and lower working chamber 76 during movement of piston assembly 62 within pressure tube 60. Because piston rod 64 extends only through upper working chamber 74 and not lower working chamber 76, movement of piston assembly 62 with respect to pressure tube 60 causes a difference in the amount of fluid displaced in upper working chamber 74 and the amount of fluid displaced in lower working chamber 76. The difference in the amount of fluid displaced is known as the "rod volume" and it flows through base valve assembly 68.

[0032] Reserve tube assembly 66 surrounds pressure tube 60 to define a fluid reservoir chamber 82 located between pressure tube 60 and reserve tube assembly 66. The bottom end of reserve tube assembly 66 is closed by an end cap 84. While end cap 84 is illustrated as a separate component, it is within the scope of the present disclosure to have end cap 84 integral with reserve tube assembly 66. The upper end of reserve tube assembly 66 is attached to upper end cap 80. The lower end of reserve tube assembly 66 defines a reinforced portion 86 which interfaces with knuckle 40. The remaining length of reserve tube assembly 66 defines a non-reinforced portion 88. Base valve assembly 68 is disposed between lower working chamber 76 and reservoir chamber 82 to control the flow of fluid between chambers 76 and 82. When shock absorber 30 extends in length, an additional volume of fluid is needed in lower working chamber 76 due to the "rod volume" concept. Thus, fluid will flow from reservoir chamber 82 to lower working chamber 76 through base valve assembly 68 as detailed below. When shock absorber 30 compresses in length, an excess of fluid must be removed from lower working chamber 76 due to the "rod volume" concept. Thus, fluid will flow from lower working chamber 76 to reservoir chamber 82 through base valve assembly 68 as detailed below.

[0033] Referring now to Figure 4, piston assembly 62 comprises a piston body 90, a compression valve assembly 92 and a rebound valve assembly 94. Compression valve assembly 92 is assembled against a shoulder 96 on piston rod 64. Piston body 90 is assembled against compression valve assembly 92 and rebound valve assembly 94 is assembled against piston body 90. A nut 98 secures these components to piston rod 64.

[0034] Piston body 90 defines a plurality of compression passages 100 and a plurality of rebound passages 102. Seal 78 includes a plurality of ribs 104 which mate with a plurality of annular grooves 106 to restrict sliding movement of seal 78 relative to piston body 90 as piston assembly 62 slides in pressure tube 60.

[0035] Compression valve assembly 92 comprises a retainer 108, a valve disc 1 10 and a spring 1 12. Retainer 108 abuts shoulder 96 on one end and piston body 90 on the other end. Valve disc 1 10 abuts piston body 90 and closes compression passages 100 while leaving rebound passages 102 open. Spring 1 12 is disposed between retainer 108 and valve disc 1 10 to bias valve disc 1 10 against piston body 90. During a compression stroke, fluid in lower working chamber 76 is pressurized causing fluid pressure to react against valve disc 1 10. When the fluid pressure against valve disc 1 10 overcomes the biasing load of spring 1 12, valve disc 1 10 separates from piston body 90 to open compression passages 100 and allow fluid flow from lower working chamber 76 to upper working chamber 74. The damping characteristics for shock absorber 30 during a compression stroke of shock absorber 30 can be controlled by compression valve assembly 92 and/or base valve assembly 68 which accommodates the flow of fluid from lower working chamber 76 to reservoir chamber 82 due to the "rod volume" concept as detailed below. During a rebound stroke, compression passages 100 are closed by valve disc 1 10.

[0036] Rebound valve assembly 94 comprises a spacer 1 14, a plurality of valve discs 1 16, a retainer 1 18 and a spring 120. Spacer 1 14 is threadingly received on piston rod 64 and is disposed between piston body 90 and nut 98. Spacer 1 14 retains piston body 90 and compression valve assembly 92 while permitting the tightening of nut 98 without compressing either valve disc 1 10 or valve discs 1 16. Retainer 108, piston body 90 and spacer 1 14 provide a continuous solid connection between shoulder 96 and nut 98 to facilitate the tightening and securing of nut 98 to spacer 1 14 and thus to piston rod 64. Valve discs 1 16 are slidingly received on spacer 1 14 and abut piston body 90 to close rebound passages 102 while leaving compression passages 100 open. Retainer 1 18 is also slidingly received on spacer 1 14 and it abuts valve discs 1 16. Spring 120 is assembled over spacer 1 14 and is disposed between retainer 1 18 and nut 98 which is threadingly received on spacer 1 14. Spring 120 biases retainer 1 18 against valve discs 1 16 and valve discs 1 16 against piston body 90. Valve discs 1 16 includes at least one slot 122 which permits a limited amount of bleed flow bypassing rebound valve assembly 94. When fluid pressure is applied to valve discs 1 16, they will elastically deflect at the outer peripheral edge to open rebound valve assembly 94. A shim 124 is located between nut 98 and spring 120 to control the preload for spring 120 and thus the blow off pressure as described below. Thus, the calibration for the blow off feature of rebound valve assembly 94 is separate from the calibration for compression valve assembly 92.

[0037] During a rebound stroke, fluid in upper working chamber 74 is pressurized causing fluid pressure to react against valve discs 1 16. When the fluid pressure reacting against valve discs 1 16 overcomes the bending load for valve discs 1 16, valve discs 1 16 elastically deflect opening rebound passages 102 allowing fluid flow from upper working chamber 74 to lower working chamber 76. The strength of valve discs 1 16 and the size of rebound passages 102 will determine the damping characteristics for shock absorber 30 in rebound. Prior to the deflection of valve discs 1 16, a controlled amount of fluid flows from upper working chamber 74 to lower working chamber 76 through slot 122 to provide low speed tunability. When the fluid pressure within upper working chamber 74 reaches a predetermined level, the fluid pressure will overcome the biasing load of spring 120 causing axial movement of retainer 1 18 and the plurality of valve discs 1 16. The axial movement of retainer 1 18 and valve discs 1 16 fully opens rebound passages 102 thus allowing the passage of a significant amount of damping fluid creating a blowing off of the fluid pressure which is required to prevent damage to shock absorber 30 and/or vehicle 10. Additional fluid required to be added to lower working chamber 76 due to the "rod volume" concept will flow through base valve assembly 68.

[0038] Referring to Figure 5, base valve assembly 68 comprises a valve body 142, a compression valve assembly 144 and a rebound valve assembly 146. Compression valve assembly 144 and rebound valve assembly 146 are attached to valve body 142 using a bolt 148 and a nut 150. The tightening of nut 150 biases compression valve assembly 144 towards valve body 142. Valve body 142 defines a plurality of compression passages 152 and a plurality of rebound passages 154.

[0039] Compression valve assembly 144 comprises a plurality of valve discs 156 that are biased against valve body 142 by bolt 148 and nut 150. During a compression stroke, fluid in lower working chamber 76 is pressurized and the fluid pressure within compression passages 152 will eventually open compression valve assembly 144 by deflecting valve discs 156. Compression valve assembly 92 of piston assembly 62 will allow fluid flow from lower working chamber 76 to upper working chamber 74 and only the "rod volume" will flow through compression valve assembly 144. The damping characteristics for shock absorber 30 are determined by the design of compression valve assembly 144 of base valve assembly 68 and can also be determined by compression valve assembly 92.

[0040] Rebound valve assembly 146 comprises a valve disc 158 and a valve spring 160. Valve disc 158 abuts valve body 142 and closes rebound passages 154. Valve spring 160 is disposed between nut 150 and valve disc 158 to bias valve disc 158 against valve body 142. During a rebound stroke, fluid in lower working chamber 76 is reduced in pressure causing fluid pressure in reservoir chamber 82 to react against valve disc 158. When the fluid pressure against valve disc 158 overcomes the biasing load of valve spring 160, valve disc 158 separates from valve body 142 to open rebound passages 154 and allow fluid flow from reservoir chamber 82 to lower working chamber 76. The damping characteristics for a rebound stroke can be controlled by rebound valve assembly 94 as detailed above and can also be controlled by rebound valve assembly 146.

[0041] Referring now to Figure 6, reserve tube assembly 66 is illustrated in greater detail. Reserve tube assembly 66 includes a reserve tube 170 and a reinforcement member 172 in the form of an internal tube. Preferably reinforcement member 172 is a steel tube but any material which can provide the required strength can be used. Reserve tube assembly 66 extends from end cap 84 to upper end cap 80 to define reservoir chamber 82. Reinforcement member 172 is disposed within reservoir chamber 82. Reinforcement member 172 extends from a position spaced from the end of reserve tube 170 to a position which is above the upper end of the clamping portion of knuckle 40 (Figure 2) which is a part of strut assembly 36. Reinforcement member 172 increases the strength of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 such that it can accept the clamping loads from a clamping member such as knuckle 40 and bending loads caused by braking, acceleration and cornering of the vehicle. The reinforcement of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 allows for the upper non-reinforced portion 88 of reserve tube 170 as well as the non-reinforced portion 88 of reserve tube 170' to be designed as a thinner tube since the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the non- reinforced portion 88 are lower than the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the reinforced portion 86. The axial length and thickness of reinforcement member 172 will be determined by both the clamping loads and the bending loads that shock absorber 30 is required to withstand.

[0042] While reinforcement member 172 is illustrated as being on the internal surface of reserve tube 170, it is within the scope of the present invention to have reinforcement member 172 positioned on the outside surface or over reserve tube 170 as illustrated in Figure 7. Also, while reinforcement member 172 is illustrated in conjunction with a dual tube shock absorber, it is within the scope of the present invention to use a reinforcement member 172' with a single tube shock absorber where it would increase the strength of the reinforced portion of a pressure tube 170' of the monotube shock absorber. When used with a monotube shock absorber, it is preferred to locate reinforcement member 172' on the outside of the pressure tube in order to allow the piston to travel into the reinforced portion of the pressure tube. Thus, Figures 6 and 7 also illustrate pressure tube 170' and reinforcement member 172'.

[0043] Referring now to Figure 8, a corner assembly 220 in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated. Corner assembly 220 can replace either of or both of corner assemblies 20 and 28. Corner assembly 220 includes a lower control arm assembly 222, an upper control arm assembly 224, a knuckle assembly 226, and a shock absorber assembly 228.

[0044] Lower control arm assembly 222 is attached to the sprung portion of vehicle 10 at one end and is attached to shock absorber assembly 228 and knuckle assembly 226 at the opposite end. Upper control arm assembly 224 is attached to the sprung portion of vehicle 10 at one end and is attached to knuckle assembly 226 at the opposite end. Shock absorber assembly 228 is connected at one end to lower control arm assembly 222 and knuckle assembly 226 and its opposite end is attached to a top mount assembly 230 defined by the sprung portion of vehicle 10.

[0045] Shock absorber assembly 228 includes a yoke 232, shock absorber 30 and coil spring 32. Shock absorber 30 is disposed within and is clamped by yoke 232. Lower spring seat 56 is attached to shock absorber 30 and coil spring 32 is disposed between top mount assembly 230 and lower spring seat 56 to isolate body 16 from front suspension 14. Shock absorber 30 is described in detail above and will not be described here.

[0046] Reinforcement member 172 of reserve tube assembly 66 extends from a position spaced from the end or reserve tube 170 of reserve tube assembly 66 to a position that is above the upper end of the clamping portion of yoke 232. Reinforcement member 172 increases the strength of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 such that it can accept the clamping loads from a clamping member such as yoke 232 and bending loads caused by the movement of corner assembly 220. The reinforcing of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 allows for the upper non-reinforced portion 88 of reserve tube 170 to be designed as a thinner tube since the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the non-reinforced portion 86 are lower than the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the reinforced portion 88. The length and thickness of reinforcement member 172 will be determined by both the clamping loads and the bending loads that shock absorber 30 is required to withstand.

[0047] Referring now to Figures 9-1 1 , pressure tube 60, reserve tube 170 and a reinforcement member 372 are illustrated. Reserve tube 170 and reinforcement member 372 are a replacement in shock absorber 30 for reserve tube assembly 66 which includes reserve tube 170 and reinforcement member 172 as discussed above.

[0048] Reinforcement member 372 is an annular cylindrical tubular member which comprises an outer tube 374, an inner tube 376 and a plurality of ribs 378 extending between outer tube 374 and inner tube 376. The plurality of ribs 378 extend the entire axial distance of reinforcement member 372.

[0049] Reinforcement member 372 is a metal component or reinforcement member 372 can be a plastic component that is disposed between pressure tube 60 and reserve tube 170 within reservoir chamber 82. A pair of grooves 380 formed into reserve tube 170 maintain the axial position of reinforcement member 372. Outer tube 374 of reinforcement member 372 directly engages the inner surface of reserve tube 170 and inner tube 376 of reinforcement member 372 directly engages pressure tube 60. The plurality of ribs 378 maintain the radial spacing between outer tube 374 and inner tube 376. A second solution for maintaining the axial position of reinforcement member 372 is to have a press fit relationship between reinforcement member 372, reserve tube 170 and/or pressure tube 60. This would allow for the elimination of grooves 380.

[0050] Reinforcement member 372 is positioned axially within reservoir chamber 82 to coincide and reinforce the area of reserve tube 170 which undergoes the highest stresses during the operation of the vehicle. Reinforcement member 372 increases the strength of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 such that it can accept the clamping loads from a clamping member such as knuckle 40 and any bending loads caused by the movement of shock absorber 30. The reinforcement of the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 allows for the upper non-reinforced portion 88 of reserve tube 170 as well as the lower reinforced portion 86 of reserve tube 170 to be designed as a thinner tube since the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the non-reinforced portion 88 are lower than the overall load requirements for shock absorber 30 in the reinforced portion 86. The axial length and thickness of outer tube 374, inner tube 376 and the plurality of ribs 378 as well as the number of the plurality of ribs 378 will be determined by both the clamping loads and the bending loads that shock absorber 30 is required to withstand.

[0051] The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the invention, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.