This invention relates to a data processing system and to an operating system for operating the data processing system. In particular, the invention relates to an operating system for a computer. In order to function, a computer or computer system must comprise hardware, such as one or more processors, input/output means, memory and various peripheral devices, and software in the form of both operating programs to cause the hardware to perform in a certain manner and higher level programs which instruct the operating programs to perform operations. Many operating systems have been designed, in attempts to obtain the best possible performance from the various processors available. Many of these operating systems are unique to one particular processor. Furthermore, they may only support one or a small number of processing languages. The present invention arose in an attempt to design an improved computer and computer operating system.

According to the present invention there is provided a data processing system comprising a plurality of data processors interconnected as nodes in a network; the network being arranged to perform processes in such a manner that; a first node, upon receiving an instruction to perform a process is adapted to decide whether it, or a neighbouring node, is best adapted, at that time, to perform the process, and to select on the basis of that decision whether it, or a particular neighbouring processor, should perform the process.

In one embodiment the first node may send a message to each adjacent node indicative of the processing space required to execute the process; the

first node also determining itself whether it has sufficient remaining space, each adjacent node being arranged to reply to the first node with information indicative of whether the space is available, wherein the first node compares the replies with its own determination and passes the process to the node having the most space available, or takes the process itself.

Alternatively, the node with the higher 'power rating' is selected, the power rating being the effective operations per second rating of the node divided by the number of processes running at the node multiplied by a function of the off chip communication speed available to the node. Other methods and schemes of making the decision may be used.

According to the present invention in a second aspect there is provided a data processing system including one or more data processors, a plurality of code segments, and means for binding a plurality of chosen code segments into an executable task to be performed by one or more processors, wherein the individual code segments are bound into a complete executable task only at the time of loading or executing the task.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows schematically the program organisation of a computer system;

Figure 2 shows the hierarchy of the organisation of Figure 1 ;

Figure shows the inter-relationship between a number of associated microprocessors during setting up of the computer system;

Figure 4 shows the same relationship at a later stage during processing;

Figure 5 shows a schematic flow chart for process allocation. The following description is of a computing network having a plurality of processors, which may be arranged either in the same vicinity, perhaps on the same wafer or chip, or spread out in a network linked by hard wiring, optical fibres, longer distance telecommunication lines, or by any other means. The system described is sufficiently flexible that any of these configurations and others besides, are appropriate. The system may alternatively include just one processor. The processor or processors are arranged to perform operations, programs and processes under the control of an operating system. The operating system enables programs to be written for an imaginary processor, known as a virtual processor, which has its own predefined language. This virtual processor enables any type of target processor to be used, or combinations of different types of processor, since the program code written for the virtual processor is only translated at load time into the native code of each processor. Thus, executable files can be transferred to any supported processor without modification or recompilation. Typical processors which are suitable for the system include the Inmos T800 Transputer, Motorrola 680X0, Intel 80386/80486, TM534C40 Archimedes ARM and SUN SPARC. Other processors are of course suitable. The operating system is adapted for parallel processing such that more than one operation may be conducted simultaneously, as opposed to conventional computing systems which must pipeline data and operation so

that only one operation can be performed at any one time. Multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities are also included.

The system is data flow-driven and essentially involves a plurality of code segments or tools, which are bound into a complete executable task only at the time of loading. Thus, each of these tools can be very short and, in themselves, almost trivial in their simplicity. For comparison, it should be noted that traditional computing binds routines such as libraries, functions, and so on just after the compile stage in a process known as linking. The resulting file is a large, bulky, complete self-contained executable image requiring very little modification at load time. The file is not portable across processors and cannot easily adapt to changing components such as systems with small memory capacities. Furthermore, the component parts thereof cannot be reused for other tasks or indeed changed at all. The small components used in the present invention, which are only brought together to form an operation at the last minute (a just in time process) are of course completely portable and may also be shared between two or more processes at the same time, even though the processes are performing different jobs. Some tools are designed for a particular application and others are designed without any particular application in mind. With the late binding process, program components can also be binded during execution. Thus, large applications having a (nominally) large capacity can in fact run in a small memory capacity system and the application can choose to have available in memory only that particular code segment or segments required at any

one time, as is described below.

Data in the system is passed in the form of messages between code components. A code component which is capable of receiving and sending messages is known as a process and consists of a collection of tools and the binding logic for these and the data being processed. The system is illustrated schematically in Figure 1 in which there is shown a central kernal of program code. The kernal is one 'block' and is the basic operating system which is used by all the processors in the network. Typically, it is of 8 to 16 kilobytes. Schematically illustrated outside the kernal are a plurality of tool objects 2, any collection which can form a process. A third level of program code is given by the tools 3- A typical process is shown by the arrows in the figure. Thus, a process which we shall call P1 comprises the kernal code 1 plus two tool objects M1 and M2. Each of these tool objects, which may be of only a few hundred bytes long, can utilise one or more of the tools 3- In this case, tool object M1 utilises tools T1 , T2 and T3 and tool object M2 utilises T3 (again), T4, T5 and T6. It is thus seen from the figure that a relatively complex process or program can be performed by using a plurality of the relatively small segments, which are brought together only when necessary. More than one process can be performed simultaneously by placing each process upon a different processor. The actual placement of processes occurs by an automatic method outlined below, which method is transparent to the user, and indeed, to the system as a whole. Thus, optimum load balancing and communications efficiency is ensured. As a result of this, a number of processes that communicate can be automatically run

in parallel.

The three fundamental component objects of the system are shown in Figure 2. These comprise data objects, tool objects (tools) and process objects. A process object acts as a harness to call various tool objects. A process essentially directs the logic flow of an activity and directs tool objects to act on data. Thus, a process object is at the top of the hierarchical structure shown in Figure 2. A tool object corresponds to a traditional functional call or sub-routine. It can only be used by reference and must be activated by something else such as a process object. This is similar to the manner in which a function in C language is called by a main body of code, the important distinction being that in the present system each code segment, ie tool, is completely independent. Finally, a data object corresponds to a data file. A data file may contain information about itself and about how it can be processed. This information can comprise, for example, information that points to the tool used to manipulate the data structure and local data relating to this file. A process can have a publicly defined input and output, such as an ASCII data stream. The process can thus be used by third party processes, ie not only by the author. A process that is not publicly available will have a private input and output structure and thus is only free for use by the author of a particular program, unless details of the input/output interface are made publicly available. One or more processes may combine to form an application which is a complete job of work. It should be noted that an application can run on two or more processors. As described above, applications can be

multi-tasked and/or parallel processed. Processes can activate other, child, processes which can themselves activate child (grandchild) processes, and so on. These processes are distributed through the available network of processors dynamically, and without the application or the programmer knowing the actual distribution. Communication between processes is based on a parent-child hierarchy. There are no "master" nodes or processors as such and any arbitrary topology of any number of processors may be used. Figure 5 shows one possible algorithm for distributing processors between different processors in the network.

When a parent process wishes to co-process with a child process the message is firstly passed to a first processor, and in particular to the kernel process on that processor. This process handles messages to and from the processor and acts as a process control/message switcher. The kernel of the first processor, designated "A" then calculates the "power rating" of the processor. The power rating is essentially a measure of the capacity or space within that processor to perform that particular process. The power rating may be defined as being the effective operations per second rating of the processor divided by the number of processes running on that processor multiplied by a function of the off chip communications speed available to it. Other methods of determining a power rating may of course be used. For instance, a message to perform a particular process will be accompanied by the number of bytes required by the process. Thus the power rating may comprise determining whether that number of bytes are available within the processors local memory. This memory may be an on-chip memory for a

processor such as a transputer, or may be off-chip. The local kernel then instructs the kernel of every neighbouring processor in the network (remembering that by neighbouring is meant topologically neighbouring and that physically the processors may be a large distance apart) to calculate their own power ratings. Each of the neighbouring processors then sends a message back to the parent processor A indicative of the respective power rating. The mail guardian of A then compares all of the power ratings and decides if its own power rating is greater than or equal to that of its neighbours. If so then the mail guardian of A decides to accept the process itself. It does this by instructing its own dynamic binder and translator (see below) to instal the child, then sends a message to the instructing processor informing it of the unique mail box address on the receiving processor. If the power rating of processor A is not greater than or equal to that of its neighbours then whichever processor has the greatest power rating is chosen to accept the process. If all power ratings are equal then processor A will accept the process. Alternatively, a neighbouring may be selected arbitratily. If the process is allocated to another processor then processor A sends a message to that processor saying "take X Bytes, process name, parent mail box no.".

Having found a processor to take the child process, the process allocation dynamics could stop and the process could be performed. However, it is more usual to repeat the same allocation sequence from the new processor, ie, in the flow chart shown in Figure 5, the new processor chosen, processor B, becomes processor A and the cycle starts again from the step of requesting the neighbours to calculate

their power ratings. Thus, the search for a local processor having the minimun current activity and thus greatest capacity to perform a process automatically tends to flood out from a centre point which is the originating master parent. This substantially guarantees load balancing between the network of processors and local communications between tightly bound processes. Furthermore, it is seen from the above that no master node is required and in any network any one processor will usually have no more than one process more than any neighbour to perform at any time, if identical types. Alternatively, in some .embodiments the user can, if desired, select which processor or type of processor can perform a process. For instance, if the network contains two types of processor, one of these types may be better adapted to perform a particular process, dependent upon memory capacity, for example. The user can then specify that this process is to be performed by a particular type of processor. It is also seen that the process, and therefore the programmer, has no requirement to know exactly where it is in the network. A message can carry either data or code between processors, allowing messages to be in the form of runnable code.

In an alternative embodiment, the processors may continually pass information relating to their "power rating" between each other. This may be passed as embedded information in messages passed during the normal course of communication or, during periods where no messages are being passed between processors, a specific exchange of power rating information only may occur, thus using unused communication time most efficiently. Each processor can then be provided with a look-up table, for

example, which gives the status of its immediate neighbouring processors and its own immediate status. The power rating information may, for example, be passed in the form of one or a few bytes at the end or begining of each ordinary message passed between processors. In this embodiment, when receiving a request to perform a process, a processor can immediately determine whether or not to take the process itself or to pass it to a neighbouring processor, and will know which one. Having determined to pass on a request to a neighbouring processor, the request is sent and the receiving processor then starts the decision process again until such a time as a processor determines that it is best adapted to perform the process itself.

A process can be in one of five distinct states, these are

1. actively processing 2. waiting for input

3- withdrawing

4. inactive

5. asleep.

States 1 and 2 require no comment. State 3 occurs when a process has received a command to withdraw. In this state a process performs any activity which is necessary to become inactive. This can include, for example, processing urgent mail, sending withdraw messages to all of its child processes, if any and generally preparing for a convenient state in which it can go inactive. If the process forms the top level of an application then it will often save its exact current state as a message in a disk file. State 4 represents a process that is effectively

terminated. In traditional systems, this would mean that the process in memory would cease to exist and its memory space would be cleared for subsequent use. In the system according to the present invention, however, the process is marked as inactive but is not removed unless and until its memory space is actually required. Thus, if another process in the same local processor references an inactive proess in state 4 it can immediately go to state 2. State 5 is that state of a process when it is in permanent store such as on disk or other storage medium. When a process is inactive in state 4 and its memory space is required for another process, then that process goes from state 4 to state 5 , ie is stored on disk and removed from the local processors memory. When a process which is in state 5 is required for a particular local processor, that process is loaded from permanent store. Mail may then be available for the processor which mail is take from three sources either from the process' state on disk, or from the process' own header, ie information forming part of the process, or mail from the parent process which cause the process to be loaded in the first place. This may can cause the process to transition from state 4 to state 2 and then to state 1.

The term "disk" is introduced above. This is a device containing a collection of data objects "files" stored on a physical storage medium. As described, all process are automatically given mailbox facilities and can read and send mail to any other process having a known mailing address. This process could be, for example, a child process, the parent of the process, any named resource, for example a disk drive or a display, any inactive process whose full storage address is known or any

other process having known mailbox address. If an active process sends mail to an inactive process the mail may cause the inactive process to be executed as a child process or the mail may be stored until the target process is awake.

A message passed between two active processes may take the following structure:

• bits Description 32 Message length in bytes

32 Message Type Mask - type of message, eg code, debugging information, error data 32 Message data offset - points to start of message and therefore allows for the fact that the DTM (see below) is not a fixed length 32 Next Destination Pointer (NDP) - signifies the address to which a reply should be directed

64 Originator Mailbox 64 Destination Target Mailbox (DTM) - list of process ID's 64 2nd DTM • • (more DTM's)

(xxx) message data

The message length is a byte count of the entire length of a message.

If the Next Destination Pointer points to a Destination Target Mailbox of "0" then no reply is required or expected. The array of onward

destination mailboxes for messages does not imply that a particular message is to be forwarded. The existence of a valid DTM in the array signifies that a reply to a message should be forwarded to that process. In a simple case of a message requiring no reply the DTM array will contain three values, the originator process mailbox, the target process mailbox, then 0. Attempting to send a message to the target ID 0 causes the message to be routed to the system mail manager. A message requiring a reply to the sender will have a DTM array consisting of four values: originator mailbox, destination mailbox, originators mailbox, 0.

A pipe line of processes handling a stream of data will receive a DTM array which has (number of processing pipe) + two elements, including the originators mailbox, plus the final destination as one of the processes in the pipe.

'Forked' pipe schemes are possible but require that a process actively creates the fork, with another process possible actively joining the fork later. Simple linear pipes need only reusable tool objects that operate in a similar fashion to Unix filters (as known to those skilled in the art) but can run in parallel and can be persistent in the network.

Forked and jointed messaging is automatically handled when programming using the shell with simple input-output filter tools. Once in the memory space of a destination process the message structure has two further elements added before the message length:

#bits Description 32 Forward link pointer

32 Backward link pointer 32 Message length in bytes 32 Message Type Mask etc

The forward and backward link point to other messages, if any, that make up the linked list of messages for a process's incoming mailbox.

Mail is read by a processor in two stages, first the size of the message, then the rest of the message into a buffer allocated dynamically for the message. This mechanism allows for a message to be redirected around a failed node or a kernel which is, for some reason, incapable of receiving a message. Messages may be allowed to be distributed to more than one destination, by means of a mail group distributor. Any process which knows that it belongs to a group of processes can send a message to a mail group distributor declaring its group membership. Alternatively, a process can send a message to the mail group distributor which defines all its member processes. Once informed, the mail group distributor informs all member processes of the mailbox ID which is to be used for that group. Mail which is to be distributed to all members of the group is sent to the group mailbox and copies are sent to all member except the originator. A single process may belong to more than one mail group, and sub-groups may provided. Private messages can also be sent between processes in a group without all other processes being aware.

The following types of tool may be used; permanent tools form the core of the operating system. They are activated by the boot-up sequence and cannot then be disabled. Every processor always

has a copy of each permanent tool available.

Semi-permanent tools are activated for every processor by the boot process. The user can choose which semi-permanent tools can be activated. Once activated they cannot be deactivated.

Library tools are used as required from a named library of tools. Once activated, they remain cached in the memory of any processor that has run an application that references them, until memory constraints require their deactivation.

Application tools are either virtual or non-virtual. Virtual ones are not necessarily active when an application is running, but are activated as required when a proces's attempts to reference them. When not running, the virtual tool remains cached unless the memory space is otherwise required. Thus, automatic 'overlay' is available for tools in large applications that cannot fit into available memory. Non-virtual tools are loaded with an application and in active place before it executes. Thus, they are always available, and in memory during execution. Each processor, or group of processors, in the network includes a permanent tool known as the dynamic binder and translator "DBAT" . DBAT is written in the native code of the processor, and thus a specific version of DBAT is required for each different supported processor. DBAT is capable of converting the virtual processing code into the native code of the particular code of the processor. Each DBAT uses a list of tools, the list is a permanent and external tool list (PETL) which contains information about all permanent and semi¬ permanent tools (this list is identical for every node) and all external tools such as libraries which are currently referenced by the node, or

previously referenced and still active, or inactive yet still available, for each individual node. On receiving a command to execute a message the object is read into the local memory area of the process. By the term processor is also meant more than one processor which is connected in a network with one DBAT. A pass is made through the object. In that pass, DBAT adds tools to the PETL. External tools are added to the PETL in the following way; if the tool is already in the PETL, it is accepted as available, or, if the tool does not exist in the PETL it is read in, and linked into the list of available tools. If this newly installed tool contains other tool references,

DBAT deals with these recursively in the same way. DBAT continues until all external tools are available.

DBAT 'translates' the VP code of the process and newly installed tools to the target processor, inserting and correcting pointer information to tools inside the code. The unresolved virtual tool references are converted to a TRAP to the virtual tool handler insider DBAT, with a parameter pointing to the full pathname of the tool. On completion, DBAT hands control to the process.

As each external tool is referenced by an incoming process, it has its usage flag incremented so that the tool has a value for the number of processes currently using it. As each process de¬ activates, the usage flag is decremented. When no process is using a tool, the tool has a usage value of zero, and can be de-activated by removal from the PETL and its memory released. This will only happen if memory space garbage collection

occurs, allowing the system to cache tools. Semi permanent and permanent tools are installed by DBAT at boot up with an initial usage value of 1 , thus ensuring that they cannot be de-activated. Virtual tools are called by a process while running. A virtual tool is referenced with a pointer to the tool's path and name, plus the tool's normal parameters.

The virtual tool handler in DBAT checks the PETL to see if the tool is already available. If so the tool is used as for a normal external tool. If it is absent DBAT activates the tool (the same process as for any external tool activated during a process start up) and then passes on the tool reference. This is entirely transparent with the exception that memory constraints may cause a fault if even garbage collection fails to find enough memory for the incoming tool. Virtual memory techiques can be used to guarantee this memory.

Figures 3 and 4 show, schematically, a system in operation. Three processors (or processor arrays) 4 are shown, schematically 'linked' to a central 'virtual' processor VP. It is assumed that each processor has a total memory, either on or off chip. At boot up, each processor takes in DBAT and all the other permanent (P ₁ ... P _n ) and semi permanent tools (SP- _j ... SP _m ). This state is shown in Figures 3- All processors contain the same group of permanent and semi permanent tools.

Figure 4 shows a later state. One processor has been instructed to perform a process which uses library tools _{2> L} ^ _and ^

It therefore has read these in. In turn, this processor may read in various virtual or other

tools as required to execute a particular process. Another processor has read in tools Lc*, Lg, L- ₇ and 1Q > The final processor is not, presently, performing any process. Two or more processors may, of course, use the same library function by reading a copy of it into local memory. Once a process has ended, the library tools remain cached in the respective local memories until needed again, or until garbage collection. Of course, several processes may be run simultaneously on any processor network as described above.

As well as handling the translation of VP code to native processor code, DBAT may, in some embodiments, recognise, native processor coding. Using native coding prevents portability of code but is acceptable as a strategy for hardware specific tools (commonly drivers).

It should be noted that a process or tool may be coded either in VP code or native code, and mixed source objects may be used together. However VP and native code cannot usually be mixed within a single object. A utility based in DBAT will accept VP code input and output native code for later running. This allows time critical application to be fully portable in VP 'source', but 'compiled' completely for a target system.

In order to help prevent unconstrained copying of applications, applications may retain the use of nature coded objects ability keeping the original VP coding in house for the creation of different products based on specific processors. However, use of this feature prevents applications from running on parallel systems with .mixed processor types. If an externally referenced tool is not

available then an error may be displayed, under the action of DBAT with the known details of the missing tool. The user can then decide whether to temporarily replace the missing tool with another one or to permanently substitute another. Tool loss may occur by a missing or broken access route/path or, for example, where a removable medium such as a floppy disk is currently not accessible. Objects can be moved on and off a network, but this may often involve the removal of a whole application, all its dependent processes etc.

The virtual processor described above is an imaginery processor used to construct portable "executable" code. As, described above, the output of VP compatible assemblers and compilers does not require linking due to the extremely late binding system which uses DBAT.

An 'executable' in VP code is processed by DBAT to its host target processor at load time before control is passed to the code. The VP has a 16 by 32 bit register set with an assumed 32 bit linear address space, but not limited to 16. Registers R0 to R15 arecompletely general purpose. Registers such as an IP, segment pointers, flags, etc are assumed, that is, they are implemented as necessary by the target processor. VP code is designed to be extremely simple to 'translate' to a modern target processor, regardless of operating philosophy. Other word sized processors than 32 bit ones can be handled easily. VP register set usage is not removed in the final target executable code. The register set is often implemented in memory (called ghost registers) with the target register set being used as reuired to implement the VP operation set on the memory registers. This pseudo interpretation of VP

coding by a native processor may have a slight speed disadvantage for some processors, but many benefits overall. Processors with cached or fast memory (such as the transputer) can actually show a performance increase, particularly where the native register set is very small, as in the transputer. Task switching times are extremely fast using this scheme since the state of the native processor can be ignored, with the exception of a memory write to save the position of an outgoing task's register set, and memory read to restore the register position of the incoming task. The transputer architecture makes even this unnecessary. Some embodiments may have a simple version of DBAT that does not convert VP coding to native coding. These use VP macros that are complied by a target processor macro assembler into target executables. However certain constructs, such as references to tools, objects, etc, are retained for processing and fixup by DBAT. Industry standard target macro assemblers are perfectly suitable for this conversion.

The efficiency of code ultimately run on a target processor is dependent on the two stages of compilation and assembly by the VP compiler and DBAT respectively. The ability of a compiler to reduce the VP output to it's most efficient form is not hampered, but obviously little or no peephole optimisation can take place. DBAT performs peephole optimisations on the final code produced primarily by removing redundant native register/ghost register movements that can be produced by some sequences of VP codes.

On transputers, VP ghost registers can result in equal or better performance than traditional register use. Ghost registers are placed

in on-chip RAM on transputers, effectively producing a 'data cache' for all processes running. Up to 48 processes can use on-chip memory ghost registers on an Inmos T800 transputer. Further processes require space in off-chip memory.

The system described may include a graphical user interface for operating using windows, mice, and the like. Windows can be displaced, with respect to a display means, and operated on, or their contents operated on, by means of a mouse, keyboard, or other input means.