DEFOAMING FORMULATION FIELD OF THE INVENTION [ 0001 ] The present invention relates to a defoaming technology, and more particularly, to a defoa er active, a manufacturing method thereof, and a defoaming formulation. BACKGROUND [ 0002 ] Hydrophobically treated silicas or other inorganic particles have been used as defoamer actives in many areas including the paper industry, paint and coating formulations. Defoamer actives are used especially in waterborne systems to reduce and eliminate microbubbles or foams. Typically, silica particles are chemically bonded with silicone oil (polydimethylsiioxane or PDMS) to produce hydrophobically treated particles, which are then used as defoamer actives. In 1963, Hercules Powder Company first patented a main defoaming composition in US Patent No. 3076768. The same company also patented a process of bonding 10-15 wt% of silicone oil or PDMS on silica by spraying the silicone oil onto silica and then heating the two together (US Patent No. 3408306). [ 0003 ] US3207698 discloses defoaming composition comprising hydrophobic precipitated silicas having a surface pH of from about 8 to about 10, an average particle diameter of about 0.005 to 0.050 micron, and a surface area of about 200 to 400 square meters per gram. 1 [ 0004 ] US3714068 discloses improved fine silicas with a modified surface. The surface may be modified by controlling pH of the silica slurry to be between about 1.5 and 12, and permanently affixing 6 to 20% of a siloxane or silane based on a weight of

D the silica. The surface may he further controlled by varying composition of a water layer on the surface of the silica and controlling the choice and curing of the silicone and/or silica. An improved defoamer active for aqueous systems is then formed by compounding

1 3 to 30% of the improved hydrophobic silica having about 2.5 to about 8% of Na ₂ 0 and a

8 surface area of less than about 175 m ² /g with an organic hydrocarbon liquid, which has a viscosity of from about 10 to 3000 cps.

1 0 [ 0005 ] US8614256 discloses a hydrophobic precipitated silica having a BET surface of less than 110 m ² /g, a CTAB of less than 150 m /g, a BET/CTAB ratio of less than 3, a carbon content of greater than 3.1%, a pH of 9.7 to 10.5, a DBF of less than 230

Ί g/(100 g), and a methanol wettability of more than 50%. The hydrophobic precipitated

Zi silica is used in compositions including defoamers, silicone rubber and HTV crosslinkable silicone rubber compositions. The hydrophobic precipitated silica is also

1 O. useful as a flow assistant, a carrier or an anti -blocking agent.

17 [ 0006 ] Two conventional methods heretofore used to render a hydrophilic silica

1 8 hydrophobic by surface treatment with a silicone fluid include the“ in-si tu” and the“ dry roast” methods. Both methods are disclosed and described in US5575950, herein

2 0 incorporated by reference. However, these methods may be disadvantageous due to 2 1 process inefficiency and high associated costs.

^~ D ^~ [ 0007 ] For example, due to its very low surface tension or energy, when silicone oils are used as the hydrophobic agent, free, unreacted silicone oils can quickly spread to many surrounding surfaces. This phenomenon maybe detrimental to many aqueous systems. For example, in automobile paint systems, free silicone oil, especially the low molecular and very fluid silicone oils, has the tendency of overspreading ail over the place and accordingly contaminating production halls from floor to ceiling. The free silicone oil can disrupt adhesion of paints and glues, cause foams to shrink, and generate paint defects sometimes referred as“fish eyes.” Therefore, in both aforementioned processes (i.e., in situ and dry roast), long reaction time is often required to ensure that the free, unreacted and physically adsorbed silicone oil levels are at minimal. Such long reaction times have shortcomings such as poor process efficiency with high cost. [ 0008 ] Furthermore, the in situ and dry roast processes are typically batch processes and not continuous ones, thereby further limiting production cycles within a given time period. [ 0009 ] Thus, there is a need to provide improved hydrophobized silica particles and a process of preparing the same, which is quick, efficient and more cost effective. BRIEF SUMMARY [ 0010 ] The present invention discloses that silica particles having a high surface pH in combination with a lo surface area unexpectedly provide enhanced reactivity to bond silanol terminated PDMS, especially the silanol terminated PDMS having a high 1 molecular weight or viscosity. This high reactivity has unexpected advantage, for example, of significantly shortening the reaction time, thereby enabling the reaction to be carried out in a continuous mode as opposed to a batch process, which may require long

A reaction time. Furthermore, less mount of PDMS may be needed to obtain hydrophobized particles with excellent hydrophobicity. Accordingly, the hydrophobized silica particles have unexpectedly low carbon content as well as excellent hydrophobicity performance.

[ 0011 ] Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is a defoamer

8 active. The defoamer active may include hydrophobized silica particles obtained by treating silica particles with a hydrophobilizing agent. The silica particles may have a BET surface of less than about 150 m ² /g, a surface pH of at least about 10, and a median particle size ranging from about 2 pm to about 50 pm. A carbon content of the hydrophobized silica particles may not be more than 3 %. The hydrophobilizing agent may be silanol terminated polydimethylsiloxane having an average molar molecular

Zl weight of at least 2,000 Dalton (Da).

[ 0012 ] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of forming a defoamer active. The method may include high energy milling and/or bonding silica7 particles having a median particle size ranging from about 2 pm to about 50 pm with a8 hydrophobilizing agent in a high energy milling apparatus, which may include a spiral jet Q mill or fluid energy mill, to obtain hydrophobized silica particles. 0 [ 0013 ] The hydrophobized silica particles may have a median particle size1 ranging from about 2 pm to about 15 pm. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [ 0014 ] The subject matter which is regarded as the disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: [ 0015 ] Fig. 1 shows results of a hydrophobicity test of hydrophobized particles according to one embodiment of the present invention; [ 0016 ] Fig 2 shows influence of surface pH of silica particles on reaction kinetics according to one embodiment of the present invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION [ 0017 ] The present disclosure will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments in order to provide a better understanding by those skilled in the art of the technical solutions of the present disclosure. Throughout the description of the present disclosure, reference is made to Figs I and 2. [ 0018 ] The following terms, used in the present description and the appended claims, have the following definition [ 0019 ] A numerical range modified by“about” herein means that the upper and lower limits of the numerical range can vary by 10% thereof. A numerical value modified by“about” herein means that the numerical value can vary by 10% thereof. [ 0020 ] The term“hydrophobized” is used herein to indicate silica particles having a hydrophobicity rating of at least 2.0 on a scale range of 0 to 3.0, as measured according to a floatability method in a mixture solvent of methanol and water with a volume ratio of 60% to 40%. [ 0021 ] One example of the present invention is a defoamer active. The defoamer active may include hydrophobized silica particles obtained by treating silica particles with a hydrophobilizing agent. The silica particles may have a BET surface of less than about 150 m ² /g, a surface pH of at least about 10, and a median particle size ranging from about 2 pm to about 50 pm. A carbon content of the hydrophobized silica particles may not be more than 3.0 %. [ 0022 ] A median particle size of the hydrophobized silica particles may range from about 2 pm to about 15 pm, preferably about 4 pm to about 12 pm. [ 0023 ] In one embodiment, a surface pH of the silica particles is at least about 10. The surface pH of the silica particles typically ranges from about 10 to about 12. In one embodiment, a BET surface of the silica particles is less than about 100 m ² /g, preferably less than about 60 m ² /g. In one embodiment, the carbon content of the hydrophobized silica particles is not more than 2.0 %. [ 0024 ] In one embodiment, the silica particles may have a median particle size ranging from about 2 pm to about 30 pm, preferably from about 4 pm to about 15 prn. [ 0025 ] The hydrophobilizing agent may be a silicone compound such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS or silicone oil), polymethylhydrogensiloxane, or poly methy 1 p beny 1 si 1 oxane

[ 0026 ] In an embodiment of the present invention, the silicone compound is polydimethylsiloxane. The polydimethylsiloxane may have an average molar mass of at least about 2,000 Dalton (Da), preferably ranging from about 3,000 Da to about 50,000 Da, more preferably ranging from about 5,000 Da to 30,000 Da. The polydimethylsiloxane may be a silanoi terminated polydimethylsiloxane. The silanoi terminated polydimethylsiloxane may have a content of hydroxyl group of at least about 0.001 % by weight, preferably ranging from about 0.01% by weight to about 2.0% by weight, more preferably ranging from about 0.1% by weight to about 1.8 % by weight. In one embodiment, the silanoi terminated polydimethylsiloxane has a viscosity of at least about 50 centipoises, preferably ranging from about 100 centipoises to about 5000 centipoises, more preferably ranging from about 200 centipoises to 3000 centipoises.

[ 0027 ] The carbon content of the hydrophobized silica particles is not more than about 3.00 %, preferably not more than about 2.5%, more preferably from about 1 0% to about 2.0%.

[ 0028 ] Typically, the total amount of hydrophobilizing agent present in the hydrophobized silica particles is an amount of no greater than about 8% by weight, preferably no greater than about 7% by weight, based on a total weight of the hydrophobized silica particles. In one embodiment, the amount of the hydrophobilizing agent present on the hydrophobized particles ranges from about 3 to about 7 wt %, preferably about 4 to about 6 wt %, based on a total weight of the hydrophobized silica particles [ 0029 ] The hydrophobized silica particles may have hydrophobicity rating of at least 2, as measured according to a floatability method in a mixture solvent of methanol and water with a volume ratio of 60% to 40%. Preferably, the hydrophobicity rating ranges from about 2 to about 3 [ 0030 ] The hydrophobized silica particles may be prepared using a conventional batch method or a continuous process. In either a batch or continuous process, it is preferable to conduct the process in a manner such that at least about 90% by weight, preferably at least about 95% by weight, of the hydrophobilizing agent that is used in the process are covalently bonded to the final hydrophobized silica particles. This ensures that any free unreacted silicone oil levels are kept at a minimal. [ 0031 ] In one embodiment, the process is conducted in a manner such that only a low percentage or close to zero amount of the total amount of hydrophobilizing agent present on the silica particles is present as a non-bonded, physically adsorbed component on the silica particles. Preferably, the amount of non-bonded, physically adsorbed hydrophobilizing agent is about 10% by weight, preferably not more than about 6% by weight, based on a total weight of the hydrophobilizing agent used in the process. In a more preferred embodiment, the amount of non-bonded hydrophobilizing agent present 1 on the hydrophobized particles ranges from about 0% to about 5 % based on a total weight of the hydrophobilizing agent used in the process.

-¾ [ 0032 ] In one embodiment, the hydrophobized particles may be prepared by an

4 in-situ method. During the in-si tu method, silica particles are reacted with hydroxy terminated silicone oil in mineral oil. The condensation reaction between the silica particles and the silicone oil takes place at a fairly low temperature (limited to the flash point of the diluent such as I00-120°C). The hydrophobized particles may also be

8 prepared using a dry' roast method. During the dry' roast method, the silica particles are reacted with the silicone oil (PDMS) (e.g. 100 cps) in a fluidized bed reactor to promote good contact between the silica particles and the silicone oil. The condensation reaction between the silica particles and the silicone oil takes place at about 260 °C. Water is released during the condensation reaction as by-product. Once the hydrophilic silica particles become hydrophobic, silicone dioxide is suspended in the diluent such as

Zl mineral or silicone oil. Surfactants and wetting agents are then further added.

[ 0033 ] In a preferred embodiment, the hydrophobized silica particles are prepared by a continuous process using a high energy mill, e,g. a spiral jet mill or fluid energy7 mill. A spiral jet mill is mainly used for grinding particles to a specific particle size8 distribution. During the process, a fluid, typically compressed air, is injected into a grinding chamber of the spiral jet mill through nozzles that are tangentially aligned to 0 create a vortex slightly smaller than the grinding ring itself. The air flowing through the1 nozzles reaches sonic velocities and causes comminution between particles in the grinding chamber. A natural classification process occurs from the fluid vortex, causing larger particles to be retained in the mill and smaller particles to exit. The high airflow to solid ratio and the turbulent conditions make the spiral jet mill a desirable processing equipment to complete surface reaction of particles by coating/mixing the reactants and heating them to quickly drive the reaction to completion.

[ 0034 ] In one embodiment, silica particles are added to the spiral jet mill while siiano! terminated polydimethyisiioxane, PDMS, is being injected into a turbulent zone of the spiral jet mill simultaneously. The silica particles are uniformly coated with the PDMS which reacts with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the particles to form hydrophobized silica particles. This process is desirable for producing hydrophobized particles since it can be run continuously and also combines the grinding and surface reaction into one processing step [ 0035 ] Another example of the present invention is a defoaming formulation. The defoaming formulation may include a deformer active according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [ 0036 ] The defoaming formulation may also contain other known components such as secondary defoaming agents, carriers, emulsifiers, coupling or stabilizing agents, or the like. The secondary' defoaming agents may include fatty alcohols, fatty esters, silicones, and certain oil insoluble polymers. The carriers may include hydrocarbon oils or water. Examples of emulsifiers may include esters, ethoxylated products, sorbitan esters, silicones, and alcohol sulfates. Example of coupling agents may include red oil 1 (oleic acid), hexylene glycol, fatty alcohols, naphthalene sulfonate, butyl alcohol, and formaldehyde. The defoaming formulation of the present invention may be used in any

3 aqueous system in which a defoaming formulation is currently used

4 [ 0037 ] While not intending to be limiting, and depending on the intended use of the deforming formulations, the defoaming formulation may include about 70 to 97% by

Ό weight of mineral oil, optionally, about 0.5 to about 3% by weight of surfactants, and about 3% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 20% by weight of hydrophobic

8 defoam er actives.

9 [ 0038 ] Defoaming formulations comprising the defoamer actives of the invention 0 may be utilized in many types of manufacturing processes to break macro- and micro-1 bubbles and defoam aqueous systems. Major industries in which the formulations may be used include, but are not limited to, the manufacture of paper, the manufacture of 3 paints and coatings, water treatment facilities, the manufacture of textiles, and in oil 4 fields. As will be understood by one skilled in the arts, the defoaming formulations of the invention may be used in such aqueous systems in conventional amounts depending on 6 the intended use.

[ 0039 ] The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have8 been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or 9 limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be 0 apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of1 the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein. [ 0040 ] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following Examples.

EXAMPLES Materials

[ 0041 ] In the following examples, silicone oil and polydimethylsi!oxane or PDMS are used interchangeably. Table 1 lists properties of the particles used such as median particle size (PS) D50, BET surface area (BET), and pore volume (PV).

Table 1

[ 0042 ] In the Table, P-1 to P-5 are silica gel and precipitated silica samples with different particle sizes, BET surface areas and pore volumes. These silica gel or precipitated silicas are made from sodium silica and an acid such as sulfuric acid. The processes for the making of these particles are well known in the art, and most of these particles are commercially available from companies like W. R. Grace & Co., or Evonik, or other suppliers [ 0043 ] Table 2 lists properties of the PDMS used in the following examples. PDMS-1 and PDMS-2 are silanoi terminated, and PDMS-3 is trimethyl silyl (TMS) terminated. PDMS-1 is available from Dow Coming (Midland, MI), PDMS-2 is available from Momentive Performance Materials (Waterford, NY), and PDMS-3 is available from W acker Chemie AG (Munich, Germany).

[ 0044 ] Here below are structures of the two types of PDMS:

T rsmethylsiiyl (TMS) terminated PDMS [ 0045 ] In Table 2, for both the silanol terminated PDMSs and the IMS terminated PDMS, the average molar molecular weights were provided by chemical suppliers. The average molar molecular weight could also be measured by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique. [ 0046 ] In Table 2, the viscosities of the silanol terminated PDMSs and the TMS terminated PDMS were provided by chemical suppliers. The viscosities of PDMS could also be measured using a Brookfield DV-H+Pro viscometer (available from Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Middleboro, MA), with stands and associated spindle sets. The measurements were earned out at room temperature and the procedure (Single Point Viscosity method) was provided by Brookfield in its manual. The recommended procedure was similar to what is described in ASTM D2983.

[ 0047 ] In Table 2, the (OH) contents of the silanol terminated PDMSs were also provided by chemical suppliers. For the silanol terminated PDMS, the OH contents could also be calculated based on the following principle: Each linker PDMS consists of two OH groups, and therefore the weight percent of OH groups on each chain is: OH content % ^::: 2 x 17 / MW of the polymer x 100% For example, for a polymer chain of molar molecular weight of 15,000 Daltons, OH content % = 2 x 17 / 15000 = 0.226%.

General bonding procedures Bonding procedure 1 : [ 0048 ] Both a 2L round bottom flask and starting particles were oven dried, for example, at 120°C for about 12 hours. In the flask was charged with the oven-dried starting particles. Then, a certain amount of PDMS was added into the flask using a pipette dropwise while the flask is frequently shaken so that the starting particles and the PDMS were mixed as homogeneously as possible. If the silicone oil was too viscous, a small amount of toluene was used to dissolve the PDMS, and then the dissolved PDMS was added. The mixture of the PDMS and the particles was allowed to roll on a rotavap at room temperature for at least about 5 hours to about 12 hours. Then, the mixture of the PDMS and the particles was transferred into a crystalline dish, which was then placed in a fume hood for a few hours to allow toluene, if used, to evaporate. Finally, the crystalline dish containing the mixture of the PDMS and the particles was placed in an oven and baked at 120°C for about 12 hours. Bonding procedure 2: [ 0049 ] Milling/grinding method: a certain amount of particles and a certain amount of PD MS were placed in a mortar pestle, and the mixture is grinded manually for 30 minutes to 1 hour. This process could be replaced with milling, for example, in a clean ball mill. Then, the mixture was transferred into a crystalline dish, which was then placed in an oven and baked at 120°C for about 12 hours.

Bonding procedure 3 :

[ 0050 ] A 10” spiral jet mill with eight 0.011” grind holes was used. The grinding chamber of the spiral jet mill was modified so that a 0.8mm nozzle could be inserted from outside to inside of the grinding ring wall. This nozzle was connected to a metering pump which is used to meter in the PDMS. [ 0051 ] Specifically, the bonding procedure includes the following steps. First, the mill superheater was brought up to a temperature, for example, in a range from 300 F to 340 F. An Acrison Loss-in-weight feeder was filled with the particles to be milled. The feeder was set to a. constant rate of 40 lb/hr of particles. During the bonding, the temperature of the mill superheater was constantly being adjusted by a control system to keep the mill outlet temperature between 300-340F, and the mill grinding pressure and injection pressure were controlled at 18 and 80 psig, respectively. Then, a pre-calibrated metering pump was turned on to inject PDMS through the nozzle into the milling chamber. As such, the particles and PDMS were being added to the mill at the same time. This process continued until a desired amount of milled-hydrophobic product is produced. Testing Methods

[ 0052 ] The particle sizes were determined by a light scattering method using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 or 3000 available from Malvern Instruments Ltd per ASTM B822-I0.

[ 0053 ] The“BET surface area” of the particles was measured by the Brunauer Emmet Teller nitrogen adsorption method (Brunauer et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60(2), 309-319).

[ 0054 ] The carbon content of the particles was measured using a LECO Carbon Analyzer SC-632 available fro LECO Corp

Hvdrophobicitv test

[ 0055 ] The hydrophobicity of the hydrophobized particles was measured by a floatability method. The hydrophobicity test was performed by placing dried hydrophobic particles into a mixture solvent of methanol and water with a volume ratio of 60%/40%. Specifically, about 0.25 g of hydrophobized particles were placed in a small, 20 ml vial containing about 6 ml of the mixture solvent. After some vigorous shaking (~20 times), the hydrophobized particles were fully mixed with the mixture solvent. After 30 minutes, the floating properties of the hydrophobized particles were visually examined with a rating of 0 (nothing floating, all settled at the bottom of the vial), 1 (about 50% floating), 2 (about 75% floating), and 3 (all particles floating, and nothing settled at the bottom of the vial), as shown in Fig. 1.

[ 0056 ] A rating of 3 or with certain approximation (for example, 95% of the particles are floating in the test mixture) indicated that the hydrophohized particles had the highest hydrophobicity and were not wettable in the mixture solvent. This was the highest possible rating and is preferred for the performance of the hydrophobized particles.

Free silicone evaluation [ 0057 ] A percentage of chemically bonded PDMS vs. physically adsorbed PDMS was evaluated using a free silicone evaluation method. Adsorbed PMDS could be desorbed and become free, and these were detrimental to the system and environment as described in the embodiments. The method of evaluating an amount of free PDMS included the following steps: 1). During a washing step, the hydrophobized particles were extensively washed with toluene. After 4 times of washing, the hydrophobized particles w'ere dried at 1 10°C for 4 hours. 2). Elemental carbon analysis was carried out on the hydrophobized particles before and after the washing step by a combustion method with a LECO instrument. The results of the elemental carbon analysis on hydrophobized particles after the washing step were compared against those of the hydrophobized particles before the washing step, that was, the unwashed, hydrophobized particles. 3). A difference between the carbon values on the hydrophobized particles before and after the washing step is calculated. This difference was an indication of the amount of physically adsorbed PDMS. A value of zero or close to zero suggests 100% or close to 100% PMDS were chemically bonded.

Reaction kinetics study [ 0058 ] The reaction at a certain temperature was monitored against time such as minutes to hours. Aliquots are taken at certain times, and samples were washed with toluene as described in the free silicone evaluation. Then, the samples were evaluated regarding C% and percentage of reaction completion

Caustic treatment of particles [ 0059 ] To study the influence of surface pH of silica particles, the silica particles having a surface pH close to neutral (e.g. SM850C or P-3/P-3 (large) below) were raised. To carry out this procedure, the particles were slurried in water and treated with 1M NaOH solution until a targeted pH was reached. Then, the particles were filtered and dried for PDMS bonding study. EXAMPLES Examples 1-4

Influence of surface area of silica particles on hydrophobicity of

hydrophobized particles [ 0060 ] Silica particles P-1 , P-2, P-3 andP-5 were treated with PDMS-l using bonding procedure 1. 10% by weight of PDMS based on a total weight of the silica particles and the PDMS-l was used. Hydrophobicity of the hydrophobized silica particles was measured, as shown in Table 3 below.

Table 3

[ 0061 ] As shown in Table 3, precipitated silica particles P-3 treated with PDMS-l achieved hydrophobicity results of 2 while the other silica particles P-1, P-2, and P-3 treated with PDMS-l had poor hydrophobicity of 0 Thus, these results showed that the particles having a smaller surface area had unexpectedly significantly better hydrophobicity performance than the particles having a larger surface area.

Examples 5-7

Influence of surface pH of silica particles on reaction kinetics [ 0062 ] Silica particles P-3 and silicone sample PDMS-l were chosen to study the pH influence on the reaction kinetics at 85°C. Prior to the study, the surface pH of the silica particles were adjusted to a target pH: 7.0 (Example 5), 9.0 (Example 6) and 10.5 (Example 7), respectively. The reaction completion was studied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 22 hours and the percentages of reaction completion are plotted against time as shown in Fig. 2 Bonding procedure 1 was used for the bonding. 10 by weight of PDM S based on a total weight of the silica particles and the PDMS-l was used. [ 0063 ] As shown in Fig. 2, Examples 5-7 showed importance of surface pH of the silica particles on the reaction completion. A higher surface pH was preferred for the reaction to complete in a shorter time.

Examples 8-11

Lower amount of PDM S sufficient for hydrophobic performance of hydrophobized particles comprising silica particles having a smaller surface area [ 0064 ] From all the examples above, a minimal amount of 10% of PDMS had been used for the bonding. From particles with the 10% bonded materials, the C% content was typically around 2.7-2 9. However, for particles having very low surface area (less than 40 m ² /g) such as P-3 and P-4, a lower amount of PDMS could be used instead to still afford a high rating of hydrophobicity. [ 0065 ] In this study, about 50 grams of silica particles P-3 were hydrophobized with about 8.6 g of 1M NaOH to bring the surface pH of the particles to around 10. The silica particles were then dried and split into 2 aliquots. [ 0066 ] The two sets of the pH adjusted silica particles were treated with 5.0 wt% and 5.5 wt% PDMS-2 according to bonding procedure 2, respectively. Each of the two sets of the hydrophobized silica particles was split into two sets again to obtain 4 Examples in total, which are Examples 8-11, as shown in Table 4. Example 8 and 10 were directly dried at 120°C for about 12 hours. Examples 9 and 11 were ground with a ball mill, and then dried at 120°C for about 12 hours. A small sample from each of Examples 8-11 were washed 4 times with toluene, and then dried at 120°C for about 12 hours. The four samples, both washed and unwashed with toluene, were evaluated for C% and hydrophobicity test, as shown in Table 4. Table 4

2 [ 0067 ] As shown in Table 4, the carbon contents of all Examples 8-10 were small

3 while the reaction completion and the hydrophobicity rating of the hydrophobized silica particles were very high. The silica particles having a very low BET surface area (~35 m ² /g) only required about 5 wt% of PDMS based on the weight of the silica particles to

6 produce hydrophobized silica particles having equal or better hydrophobicity performance than the silica particles having a relatively large surface area. Also the

8 amount of the free, physically adsorbed PDMS was close to zero.

9 Examples 12 and 13

1 0 Effect of molecular weight of PDMS on reaction kinetics

11 [ 0068 ] In these examples, silica particles P-3 were used and, prior to the bonding,

1 2 the surface pH of the silica particles P-3 were raised to about 10 with 1M NaOH as

13 described previously. After drying, the silica particles are treated with 5% of PDMS-1

Ί and PDMS-2 respectively using bonding procedure 1. After heating at 120 °C for 12 hours, the conversion completion was evaluated for both samples. The results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5

[ 0069 ] As shown in Table 5, under the same reaction conditions, the lower molecular weight PDMS had much lower reaction conversions.

Examples 14 and 15

Effect of silanol terminated PDMS on reaction kinetics [ 0070 ] In these examples, the reaction kinetics of TMS terminated PDMS and silanol terminated PMDS were compared. In both cases, silica particles P-6 were used for these experiments. Silica particles P-6 had a surface pH of about 8.3, lower than 10 as described in the embodiments. But the reactivity of the sample particle towards two different types of PDMS still showed significant difference. Silica particles P-6 were dried before bonding study. The particles were treated with lOw/w % of PDMS-2 and PDMS-3 and the reaction kinetics at 120° were compared. The following Table 6 gives the comparison results for the conversion at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours:

Table 6

[ 0071 ] As can be seen, under the same conditions, PDMS-3 (with TMS terminal), had much slower reaction kinetics than PDMS-2 (with OH terminal), even though the two PDMS had similar molecular weights.

Example 16

Spiral jet mill production of hydrophobilized particles [ 0072 ] The use of a 10 inch spiral jet mill or fluid energy mill as described in bonding procedure 3 is demonstrated in Example 16. The following paragraph lists the running conditions, and Table 7 shows results of the bonding completion and hydrophobic performance rating. 1 [ 0073 ] The miming conditions were as follows: particle feed rate was about 40

2 lb/hr; additive feed rate was about 45 g/ ^' min; superheater temperature was about 1000F;

3 injection temperature was about 350F; injection pressure was about 80 psi; grind

4 temperature was about 612F; grind pressure was about 18 psi; outlet temperature mill

5 was about 320F; and baghouse temperature was about 3 OOF. The following table 5

6 shows results of bonding completion and hydrophobic performance rating.

Table 7

8

9 [ 0074 ] As shown in Table 7, the use of spiral jet mill or fluid energy mill was

1 0 feasible for the production of hydrophobic particles. The reaction could be accomplished

11 with some reduction of average particle size (APS), which could be adjusted with

12 different milling conditions to satisfy the particle size needs. Most importantly, this was

13 a continuous process with the potential of large scale commercial production.

Ί

1