MONOSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to monosaccharide derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. The compounds of this invention can be useful for inhibition and prevention of inflammation and associated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, for example, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, acne, atherosclerosis, cancer, pruritis or allergic rhinitis. The present invention also relates to pharmacological compositions containing these monosaccharide derivatives, as well as methods of treating bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes, psoriasis, allograft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, acne, atherosclerosis, cancer, pruritis, allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders.

Background of the Invention Inflammation is a key defense mechanism of the body that is activated as a result of tissue injury. The inflammatory process is self-containing, however, under certain pathophysiological conditions inflammatory process tends to perpetuate itself giving rise to chronic inflammatory diseases, for example, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Although the exact cellular and molecular basis of most chronic inflammatory disease remain unclear, it has become apparent that several inflammatory cells act in concert towards initiation and perpetuation of an inflammatory response by releasing a wide range of chemokine, cytokine, proteolytic enzymes and other bioactive molecules. For example, mast cells primed by lymphocytes interact with environmental allergens and release mediators, for example, histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes etc (Clin. Exp. Allergy, 32:1682, 2002) to initiate an early inflammatory response. This is followed by a delayed inflammatory response due to release of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, GM-CSF and TNFalpha), chemokjnejsjir^pjOte^yjic^nzy^

350:59, 1997) that not only bring about tissue damage, but attract other inflammatory cells and initiate tissue fibrosis, and the cycle continues. Eosinophils infiltrate inflamed tissue _^ following allergen-mast cell interaction in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Emerging evidence indicates that mast cells also interact with bacterial endotoxins, which leads to generation of cytokines, such as TNFalpha, and encourage neutrophil influx into the site of inflammation (Br. J. Pharmacol, 123:31, 1998; Br. J. Pharmacol, 128:700, 1999; Br. J. Pharmacol, 136:111, 2002; J Clin. Invest., 109:1351, 2002). Involvement of mast cells in the inflammatory response of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (New Eng. J. Med., 347:1040, 2002; Thorax, 57:649, 2002), inflammatory bowel disease (Gut, 45:Suppl 116, 1999), and rheumatoid arthritis (Science, 297, 1626, 2002), as well as pathologies with prominent neutrophilic inflammation, has been proposed.

U.S. Patent No. 6,329,344 discloses several monosaccharide derivatives as cell adhesion inhibitors. It generally relates to a group of novel substituted pentose and hexose monosaccharide derivatives, which exhibit cell adhesion inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. U.S. Patent No. 6,590,085 discloses several monosaccharide derivatives as inhibitors of cell adhesion and cell adhesion mediated pathologies, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. U.S. Patent No. 5,637,570 discloses disubstituted and trisubstituted derivatives of 2,3:4,6-O-isopropylidene-G!-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid having anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-poliferative activity. U.S. Patent No. 5,298,494 discloses derivatives of monosaccharides, which exhibit anti -proliferative and/or anti-inflammatory activity and are useful for treating mammals having inflammatory disorders and/or autoimmune disorders. U.S. Patent No. 5,367,062 discloses derivatives of disubstituted and deoxydisubstituted α,D-lyxofuranosides, which exhibit significant antiinflammatory and antiproliferative activity, and are useful for treating inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders. U.S. Patent No. 5,360,794 discloses deoxydisubstituted or dideoxy disubstituted derivatives of α-D-mannofuranoside and β-L-gulofuranosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. U.S. Patent No. 4,996,195 discloses derivatives of α,D-glucofuranose and α,D-allofuranose for treating animals and mammals with inflammatory and/or autoimmune-disorders.- U.S-EatentNo.-5.010.058-discloses derivatives of 1,2-O-iso-propylidene-α-D-glucofuranose for treating animals and mammals

with inflammatory and/or autoimmune disorders. U.S. Application No. 2002/0173632 discloses furanose and amino furanose compounds for rheumatoid, arthritis, immunomodulatory diseases inflammatory and proliferative diseases.

U.S. Application No. 2004/0023900 discloses derivatives of monosaccharides as cell adhesion inhibitors. U.S. Application No. 2004/0029820 discloses derivatives of monosaccharides as cell adhesion inhibitors. PCT Publication No. WO 93/13117 and U.S. Patent No. 5,360,792 disclose 5- or 6-deoxy hexose monosaccharides having a saturated nitrogen containing heterocycle as anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory compounds. PCT Publication No. WO 94/28910 discloses 5,6-dideoxy-5-amino derivatives of idose and 6- deoxy-6-amino derivatives of glucose, which exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity. PCT Publication No. WO 94/11381 discloses derivatives of pentose monosaccharides as anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory compound.

In view of the above, there remains a need for novel monosaccharide derivatives having anti-inflammatory activity. Summary of the Invention

Generally provided herein are compounds having a structure of Formula I,

wherein

W can be hydrogen or alkyl; R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CEb) _n O(C=O)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a five-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl;

Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Rj and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )- alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4, R _y can be O or S, and R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; and

R ₅ can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, -NR _p R _j , or OR ₂ ; or when R ₄ is OH, ORc or H, then R ₅ can be -NHC(=O)OR _S , -NHYRd,-NHC(=T)NR _t R _x or - (CH ₂ ) _w (C=O)NR _a Rb (wherein w, R _a> R _b and R ₀ same as defined earlier); R _p and R _j independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or aralkyl, or R _p and Rj together can join to form a cyclic ring, which optionally can be benzo fused, containing 0-4

heteroatom selected from 0-4 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N wherein the ring can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl; wherein R _z can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl or -C(=O)NR _f R _q , wherein Rf and Rq each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and Rq together can form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino;

R ₃ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ),

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl,

T can be O, S, -N(CN), -N(NO ₂ ), or -CH(NO ₂ ), R _t can be H, OH or R _x , R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, w can be 1-4, and

R _a and R _b each independently can be hydrogen or R _d , or R _a and R _b , together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, can be the N-terminus of an amino acid or di- tetrapeptide,

wherein R _f and R _q each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q together can form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; and wherein when W is hydrogen, then R4 can be hydrogen, OR _C , -NHC(=0)0R _s , -NHYR _d , -NHC(=T)NR _t R _x , or -(CH ₂ ) _w (C=0)NR _a R _b , wherein R ₀ can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, acyl or • C(=O)NR _f Rq,

R ₃ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,

Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ,

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl,

T can be O, S, -N(CN), -N(NO ₂ ), or -CH(NO ₂ ), R _t can be H, OH or R _x ,

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, w can be 1-4, and

R _a and R _b each independently can be hydrogen or R _d , or R _a and R _b , together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, can be the N-terminus of an amino acid or di- tetrapeptide, wherein R _f and R _q each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl-or-S(O) ₂ R ₆ ;-or-R _f -and-R _q -together-can-form-a-ring,

wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; or when W is alkyl, then R ₄ can be -OR ₂ , wherein R _z can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl or -Q=O)NR _f R _q , wherein R _f and R _q each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q together can form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino.

In one embodiment, R ₁ and R _m can join to form a cyclic ring and the cyclic ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S. In another embodiment, R ₁ and R _m can join to form a cyclic ring and the cyclic ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein when Q is O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl. In one embodiment, R _p and R _j together can join to form a (5-8)-membered cyclic ring, which optionally can be benzofused.

In another embodiment, when R ₅ is OR ₂ and R ₄ is OR ₀ , then R ₀ and R ₂ can be joined together to form a six-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the oxygen atoms can be substituted with R[ and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl,

alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or - C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl.

The present invention also encompasses illustrative compounds, including: l-O-decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-amino ]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 1); l-O-Dodecyl^^-O-isopropylidene^-O-j^-chloro-pheny^-sulfonyla minoJ-carbonylJ-ό- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 2); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[phenyl-sulfonylamino] -carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l- azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 3); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 4); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 5); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-chloro-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 6); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-ami no]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(4- morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 7);

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0- { [(phenylsulfonyl)-amino]-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-6-(l - pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 8); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 9);

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)- sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-6-(l -pyrrolidmyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 10);

Hydrochloride salt of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[(4-chloro-phenyl)- sulfonylaminoj-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-6-(l -pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.

H); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 12); l-0-Heptyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 13);

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)- phenyl]-amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofur anoside (Compound No. 14); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 15); 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]-amino} - carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 16);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]-amino} - carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 17);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]-amino} - carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 18); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 19); l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl]-phenyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 20); Tris salt of l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 21);

Tris salt of-l-0-decyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-e thyl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 22); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 23); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 24); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 25); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l- pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 26); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- [4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-phenyl)-amino]- carbonyl-6- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 27);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l}-phenyl)- amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-amino-� �-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 28);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[{4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl}- amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-piperidinyl)-ethyl]amino-α- L-sorbofuranoside. (Compound No. 29);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-ethyl]-amino-α -L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 30);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-cycloheptyl-amino)-ethyl]-am ino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 31); (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[(4-f luoro-phenyl)-amino]- carb^nyr}-amino] ^:: α^L-erytlϊro ^:: lϊκc ^I 2^ulo ^~ furanosMe ^" (Compound ^~ No732)]

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(b utyl-amino)-carbonyl]-amino}-α-

L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 33);

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl^S-O-isopropylidene^ό-dideoxy^- {[(4-fluoro-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 34);

5 (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(4-fl uoro-phenyl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 35);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[( 2-phenylethyl)-amino]- thiocarbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-uloflιranoside (Compound No. 36);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[( 4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl]- 10 phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofurano side (Compound No. 37);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[3- (l,3-benzodionol-5-yl)- propanoyl]-amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 38);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-fluorophenyl)-amino]-carbonyl} -amino- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 39);

15 1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[(4-fluorophenyl)- sulfonyl]-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 40); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(ethylsulfonyl)-a mino-α-L-sorbo furanoside (Compound No. 41); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(4-fluoro-phenyl )-carbonyl}-amino-α-L- 20 sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 42); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[3-(l,3-benzodio xol-5-yl)-propanoyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 43); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[{(4-[2-hydroxy- 2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)- amino}-carbonyl]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 44);

-2-5 ^l-θ-Dodecyl=2τ3=θ-isopropylidene=6=deoxy=6--{[(butyl=amm o-)=carbonyl-]=amino}^α=t= sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 45);

l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-({[(4-fluoro-p henyl)-amino]-thiocarbonyl}- amino)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 46);

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{ l-[4-({4-ethoxy-3-[5- { 1 -methyl-3 -propyl-7-oxo- 1 ,6-dihydro-pyrazolo [4,3 -d]-pyrimidinyl} ]-phenyl } -sulfonyl)- piperazinyl]}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 47); l-O-[6-{(4-Nitro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6-d i-O-isopropylidene~α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 48); l-O-[6-{(4-Chloro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 49); l-O-[6-{(4-Methoxy-phenyl-amino-carbonyloxy)-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 50); l-O-{6-[(4-Methyl-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 51);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-6-deoxy -α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (Compound No. 52);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-{[( phenylsulfonyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2 -ulofuranoside (Compound No. 53);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[ (4-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 54); (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- chloro-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 55);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-{[{ 2,5-dichloro-ρhenyl)-sulfonyl}- aminoj-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside(Compound No. 56);

(4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-0-[{[ (2-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino} -carbonyll-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 57);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-piperidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α-

L-erythro-hex-2 -ulofuranoside (Compound No. 58);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-azepanyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 59); (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-0-[2-(l- morpholinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 60);

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l -pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 61);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-hep tyl-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (Compound No. 62);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-dimethylamino)-propyl]-6- deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 63);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[ (2-azepanyl)-sulfonyl]-amino}- carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2 -ulofuranoside (Compound No. 64); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-amin o]-carbonyl}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 65); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[({[2-(carboxymet hyl)phenyl]amino}- carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 66); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[({[3-(carboxymet hyl)phenyl]amino}- carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 67);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-trifluoromethyl)benzoyl] amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 68);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-fluorophenyl)acetyl} amino]-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 69); l^O-DodecyM^-O^isopropylidene^o^deoxy^o-l^-fluorobenzoy^amin O^a^L^ sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 70);

l-O-Dodecyl^^-O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-ό-Kquinolin^-ylc arbony^aminoj-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 71); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(2-thienylacetyl )amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 72); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 73); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-fluorophenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 74); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(3,4-dimethoxybe nzoyl) amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 75); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(isoquinolin-l-y lcarbonyl)amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 76); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[4-(acetylamino) benzoyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 77); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(pyridin-4-yl)- carbonyl]-amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 78); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,6-dichloropy ridin-4-yl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 79); l-O-Dodecyl^jS-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-β-j^quinolm-Sy^-ca rbonylJ-aminol-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 80); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(5-methyl-3-phe nylisoxazol-4-yl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 81);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {(phenyl)acetyl} -amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 82); l-Q-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 83);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,5-difluor ophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 84); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 85); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 86);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 87);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 88); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,6-chlorophen yl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 89); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methylphenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 90); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 91); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,5-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 92); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,4,5-trifluor ophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 93); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4-dichloroph enyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 94);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 95); l-Q-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-methylphenyl )acetyl]ammo}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 96);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-chlorophe nyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 97); l-O-Dodecyl^jS-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-β-KljS-benzodioxol -S-ylacety^aminoj-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 98); 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 99); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-hydroxy-3-fl uorophenyl)acetyl ]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 100);

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-isopropylphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 101);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [biphenyl-4-ylacetyl] amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 102);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(3 -methylphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 103); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-fluoro-6-chl orophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 104); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-chloro-4-flu orophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 105);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetyl] amino} - α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 106);

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} - α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.107); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-methyl-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-f luorophenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 108); 1 -O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3 -O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-ό- { [(3 ,4-difluorophenyl)acetyn aminoJL_ α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 109);

l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4 dichlorophenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 110);

1 -O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6- { [(4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl] amino} - α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. I l l); l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 112);

1 -O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-fluorophenyl)acetyl] amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 113);

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -liex-2-uloruranoside (Compound No. 114);

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(2- methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -hex-2-uloruranoside (Compound No. 115); (4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- chlorophenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 116);

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-

[{[phenylsulphonyl]amino}carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-h ex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No.117); or

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- fluorophenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-a-L-erythro- hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 118).

The present invention also encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula IV comprising

SCHEME I

^FθrmUla " Formula IV ^'

reacting a compound of Formula II with a compound of Formula III to form a compound of Formula IV, wherein R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n 0(C=0)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a fϊve-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Rj and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or - C(O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl. aryl. aralkyl. cycloalkyl. or heteroarylalkyl: or when Q

is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1 -4,

R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; and

R ₅ can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, -NR _p R _j , OR ₂ , -NHC(=0)0R _s , -NHYR _d ,-NHC(=T)NR _t R _x or -(CH ₂ ) _w (C=O)NR _a R _b , wherein

R _p and R _j independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or aralkyl, or R _p and R _j together can join to form a cyclic ring, which optionally can be benzofused, containing 0-4 heteroatom selected from 0-4 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N wherein the ring can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl;

R ₂ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl or -C(=O)NR _f R _q , wherein R _f and Rq each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q together can form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or sub^fituted. ^" arninδ;

R _s can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,

Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ),

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl,

T can be O, S, -N(CN), -N(NO ₂ ), or -CH(NO ₂ ), R ₁ can be H, OH or R _x ,

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, w can be 1-4, and

R _a and R _b each independently can be hydrogen or R _d , or R _a and R _b , together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, can be the N-terminus of an amino acid or di-tetrapeptide, wherein R _f and Rq each independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q together can form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino.

The present invention also encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula X or compounds of Formula XII comprising the steps of: a. oxidizing a compound of Formula V

Formula V to form a compound of Formula VI;

Formula VI b. reacting the compound of Formula VI with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form a compound of Formula VII;

Formula VII c. reducing the compound of Formula VII to form a compound of Formula VIII;

Formula VIII

and d. reacting the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX

L-Y-R _d Formula IX to form a compound of Formula X

Formula X or reacting the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula III X=C=NR _f

Formula III or a compound of Formula XI

ArOC(=X)NHR _f

Formula XI o form a compound of Formula XII

Formula XII wherein

R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n O(C=O)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a frve-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl^aryl^aralkylrcycloalkyl^orheteroarylalkylj-or when-Q —

is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-GO-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4,

R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ); R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl;

L can be a leaving group;

R _f can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ , wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; and

X can be O or S.

In one embodiment, the oxidation of the compound of Formula V to form a compound of Formula VI can be carried out in the presence of at least one oxidation agent, for example, pyridinium dichromate; pyridinium chlorochromate; dimethylsulfoxide in combination with acetic anhydride, oxalyl chloride, or trifluoroacetic anhydride; periodinane; or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula VI with hydroxylamine hydrochloride can be carried out in the presence of at least one base, for example, pyridine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the reduction of the compound of Formula VII can be carried out the presence of at least one reducing agent, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, or a mixture thereof. In yet another embodiment, the reaction of the

compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX can be carried out in the presence of at least one base.

In one embodiment, wherein Y is C=O and L is OH, the reaction of the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX can proceed via the formation of an activated derivative of a carboxylic acid as intermediate. In another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX can be carried out in the presence of at least one condensing agent, for example, l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or a mixture thereof. In yet another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX proceeds in the presence of at least one base, for example, N-methylmorpholine, diisopropylamine, triethylamine or a mixture thereof.

In another embodiment, wherein Y is C=O and L is OH, the reaction of the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX can proceed via utilizing a mixed anhydride, which comprises reacting the compound of Formula IX with a chloro formate, for example, ethyl chloroformate or isobutylchloroformate.

In one embodiment, wherein Y is C=O or SO ₂ and L is Cl, the reaction of the compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX can proceed in the presence of a base, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or a mixture thereof.

The present invention also encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula XVII or a compound of Formula XVIII comprising the steps of: a. reacting a compound of Formula XIII

Formula XIII

with a compound of Formula XIV

H ₂ N-P Formula XIV to form a compound of Formula XV;

Formula XV b. deprotecting the compound of Formula XV to form a compound of Formula

XVI;

Formula XVI or a. reacting a compound of Formula XIII with sodium azide to form a compound of formula XIIIa

b. reacting the compound of Formula XIIIa with a compound of Formula XIIIb

R ₈ I

to form a compound of Formula XIIIc

c. reducing the compound of Formula XIIIc to form a compound of Formula XVI and d. reacting the compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula IX

L-Y-Rd Formula IX o form a compound of Formula XVII

Formula XVII or reacting the compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula III or a compound of Formula XI

X=C=N-R _f ArO(=X)NHR _f

Formula III Formula XI to form a compound of Formula XVIII

Formula XVIII wherein

R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n O(C=O)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a five-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo,

wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or

-CC=O)QR ₇ , __ wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4, R _y can be O or S, and R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

P can be a protecting group, for example aralkyl or acyl; Y can be -C(=O), -CC=S) or SO ₂ );

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl;

L can be a leaving group; R ₉ is hydrogen or alkyl;

R _f can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ , wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; and

X can be O or S.

In one embodiment, the deprotection of the compound of Formula XIV can be carried out under deprotection conditions selected from hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon, or catalytic transfer hydrogenation in the presence of ammonium formate and palladium on carbon. This reaction can be carried out in the presence of at least one base. In another embodiment, wherein Y is C=O and L is OH, the reaction of the compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula IX can proceed via the formation of an activated derivative of a carboxylic acid as intermediate. This reaction can be carried out in the presence of at least one condensing agent, for example, l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or a mixture thereof. This reaction also can proceed in the presence of a base, for example, N-methylmorpholine, diisopropylamine, triethylamine or a mixture thereof. Further, this reaction can proceed via utilizing a mixed anhydride, which comprises utilizing a mixed anhydride by reacting the compound of Formula IX with a chloroformate, for example, ethyl chloroformate or isobutylchloroformate. In one embodiment, wherein Y is C=O or SO ₂ and L is Cl, the reaction of the compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula IX can proceed in the presence of a base, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or a mixture thereof.

The present invention further encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula XXIII comprising the steps of: a. reacting a compound of Formula XIII

Formula XIII with a compound of Formula XIX

Formula XIX to form a compound of Formula XX;

Formula XX b. deprotecting the compound of Formula XX to form a compound of Formula XXI;

Formula XXI

c. reacting the compound of Formula XXI with a compound of Formula

XXII hal - SO ₂ R _x Formula XXII to form a compound of Formula XXIII

Formula XXIII wherein

Ri can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n 0(C=0)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a five-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Rj and R _m ,

wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R] and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4, R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; Hal can be halogen; and

P can be a protecting group, for example, aralkyl or acyl.

In one embodiment, the deprotection of the compound of Formula XX can be carried out under deprotection conditions selected from hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon, or catalytic transfer hydrogenation in the presence of ammonium formate and palladium on carbon.

In another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula XXI with a compound of Formula XXII can be carried out in the presence of a base, for example, pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, or a mixture thereof.

The present invention also encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula XXIX comprising the steps of: a. reacting a compound of Formula XXV

Formula XXV with a compound of Formula XXVI hal - (CH ₂ ) _m OH Formula XXVI to form a compound of Formula XXVII;

Formula XXVII and b. reacting the compound of Formula XXVII with a compound of Formula

-XXVTtI-

Rf-N=C=O

Formula XXVIII to form a compound of Formula XXIX

Formula XXIX wherein hal can be halogen; m can be an integer from 0 to 2; and

R _f can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ , wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino.

In one embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula XXV with a compound of Formula XXVII can be carried out in the presence of a base, for example, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula XXV with a compound of Formula XXVII can be carried out in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, for example, tetrabutylammonium iodide, tetrabutylammonium bromide, or a mixture thereof.

The present invention further encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula XXXI comprising the steps of: a. oxidizing the compound of Formula V

Formula V to form a compound of Formula VI;

b. reacting the compound of Formula VI with a Grignard reagent to form a compound Formula XXX;

Formula XXX and c. reacting the compound of Formula XXX with a compound of Formula XXVIII

O=C=N-Rf Formula XXVIII o form a compound of Formula XXXI

wherein

R _f can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ , wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino.

R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n 0(C=0)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; and

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a fϊve-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl,

aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or

-C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4, R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl.

In one embodiment, the Grignard reagent can be an alkyl magnesium halide. In another embodiment, the reaction of the compound of Formula XXX with the compound of Formula XXVIII can be carried out in the presence of a base, for example, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine or a mixture thereof.

The present invention also encompasses processes for preparing compounds of Formula XXXIII comprising reacting a compound of Formula XXXII

Formula XXXII with a compound of Formula XXVIII

R _r N=C=O

Formula XXVIII

to form a compound of Formula XXXIII;

Formula XXXIII wherein R _f can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ , wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino;

Ri can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n 0(C=0)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; and R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a five-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms can be substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring; or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino,

cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl; or

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (Ci-C ₄ )-alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1 -4,

R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl.

In one embodiment, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a base, for example, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine or a mixture thereof.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention provides monosaccharides derivatives, which can be used for the inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion mediated pathologies, including, for example, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, for example, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection or psoriasis.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, enantiomers, diastereomers or N-oxides of these compounds having the same type of activity also are provided. The present invention also provides for pharmaceutical compositions containing the monosaccharide derivatives of the present invention, which also may contain pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be

used for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, for example, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allograft rejection or psoriasis.

While the present invention has been described in terms of its specific embodiments, certain modifications and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are included within the scope of the present invention.

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided compounds having a structure of Formula I,

wherein

W can be hydrogen or alkyl;

R ₁ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aralkyl or -(CH ₂ ) _n O(C=O)NHR _x , wherein n can be an integer 2-10, and R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ together can form a five membered acetal wherein the carbon joining the two oxygen atoms is substituted with Ri and R _m , wherein Rj and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Ri and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring (e.g., a (3-8)-membered cyclic ring); or Ri and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from

O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl,

alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br or I), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or -Q=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;

R ₂ and R ₃ , instead of forming an acetal, optionally and independently can be lower (C ₁ -C ₄ )- alkyl, (CH ₂ ) _k -aryl, -C(=R _y )NHR _x or acyl, wherein k can be an integer from 1-4, R _y can be O or S, and

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl; and

R ₅ can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, -NRpRj , or OR ₂ ; or when R ₄ is OH, OR _C or H, then R ₅ can be -NHC(=0)0R _s , -NHYR _d ,-NHC(=T)NR _t R _x or - (CH ₂ ) _w (C=O)NR _a Rb, wherein

R _p and R _j independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, or aralkyl, or R _p and R _j may together join to form a cyclic ring (5-8 membered), which optionally may be benzofused, containing 0-4 heteroatom selected from 0-4 heteroatoms selected from O,S, or N wherein the ring may be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl; wherein R ₂ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl or -C(=O)NRfR _q , wherein R _f and R _q independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyT ^~ oτS (O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f antTR _q can togetrierform a ring,

wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino;

R _s can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,

Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ),

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl,

T can be O, S, -N(CN), -N(NO ₂ ), or -CH(NO ₂ ), R _t can be H, OH or R _x ,

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, w can be 1-4, and

R _a and R _b independently can be hydrogen or R _d , or R _a and R _b , together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, can be the N-terminus of an amino acid or di- tetrapeptide, wherein R _f and R _q independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q can together form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; and wherein when W is hydrogen, then R ₄ can be hydrogen, OR ₀ , -NHC(=0)0R _S) -NHYR _d , -NHC(=T)NR _t R _x , or -(CH ₂ ) _w (C=0)NR _a R _b , wherein R ₀ can be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, acyl or =e(=θ)NR- _f R^

R _s can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl,

Y can be -C(=O), -C(=S) or SO ₂ ),

R _d can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl,

T can be O, S, -N(CN), -N(NO ₂ ), or -CH(NO ₂ ), R ₄ can be H, OH or R _x ,

R _x can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, w can be 1-4, and

R ₃ and R _b independently can be hydrogen or R _d , or R _a and R _b , together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, can be the N-terminus of an amino acid or di- tetrapeptide, wherein R _f and R _q independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and R _q can together form a ring, wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino; or when W is alkyl, then R ₄ can be -OR ₂ , wherein R ₂ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl or -C(=0)NRfR _q , wherein R _f and R _q independently can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl or S(O) ₂ R ₆ ; or R _f and Rq can together form a ring,

wherein R ₆ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted amino.

In one embodiment, when R ₅ is OR ₂ and R ₄ is OR ₀ , then R ₀ and R ₂ can be joined together to form a six-membered acetal, wherein the carbon joining the oxygens is substituted with Ri and R _m wherein Ri and R _m can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Rj and R _m together can join to form a cyclic ring (e.g., a (3-8)-membered cyclic ring); or R] and R _m together can join to form an oxo, wherein the ring optionally can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N or S, and the ring optionally can be substituted with one or more of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, substituted amino, cycloalkyl, carboxy, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br or I), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, -C(=O)QR ₇ , wherein Q can be O or NH, and R ₇ can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl; or when Q is NH, R ₇ also can be heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl.

The following definitions apply to terms as used herein.

The term "alkyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to a monoradical branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. This term can be exemplified by groups, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl, tetradecyl, and the like. Alkyl groups may be substituted further with one or more substituents selected from alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, arylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryloxy, nitro, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, - NHC(=O)R _X , -NR _a R _b , -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=O)NR _x R _t , -C(=O)heteroaryl, C(=O)heterocyclyl, -O-C(=O)NR _a Rb wherein R _x , R _t) R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier, ^nitro _r -S(0) _m R ₆ -(:wherein-m-is-an-integer-from-O-2-and-R ₆ -ean-be-alkyl^-alkenyl ₇ -alk-ynyl^ cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or

substituted amino). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, alkyl substituents may be further substituted by 1-3 substituents selected from alkyl, carboxy, -NR _a Rb, -C(=O)NR _a Rb, - OC(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=O)NR _a Rb (wherein R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF ₃ , cyano, and -S(O) _0n R ₆ , (where R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier); or an alkyl group as defined above may also be interrupted by 1-5 atoms of groups independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and -NR ₃ -, where R _a is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, acyl, aralkyl,-C(=O)OR _s wherein R _s is the same as defined earlier, S(O) ₂ R ₆ (where R ₆ is as defined earlier), - C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _a and R _b are as defined earlier). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may be further substituted by 1-3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, -NR _a R _b , -C (=0)NR _a R _b) -O-C(=O)NR _a R _b wherein R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF ₃ , cyano, and -S(O) _1n R ₆ , where m and R ₆ are the same as defined earlier; or an alkyl group as defined above that has both substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1-5 atoms or groups as defined above. The term "alkenyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to a monoradical of a branched or unbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon group preferably having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms with cis or trans geometry. In the event that alkenyl is attached to the heteroatom, the double bond cannot be alpha to the heteroatom. Alkenyl groups may further be substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, -NHC C=O)R _x , -NR _a R _b , -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=O)NR _x R _t , -O-

C(=O)NR _a Rb (wherein R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, arylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, or S(O) _m R ₆ (wherein R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1-3 substituents selected from alkyl, carboxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen,-CF ₃ , cyano, -NR _a R _b , -C(=0)NR _a R _b , -O-C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier) or -S(O) _m R ₆ (wherein R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier).

The term "alkynyl ^~ " ^~ urϊless and ^~ otherwise, specifiedTefeTslo a monoradicaTof an unsaturated hydrocarbon, preferably having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, m the event that

alkynyl is attached to the heteroatom, the triple bond cannot be alpha to the heteroatom.

Alkynyl groups may further be substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, arylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, nitro, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, -NHC(=O)R _Xj -NR _a R _b , -NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , -C(=O)NR _a R _b , - O-C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _x , R _t ,R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), -S(O) _m R ₆ (wherein R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1-3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF ₃ , -NR _a Rb, -C(=O)NR _a Rb, - NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , -C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _x , R _t , R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), cyano, and -S(O) _1n R ₆ (where R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier).

The term "cycloalkyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, which optionally may contain one or more olefinic bonds. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclooctyl, cyclopentenyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures, for example, adamantanyl, and bicyclo [2.2. ljheptane, or cyclic alkyl groups to which is fused an aryl group, for example, indane, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups may further be substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, oxo, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, -NR _a R _b , -NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , -NHC(=O)R _X , -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -O- C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _Xj R _t , R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), nitro, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, S(O) _m -R ₆ (wherein R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1-3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF ₃ , -NR _a R _b , -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=O)NR _x R _t , -O-C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _x JR. _t )-R _a -and-R _b -are-the-same-as-defined-earlier-),cyano,-and=S(O-) _m R ₆ -(wherem-R ₆ -and-m-are the same as defined earlier).

The term "alkoxy," unless otherwise specified, refers to the group O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is the same as defined above.

The term "aralkyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to alkyl-aryl linked through alkyl (wherein alkyl is the same as defined above) portion and the alkyl portion contains carbon atoms from 1-6 and aryl is as defined below. The examples of aralkyl groups include benzyl, ethylphenyl and the like.

The term "aryl," unless otherwise specified, refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group, for example phenyl, anthryl, biphenyl or naphthyl ring and the like, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aryloxy, cyano, nitro, CF ₃ ,OCF ₃ ,COOR _e (wherein R _e can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl), NHC(=O)R _X , -NR ₃ Rb, -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , -O-C(=O)NR _a R _b (wherein R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier), -(SO ₂ ) _m R ₆ (wherein R ₆ and m are the same as defined earlier), carboxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or amino carbonyl amino. The aryl group may optionally be fused with cycloalkyl group, wherein the cycloalkyl group may optionally contain heteroatoms selected from O, N or S.

The term "aryloxy" denotes the group O-aryl wherein aryl is the same as defined above.

The term "carboxy" as defined herein refers to -C(=O)OH. The term "heteroaryl," unless otherwise specified, refers to an aromatic ring structure containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic group having 8 to 10 carbon atoms, with one or more heteroatom(s) independently selected from N, O or S, optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituent(s) selected from halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, carboxy, aryl, alkoxy, aralkyl, cyano, nitro, -NR _a R _b , - (CH ₂ ) _w C(=O)R _g (wherein w is an integer from 1-4 and R _g is hydroxy, OR ₂ , NR _a R _b , -NHOR ₂ or -NHOH), -C(=O)NR _a R _b , -NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , -S(O) _m R ₆ , or -0-C(=0)NR _a R _b (wherein m, R ₆ , R ₂ , R _t , R _x , R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier). Unless or otherwise constrained by the definition _T -the-substituents-are-attached-to-the-ring-atom _T -be-it-carbon-or-heteroatom^

Examples of heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl,

thiazolyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, triazinyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, and the like.

The term 'heterocyclyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to a non aromatic monocyclic or bicyclic cycloalkyl group having 5 to 10 atoms in which 1 to 4 carbon atoms in a ring are replaced by heteroatoms selected from O, S or N, and are optionally benzofused or fused heteroaryl of 5-6 ring members and/or are optionally substituted with one or more of halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkaryl, cyano, nitro, oxo, carboxy, -C(=O)NR _a Rb, SO ₂ R ₆ , -O-C(=O)NR _a Rb, - NHC(=0)NR _x R _t , or -NR ₂ Rb (wherein R _6j R _Xj R _t , R _a and R _b are the same as defined earlier). Unless or otherwise constrained by the definition, the substituents are attached to the ring atom, be it carbon or heteroatom. Also unless or otherwise constrained by the definition the heterocyclyl ring may optionally contain one or more olefmic bond(s). Examples of heterocyclyl groups include oxazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, benzoxazinyl, benzthiazinyl, benzimidazolyl, carbaxolyl, indolyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydroisoxazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, azabicyclohexyl, dihydroindolyl, pyridinyl, isoindole 1,3-dione, piperidinyl or piperazinyl.

"Heteroarylalkyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to alkyl-heteroaryl group linked through alkyl portion, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl are the same as defined earlier.

"Heterocyclylalkyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to alkyl-heterocyclyl group linked through alkyl portion, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl are the same as defined earlier.

"Acyl," unless otherwise specified, refers to -C(=O)R" wherein R" is selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl or heterocyclylalkyl.

"Substituted amino," unless otherwise specified, refers to a group -N(Rk) ₂ , wherein each Rk is independently selected from hydrogen (provided that both R _k groups are not hydrogen (defined as "amino")), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, acyl, S(O) _1n R ₆ (wherein m and R ₆ is the same asjds ^j ϊneji_abjD:rø),^CX=Ry)NRaRbX

NHC(=Ry)NR _t Rχ (wherein R _y , R _t and R _x are the same as defined earlier).

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1-3 substituents chosen from alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF ₃ , cyano, -C(=R _y )NR _a R _b , - 0(C=O)NR ₃ Rb (wherein R _a , Rb and R _y are the same as defined earlier) and -OC(=R _y )NR _a Rb,, - S(O) _m R ₆ (where R ₆ is the same as defined above and m is 0-2).

The term "leaving group," unless otherwise specified, generally refers to groups that exhibit the desirable properties of being labile under the defined synthetic conditions and also, of being easily separated from synthetic products under defined conditions. Examples of such leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), triflates, tosylate, mesylates, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, hydroxy radicals and the like.

The term "activated derivative of a carboxylic acid," for example, that of a suitable protected amino acid, aliphatic acid or an aromatic acid, refer to the corresponding acyl halide (e.g., acid fluoride, acid chloride or acid bromide), corresponding activated esters (e.g., nitro phenyl ester, the ester of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or the ester of hydroxysuccinimide, HOSu) or a mixed anhydride for example anhydride with ethyl chloro formate and other conventional derivatives within the skill of the art.

The term "protecting groups," unless otherwise specified, refers to moieties that prevent chemical reaction at a location of a molecule intended to be left unaffected during chemical modification of such molecule. Unless otherwise specified, protecting groups may be used on groups, such as hydroxy, amino, or carboxy. Examples of protecting groups are found in T. W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2 ^nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., which is incorporated herein by reference. The species of the carboxylic protecting groups, amino protecting groups or hydroxy protecting groups employed are not critical, as long as the derivatised moieties/moiety is/are stable to conditions of subsequent reactions and can be removed without disrupting the remainder of the molecule.

The terms "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" or "pharmacologically acceptable salts," unless otherwise specified, refer to derivatives of compounds that can be modified by forming their corresponding acid or base salts. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts

include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acids salts of basic residues (such as amines), or alkali or organic salts of acidic residues (such as carboxylic acids), and the like.

The term "amino acid," unless otherwise specified, refers to both natural and unnatural amino acids. The term "natural amino acid," unless otherwise specified, refers to the twenty two naturally occurring amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine , tyrosine, trytophan, cysteine, proline, proline, histidine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-carboxyglutamic acid, arginine, ornithine and lysine in their L form. The term "unnatural amino acid," unless otherwise specified, refers to the 'D' form of the twenty two naturally occurring amino acids described above. It is further understood that the term unnatural amino acid includes homologues of the natural amino acids, and synthetically modified form of the natural amino acids commonly utilized by those in the peptide chemistry arts when preparing synthetic analogues of naturally occurring peptides, including D and L forms. The synthetically modified forms include amino acids having alkylene chains shortened or lengthened by up to two carbon atoms, amino acids comprising optionally substituted aryl groups, and amino acids comprised halogenated groups preferably halogenated alkyl and aryl groups.

The term "unnatural amino acids," unless otherwise specified, also refers to beta amino acids.

The term "peptide," unless otherwise specified, refers to a molecule comprising a series of amino acids linked through amide linkages. A dipeptide refers to a peptide having 2 amino acids, a tripeptide refers to a peptide having 3 amino acids and tetrapeptide refers to a peptide having four amino acids, wherein the term amino acid is as defined earlier.

The compounds of this invention contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and thus, can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures or individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly encompassed by the present invention. Each stereogenic carbon can have an R or S configuration. Although the specific compounds exemplified in this application may be depicted in a particular_s,tere,OOhemicaLconfiguration,-compounds-having-e ither-the-opposite stereochemistry at each chiral center, or mixtures thereof, are contemplated in the invention.

Although amino acids and amino acid side chains may be depicted in a particular configuration, both natural and unnatural forms are contemplated in the invention. Also, geometric isomers of olefins, C=N double bonds and the like, can be present in the compounds of this invention, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention.

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by techniques well known in the art and familiar to skilled synthetic organic chemist. In addition, the compounds of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by following the reaction schemes as depicted.

SCHEME I

Formula Il ,- , ,, , i Q Formula IV

A compound of Formula IV can be prepared following Scheme I. Accordingly, a compound of Formula II (wherein Ri, R ₂ , R ₃ and R ₅ are as described earlier) reacts with a compound of Formula III (wherein X is 0,S and R _f is same as described earlier) to form a compound of Formula IV. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, 5 dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride.

Compounds prepared using Scheme I include, for example:

l-O-decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-am ino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 1);

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0- { [(4-chloro-phenyl)-sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6- 0 deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 2);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[phenyl-sulfonylami no]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l- azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 3); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 4);

5 l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 5);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [(4-chloro-phenyl)-sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 6); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-ami no]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(4- 10 morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 7); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(phenylsulfonyl)-amin o]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l- pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 8); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 9);

15 Hydrochloride salt of 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-4-0- { [(4-methyl-phenyl)- sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 10);

Hydrochloride salt of 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-4-0- {[(4-chloro-phenyl)- sulfonylamino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sor bofuranoside (Compound No. 20 11); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)~phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 12); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 13);

— 25 ^Hydrochloride-salt-of-l-θ-heptyl-2 ₇ 3-θ-isopropylidene-4-θ--{[4-(2*methoxy--2--oxo-ethyl)= — phenyl]-amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofur anoside (Compound No. 14);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo -ethyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 15); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 16); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 17); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofiαranoside (Compound No. 18); l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 19); l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl]-phenyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 20);

Tris salt of l-0-Heptyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 21); Tris salt of- 1 -O-decyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-4-0- { [4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl] - amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 22); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 23); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 24); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 25); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l- pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 26); ^l-O-DodeGyl-2 ₅ 3-O-isopropylidene-4-θ-[4-(2-hydrox-y-2-oxo-phenyl)-amino]- -carbonyl=6^ deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 27);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l}-phenyl)- amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-amino-� �-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 28);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[{4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl}- amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-piperidinyl)-ethyl]amino-α- L-sorbofuranoside. (Compound No. 29);

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-ethyl]-amino-α -L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 30); Tris salt ofl-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-cycloheptyl-amino)-ethyl]-am ino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 31).

Scheme Il

^H3C υ°XT ^R1 O^∞ ^H3C Y°>T ^OR1 NH ₂ ORHC, ^H V ° ^R1

HO H OR ₃ ² — ^* O y-i OR ^o ₃ ^R2 — - N V _N -λ OR° ₃ *

Formula V Formula Vl OH

Reduction s^ Formula VII

Formula XlI

A compound of Formula X and XII can be prepared, for example, following Scheme II. Accordingly, a compound of Formula V (wherein Ri, R ₂ and R ₃ are same as defined earlier) can oxidize to form a compound of Formula VI. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran in the presence

of oxidizing agents, for example, pyridinium dichromate; pyridinium chlorochromate; dimethylsulfoxide in combination with acetic anhydride, oxalyl chloride, or trifiuoroacetic anhydride; periodinane, or mixtures thereof.

The compound of Formula VI can react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form a compound of Formula VII. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, ethanol, methanol, propanol or isopropyl alcohol in the presence of a base, for example pyridine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, or mixtures thereof.

The compound of Formula VII can be reduced to a compound of Formula VIII. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, diethylether, dioxane, or a mixture thereof in the presence of at least one reducing agent, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, or a mixture thereof.

The compound of Formula VIII can be reacted via Path a to form a compound of Formula X. Accordingly in Path a, the compound of Formula VIII can be reacted with a compound of Formula IX (wherein R _d is same as defined earlier, L is a leaving group, for example, OH (activated in-situ, as known to a skilled practitioner) or halogen (e.g., Cl, Br or I) and Y is C=O or SO ₂ ) to give the compound of Formula X.

The reaction of a compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX (wherein Y is C(=O) and L is OH) to give a compound of Formula X (Path a) through the intermediacy of an activated derivative of a carboxylic acid can be carried out in an organic solvent, as well as in the presence of at least one condensing agent and/or an base. Examples of the organic solvent include dimethylformamide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixture thereof. Examples of the at least one condensing agent include l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or a mixture thereof. Examples of a base include N-methylmorpholine, diisopropylamine, triethylamine, or a mixture thereof. Alternatively, this reaction can be carried out through a mixed anhydride by reacting the

compound of Formula IX with a chloroformate, for example, ethyl chloroformate or isobutylchloroformate.

The reaction of a compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula IX (wherein Y is C=O or SO ₂ and L is Cl) to give a compound of Formula X (Path a) can be carried out in an organic solvent and in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or mixtures thereof. Examples of bases include pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or mixtures thereof.

The compound of Formula VIII also can be reacted via Path b to form a compound of Formula XII. Accordingly in Path b, the compound of Formula VIII is reacted with a compound of Formula III or with a compound of Formula XI (wherein Ar is aryl, R _f is same as defined earlier) to form a compound of Formula XII.

The reaction of a compound of Formula VIII with a compound of Formula III or a compound of Formula XI to give a compound of Formula XII (Path b) can be carried out in an organic solvent and in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include dichloromethane, dichloroethane, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or mixtures thereof. Examples of bases include triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, or mixtures thereof.

Compounds prepared using Scheme II include, for example:

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[( 4-fluoro-phenyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 32);

(4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(b utyl-amino)-carbonyl]-amino}-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 33);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(4 -fluoro-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino} -α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 34);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[(4 -fluoro-phenyl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 35);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[( 2-phenylethyl)-amino]- thiocarbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 36);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-[{[( 4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl]- phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofurano side (Compound No. 37);

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-{[3- (l,3-benzodionol-5-yl)- propanoyl]-amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 38).

Scheme I

Formula XIIIa Formula XlII c Formula XVI

Rf

Xl

— πr -Formula-XVIII-

Compounds of Formula XVII and XVIII can be prepared following Scheme III.

Accordingly,

Path A: a compound of Formula XIII can be reacted with a compound of Formula XIV (wherein P is a protecting group, for example, aralkyl or acyl) to form a compound of Formula XV.

The compound of Formula XIV can be deprotected to form a compound of Formula XVI under deprotection conditions. This reaction can be carried in an organic solvent, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropylalcohol, tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate. Examples of deprotection conditions include hydro genation utilizing palladium on carbon or under catalytic transfer hydro genation condition of ammonium formate and palladium on carbon. Alternatively, the tosylate can be displaced with an azido group, reduction of which would yield a compound of Formula XVI.

Path B: a compound of Formula XIII can be reacted with sodium azide to form a compound of Formula XIIIa. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, diethyl ether, dioxane, or a mixture thereof.

A compound of Formula XIIIa can be reacted with compound of Formula XIIIb (wherein R ₈ is alkyl) to form a compound of Formula XIIIc. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and a base. Examples of organic solvents include, for example, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, diethyl ether, dioxane, or a mixture thereof. Examples of bases include sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide.

A compound of Formula XIIIc can be reduced to form a compound of Formula XVI. This reaction can be carried in an organic solvent, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropylalcohol, tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate using catalysts for example palladium on carbon or platinum on carbon in the presence of hydrogen. The compound of Formula XVI (wherein R ₉ is hydrogen or alkyl) can be reacted with a compound of Formula IX via Path a to form a compound of Formula XVII. The reaction of a compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula IX (when Y is C(=O) and L is OH) to give a compound of Formula XVII (Path a) through the intermediacy of an activated

derivative of a carboxylic acid, can be carried out in an organic solvent, in the presence of condensing agents and in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include dichloromethane, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. Examples of condensing agents include l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Examples of bases include N-methylmorpholine, diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine.

Alternatively, this reaction can be carried out through mixed anhydride by reacting compound of Formula IX with a chloroformate, for example, ethyl chloroformate or isobutylchloroformate.

The reaction of a compound of Formula XVI with a compound of Formula IX (when Y is C=O or SO ₂ and L is Cl) to give a compound of Formula XVII (Path a) can be carried out in an organic solvent and in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. Examples of bases include pyridine, triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine. The compound of Formula XVI can be reacted with a compound of Formula III or with a compound of Formula XI via Path b to give a compound of Formula XVIII. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and optionally in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include dichloromethane, dichloroethane, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. Examples of bases include triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine.

Compounds prepared using Scheme III include, for example:

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-fluorophenyl)-amino]-carbonyl} -amino- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 39); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[(4-fluorophenyl) -sulfonyl]-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 40); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(ethylsulfonyl)-a mino-α-L-sorbo furanoside (C^mrκmndJNLo.j4_l_);__

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(4-fluoro-phe nyl)-carbonyl}-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 42); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[3-(l,3-benzodio xol-5-yl)-propanoyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 43); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[{(4-[2-hydroxy- 2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)- amino}-carbonyl]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 44); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(butyl-amino)-c arbonyl]-amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 45); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-({[(4-fluoro-phen yl)-amino]-thiocarbonyl}- amino)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 46). l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[({[2-(carboxymet hyl)phenyl]amino}- carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 66);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- [( { [3 -(carboxymethyl)phenyl] amino} - carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 67); 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 68); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-fluorophenyl )acetyl}amino]-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 69); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(3-fluorobenzoyl )amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 70); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(quinolin-2-ylca rbonyl)amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 71); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(2-thienylacetyl )amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 72); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 73);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-fluorophe nyl)acetyl]amino}-a-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 74); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(3,4-dimethoxybe nzoyl) amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 75); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {(isoquinolin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 76); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[4-(acetylamino) benzoyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 77);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(pyridin-4-yl)-carbonyl]-amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 78); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,6-dichloropy ridin-4-yl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 79); l-O-Dodecyl^jS-O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-ό-f^quinolin-Sy^-c arbonylJ-aminoj-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 80); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(5-methyl-3-phe nylisoxazol-4-yl)-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 81);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {(phenyl)acetyl} -amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 82); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 83); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,5-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 84); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 85); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-chlorophenyl )acetyl]ammo}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 86);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 87);

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 88); 1 -O-Dodecyl^S-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-β- { [(2,6-chlorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 89);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-methylphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 90); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 91); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,5-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 92); l-O-Dodecyl^^-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-ό-l^^^-trifluorophe ny^acety^aminoj-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 93); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4-dichloroph enyl )acetyl] amino }-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 94);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 95);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-methylphenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 96);

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-chlorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 97); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[(l,3-benzodioxol -5-ylacetyl)amino]-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 98); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-hydroxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 99); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-hydroxy-3-fl uorophenyl)acetyl Jamino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 100);

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-isopropylphe nyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 101); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[biphenyl-4-ylac etyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 102); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methylphenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 103); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-fluoro-6-chl orophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 104); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-chloro-4-flu orophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 105); l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-trifluoromet hoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 106); l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-trifluoromet hoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.107); 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-methyl-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-fluorophenyl)acetyl] amino } - α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 108); l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3 ₎ 4-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 109); l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4 dichlorophenyl)acetyl] amino }- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 110); l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. Il l); l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 112); or l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-fluo rophenyl)acetyllamino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 113)..

Scheme IV

Formula XlII

Formula XX Formula XXI hal— SO ₂ R _x Formula XXII

Formula XXJIl

A compound of Formula XXIII can be prepared by Scheme IV. Thus, a compound of Formula XIII can be reacted with a compound of Formula XIX (wherein P is a protecting group, for example, aralkyl or acyl) to form a compound of Formula XX (wherein R ₁ , R ₂ and R ₃ is same as defined earlier).

The compound of Formula XX can be deprotected to form a compound of Formula XXI. The deprotection can be carried out in an organic solvent and under conditions of deprotection. Examples of organic solvents include methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropylalcohol, tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate. Examples of conditions of deprotection include hydrogenatically utilizing palladium on carbon or under catalytic transfer hydrogenation conditions of ammonium formate and palladium on carbon.

The compound of Formula XXI can be reacted with a compound of Formula XXII (wherein hal is halogen, and R _x is same as defined earlier) to yield a compound of Formula XXIII. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and in the presence of a base. JExamples_o£orgamc_soIventsincIude_dichloxomethane,_dichlox o.et:hane,_chlorøiorm,jjarT2on__

tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. Examples of bases include pyridine, triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine.

Compounds prepared using Scheme IV include, for example:

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{l-[4-({4-ethoxy- 3-[5- { 1 -methyl-3 -propyl-7-oxo- 1 ,6-dihydro-pyrazolo [4,3 -d]-pyrimidinyl} ] -phenyl } -sulfonyl)- piperazinyl]}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 47).

Scheme V

^{FomπUla XW} Formula XXVII Formula X)CX

A compound of Formula XXIX can be prepared following Scheme V. Thus, a compound of Formula XXV can be reacted with a compound of Formula XXVI to form a compound of Formula XXVII. The reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and a base in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Examples of organic solvents include, for example, dimethylsulfoxide or N, N -dimethylformamide. Examples of bases include, for example, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Examples of phase transfer catalysts include, for example, tetrabutylammonium iodide or tetrabutylammonium bromide. The compound of Formula XXVII can be reacted with a compound of Formula

XXVIII (wherein R _f is same as described earlier) to yield a compound of Formula XXIX. The reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride.

Compounds prepared using Scheme V include, but are not limited to: 1 -O- [6- { (4-Nitro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy} -hexyl] -2,3 ;4,6-di-O-isopropylidene~α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 48);

1 -O-[6- {(4-Chloro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy} -hexyl]-2,3 ;4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 49); l-O-[6-{(4-Methoxy-phenyl-amino-carbonyloxy)-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 50); or l-O-{6-[(4-Methyl-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 51).

Scheme Vl

Formula V Formula Vl Formula XXX

O=C=N-Rf Formula XXVIII

Formula XXXl

A compound of Formula XXXI can be prepared by following Scheme VI. Thus, the compound of Formula V (wherein R ₁ , R ₂ and R ₃ are same as defined earlier) can be oxidized to the compound of Formula VI.

The compound of Formula VI can be reacted with a Grignard reagent to form a compound of Formula XXX. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent, for example, dry tetrahydrofuran or diethylether. Examples of Grignard reagents include, for example, alkyl magnesium chloride, for example, methyl magnesium chloride.

The compound of Formula XXX can be reacted with a compound of Formula XXVIII

(wherein R _f is same as described earlier) to form a compound of Formula XXXI. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include, for example, dichloromethane, dichloro ethane, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. Examples of bases include, for example, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine.

Compounds prepared using Scheme V include, for example:

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-6-deoxy -α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (Compound No. 52), (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-{[(phe nylsulfonyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 53),

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[ { [(4-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 54),

(4ξ> 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isoproρylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[ { [(4-chloro-ρhenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 55),

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O- {[ {2,5-dichloro-phenyl)-sulfonyl} - amino] -carbonyl} -6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside(Compound No. 56),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[ (2-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 57), (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l- piperidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 58),

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l -azepanyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 59),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-morpholinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 60),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 61),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-hep tyl-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (Compound No. 62), (4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l -dimethylamino)-propyl]-6- deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 63),

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[ { [(2-azepanyl)-sulfonyl]-amino}- carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No.64)

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino} -carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 114),

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(2- methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 115), (4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- chlorophenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 116),

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-

[{[phenylsulphonyl]amino}carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-h ex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No.117), or

(4ξ)-l-O- Heptyl -2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[(4- fluorophenyl)sulphonyl]amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro -hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 118).

Scheme VII

Formula XXXlI Formula XXXIII

A compound of Formula XXXIII can be prepared following Scheme VII. Thus, a compound of Formula XXXII (wherein R ₁ , R ₂ and R ₃ are as described earlier) can be reacted with the compound of Formula XXVIII (wherein R _f is same as described earlier) to form the compound of Formula XXXIII. This reaction can be carried out in an organic solvent and optionally in the presence of a base. Examples of organic solvents include, for example, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane. Examples of bases include, for example, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or pyridine.

A particular illustrative compound prepared through Scheme VII is, for example: l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-amin o]-carbonyl}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 65).

Wherever esters are specified in the compounds disclosed above, one of ordinary skill in the art optionally could hydrolyze them to their respective acids. For example, hydrolysis of alkyl esters (for example, ethyl, methyl or benzyl ester) to their corresponding acids can be carried out in the presence of a base (for example, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide). Alternatively, hydrolysis of benzyl esters can be carried out hydrogenatically using catalysts (for example, palladium on carbon or platinum on carbon). Esters, for example, tert-butyl, can be hydrolyzed to their corresponding acids in the presence of acid (for example, trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid). Where specific bases, acids, solvents, condensing agents, hydrolyzing agents and other reagents are mentioned in the above schemes, it is understood that other acids, bases, solvents, condensing agents, hydrolyzing agents and other reagents known to those skilled in the art

also may be used. Similarly, reaction temperatures and duration of reactions may be adjusted according to the desired needs.

Suitable salts of the compounds represented by Formula I are pharmacologically acceptable salts and can be prepared so as to solubilize the compound in aqueous medium for biological evaluations, as well as to be compatible with various dosage formulations and to aid in the bioavailability of the compounds. Examples of such salts include inorganic acid salts (e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, nitrate or phosphate), organic acid salts (e.g., acetate, tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, toluenesulfonate or methanesulfonate). When free carboxylic acid groups are included in the Formula I as substituents, they may form organic and inorganic base salts (for example, tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or ammonium and the like). These salts may be prepared by prior art techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, treating the compound with an equivalent amount of inorganic or organic base in water.

While the present invention has been described in terms of its specific embodiments, certain modifications and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are included within the scope of the present invention.

Table I

Formula I

wherein W is H and R ₂ & R ₃ together form isopropylidene radical

*tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane salt

Table II

Formula I

wherein W is H and R ₂ & R ₃ and Rc (when R ₄ is OR ₀ ) and R _z (when R ₅ is OR ₂ ) together form isopropylidene radical

Table III

wherein R ₂ & R ₃ together are forming isopropylidene radical and R ₅ is hydrogen

The examples mentioned below demonstrate the general synthetic procedure as well as the specific preparation for the preparation for the preferred compound. The examples are given to illustrate particular aspects of the invention and do not limit the scope of the present 5 invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Synthesis of 4-methoxy-3-(l-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-6J-dihydro-lH- pyrazalo[4,3-d] pyrimidin-S-yli-benzenesulfonyl chloride

The compound l-methyl-5-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-propyl-l,6-dihydro-pyrazolo [4,3- 0 d]pyrimidin-7-one was added in small portions to a cooled solution of chlorosulfonic acid. The temperature of the reaction mixture was maintained at about 10-15 ⁰ C and stirred for 5-6 hours. Thionyl chloride was slowly added and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 20 hours. Reaction mixture was poured onto crushed ice followed by the addition of dichloromethane and stirred for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtered through 5 celite pad. The organic layer was collected and the solvent was evaporated off. The solvent was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue thus obtained was triturated with hexane and filtered to obtain the title compound.

Example IA: Synthesis of l-O-( ^' 2-butoxyethyl ^' )-2,3-O-isopropylidene -6-tosyl-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Step a: Synthesis of methanesulphonic acid 2-butoxy-ethyI ester

Triethylamine (3.5 ml) and methanesulphonylchloride (1.4 ml) were added to a solution of 2-butoxyethanol (2gm) in dichloromethane (40ml) at O ⁰ C and stirred for 1 hour at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was taken in water and extracted with dichloromethane, the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dichloromethane was evaporated under the reduced pressure to get the desired crude title compound (3.8 gm). Step b: Synthesis of l-0-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3;4 ,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Sodium hydride (406 mg) was added to a solution of 2,3; 4, 6-di-0 -isopropylidene-α- L-sorbofuranoside (4gm) in dimethylformamide (50 ml) at O ⁰ C and stirred for about 10 mins. To the reaction mixture was added methanesulphonic acid 2-butoxy-ethyl ester (3 gm) obtained from step a above at the same temperature and further stirred for 2 hrs at room temperature. The reaction mixture was taken in water and extracted with ethyl acetate, the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude product, which was purified by column chromatography, using 20% ethylacetate-hexane as eluant to yield the title compound (3 gm).

Step c: Synthesis of l-0-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-0-isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranosid e

HClO ₄ (1.7 gm) was added to a solution of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2, 3; 4, 6-di-O- isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranoside(3 gm) obtained from step b above in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) at 0° C, and stirred for 4 hrs at the same temperature. Excess HClO ₄ was neutralized by addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude product, which was purified by column chromatography, using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluant to yield the title compound

Step d: Synthesis of l-0-(2-butoxyethyI)-2,3-0-isopropylidene -6-tosyl-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Tϊϊethylamine (1.7 ml) and p -Tolunesulfonylchloride (1.7 gm) were added to a solution of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranosid e (2.6 gm) obtained from step c above in dichloromethane (60 ml) at room temperature and stirred for 12 hrs.

Then reaction mixture was taken in water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude product, which was purified by column chromatography, using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluant to yield the title compound (2.0 gm).

NMR.(400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.82 (d, 2H, 8 Hz), 7.33 (d, 2H, 8Hz), 4.41 (s, IH), 4.35 (s, IH), 4.32-4.33 (m, IH), 4.21-4.22 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.75 (m, 5H), 3.37-3.39 (m, 4H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.50-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 0.88-0.99 (m, 3H)

LCMS: (m/z) 497 (M+Na)

SCHEME I:

Example 2: Synthesis of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- ([Yphenyl-sulfonvD-aminol- carbonyli-6-deoxy-6-f4-moφholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 1)

Benzenesulfonyl isocyanate (0.057 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Decyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-(5-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L- sorbofuranoside (150 mg) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at 0 ⁰ C, stirred for 1 hour at this temperature and followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel column using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (210 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ):δ 8.04 (2H ₅ d, J=9Hz), 7.61 (3H, m), 4.98 (IH, s), 4.45 (2H, s), 3.62-3.46 (5H, m), 1.59 (2H, m), 1.48 (3H, s), 1.36 (3H, s), 1.27 (14H, m), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6Hz), 0.87 (3H, d, J=6Hz)

LCMS (m/e): 550 (M ⁺ +Na)

Analogs of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- {[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 1) listed below can be prepared by replacing benzene sulfonyl isocyanate with the appropriate isocyanate, as applicable in each case:

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [(4-chloro-phenyl)-sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 2), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[phenyl-sulfonylamino] -carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l- azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 3), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- {[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonylamino]-carbonyl} -6- deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 4), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl]-6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 5), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[(4-chloro-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 6), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-{[(phenyl-sulfonyl)-ami no]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(4- morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 7),

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [(phenylsulfonyl)-amino] -carbonyl} -6-deoxy-6-( 1 - ρyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 8), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 9),

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-methyl-phenyl)- sulfonylamino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sor bofuranoside. (Compound No. 10), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-chloro-phenyl)-sul fonylamino]-carbonyl}-6- deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside. (Compound No. 11).

Example 3: Synthesis of l-O4ϊeptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-ir4-f2-methoxy-2-oxo- ethyl)-phenyl1-ammol-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-so rbofuranoside (Compound No. 12)

Methyl 4-isocyanatophenyl acetate (0.57 g) was added dropwise with continuous stirring to a solution of l-O-heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene- -6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L- sorbofuranoside (1.0 g) (prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,570) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0-5 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and after 24 hours, dichloromethane was removed under reduced pressure to obtain crude product. The crude residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (1.40 S)-

¹ HNMR (CDCl ₃ , 300MHz): δ 7.32-7.35 (2H,m), 7.26-7.12 (2H,m), 6.78 (lH,bs,NH), 5.23(lH,bs),4.55-4.50(2H,m),3.67-3.62(4H,m),3.57-3.47(5H,m), 2.80(2H,d,5.9Hz), 2.72- 2.67(4H,m), 1.77(lH,bs), 1.591.48(10H,m), 1.38(3H,s), 1.24(10H,bs),0.84(3H,t,6.3Hz). Analogs of 1 -O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)- phenyl]-amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofur anoside (Compound No. 12) described below can be prepared by replacing methyl 4-isocyanatophenylacetate with the appropriate isocyanate, as applicable in each case. l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 13),

Hydrochloride salt of l-O-heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-eth yl)- phenyl]-amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofur anoside (Compound No. 14),

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]-amino} - carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 15), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-morpholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 16),

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo -ethyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 17), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-methoxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 18).

Example 4: Synthesis of l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-(r4-f2-hydroxy-2-oxo- ethyl)-phenyl1-amino)-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-π-azepanyl)-α-L-s orbofuranoside CCompound

IN sodium hydroxide (50 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Heptyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]-amino} -carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l- azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (1.20 g) (obtained from Example 2) in methanol (20 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50 ⁰ C. After 5 hours, methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the reaction mixture was treated with dilute HCl until ~pH 5 was obtained. The solid thus separated was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to furnish the title compound (0.95 g).

¹ HNMR (CDCl ₃ ,300 MHz): δ 7.26-7.00(4H,m), 6.5(lH,bs), 5.15(lH,bs), 4.60(lH,bs), 3.69- 3.63(lH,m), 3.58(3H,m), 3.26-3.21(lH,m),3.10-3.04(3H,bs), 2.89(3H,m), 2.78(3H,m); 1.76(4H,bs), 1.62-1.52(4H,m), 1.48-1.38(95H,m),1.38-1.35(3H,m), 1.31-1.25(8H,bs), 0.86(3H,t,7.7Hz).

Analogs of l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl)- phenyl]-amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofur anoside (Compound No. 19) described below can be prepared by hydrolyzing the respective esters to their corresponding acids. l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[(4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo-eth yl]-phenyl)-amino]- carbonyl}-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 20),

-Tris-salt-of-l-θ-Heptyl-2τ3-θ=isopropylidene-4-θ^{[4 -(2=hydroxy=2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6~(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 21),

Tris salt of- 1 -O-decyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-4-O- { [4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl)-phenyl] - amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 22), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-piperidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 23), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(4-moφholinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.24), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 25), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]-amino}- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l- pyrrolidinyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 26), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[{4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxy-et hyl)-phenyl}-amino]- carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-(l-azepanyl)-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 27).

Example 5: Synthesis of Tris salt of-l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-r(4-{2-hydroxy-2- oxo-ethyl}-phenyl)-amino1-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-r2-fl-pyrrolidi nyl)-ethyl1-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 28)

Step a: Synthesis of l-0-DecyI-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-[(4-{2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethy l} phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl] -amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Methyl 4-isocyanatophenyl acetate (0.50 g) was added to a solution of l-O-Decyl-2,3- 0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-amino- α-L-sorbofuranoside (1.0 g) (prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,570) in dichloromethane (20 mL) at 0-5 ⁰ C, with continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 6 hours, dichloromethane (30 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and organic layer was washed with water and brine, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate-methanol as eluent to yield the title compound (1.16 g).

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-Decyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l}- phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl] amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside

0.5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (30 rnL) was added to a solution of l-O- Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[(4- {2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl} -phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl-6- deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-amino-α-L-sorbofuranosid e (0.6g) (obtained from step a above) in methanol (5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50 ⁰ C. After 3 hours, the solvent was evaporated and residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was acidified to ~pH 5 with concentrated HCl and extracted with ethylacetate. The organic extracts were washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure to yield the title compound (0.34 g).

Step c: Synthesis of Tris salt of-l-0-Decyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-0-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2- oxo-ethyl}-phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidi nyl)-ethyl] amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (0.057 g) was added to a solution of 1-O-Decyl-

2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl}-phen yl)-amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6- [2-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-ethyl] amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (0.3g) (obtained from step b above) in ethanol (20 mL) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred for one hour. Ethanol was removed at reduced pressure to yield the title compound as a hygroscopic solid (34 mg).

¹ H NMR (DMSO, 300 MHz):δ 7.34 (2H, d, 8.2Hz), 7.13 (2H, d, 8.2Hz), 4.35 (IH, s), 4.31 (IH, bs), 4.06 (IH, bs), 3.73-3.12 (16H, m), 1.87 (4H, bs), 1.50-1.03 (22H, m), 0.85 (3H, bs)

Analogs of Tris salt of-l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[(4-{2-hydroxy-2-oxo- ethyl}-phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-pyrrolidinyl) -ethyl]amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 28) described below can be prepared by replacing 2-(l- pyrrolidinyl)-ethylamine in step a with the appropriate amine, as applicable in each case.

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-[{4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl}- amino]-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-piperidinyl)-ethyl]amino-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 29),

Tris salt of l-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethy l)-phenyl]- amino} -carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(4-moφholinyl)-ethyl]-amino-α-L-sor bofuranoside (Compound No. 30),

Tris salt ofl-O-Decyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-{[4-(2-hydroxy-2-oxo-et hyl)-phenyl]- amino}-carbonyl-6-deoxy-6-[2-(l-cycloheptyl-amino)-ethyl]-am ino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 31). Scheme II

Example 6: Synthesis of f4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-[{[(4- fluoro-phenylVamino1-carbonyl>-amino1-α-L-ervthro-hex-2- ulofuranoside f Compound No. 32}

Step a: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-oxo-6-deoxy-α -L-erythro- hex-2-ulofuranoside

Pyridinium dichromate (1.52 g) and acetic anhydride (1.15 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-α-L-sorbofuranosid e (1.5 g) (prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,570) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture then was refluxed for 2-3 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the reέulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and filtered over silica gel. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as yellow oil (1.3 g).

¹ HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.59 (IH, q, 6Hz), 4.32 (IH, s), 3.53-3.48 (4H, m), 1.59-1.52 (5H, m), 1.43 (3H, s), 1.38-1.26 (2 IH, m), 0.90- 0.86 (3H, m). LCMS (m/e): 571 (M ⁺ H-Na)

Step b: Synthesis of (4ξ)~l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-hydroxy - imino-α-L-sorbofuranoside

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.74 g) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl- 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-oxo-6-deoxy-α -L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (1.3 g) (obtained from step a above) in pyridine-ethanol (1:1, 3 niL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was refluxed at about 75 ⁰ C for 3 hours, after which the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude oil, and purified by column chromatography, using 10% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (1 g).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.41 (IH, d, 16Hz), 5.29-5.14 (IH, m), 5.01-4.90 (IH, m), 3.58-3.49 (4H, m), 1.56-1.38 (13H, m), 1.26 (16H, m), 0.88-0.86 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 424 (M ⁺ +K) Step c: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino~� �-L- erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside

Lithium aluminum hydride (0.29 g) was added portion- wise to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O- Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-hydroxy-imino-α- L-sorbofuranoside (l g) (obtained from step b above) in dry tetrahydrofuran with vigorous stirring at room temperature and further stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture then was quenched with a few drops of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, diluted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting residue was filtered over celite. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound as yellow oil (800 mg).

Step d: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-[{[(4- fluoro- phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofurano side (Compound No. 32)

4-fluorophenyl isocyanate (0.03 mL) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl- 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino-α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (100 mg)

(obtained from step c above) in dichloromethane (3 niL) at O ⁰ C and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture then was concentrated and the resulting crude oil was purified by column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (90 mg). ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): 67.31-7.28 (2H, m), 7.00 (2H, t, 8.5Hz), 6.39 (IH, s), 5.04 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.55 (IH, d, 4.5Hz), 4.02-3.88 (2H ₃ m), 3.60-3.47 (4H, m), 1.62-1.50 (5H, m), 1.44- 1.25 (27H, m), 0.89-0.85 (3H ₅ m).

LCMS (m/e): 531 (M ⁺ +Na)

Example 7: Synthesis of f4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-irf4-fl uoro- phenyl)-carbonyl1-amino}-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 35)

4-fluoro-benzoyl chloride was added to a solution having 100 mg of a compound obtained from step c of Example 6 (i.e., (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy- 4-amino-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside), in dichloromethane (3 mL) at O ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2-3 hours and then taken into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude yellow oil, which was purified by column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to furnish the title compound (75 mg). ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.83-7.79 (2H, m), 7.14 (2H, t, 9Hz), 6.37 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.60 (lH,d, 3Hz), 4.30 (IH, m), 4.06 (IH, m), 3.61-3.50 (4H, m), 1.59-1.49 (5H, m), 1.41-1.36 (6H, m), 1.26 (18H, m), 0.90- 0.85 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 494 (M ⁺ +!)

Example 8: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-{[ ^" (butyl- aminoVcarbonyl} -amino} -α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranose f Compound No. 33)

N-butyl isocyanate (0.03 mL) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O- isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofur anoside (100 mg) (obtained

from step c of Example 6) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (85 mg). ¹ HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.56-4.51 (2H, m), 4.25 (IH, bs), 3.91 (2H, m), 3.60-3.47 (4H, m), 3.19-3.15 (2H, m), 1.58-1.46 (8H, m), 1.38-1.30 (4H, m), 1.26 (21H, m), 0.95-0.86 (6H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 471 (M ⁺ +!)

Example 9: Synthesis of (4ζ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-(r(4-fl uoro- phenyl)-sulfonyl]-amino|-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 34)

Triethylamine (0.04 mL) and 4- fluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride (53 mg) were added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino-� �-L-erythro- hex-2-ulofuranoside (100 mg) (obtained from step c of Example 6) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 °C and stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was taken into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting crude oil was purified by column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (80 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.94-7.90 (2H, m), 7.18 (2H, t, 9Hz), 5.07 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.02 (IH, d, 6Hz), 3.89 (IH, m), 3.48-3.40 (4H, m), 3.22 (IH, m), 1.56-1.49 (5H, m), 1.27 -1.22 (24H, m), 0.90- 0.86 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 547 (_vT+18)

Example 10: Synthesis of (4£)-l-O-Dodecyl-2.3-O-isopropylidene-4.6-dideoxy-4-(r3-(L3 - benzodionol-5-yl)-propanoyll-amino}-α-L-ervthro-hex-2-ulofu ranoside (Compound No. 38) N-methylmorpholine (0.03 mL, 0.29 mmol) and 1 -hydroxy benzotriazole (40 mg, 0.29 mmol) were added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4- amino-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (100 mg) (obtained from step c of Example 6) and 3-

benzo[l,3]-dioxol-5-yl-propionic acid (52 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) at

O ⁰ C. After 0.5 hours, N-(dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (132 mg, 0.67 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude yellow oil which was purified by column chromatography using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to furnish the title compound (80 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 6.71-6.64 (3H, m), 5.92 (2H, s), 5.62 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.45 (IH, d, 4.5Hz), 4.09 (IH, m), 3.90 (IH, m), 3.58-3.46 (4H, m), 2.91-2.86 (2H, m), 2.51-2.46 (2H, m), 1.57-1.50 (5H, m), 1.25-1.10 (24H, m), 0.89- 0.85 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 570 (M ⁺ +Na)

Example 11: Synthesis of f4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-rir(4- r2- hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)-aminol-carbonyl)-amino1-α-L-er ythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 37)

Step a: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-[{[(4- [2- methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-er ythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside

(4-phenoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (77 mg) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino-� �-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (100 mg) (obtained from step c of Example 6) in dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mL) and triethylamine (0.04 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs, taken into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate -hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (95 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.28-7.19 (4H, m), 6.40 (IH, bs), 5.08 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.56 (IH, d, 6Hz), 4.02-3.92 (2H, m), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.61-3.49 (6H, m), 1.59 (2H, m), 1.51 (3H, s), 1.38- 1.25 (24H, m), 0.88-0.85 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 585 (M ⁺ +Na) Step b: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-[{[(4- [2- hydroxy-2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-er ythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (7 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l- O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-di-deoxy-4-[{[(4-[2-metho xy-2-oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)- amino]-carbonyl}-amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (95 mg, 0.17 mmol) (obtained from step a above) in tetrahydrofuran:methanol:water (3:1:1, 5 mL) at 0 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting crude mass was taken into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (65 mg).

¹ HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 8.67 (IH, s), 7.30 (2H, d, 9Hz), 7.10 (2H, d, 9Hz),6.17 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.44 (IH, s), 3.88-3.80 (2H, m), 3.53-3.45 (6H, m), 1.48-1.32 (5H, m), 1.23-1.16 (24H ₅ m), 0.86-0.82 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 571 (Mí+Na)

Example 12: Synthesis of f4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,,6-di-deoxy-4-r{[Y2 - phenylethyl)-amino ^" |-thiocarbonyl} -amino]-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 36) Triethylamine (0.04 mL) and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (0.04 mL) was added to a solution of (4ξ)-l -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4,6-dideoxy-4-amino-α-L-ery thro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (100 mg) (obtained from step c of Example 6) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at room temperature and then the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. The solvent was

evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting crude oil was purified by column chromatography using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (95 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.36-7.21 (5H,m), 5.74 (IH, d, 9Hz), 4.56 (2H, m), 3.94-3.89 (IH, m), 3.69-3.48 (6H, m), 2.95-2.90 (2H, m), 1.54 (5H, m), 1.38-1.26(21H, m), 0.90- 0.85 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 535 (M ⁺ -M) Scheme III

Example 13: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[f4-fluorophenyi y ammo]-carbonyl}-ammo-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 39)

Step a: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene6-deoxy-6-benzylamino-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Benzylamine (3 rnL) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6- tosyl-α-L-sorbofuranoside (5 g) and the reaction mixture was heated for about 2 hours at 110 ⁰ C. The benzylamine was distilled out under reduced pressure and the residue thus obtained was purified over a silica gel column using 25% ethyl acetate-hexane as a eluent to yield the title compound (4.17 g).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.20-7.35 (5H, m, Aromatic), 4.42 (IH, s), 4.33 (IH, q, J=6Hz), 4.22 (IH, d, J=3Hz), 3.79 (2H, ABq), 3.64 (2H, dd), 3.45-3.52 (2H, m), 3.22 (IH, dd), 2.99 (IH, dd), 1.51-1.55 (5H, m), 1.37 (3H, s), 1.29 (18H, bs), 0.87 (3H, t, J=3Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 478.25 (M ⁺ +l)

Step b: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-ljS-O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-ό-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside

10% Pd/C (2 g) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene6- deoxy-6-benzylamino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (4.Ig) (obtained from step a above) in methanol (20lrϊE) ^~ The reaction mixture was shaken using a Parr apparatus at ^~ 60 ^~ psrfόϊT2 ^~ hours at

room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (2.5 g).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.42 (IH, s), 4.20-4.24 (2H, m), 3.60-3.71 (4H, m), 3.21-3.22 (IH, dd, 15Hz, 3Hz), 3.08-3.10 (IH, dd, 15Hz, 6Hz), 1.57-1.61 (5H, m), 1.36 (3H, s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.87 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 388.24 (M ⁺ +l)

Step c: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-fluorophenyl )- amino]-carbonyl}-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 39)

4-fluorophenyl isocyanate (35.4 mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (100 mg) (obtained from step b above) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at 0 ⁰ C and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column using 40% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (130 mg). ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.2 (2H, m), 6.99 (2H, t, 9Hz), 4.49 (IH, bs), 4.46 (IH, s), 4.11-4.33 (3H, m), 3.44-3.74 (9H, m), 1.41-1.55 (5H, m), 1.35 (3H, s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.85 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 525.32 (M ⁺ +l)

Example 14: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-((r(4-fluoro- phenylVaminol-thiocarbonyll-aminoVα-L-sorbofuranoside f Compound No. 46)

4-fluorophenyl isothiocyanate (39.5 mg) and triethylamine (0.01 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbof uranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dichloromethane (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel column using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (130 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.26-7.08 (4H, m), 4.77 (2H, m), 4.47-4.42 (IH, m), 4.06 (IH, s), 3.72-3.69 (IH, m), 3.54-3.46 (4H, m), 1.55-1.11 (26H, m), 0.88 (3H, t, 6Hz). LCMS (m/e): 541 (M ⁺ +!)

Example 15: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[(4-fluorophenyr) - sulfonyl]-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 40)

Triethylamine (0.036 mL) and 4-fluorobenzene sulfonylchloride (50mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbof uranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture then was taken into distilled water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel column using 10% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (75 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ )δ: 7.87-7.92 (2H, m), 7.16-7.26 (2H, m), 4.37 (IH, s), 4.24-4.28 (IH, m), 3.99-4.04 (IH, dd, 8Hz, 3z), 3.65-3.70 (2H, m), 3.48-3.53 (2H, d, 6Hz), 3.23-3.28 (2H, t, 6Hz), 1.45-1.58 (5H, m), 1.31 (3H, s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.88 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 546.27 (M ⁺ +l)

Example 16: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-lf4-fluoro-phenyl )- carbonyl|-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 42) 4- fluorobenzoyl chloride (0.03 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dichloromethane (2 mL) at 0 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture then was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel (100-200 mesh) column using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (58 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.77-7.81 (2H, m), 7.08-7.26 (2H, t, 9Hz), 6.47 (IH, bs), 4.40-

4.46 (2H, m), 4.03-4.09 (2H, m), 3.88-3.90 (IH, m), 3.74-3.77 (IH, d, 9Hz), 3.53-3.62 (4H, m), 1.50-1.58 (5H, m), 1.35 (3H,s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.88 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 510.39 (M ⁺ +l) Analogs of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(4-fluoro-phenyl )- carbonyl}-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 42) described below can be prepared by replacing 4- fluorobenzoyl chloride with the appropriate chlorides, as applicable in each case. l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-trifluoromet hyl)benzoyl]amino}-a-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 68), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-fluorophenyl )acetyl}amino]-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 69),

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {(3-fluorobenzoyl)amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 70), 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {(quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 71), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(2-thienylacetyl )amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 72), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 73), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-fluorophenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 74), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(3,4-dimethoxybe nzoyl) amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 75), 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3 -O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { (isoquinolin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 76),

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[4-(acetylamino) benzoyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 77), l-O-Dodecyl^ _j S-O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-β-IKpyridin^-y^-carbonylj-amino J-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 78), l-O-Dodecyl^^-O-isopropylidene-δ-deoxy-ό-j^jό-dichloropyr idin^-y^-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 79),

1 -O-Dodecyl^S-O-isopropylidene-ό-deoxy-ό- { [(quinolin-3yl)-carbonyl]-amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 80), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(5-methyl-3-phe nylisoxazol-4-yl)-carbonyl]- amino} -α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 81), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{(phenyl)acetyl}- amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 82), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 83), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {[(3, 5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 84), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methoxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 85), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 86), l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-methoxyplien yl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 87),

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 88), ^l-0-Dodeeyl-2 ₇ 3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{-[(-2 ₅ 6-Ghlorophenyl)aGetyl-]amino}-a-L sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 89),

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-methylphenyl)acetyl] amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 90),

1 -0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(3,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 91), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,5-difluoroph enyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 92), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2,4,5-trifluor ophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 93), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {[(3,4-dichlorophenyl )acetyl]amino} -α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 94), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-hydroxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 95), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-methylphenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 96), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-chlorophenyl )acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 97), l-O-Dodecyl^jS-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-ό-^ljS-benzodioxol -S-ylacety^aminoJ-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 98), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-hydroxypheny l)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 99), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-hydroxy-3-fl uorophenyl)acetyl ]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 100), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-isopropylphe nyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 101), ^l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[biphenyl-4-yla cetyl]amino}-α-L sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 102),

l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3-methylphe nyl)acetyl]amino}-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 103), l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(2-fluoro-6-chl orophenyl)acetyl]amino}-α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 104), 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acetyl]amino} -α- L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 105),

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} - α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 106), or

1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- { [(2-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino} - α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.107).

Example 17: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[ ^" 3-(l,3- benzodionol-5-yl)-propanoyll-aminoj -α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 43)

3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-propionic acid (50 mg), followed by N- methylmorpholine (62mg) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (38mg) were added to a solution of 1- O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofur anoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) at 0 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 ⁰ C. N-(dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (56 mg) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with distilled water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel column using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (87 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 6.62-6.74 (3H, m), 5.92 (2H, s), 4.43 (2H, s), 4.20 (IH, m), 3.95-4.06 (2H, m), 3.51-3.71 (5H ₃ m), 2.88 (2H, 2H, 6Hz), 2.43 (2H, t, 6Hz), 1.58 (2H, m), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.35 (3H, s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.88 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 564.37 (M ⁺ +l)

Example 18: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-Q-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-irfbutyl-amino ^' )- carbonyli-aminol-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.45 ^" )

N-butyl isocyanate (0.03 mL) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature stirred for one hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel column using 15% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (80 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.45 (IH, s), 4.25 (IH, m), 4.06-4.05 (IH, d, 3Hz), 3.71-3.51 (5H, m), 3.25 (IH, m), 3.14 (2H, t, 6Hz), 1.57-1.55 (2H, m), 1.51-1.24 (28H, m), 0.94- 0.84 (6H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 509.4 (M ⁺ +23)

Example 19: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{r{f4-r2-hydroxy- 2-oxo-ethyl1-phenyl)-amino|-carbonyll-amino}-α-L-sorbofuran oside (Compound No. 44) Step a: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[{(4-[2-ethoxy-2 -oxo- ethyl]-phenyI)-amino}-carbonyl]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside

Triethylamine (0.071 mL) and (4-phenoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (147 mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (200 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dry tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature and then heated to and maintained at 50 ⁰ C overnight. The reaction mixture was taken into distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel column using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (270 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.18-7.26 (4H, m), 5.21 (IH, bs), 4.46 (IH, s), 4.30 (2H, bs), 4:09 ^~ 4:r2 ^~ (ffl3r6Hz)73769-3T73 ^~ (4H, ^" ln)73753-3763 ^" (6H^n)73742-(lHrbs)7174 ^" 8-1766 ^" (5H^ m), 1.35 (3H, s), 1.25 (18H, bs), 0.86 (3H, m).

LCMS (m/e): 579.37 (M ⁺ +!)

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-6-deoxy-6-{[{(4-[2-hydroxy- 2- oxo-ethyl]-phenyl)-amino}-carbonyI]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranos ide

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (30 mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3- O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[{(4-[2-methoxy-2-oxo-ethyl]-phe nyl)-amino}-carbonyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (270 mg) obtained from step a of Example 19, in tetrahydrofuran (6 mL), methanol (2 mL) and distilled water (2 mL) at room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was taken in distilled water and acidified with dilute aqueous sodium hydrogen solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (200 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, D ₂ O): δ 7.28-7.31 (2H, d, 9Hz), 7.11-7.13 (2H, d, 6Hz), 4.32 (IH, s), 4.14 (IH, m), 3.99 (IH, s), 3.18-3.56 (8H, m), 1.47-1.49 (2H, m), 1.39 (3H, s), 1.29 (IH, s), 1.24 (18H, bs), 0.85 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 565.42 (M ⁺ +l)

Analogs of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- {[ {(4-[2-hydroxy-2-oxo- ethyl]-phenyl)-amino}-carbonyl]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 44)_described below can be prepared by replacing (4-phenoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester with the appropriate esters, as applicable in each case. l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[({[2-(carboxymet hyl)phenyl]amino}- carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 66), or l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-[({[3-(carboxymet hyl)phenyl]amino}- carbonyl)amino]-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 67).

Example 20: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2 J-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(ethylsulfonyl)- amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 41)

Triethylamine (0.036 mL, 0.258 mmol) and ethanesulfonyl chloride (0.-032 mg, 0.258 mmol) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L- sorbofuranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b of Example 13 in dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0 ⁰ C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature and then taken into distilled water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel column using 25% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield title compound (100 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.54 (IH, bs), 4.42-4.37 (2H, m), 4.12-4.09 (IH, d, 9Hz), 3.80-3.72 (IH, m), 3.57-3.39 (6H, m), 3.11-3.03 (2H, q, 9Hz), 1.57-1.26 (26H, m), 0.88 (3H, t, 6Hz).

LCMS (m/e): 480.39 (M ⁺ +l) Example 21 : Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-methyl-6-deoxy-6--iTf4- fluorophenyl)acetyl1amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 108) (RBxl4599)

Step a: Synthesis of l-O-Dodecyl^S-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy-β-aza-oc-L- sorbofuranoside

Sodium azide (2.6 gm) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O~isopropylidene- 6-tosyl-α-L-sorbofuranoside (4.4 gm) in dimethylformamide (30 ml) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was heated for about 10 hours at 11O ⁰ C. The dimethylformamide was distilled out under reduced pressure, the residue was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (4g).

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-4-0-methoxy-6-deoxy~6~aza-� �-

L-sorbofuranoside

Sodium hydride (9 mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-aza-α-L-sorbofuranoside (130 mg) obtained from step a above in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) at O ⁰ C and stirred for 20 mins. At the same temperature methyliodide (0.1 ml) was added and further stirred for about 1 hr at room temperature. The tetrahydrofuran was distilled out under reduced pressure; the residue was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound (100 mg) Step c: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene~4~0-methoxy-6-deoxy-6-amino - α-L-sorbofuranoside

20% Pd/C (20 mg) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4- O-methoxy-6-deoxy-6-aza-α-L-sorbofuranoside (lOOmg) obtained from step b above in methanol (10 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken under hydrogen atmosphere, using a Parr apparatus at 60 psi for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel column using 10% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent to yield the title compound (55mg). d. Synthesis of 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-methyl-6-deoxy-6- { [Y4- fluorophenyl)acetyl]amino)-a-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 108)

4-Fluorophenylaceticacid (21 mg), 1-hydroxybezotriazole (20 mg) and N- methylmorpholine (0.1 ml) was added to a solution of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4- O-methyl-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (55 mg) obtained from step c above in dimethylformamide (5 mL) at 0 ⁰ C and after 20 minutes at the same temperature was added EDCLHCl (28 mg). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure the residue was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced

pressure and the residue was purified over preparative TLC (thickness 2mm) using 40 % ethylacetate-hexane as eluant to yield the title compound (35 mg).

¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.21-7.26(m,2H), 7.00-7.05(m, 2H), 5.84 (bs, IH ₃ NH), 4.49 (s, IH), 4.31-4.33 (m, IH) 3.63-3.65 (m, IH), 3.43-3.59 (m, 8H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 1.55-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.48 (m, 24H), 0.86-0.89 (m, 3H).

LCMS; (m/z), 538 (M+l), 560 (M+Na)

Example 22: Synthesis of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl ^* )-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6- JF(4- fluorophenyl) acetyll-aminol-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 113)

Step a: Synthesis of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene6-deoxy-6-aza-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Sodium azide (1.4 gm) was added to a solution of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O- isopropylidene-6-tosyl-α-L-sorbofuranoside (2.0 gm) in dimethylformamide (20 ml) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was heated for about 12 hours at 110 ⁰ C. The dimethylformamide was distilled out under reduced pressure, the residue was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure the residue thus obtained was purified over a silica gel column using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as a eluant to yield the title compound (l.lg)

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-4-0-methoxy-6-deoxy -6- amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside

10% Pd/C (lOOmg) was added to a solution of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O- isopropylidene6-deoxy-6-benzylamino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Ig) obtained from step a above, in methanol (30 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken under hydrogen atmosphere using a Parr apparatus at 60 psi for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified over a silica gel column using 20% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (800 mg). Step c: Syϊth^isπofl^O-(2=bTϊtoxyellϊy^^^ fluorophenyl) acetyl]-amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 113)

4-fluorophenylaceticacid (48 mg), 1-hydroxybezotriazole (47 mg) and N- methylmorpholine (0.05 ml) was added to a solution of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O- isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-amino-α-L-sorbofuranoside (100 mg) obtained from step b above in dimethylformamide (5 mL) at 0 ⁰ C and after 20 minutes at the same temperature was added EDCLHCl (66 mg). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure the residue was taken in distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over preparative TLC (thickness 2mm) using 50% ethyl acetate -hexane as eluant to yield the title compound (125mg).

¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): D D DiD D Dm, 2H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 2H), 5.82 (bs, IH, NH), 5.45 (s, IH), 4.20-4.27 (m, IH), 3.95-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.73 (m, HH) ₅ 1.25-1.61 (m, 10 H), 0.87-0.91 (m, 3H). LCMS:(m/z), 456 (M+l), 478 (M+Na)

Analogs of l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(4-fluo rophenyl) acetyl]- amino}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 113) described below can be prepared by replacing 4-fluorophenylacetic acid with the appropriate acids, as applicable in each case. l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl] amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 109), l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3,4 dichlorophenyl)acetyl] amino }- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 110), l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 111), or l-O-(2-butoxyethyl)- 2,3-O-isopropylidene- 6-deoxy-6-{[(3-memoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}- α-L-sorbofuranose (Compound No. 112).

SCHEME IV

Example 23: Synthesis of Hydrochloride salt of l-O-Dodecyl-σ^-O-isopropylidene-β-deoxy- 6-{l-| ^" 4-({4-methoxy-3-r5-(l-methyl-3-propyl-7-oxo-l,6-dihydro-pyra zolor4,3-d]- pyrimidinyllj-phenyll-sulfonyl ^* )- -piperazinylll-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 47) Step a: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(4-benzyIpiperazi n-l- yl) -α-L-sorbofuranoside

A mixture of l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-tosyl-α-L-sorbofuranosid e (prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,637,570) (500 mg) and 1-benzylpiperazine (206 mg) was heated with stirring for 7-8 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and triturated with ether. A white solid precipitated, which was filtered and the filtrate was washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified over a silica gel column using 30% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (550 mg).

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(piperazin-l-yI) -α-L- sorbofuranoside

10% Palladium/carbon (275 mg) and ammonium formate (1.0 g) was added with stirring to solution of the l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-(4-benzylpiperazi n- 1-yl) -α-L-sorbofuranoside (550 mg) obtained from step a above in methanol (20 mL) and the reaction mixture was refluxed. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled and filtered through a bed of celite. It was repeatedly washed with hot dichloromethane and then washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified using column chromatography using 2.5% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent to furnish the title compound (450 mg).

Step c: Synthesis of l~0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{l-[ 4-({4-methoxy-3- [5-{l-methyl-3-propyl-7-oxo-l,6-dihydro-pyrazolo[4,3-d]-pyri midinyl}]-phenyl}- sulfonyl)- -piperazinyl]}-α-L-sorbofuranoside 4j _: me^xy-3-fl-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyi _r 6,7^hyjdrOj!,lHzpyrazolo[4,3 _^ d]pyrimidin _^ 5^ — yl)-benzenesulfonyl chloride was mixed with l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isoρropylidene-6-deoxy-6-

(piperazin-1-yl) -oL-sorbofuranoside (488 mg) obtained in step b above and dissolved in a dichloromethane:pyridine (5:1 mL) mixture at 0 °C. After 1 hour, the solvent mixture was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was taken in dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and water and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over a silica gel column using 2% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent to yield the title compound (350mg).

¹ HNMR (CDCl ₃ , 300 MHz):δ 8.82 (IH, d, 2Hz), 7.81 (IH, dd, 2 & 6.6Hz), 7.15 (IH, d, 8.7Hz), 4.78 (IH, bs), 4.37 (4H, m), 4.27 (5H, s), 4.1 (IH, s), 3.61 (IH, m), 3.55-3.48 (3H, m), 3.08 (4H, bs), 2.92 (2H, t, 7.4Hz), 2.85 (2H, m), 2.8-2.1 (7H, m), 1.85 (2H, q, 7.4Hz), 1.68 (3H, m), 1.44 (3H, s), 1.31-1.24 (2.4H, m), 1.02 (3H, m), 0.87 (3H, t, 5.8Hz).

Step d: Synthesis of Hydrochloride salt of l-0-DodecyI-2,3-0-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-

{l-[4-({4-methoxy-3-[5-{l-methyI-3-propyI-7-oxo-l,6-dihydro- pyrazolo[4,3-d]- pyrimidinyI}]-phenyl}-sulfonyl)- -piperazinyl]}-α-L-sorbofuranoside .Ethereal HCl was added to l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-deoxy-6-{l-[ 4-({4- methoxy-3-[5-{l-methyl-3-propyl-7-oxo-l,6-dihydro-pyrazolo[4 ,3-d]-pyrimidinyl}]-phenyl}- sulfonyl)- -piperazinyl]}-α-L-sorbofuranoside (lOOmg) obtained from step c above, dissolved in minimum amount of ether (5 mL) at 0 ⁰ C and stirred for about 40 minutes. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue triturated with hexane to yield a white solid that was filtered and dried in vacuo to produce the title compound (lOOmg).

SCHEME V

Example 24: Synthesis of l-0-[(4-nitro-phenyl-amino-carbonyloxy)-hexyri-2,3;4,6-di-0- isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 48)

Step a: Synthesis of l-0-[(6-hydroxyhexyI]~2,3;4,6-di-0-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside

Potassium hydroxide (12.9 g), followed by 6-chloro-l-hexanol (11.56 g) and a pinch of-tetrabutylammonium-iodide-was-added-to-a-solution-of-a-^ ₇ 3;476-di-O=isopropylidene-α-L^ sorbofuranoside (20 g)(prepared as described in U.S Patent No.6,329,344 )in

dimethylsulfoxide (80 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 5O ⁰ C and after 5 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled and water was added. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic extract was washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and product was purified over a silica gel column using 10% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (22.5g).

Step b: Synthesis of l-0-[(4-nitro-phenyl-amino-carbonyloxy)-hexyl]-2,3;4,6-di-0- isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranoside

P-nitrophenyl isocyanate (0.51 g) was added to a solution of l-O-[(6-hydroxyhexyl]- 2,3;4,6-di-0-isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranoside obtained from step a of Example 22 (1.0 g) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at 0 ⁰ C with continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24 hours. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography using 20% ethyl acetate- hexane as eluent to furnish the title compound (1.24 g ) ¹ H NMR (CDCl ₃ , 300 MHz):δ 8.20 (2H, d, 8.9Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, 8.9Hz), 4.46 (IH, s), 4.30 (IH, s), 4.20 (2H, t, 6.2Hz), 4.09-4.02 (3H, m), 3.77-3.39 (4H, m), 1.69 -1.23 (2OH, m)

LCMS (m/e): 542.0 (M+NH ₄ ), 547 (M+Na)

Analogs of l-O-[(4-nitro-phenyl-amino-carbonyloxy)-hexyl]-2,3;4,6-di-O- isopropylidene-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No.48) described below can be prepared by replacing p-nitrophenyl isocyanate with the appropriate isocyanate, as applicable in each case. l-O-[6-{(4-Chloro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 49), l-O-[6-{(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy}-hexyl]-2,3;4,6 -di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 50), l-O-{6-[(4-Methyl-phenyl)-amino-carbonyloxy]-hexyl}-2,3;4,6- di-O-isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 51).

SCHEME VI

Example 25: Synthesis ofY4£> l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0 -isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-ir( phenyl sulfonyl)-amino]-carbonyl} -6-deoxy-α-L-ervthro-hex-2-ulofiiranoside (Compound No. 53) Step a: Synthesis of (4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropyIidene-4-C-methyl-6-deoxy-α -L- erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside

Methyl magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added to a solution of (4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-oxo-6-deoxy-α -L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (2.60 g) prepared in step a of Example 6 at 0 ⁰ C in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture then was quenched with water (5 mL) and concentrated. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic extracts were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified over a silica gel column using 5% ethyl acetate-hexane as eluent to yield the title compound as viscous oil (1.93 g). ¹ H NMR (CDCl ₃ ): δ 4.12 (s, IH), 3.91 (q, J=6.0Hz, IH), 3.57-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.64 (s, IH, -OH), 1.57 (s, 6H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.26-1.15 (m, 2H), 0.88 (t, J=6.0Hz, 3H).

LCMS (m/e): 403 (M ⁺ +! 8).

Step b: Synthesis of (4ξ)~ l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0 -isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-0-{[( phenyl sulfonyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofur anoside Benzenesulfonyl isocyanate (0.13 mL) was added slowly to a stirred solution of (4ξ)- l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-6-deoxy-α-L-ery thro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (0.12 g) obtained from step a above in dichloromethane (2 mL) and refluxed for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and residue purified over a silica gel column to yield the title compound as pale brown solid (0.17 g).

I ¹ ₁ H NMR (CDCl ₃ )δ: 8.00 (d, J=6.0Hz, 2H), 7.62 (m, IH), 7.54 (m, 2H), 4.57 (s, IH), 4.00 (q, J=6,0Hz, IH), 3.50-3.39 (m, 4H), 1.52 (d, J=6.0Hz, 3H), 1.34-1.17 (m, 29H), 0.88 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 3H);

LCMS (m/e): 587 (M ⁺ +! 8).

Analogs of (4ξ> l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-0 -isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-{[( phenyl sulfonyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofur anoside (Compound No. 53) described below can be prepared by replacing sulfonyl isocyanate with the appropriate isocyanate, as applicable in each case.

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[ (4-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 54),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[{[ (4-chloro-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranose (Compound No. 55), (4ξ> 1 -O-Dodecyl^^-O-isopropylidene^-C-methyM-O- {[{2,5-dichloro-phenyl)-sulfonyl}- amino]-carbonyl}-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranose (Compound No. 56),

(4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isoproρylidene-4-C-methyl-4-[{[( 2-methyl-phenyl)-sulfonyl]- amino}-carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranose (Compound No. 57),

(4ξ)-l-0-Dodecyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-0-[2- (l-piperidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 58),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2- (l-azeρanyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy-α- L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 59),

(4ξ> 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l -morpholinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 60), (4ξ> 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l -ρyrrolidinyl)-ethyl]-6-deoxy- α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 61),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-hep tyl-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2- ulofuranoside (Compound No. 62),

(4ξ)-l-O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-heptyl-4-O-[2-(l- dimethylamino)-propyl]-6- deoxy-α-L-er-ythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Gompound ^" Nor63); ^~~~

(4ξ)- 1 -O-Dodecyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-C-methyl-4-O-[ { [(2-azepanyl)-sulfonyl]-amino} - carbonyl]-6-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-2-ulofuranoside (Compound No. 64). SCHEME VII

Example 26: Synthesis of l-O-Heptyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-6-O- i|Y4-methyl-phenyl)- amino! -carbonyll-α-L-sorbofuranoside (Compound No. 65)

P-methylphenyl isocyanate (0.08 mL) was added to a solution of 1-O-Heptyl -2,3-0- isopropylidene-α-L- sorbofuranoside (100 mg) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at room temperature and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified over silica gel column using 30% ethyl acetate- hexane as eluent to yield the title compound (130 mg).

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl ₃ ): δ 7.26-7.09 (4H, m), 6.64 (lH,s), 4.51 (2H, m), 4.44 (IH, s), 4.13- 4.12 (2H,m), 3.85- 3.76 (2H,dd, J=15Hz), 3.60-3.53 (3H ₃ m), 2.31 (3H ₃ s), 1.58 (3H,s), 1.52 (3H, s) ₃ 1.34-1.25 (1OH, m), 0.86 (3H,s).

LCMS (m/e): 474 (M ⁺ +Na).

Pharmacological activity

The compounds of the present invention are tested in one or more of the assays described herein. Standard assays are used to evaluate activity of compounds in present invention on inflammatory cells. Attenuation of agonist-induced release of lipid mediator of neutrophil chemotaxis, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), is used to evaluate inhibitory effect on neutrophils.

A23187 induced LTB^ release

Venous blood was collected from healthy human donors using heparin as an anti- coagulant. Neutrophils were isolated from freshly drawn blood after dextran sedimentation and fϊcoll separation {Eur J Biochem. 169, 175, 1987). 180 μl of the of neutrophil suspension

(0.2x10 ⁶ cells/ml) was taken and added 19μL of Hank's Buffer salt solution along with lμL of the test drug (200 times concentrated) in a 24 well plate and incubated at 37 ⁰ C for lhour. 3 minutes before the end of test compound incubation, 0.25 mM Ca ⁺ VMg ^+"1" were added. Then, 0.3 μg/ml A23187 (Sigma Chem, USA) was added and incubated for further 10 min at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by adding 80 μL of cold methanol and centrifuged to remove cell debris (J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 297:267, 2001). The samples were analysed for LTB ₄ release using LTB ₄ ELISA kits (Assay Design Inc., USA). The amount of LTB ₄ released was quantified and percent inhibition OfLTB ₄ release was calculated with respect to the difference between the A23187 stimulated and negative control cells, to compute IC ₅₀ values. In vitro data obtained on the compounds 1, 22-25, 28-46, 52-57, and 65-118 showed IC _5O values of from >30 μM to about 1.3 μM, for example, from about 25 μM to about 1.3 μM, for example, from about 10 μM to about 1.3 μM, for example, from about 3 μM to about 1.3 μM.

Assay for 5-Lipoxygenase Activity

In a 96 well UV-plate, 100 μl of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing DTT (200 μM), ATP (100 μM) and calcium chloride (100 μM) was added. To each well 0.5 μl of test drug (200 times concentrated) or vehicle was added, followed by 4 μl of recombinant 5-Lox (3 units/μl) and was incubated at 37 ⁰ C for 5 min. The reaction was initiated by adding 1 μl of ImM freshly prepared arachidonic acid and increase in absorbance was monitored at 236 nm for lO min. {JBiol. Chem. 261:11512, 1986). A plot of absorbance verses time curve was prepared and area under curve (AUC) was computed for each well. Percent inhibition of AUC for different treatments was calculated with respect to the difference between the Arachidonic acid stimulated and negative control values, to compute IC ₅₀ values. Compounds 69, 70, 78, 94, 106 and 116-118 were examined, giving IC _5O values of from about 5.4 μM to about 0.10 μM, for example, from about 1.7 μM to about 0.10 μM, for example, from about 0.75 μM to about 0.10 μM, for example, from about 0.30 to about 0.10 μM.