AND METHODS

PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] The present application claims priority U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/480,700 filed on April 29, 2011, entitled "DETERMINING PROPAGATION DLEAY OF COMMUNICATIONS IN DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYTEMS, AND RELATED COMPONENTS, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] The present application is also related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/914,585 filed on October 28, 2010, entitled "SECTORIZATION IN DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS, AND RELATED COMPONENTS AND METHODS," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Disclosure

[0003] The technology of the disclosure relates to determining propagation delay in distributed radio frequency (RF) communications signals communicated over optical fiber in distributed antenna systems.

Technical Background

[0004] Wireless communication is rapidly growing, with ever-increasing demands for high-speed mobile data communication. As an example, so-called "wireless fidelity" or "WiFi" systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) are being deployed in many different types of areas (e.g., coffee shops, airports, libraries, etc.). Distributed antenna systems communicate with wireless devices called "clients" (e.g., for WiFi services) or "user equipment" (e.g., for cellular services) which must reside within the wireless range or "cell coverage area" in order to communicate with an access point device.

[0005] One approach to deploying a distributed antenna system involves the use of radio frequency (RF) antenna coverage areas, also referred to as "antenna coverage areas." Antenna coverage areas can have a radius in the range from a few meters up to twenty meters as an example. Combining a number of access point devices creates an array of antenna coverage areas. Because the antenna coverage areas each cover small areas, there are typically only a few users (clients) per antenna coverage area. This allows for minimizing the amount of RF bandwidth shared among the wireless system users. It may be desirable to provide antenna coverage areas in a building or other facility to provide distributed antenna system access to clients within the building or facility. However, it may be desirable to employ optical fiber to distribute communications signals. Benefits of optical fiber include increased bandwidth.

[0006] One type of distributed antenna system for creating antenna coverage areas, called "Radio-over-Fiber" or "RoF," utilizes RF signals sent over optical fibers. Such systems can include head-end equipment optically coupled to a plurality of remote antenna units that each provides antenna coverage areas. The remote antenna units can each include RF transceivers coupled to an antenna to transmit RF signals wirelessly, wherein the remote antenna units are coupled to the head-end equipment via optical fiber links. The RF transceivers in the remote antenna units are transparent to the RF signals. The remote antenna units convert incoming optical RF signals from an optical fiber downlink to electrical RF signals via optical-to-electrical (O/E) converters, which are then passed to the RF transceiver. The RF transceiver converts the electrical RF signals to electromagnetic signals via antennas coupled to the RF transceiver provided in the remote antenna units. The antennas also receive electromagnetic signals (i.e., electromagnetic radiation) from clients in the antenna coverage area and convert them to electrical RF signals (i.e., electrical RF signals in wire). The remote antenna units then convert the electrical RF signals to optical RF signals via electrical-to-optical (E/O) converters. The optical RF signals are then sent over an optical fiber uplink to the head-end equipment.

[0007] It may be desired to provide such optical fiber-based distributed communications systems indoors, such as inside a building or other facility, to provide indoor wireless communication for clients. Otherwise, wireless reception may be poor or not possible for wireless communication clients located inside the building. In this regard, the remote antenna units can be distributed throughout locations inside a building to extend wireless communication coverage throughout the building. However, other services may be affected. For example, cellular communications protocols may be based on time based protocols. However, distributing cellular communications to remote antenna units inside a building or other environment can increase delay or introduce path dependent variability of observed delays due to the propagation delay of the communications signals being distributed to the remote antenna units and responses received at the remote antenna units being distributed back to head-end equipment. If the delay(s) exceeds a certain level, the bandwidth of the communications system may be reduced. Other undesired effects can also result from delay exceeding certain levels, including interference. As another example, providing localization services for a client, such as emergency 911 (E911) services, may be determined or calculated based on over- the-air delay between communications from a client and a communications tower. However, if the client is communicating over a distributed antenna system, the propagation delay of the distributed antenna system increases the delay thus possibly resulting in an incorrect determination of a location of the client.

[0008] Delay can be compensated for in a cellular communications system, but the cellular communications system may be unaware of indoor distributed antenna systems that increase the delay as a result of propagation delay. Also, a cellular communications system may provide for the ability to set a flag or other indicator to indicate that distributed antenna systems are present in coverage areas for communications antennas or towers. However, this setting may only provide for the ability of the cellular communications system to approximate additional propagation delay present which may not be accurate.

SUMMARY OF THE DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] Embodiments disclosed in the detailed description include components, systems, and methods for determining propagation delay of communications in distributed antenna systems. The propagation delay of communications signals distributed in the distributed antenna systems is determined. If desired, the propagation delay(s) can be determined on a per remote antenna unit basis for the distributed antenna systems. The propagation delay(s) can be provided by the distributed antenna systems to a network or other system to be taken into consideration for communications services or operations that are based on communications signal delay. Delay based operations may be made more effective, efficient, and/or accurate by knowing the propagation delay experienced in a distributed antenna system.

As a non-limiting example, the determined propagation delay(s) can be to be taken into consideration for communications services or operations that are based on communications signal delay. As another non-limiting example, the propagation delay(s) may be associated with communication antennas or towers that are mapped and stored in a database(s) to be used for communications services or operations based on communications signal delay. As another non-limiting example, the arrangement of the base station, repeaters, or communication towers in a network may be repositioned based on the determined propagation delay. As another non-limiting example, propagation delay can be determined and controlled for each remote antenna unit to be uniquely distinguish the remote antenna units. In this manner, the location of a client device communicating with a remote antenna unit can be determined within the communication range of the remote antenna unit.

[0010] In this regard, in one embodiment, a distributed antenna system is provided. The system comprises at least one downlink radio frequency (RF) interface configured to receive downlink RF signals and distribute the downlink RF signals over at least one downlink communications medium to one or more remote antenna units (RAUs). This system also comprises at least one uplink RF interface configured to receive uplink RF signals over at least one uplink communications medium from the one or more RAUs. This system also comprises at least one propagation delay measurement circuit communicatively coupled to the at least one downlink RF interface and the at least one uplink RF interface and configured to measure propagation delay between the distribution of the downlink RF signals by the at least one downlink RF interface and the receipt of the downlink RF signals as uplink RF signals by the at least one uplink RF interface. This system also comprises a controller communicatively coupled to the at least one propagation delay measurement circuit. This controller is configured to communicate to an RAU among the one or more RAUs to return received downlink RF signals as uplink RF signals to the at least one uplink RF interface. This controller is also configured to activate the at least one downlink RF interface to distribute the received downlink RF signals to the RAU among the one or more RAUs. This controller is also configured to determine the propagation delay as a function of delay between the at least one downlink RF interface and the RAU among the one or more RAUs, and as a function of delay between the RAU among the one or more RAUs and the at least one uplink RF interface from the at least one propagation delay measurement circuit.

[0011] In another embodiment, a method of determining propagation delay in a distributed antenna system is provided. This method includes communicating to a remote antenna unit (RAU) among one or more RAUs to return received downlink radio frequency (RF) signals from at least one downlink RF interface as uplink RF signals to at least one uplink RF interface. The method also includes activating the at least one downlink RF interface to distribute the received downlink RF signals to the RAU among the one or more RAUs. This method also includes distributing the downlink RF signals to the RAU among the one or more RAUs over at least one downlink communications medium. This method also includes receiving the distributed downlink RF signals as the uplink RF signals from the RAU among the one or more RAUs over at least one uplink communications medium. This method also includes determining propagation delay using at least one propagation delay measurement circuit as a function of delay between the at least one downlink RF interface and the RAU among the one or more RAUs, and as a function of delay between the RAU among the one or more RAUs and the at least one uplink RF interface.

[0012] As a non-limiting example, the distributed antenna system may be an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system, but such is not required. The embodiments disclosed herein are also applicable to other distributed antenna systems, including those that include other forms of communications media for distribution of communications signals, including electrical conductors and wireless transmission. The embodiments disclosed herein may also be applicable to distributed antenna system may also include more than one communications media for distribution of communications signals.

[0013] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description that follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

[0014] The drawings illustrate various embodiments, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the concepts disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0015] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary optical fiber-based distributed antenna system;

[0016] FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic diagram of exemplary head-end equipment and a remote antenna unit (RAU) that can be deployed in the optical fiber- based distributed antenna system of FIG. 1;

[0017] FIG. 3 is a partially schematic cut-away diagram of an exemplary building infrastructure in which the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system in FIG. 1 can be employed; [0018] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of exemplary head-end equipment to provide radio frequency (RF) communication services over optical fiber to RAUs or other remote communications devices in an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system;

[0019] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary distributed antenna system with alternative equipment to provide RF communication services over optical fiber and digital data services as electrical signals to RAUs or other remote communications devices in an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system;

[0020] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of providing digital data services as electrical signals and RF communication services over optical fiber to RAUs or other remote communications devices in the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system of FIG. 5;

[0021] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary distributed antenna system illustrating propagation delays present in the distributed antenna system;

[0022] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary distributed antenna system configured to communicate tracking signals to tracking RAUs to provide localization services for client devices;

[0023] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of determining total propagation delay within the exemplary distributed antenna system in FIG. 7;

[0024] FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process of measuring total propagation delay within the exemplary distributed antenna system in FIG. 9;

[0025] FIGS. 11A-11E are schematic diagrams of exemplary propagation delay measurement circuits used for determining propagation delay in a distributed antenna system;

[0026] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of determining propagation delay of optical fiber within an exemplary optical fiber-based distributed antenna system;

[0027] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of providing additional propagation delay in an exemplary optical fiber-based distributed antenna system; and

[0028] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a generalized representation of an exemplary computer system that can be included in any of the modules provided in the exemplary distributed antenna systems and/or their components described herein, including but not limited to a head end controller (HEC), wherein the exemplary computer system is adapted to execute instructions from an exemplary computer-readable media. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments are shown. Indeed, the concepts may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limiting herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Whenever possible, like reference numbers will be used to refer to like components or parts.

[0030] Embodiments disclosed in the detailed description include components, systems, and methods for determining propagation delay of communications in distributed antenna systems. The propagation delay of communications signals distributed in the distributed antenna systems is determined. If desired, the propagation delay(s) can be determined on a per remote antenna unit basis for the distributed antenna systems. The propagation delay(s) can be provided by the distributed antenna systems to a network or other system to be taken into consideration for communications services or operations that are based on communications signal delay. Delay based operations may be made more effective, efficient, and/or accurate by knowing the propagation delay experienced in a distributed antenna system.

As a non-limiting example, the determined propagation delay(s) can be to be taken into consideration for communications services or operations that are based on communications signal delay. As another non-limiting example, the propagation delay(s) may be associated with communication antennas or towers that are mapped and stored in a database(s) to be used for communications services or operations based on communications signal delay. As another non-limiting example, the arrangement of the base station, repeaters, or communication towers in a network may be repositioned based on the determined propagation delay. As another non-limiting example, propagation delay can be determined and controlled for each remote antenna unit to be uniquely distinguish the remote antenna units. In this manner, the location of a client device communicating with a remote antenna unit can be determined within the communication range of the remote antenna unit.

[0031] Before discussing examples of distributed antenna systems that determine propagation delay of communications signals distributed within the distributed antenna systems, exemplary distributed antenna systems capable of distributing communications signals to distributed or remote antenna units is first described with regard to FIGS. 1-6. Embodiments of determining propagation delay of communications signals distributed in distributed antenna systems starts at FIG. 7. The distributed antenna systems in FIGS. 1- 6 discussed below include distribution of radio frequency (RF) communications signals, but the distributed antenna systems are not limited to distribution of RF communications signals. Further, the distributed antenna systems in FIGS. 1-6 discussed below include distribution of communications signals over optical fiber, but the distributed antenna systems are not limited to distribution over optical fiber.

[0032] In this regard, FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a distributed antenna system. In this embodiment, the system is an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10. The optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 is configured to create one or more antenna coverage areas for establishing communications with wireless client devices located in the RF range of the antenna coverage areas. The optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 provides RF communication services (e.g., cellular services). In this embodiment, the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 includes head-end equipment (HEE) 12 such as a head-end unit (HEU), one or more remote antenna units (RAUs) 14, and an optical fiber 16 that optically couples the HEE 12 to the RAU 14. The RAU 14 is a type of remote communications unit. In general, a remote communications unit can support wireless communications, wired communications, or both. The RAU 14 can support wireless communications and may also support wired communications. The HEE 12 is configured to receive communications over downlink electrical RF signals 18D from a source or sources, such as a network or carrier as examples, and provide such communications to the RAU 14. The HEE 12 is also configured to return communications received from the RAU 14, via uplink electrical RF signals 18U, back to the source or sources. In this regard in this embodiment, the optical fiber 16 includes at least one downlink optical fiber 16D to carry signals communicated from the HEE 12 to the RAU 14 and at least one uplink optical fiber 16U to carry signals communicated from the RAU 14 back to the HEE 12.

[0033] One downlink optical fiber 16D and one uplink optical fiber 16U could be provided to support multiple channels each using wave-division multiplexing (WDM), as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424 entitled "Providing Digital Data Services in Optical Fiber-based Distributed Radio Frequency (RF) Communications Systems, And Related Components and Methods," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other options for WDM and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424, any of which can be employed in any of the embodiments disclosed herein. Further, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424 also discloses distributed digital data communications signals in a distributed antenna system which may also be distributed in the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 either in conjunction with RF communications signals or not.

[0034] The optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 has an antenna coverage area 20 that can be disposed about the RAU 14. The antenna coverage area 20 of the RAU 14 forms an RF coverage area 21. The HEE 12 is adapted to perform or to facilitate any one of a number of Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) applications, such as RF identification (RFID), wireless local-area network (WLAN) communication, or cellular phone service. Shown within the antenna coverage area 20 is a client device 24 in the form of a mobile device as an example, which may be a cellular telephone as an example. The client device 24 can be any device that is capable of receiving RF communications signals. The client device 24 includes an antenna 26 (e.g., a wireless card) adapted to receive and/or send electromagnetic RF signals.

[0035] With continuing reference to FIG. 1, to communicate the electrical RF signals over the downlink optical fiber 16D to the RAU 14, to in turn be communicated to the client device 24 in the antenna coverage area 20 formed by the RAU 14, the HEE 12 includes an electrical-to-optical (E/O) converter 28. The E/O converter 28 converts the downlink electrical RF signals 18D to downlink optical RF signals 22D to be communicated over the downlink optical fiber 16D. The RAU 14 includes an optical-to- electrical (O/E) converter 30 to convert received downlink optical RF signals 22D back to electrical RF signals to be communicated wirelessly through an antenna 32 of the RAU 14 to client devices 24 located in the antenna coverage area 20.

[0036] Similarly, the antenna 32 is also configured to receive wireless RF communications from client devices 24 in the antenna coverage area 20. In this regard, the antenna 32 receives wireless RF communications from client devices 24 and communicates electrical RF signals representing the wireless RF communications to an E/O converter 34 in the RAU 14. The E/O converter 34 converts the electrical RF signals into uplink optical RF signals 22U to be communicated over the uplink optical fiber 16U. An O/E converter 36 provided in the HEE 12 converts the uplink optical RF signals 22U into uplink electrical RF signals, which can then be communicated as uplink electrical RF signals 18U back to a network or other source. The HEE 12 in this embodiment is not able to distinguish the location of the client devices 24 in this embodiment. The client device 24 could be in the range of any antenna coverage area 20 formed by an RAU 14. [0037] FIG. 2 is a more detailed schematic diagram of the exemplary optical fiber- based distributed antenna system 10 of FIG. 1 that provides electrical RF service signals for a particular RF service or application. In an exemplary embodiment, the HEE 12 includes a service unit 37 that provides electrical RF service signals by passing (or conditioning and then passing) such signals from one or more outside networks 38 via a network link 39. In a particular example embodiment, this includes providing cellular signal distribution in the frequency range from 400 MegaHertz (MHz) to 2.7 GigaHertz (GHz). Any other electrical RF signal frequencies are possible. In another exemplary embodiment, the service unit 37 provides electrical RF service signals by generating the signals directly. In another exemplary embodiment, the service unit 37 coordinates the delivery of the electrical RF service signals between client devices 24 within the antenna coverage area 20.

[0038] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the service unit 37 is electrically coupled to the E/O converter 28 that receives the downlink electrical RF signals 18D from the service unit 37 and converts them to corresponding downlink optical RF signals 22D. In an exemplary embodiment, the E/O converter 28 includes a laser suitable for delivering sufficient dynamic range for the RoF applications described herein, and optionally includes a laser driver/amplifier electrically coupled to the laser. Examples of suitable lasers for the E/O converter 28 include, but are not limited to, laser diodes, distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers, and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).

[0039] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the HEE 12 also includes the O/E converter 36, which is electrically coupled to the service unit 37. The O/E converter 36 receives the uplink optical RF signals 22U and converts them to corresponding uplink electrical RF signals 18U. In an example embodiment, the O/E converter 36 is a photo detector, or a photodetector electrically coupled to a linear amplifier. The E/O converter 28 and the O/E converter 36 constitute a "converter pair" 35, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0040] In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the service unit 37 in the HEE 12 can include an RF signal conditioner unit 40 for conditioning the downlink electrical RF signals 18D and the uplink electrical RF signals 18U, respectively. The service unit 37 can include a digital signal processing unit ("digital signal processor") 42 for providing to the RF signal conditioner unit 40 an electrical signal that is modulated onto an RF carrier to generate a desired downlink electrical RF signal 18D. The digital signal processor 42 is also configured to process a demodulation signal provided by the demodulation of the uplink electrical RF signal 18U by the RF signal conditioner unit 40. The HEE 12 can also include an optional central processing unit (CPU) 44 for processing data and otherwise performing logic and computing operations, and a memory unit 46 for storing data, such as data to be transmitted over a WLA or other network for example.

[0041] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the RAU 14 also includes a converter pair 48 comprising the O/E converter 30 and the E/O converter 34. The O/E converter 30 converts the received downlink optical RF signals 22D from the HEE 12 back into downlink electrical RF signals SOD. The E/O converter 34 converts uplink electrical RF signals SOU received from the client device 24 into the uplink optical RF signals 22U to be communicated to the HEE 12. The O/E converter 30 and the E/O converter 34 are electrically coupled to the antenna 32 via an RF signal-directing element 52, such as a circulator for example. The RF signal-directing element 52 serves to direct the downlink electrical RF signals SOD and the uplink electrical RF signals SOU, as discussed below. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the antenna 32 can include any type of antenna, including but not limited to one or more patch antennas, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/504,999, filed August 16, 2006 entitled "Radio- over-Fiber Transponder With A Dual-Band Patch Antenna System," and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11/451,553, filed June 12, 2006 entitled "Centralized Optical Fiber-Based Wireless Picocellular Systems and Methods," both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0042] With continuing reference to FIG. 2, the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 also includes a power supply 54 that provides an electrical power signal 56. The power supply 54 is electrically coupled to the HEE 12 for powering the power-consuming elements therein. In an exemplary embodiment, an electrical power line 58 runs through the HEE 12 and over to the RAU 14 to power the O/E converter 30 and the E/O converter 34 in the converter pair 48, the optional RF signal-directing element 52 (unless the RF signal-directing element 52 is a passive device such as a circulator for example), and any other power-consuming elements provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the electrical power line 58 includes two wires 60 and 62 that carry a single voltage and are electrically coupled to a DC power converter 64 at the RAU 14. The DC power converter 64 is electrically coupled to the O/E converter 30 and the E/O converter 34 in the converter pair 48, and changes the voltage or levels of the electrical power signal 56 to the power level(s) required by the power-consuming components in the RAU 14. In an exemplary embodiment, the DC power converter 64 is either a DC/DC power converter or an AC/DC power converter, depending on the type of electrical power signal 56 carried by the electrical power line 58. In another example embodiment, the electrical power line 58 (dashed line) runs directly from the power supply 54 to the RAU 14 rather than from or through the HEE 12. In another example embodiment, the electrical power line 58 includes more than two wires and may carry multiple voltages.

[0043] To provide further exemplary illustration of how an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system can be deployed indoors, FIG. 3 is provided. FIG. 3 is a partially schematic cut-away diagram of a building infrastructure 70 employing an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system. The system may be the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2. The building infrastructure 70 generally represents any type of building in which the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 can be deployed. As previously discussed with regard to FIGS. 1 and 2, the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 incorporates the HEE 12 to provide various types of communication services to coverage areas within the building infrastructure 70, as an example. For example, as discussed in more detail below, the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 in this embodiment is configured to receive wireless RF signals and convert the RF signals into RoF signals to be communicated over the optical fiber 16 to multiple RAUs 14. The optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 in this embodiment can be, for example, an indoor distributed antenna system (IDAS) to provide wireless service inside the building infrastructure 70. These wireless signals can include cellular service, wireless services such as RFID tracking, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), local area network (LAN), WLAN, public safety, wireless building automations, and combinations thereof, as examples.

[0044] With continuing reference to FIG. 3, the building infrastructure 70 in this embodiment includes a first (ground) floor 72, a second floor 74, and a third floor 76. The floors 72, 74, 76 are serviced by the HEE 12 through a main distribution frame 78 to provide antenna coverage areas 80 in the building infrastructure 70. Only the ceilings of the floors 72, 74, 76 are shown in FIG. 3 for simplicity of illustration. In the example embodiment, a main cable 82 has a number of different sections that facilitate the placement of a large number of RAUs 14 in the building infrastructure 70. Each RAU 14 in turn services its own coverage area in the antenna coverage areas 80. The main cable 82 can include, for example, a riser cable 84 that carries all of the downlink and uplink optical fibers 16D, 16U to and from the HEE 12. The riser cable 84 may be routed through an interconnect unit (ICU) 85. The ICU 85 may be provided as part of or separate from the power supply 54 in FIG. 2. The ICU 85 may also be configured to provide power to the RAUs 14 via the electrical power line 58, as illustrated in FIG. 2 and discussed above, provided inside an array cable 87, or tail cable or home-run tether cable as other examples, and distributed with the downlink and uplink optical fibers 16D, 16U to the RAUs 14. The main cable 82 can include one or more multi-cable (MC) connectors adapted to connect select downlink and uplink optical fibers 16D, 16U, along with an electrical power line, to a number of optical fiber cables 86.

[0045] The main cable 82 enables multiple optical fiber cables 86 to be distributed throughout the building infrastructure 70 (e.g., fixed to the ceilings or other support surfaces of each floor 72, 74, 76) to provide the antenna coverage areas 80 for the first, second, and third floors 72, 74, and 76. In an example embodiment, the HEE 12 is located within the building infrastructure 70 (e.g., in a closet or control room), while in another example embodiment, the HEE 12 may be located outside of the building infrastructure 70 at a remote location. A base transceiver station (BTS) 88, which may be provided by a second party such as a cellular service provider, is connected to the HEE 12, and can be co- located or located remotely from the HEE 12. A BTS is any station or signal source that provides an input signal to the HEE 12 and can receive a return signal from the HEE 12. In a typical cellular system, for example, a plurality of BTSs are deployed at a plurality of remote locations to provide wireless telephone coverage. Each BTS serves a corresponding cell and when a mobile client device enters the cell, the BTS communicates with the mobile client device. Each BTS can include at least one radio transceiver for enabling communication with one or more subscriber units operating within the associated cell. As another example, wireless repeaters or bi-directional amplifiers could also be used to serve a corresponding cell in lieu of a BTS. Alternatively, radio input could be provided by a repeater, picocell or femtocell as other examples.

[0046] The optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 in FIGS. 1-3 and described above provides point-to-point communications between the HEE 12 and the RAU 14. A multi-point architecture is also possible as well. With regard to FIGS. 1-3, each RAU 14 communicates with the HEE 12 over a distinct downlink and uplink optical fiber pair to provide the point-to-point communications. Whenever an RAU 14 is installed in the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10, the RAU 14 is connected to a distinct downlink and uplink optical fiber pair connected to the HEE 12. The downlink and uplink optical fibers 16D, 16U may be provided in a fiber optic cable. Multiple downlink and uplink optical fiber pairs can be provided in a fiber optic cable to service multiple RAUs 14 from a common fiber optic cable. For example, with reference to FIG. 3, RAUs 14 installed on a given floor 72, 74, or 76 may be serviced from the same optical fiber 16. In this regard, the optical fiber 16 may have multiple nodes where distinct downlink and uplink optical fiber pairs can be connected to a given RAU 14. One downlink optical fiber 16D could be provided to support multiple channels each using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424 entitled "Providing Digital Data Services in Optical Fiber-based Distributed Radio Frequency (RF) Communications Systems, And Related Components and Methods," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other options for WDM and frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) are also disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424, any of which can be employed in any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0047] The HEE 12 may be configured to support any frequencies desired, including but not limited to US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (824-849 MHz on uplink and 869-894 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1850-1915 MHz on uplink and 1930-1995 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1710-1755 MHz on uplink and 2110-2155 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (698-716 MHz and 776-787 MHz on uplink and 728-746 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (880-915 MHz on uplink and 925-960 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1710-1785 MHz on uplink and 1805-1880 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1920-1980 MHz on uplink and 21 10-2170 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (806-824 MHz on uplink and 851-869 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (896-901 MHz on uplink and 929-941 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (793-805 MHz on uplink and 763-775 MHz on downlink), and US FCC frequencies (2495-2690 MHz on uplink and downlink).

[0048] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of exemplary HEE 90 that may be employed with any of the distributed antenna systems disclosed herein, including but not limited to the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system 10 in FIGS. 1-3. The HEE 90 in this embodiment is configured to distribute RF communication services over optical fiber. In this embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4, the HEE 90 includes a head-end controller (HEC) 91 that manages the functions of the HEE 90 components and communicates with external devices via interfaces, such as an RS-232 port 92, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port 94, and an Ethernet port 96, as examples. The HEE 90 can be connected to a plurality of BTSs, transceivers 100(1)-100(T), and the like via BTS inputs 101(1)-101(T) and BTS outputs 102(1)-102(T). The notation "1-T" indicates that any number of BTS transceivers can be provided up to T number with corresponding BTS inputs and BTS outputs. The BTS inputs 101(1)-101(T) are downlink connections and the BTS outputs 102(1)-102(T) are uplink connections. Each BTS input 101(1)-101(T) is connected to a downlink interface in the form of a downlink BTS interface card (BIC) 104 in this embodiment, which is located in the HEE 90, and each BTS output 102(1)-102(T) is connected to an uplink BIC 106 also located in the HEE 90. The downlink BIC 104 is configured to receive incoming or downlink RF signals from the BTS inputs 101(1)- 101(T) and split the downlink RF signals into copies to be communicated to the RAUs 14, as illustrated in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, thirty-six (36) RAUs 14(1)-14(36) are supported by the HEE 90, but any number of RAUs 14 may be supported by the HEE 90. The uplink BIC 106 is configured to receive the combined outgoing or uplink RF signals from the RAUs 14 and split the uplink RF signals into individual BTS outputs 102(1)- 102(T) as a return communication path.

[0049] With continuing reference to FIG. 4 the downlink BIC 104 is connected to a midplane interface card 108 in this embodiment. The uplink BIC 106 is also connected to the midplane interface card 108. The downlink BIC 104 and uplink BIC 106 can be provided in printed circuit boards (PCBs) that include connectors that can plug directly into the midplane interface card 108. The midplane interface card 108 is in electrical communication with a plurality of optical interfaces provided in the form of optical interface cards (OICs) 110 in this embodiment, which provide an optical to electrical communication interface and vice versa between the RAUs 14 via the downlink and uplink optical fibers 16D, 16U and the downlink BIC 104 and uplink BIC 106. The OICs 110 include the E/O converter 28 like discussed with regard to FIG. 1 that converts electrical RF signals from the downlink BIC 104 to optical RF signals, which are then communicated over the downlink optical fibers 16D to the RAUs 14 and then to client devices. The OICs 110 also include the O/E converter 36 like in FIG. 1 that converts optical RF signals communicated from the RAUs 14 over the uplink optical fibers 16U to the HEE 90 and then to the BTS outputs 102(1)-102(T).

[0050] With continuing reference to FIG. 4, the OICs 110 in this embodiment support up to three (3) RAUs 14 each. The OICs 110 can also be provided in a PCB that includes a connector that can plug directly into the midplane interface card 108 to couple the links in the OICs 110 to the midplane interface card 108. The OICs 110 may consist of one or multiple optical interface modules (OIMs). In this manner, the HEE 90 is scalable to support up to thirty-six (36) RAUs 14 in this embodiment since the HEE 90 can support up to twelve (12) OICs 110. If less than thirty-six (36) RAUs 14 are to be supported by the HEE 90, less than twelve (12) OICs 110 can be included in the HEE 90 and plugged into the midplane interface card 108. One OIC 110 is provided for every three (3) RAUs 14 supported by the HEE 90 in this embodiment. OICs 110 can also be added to the HEE 90 and connected to the midplane interface card 108 if additional RAUs 14 are desired to be supported beyond an initial configuration. With continuing reference to FIG. 4, the HEU 91 can also be provided that is configured to be able to communicate with the downlink BIC 104, the uplink BIC 106, and the OICs 110 to provide various functions, including configurations of amplifiers and attenuators provided therein.

[0051] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary distributed antenna system 120 that may be employed according to the embodiments disclosed herein to provide RF communication services. In this embodiment, the distributed antenna system 120 includes optical fiber for distributing RF communication services. The distributed antenna system 120 in this embodiment is comprised of three (3) main components. One or more radio interfaces provided in the form of radio interface modules (RIMs) 122(1)- 122(M) in this embodiment are provided in HEE 124 to receive and process downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(R) prior to optical conversion into downlink optical RF communications signals. The RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) provide both downlink and uplink interfaces. The processing of the downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(R) can include any of the processing previously described above in the HEE 12 in FIGS. 1-4. The notations "1-R" and "1-M" indicate that any number of the referenced component, 1-R and 1-M, respectively, may be provided. As will be described in more detail below, the HEE 124 is configured to accept a plurality of RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) as modular components that can easily be installed and removed or replaced in the HEE 124. In one embodiment, the HEE 124 is configured to support up to four (4) RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) as an example.

[0052] Each RIM 122(1)- 122(M) can be designed to support a particular type of radio source or range of radio sources (i.e., frequencies) to provide flexibility in configuring the HEE 124 and the distributed antenna system 120 to support the desired radio sources. For example, one RIM 122 may be configured to support the Personal Communication Services (PCS) radio band. Another RIM 122 may be configured to support the 700 MHz radio band. In this example, by inclusion of these RIMs 122, the HEE 124 would be configured to support and distribute RF communications signals on both PCS and LTE 700 radio bands. RIMs 122 may be provided in the HEE 124 that support any frequency bands desired, including but not limited to the US Cellular band, Personal Communication Services (PCS) band, Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) band, 700 MHz band, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900, GSM 1800, and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). RIMs 122 may be provided in the HEE 124 that support any wireless technologies desired, including but not limited to Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), CDMA200, lxRTT, Evolution - Data Only (EV-DO), UMTS, High-speed Packet Access (HSPA), GSM, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), iDEN, and Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD).

[0053] RIMs 122 may be provided in the HEE 124 that support any frequencies desired, including but not limited to US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (824-849 MHz on uplink and 869-894 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1850-1915 MHz on uplink and 1930-1995 MHz on downlink), US FCC and Industry Canada frequencies (1710-1755 MHz on uplink and 2110-2155 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (698-716 MHz and 776-787 MHz on uplink and 728-746 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (880-915 MHz on uplink and 925-960 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1710-1785 MHz on uplink and 1805-1880 MHz on downlink), EU R & TTE frequencies (1920-1980 MHz on uplink and 2110-2170 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (806-824 MHz on uplink and 851-869 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (896-901 MHz on uplink and 929-941 MHz on downlink), US FCC frequencies (793-805 MHz on uplink and 763-775 MHz on downlink), and US FCC frequencies (2495-2690 MHz on uplink and downlink).

[0054] The downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(R) are provided to a plurality of optical interfaces provided in the form of optical interface modules (OIMs) 128(1)- 128(N) in this embodiment to convert the downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(N) into downlink optical RF signals 130D(1)- 130D(R). The notation "1-N" indicates that any number of the referenced component 1- N may be provided. The OIMs 128 may be configured to provide one or more optical interface components (OICs) that contain O/E and E/O converters, as will be described in more detail below. The OIMs 128 support the radio bands that can be provided by the RIMs 122, including the examples previously described above. Thus, in this embodiment, the OIMs 128 may support a radio band range from 400 MHz to 2700 MHz, as an example, so providing different types or models of OIMs 128 for narrower radio bands to support possibilities for different radio band-supported RIMs 122 provided in the HEE 124 is not required. Further, as an example, the OIMs 128 may be optimized for sub-bands within the 400 MHz to 2700 MHz frequency range, such as 400 - 700 MHz, 700 MHz - 1 GHz, 1 GHz - 1.6 GHz, and 1.6 GHz - 2.7 GHz, as examples.

[0055] The OIMs 128(1)- 128(N) each include E/O converters to convert the downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(R) to downlink optical RF signals 130D(1)-130D(R). The downlink optical RF signals 130D(1)-130D(R) are communicated over downlink optical fiber(s) 133D to a plurality of RAUs 132(1)-132(P). The notation "1-P" indicates that any number of the referenced component 1-P may be provided. O/E converters provided in the RAUs 132(1)- 132(P) convert the downlink optical RF signals 130D(1)-130D(R) back into downlink electrical RF communications signals 126D(1)-126D(R), which are provided over downlinks 134(1)-134(P) coupled to antennas 136(1)- 136(P) in the RAUs 132(1)- 132(P) to client devices in the reception range of the antennas 136(1)-136(P).

[0056] E/O converters are also provided in the RAUs 132(1)- 132(P) to convert uplink electrical RF communications signals 126U(1)-126U(R) received from client devices through the antennas 136(1)- 136(P) into uplink optical RF signals 138U(1)-138U(R) to be communicated over uplink optical fibers 133U to the OIMs 128(1)-128(N). The OIMs 128(1)- 128(N) include O/E converters that convert the uplink optical signals 138U(1)- 138U(R) into uplink electrical RF communications signals 140U(1)-140U(R) that are processed by the RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) and provided as uplink electrical RF communications signals 142U(1)-142U(R). Downlink electrical digital signals 143D(1)- 143D(P) communicated over downlink electrical medium or media (hereinafter "medium") 145D(1)-145D(P) are provided to the RAUs 132(1)- 132(P), such as from a digital data services (DDS) controller and/or DDS switch as provided by example in FIG. 5, separately from the RF communication services, as well as uplink electrical digital signals 143U(1)-143U(P) communicated over uplink electrical medium 145U(1)- 145U(P), as also illustrated in FIG. 6. Common elements between FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are illustrated in FIG. 6 with common element numbers. Power may be provided in the downlink and/or uplink electrical medium 145D(1)-145D(P) and/or 145U(1)-145U(P) to the RAUs 132(1)- 132(P). [0057] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of providing digital data services and RF communication services to RAUs and/or other remote communications units in the distributed antenna system 120 of FIG. 6. Common components between FIGS. 5 and 6 and other figures provided have the same element numbers and thus will not be re- described. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a power supply module (PSM) 153 may be provided to provide power to the RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) and radio distribution cards (RDCs) 147 that distribute the RF communications from the RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) to the OIMs 128(1)-128(N) through RDCs 149. A PSM 155 may also be provided to provide power the OIMs 128(1)-128(N). An interface 151, which may include web and network management system (NMS) interfaces, may also be provided to allow configuration and communication to the RIMs 122(1)- 122(M) and other components of the distributed antenna system 120. A microcontroller, microprocessor, or other control circuitry 157 may be included in HEE 160 (FIG. 7) to provide control operations for the HEE 160, including the determination of propagation delay in the distributed antenna system 120.

[0058] As discussed above with regard to FIGS. 1-6, the remote antenna units in distributed antenna systems can be distributed throughout locations inside a building to extend wireless communication coverage throughout the building. This may be advantageous when wireless communication coverage inside a building would otherwise be poor or not possible due to the indoor environment. However, other services may be affected as a result of providing distributed antenna systems. For example, cellular communications protocols may be time or delay based protocols. As non-limiting examples, time delay of arrival (TDOA) or Advanced Forward Link Translation (AFLT) techniques or algorithms may be used to determining delay of communications signals with client devices. However, distributing cellular communications to remote antenna units inside a building or other environment can increase delay due to the propagation delay of the communications signals being distributed to the remote antenna units and responses received at the remote antenna units being distributed back to head-end equipment. If the delay exceeds a certain level, the bandwidth of the communications system may be reduced. As another example, providing localization services for a client, such as emergency 911 (E911) services, may be determined or calculated based on over- the-air delay between communications from a client and a communications tower. However, if the client is communicating over a distributed antenna system, the propagation delay of the distributed antenna system increases the delay, thus possibly resulting in an incorrect determination of location of the client. [0059] Propagation delay can be compensated for in a cellular communications system, but the cellular communications system may be unaware of distributed antenna systems that will increase the propagation delay. Delay can be compensated for in a cellular communications system, but the cellular communications system may be unaware of indoor distributed antenna systems that increase delay as a result of propagation delay. Also, a cellular communications system may provide for the ability to set a flag or other indicator to indicate that distributed antenna systems are present in coverage areas for communications antenna or towers. However, this setting may only provide for the ability of the cellular communications system to approximate additional propagation delay present which may not be accurate.

[0060] In this regard, embodiments disclosed below include components, systems, and methods for determining propagation delay of communications in distributed antenna systems. Such distributed antenna systems may be any of the distributed antenna systems 10, 120 described above as non-limiting examples. Another example of a distributed antenna system 150 is provided in FIG. 7 to illustrate propagation delay. The distributed antenna system 150 could be any of the distributed antenna systems 10, 120 described above with regard to FIGS. 1-6. As illustrated in FIG. 7, network management equipment 152 may be provided by a communications provider, such as a cellular network provider as an example. The network management equipment 152 may be circuit switched or packet switched network equipment as examples. Downlink and uplink communications signals 154D(1)-154D(X), 154U(1)-154U(X) may be provided from and to the network management equipment 152 to a base station 159 to be interfaced with the distributed antenna system 150. The notation "1-X" indicates that any number of downlink and uplink communications signals may be provided from and to the network management equipment 152 to the base station 159 to be interfaced with the distributed antenna system 150. The base station 159 may act as a repeater 158 if communications signal levels need to be amplified to maintain signal integrity. Propagation delay Di is shown between the network management equipment 152 and the base station 159/repeater 158 to signify the propagation delay therebetween.

[0061] With continuing reference to FIG. 7, the downlink and uplink communications signals 154D(1)-154D(X), 154U(1)-154U(X) can be interfaced to HEE 160. The HEE 160 may include any of the equipment previously described above for the HEE 12, 90 in FIGS. 1-6 as examples. Propagation delay D ₂ is shown between the base station 159/repeater 158 and the HEE 160 to signify the propagation delay therebetween. As previously discussed, communications signals, namely the downlink and uplink communications signals 154D(1)-154D(X), 154U(1)-154U(X), are split and communicated between the HEE 160 and RAUs 162(1)-162(P) as downlink and uplink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P), 156U(1)-156U(P) over downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U. The notation "1-P" signifies that the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) may be split by the HEE 160 into any number of downlink communications signals desired according to the number of RAUs 162 supported by the distributed antenna system 150. The notation "1-P" also signifies that the uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) may be split by the HEE 160 into any number of uplink communications signals desired according to the number of RAUs 162 supported by the distributed antenna system 150.

[0062] The downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U may be any medium, including but not limited to electrical conductor, optical fiber, and air (i.e., wireless transmission). Propagation delay D3 is shown between the HEE 160 and the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to signify the propagation delay therebetween. Propagation delay D3 comprises propagation delay D3' present in the distribution of the downlink and uplink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P), 156U(1)-156U(P) in the HEE 160 and propagation delay D3" present over the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U. The downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U may comprise 1-P individual lines dedicated to each RAU 162(1)-162(P), or single lines whereby the downlink and uplink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P), 156U(1)- 156U(P) are multiplexed on the single lines. If the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U is optical fiber, WDM may be employed as an example. If the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U is electrical conductors or air (i.e., wireless transmission), FDM may be employed as an example.

[0063] With continuing reference to FIG. 7, the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) are communication by the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to antennas 166(1)- 166(P) to be transmitted over the air wirelessly to client devices 24 in the range of the antennas 166(1)-166(P). Normally, the client device 24 is in range of one of the antennas 166(1)-166(P). Propagation delay D ₄ is shown between the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) and the antennas 166(1)-166(P) to signify the propagation delay therebetween. Because the antennas 166(1)-166(P) are normally provided within the same housing of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) or in close proximity to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P), the propagation delay D ₄ may be negligible as compared with the propagation delay D3. The client devices 24 can communicate uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) to one or more of the antennas 166(1)-166(P) to be distributed to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P). Again, the propagation delay D ₄ is shown between the antennas 166(1)-166(P) and the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to signify the propagation delay therebetween. The uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) are communicated from the RAUs 162(1)- 162(P) to the HEE 160 over uplink communications medium 164U. Again, the propagation delay D3 is shown between the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) and the HEE 160 to signify the propagation delay therebetween. The uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) are communicated from the HEE 160 to the base station 159/repeater 158 and the network management equipment 152, which incur propagation delays D ₂ and Di, respectively.

[0064] Thus, the total propagation delay from the network management equipment 152 to the antennas 166(1)-166(P) for downlink communications is Di + D ₂ + D3 + D ₄ . The round trip delay from the network management equipment 152 to the antennas 166(1)-166(P) and back for downlink and uplink communications is 2 * (Di + D ₂ + D3 + D ₄ ). The network management equipment 152 may be aware of propagation delays Di and D ₂ depending on configuration. However, the network management equipment 152 may be unaware of propagation delays D3 and D ₄ due to the distributed antenna system 150. Or, the network management equipment 152 may be aware of propagation delays D ₃ and D , but such delays are assumed as constant delays, which may not be the actual propagation delays and thus may be inaccurate.

[0065] In the example of an optical fiber communication medium, the optical fiber distance is equal to the product of velocity (i.e., speed of light) and time (i.e., propagation delay). Transmission in optical fiber experiences an approximately five (5) nanosecond (ns) delay per meter, since light travels about half the speed of light compared to an RF transmission over the air. This distance can be used to approximate the location of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) if the coordinates of the HEE 160 are known in this example. Both the HEE 160 coordinates and the propagation delay can be used to calculate the location of the client device 24 in a distributed antenna system using a triangulation and time of flight approach as an example.

[0066] In this regard, in embodiments discussed, the propagation delay of communications signals distributed in the distributed antenna systems is determined. As a non-limiting example, the propagation delays D3 and/or D ₄ may be determined in the distributed antenna system 150 of FIG. 7 to provide this information to the network management equipment 152 or other system or device. As will be discussed in more detail below, components may be employed in the distributed antenna system 150 in FIG. 7 to determine propagation delays D3 and/or D ₄ . The determined propagation delay(s) can be provided by the distributed antenna system 150 to be taken into consideration for communications services or operations that are based on communications signal delay. Delay based operations may be made more effective, efficient, and/or accurate by knowing the propagation delay experienced in a distributed antenna system. As a non- limiting example, the propagation delay(s) may be associated with communication antennas or towers that are mapped and stored in a database(s) to be used for communications services or operations based on communications signal delay. As another non-limiting example, the arrangement of the base station 159, repeaters 158, or communication towers in a network may be repositioned based on the determined propagation delay.

[0067] Further, as an example, the propagation delay D3 in the distributed antenna system 150 in FIG. 7 may be different depending on which RAU 162(1)-162(P) / antenna 166(1)-166(P) combination the client device 24 is communicating. This is because the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) may be placed at different locations where the distance between each of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) varies with respect to the HEE 160. Thus, embodiments disclosed herein also allow determination of the propagation delay on a per RAU 162(1)- 162(P) basis. In this regard, the particular RAU 162(1)-162(P) in which the client device 24 is in communication may be determinable or known. In this regard, in certain embodiments disclosed herein, the client device 24 is configured to include client device identification information as uplink communication data to the RAU 162(1)-162(P) and to the HEE 160 and network management equipment 152 without receiving a tracking signal or other signal configured to provide localization services. For example, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network compatible client devices are configured to automatically initiate providing client device identification information over a network. The locations of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) in the distributed antenna system 150 are configured and known in the HEE 160. By knowing and correlating the particular RAU 162(1)-162(P) in which the client device 24 established communication, the HEE 160 is able to determine and/or provide the location of the client device 24 as being within the antenna coverage area formed by the particular RAU 162(1)-162(P). The correlation of client device identification information from the client device 24 with the location of the RAU 162(1)-162(P) is retained when communicated to the HEE 160 and is not lost by being combined, such as by splitters or combiners as examples, with communications from other RAUs 162(1)-162(P).

[0068] In other embodiments, a signal used for determining the location of client devices 24 (also referred to herein as "tracking signal"), and which may also be referred to as a pilot signal, beacon signal, or pilot beacon signal, is distributed by the HEE 160 to one or more tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) in the distributed antenna system 150. The notation "1-Q" is to signify that any number of tracking RAUs desired may be provided in the distributed antenna system 150. Determined propagation delay can be associated with a particular client device 24 based on a determination of which tracking RAU 170(1)-170(Q) the client device 24 is most closely located. For example, signal strength may be used to determine which tracking RAU 170(1)-170(Q) the client device 24 is most closely located. One or more tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) may be generated by a tracking signal generator 172 or pilot or beacon generator as examples. The notation "1- V" indicates that any number of tracking signals may be generated. The tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) may be unique signals that can be associated with a particular location or zone in the optical fiber-based distributed antenna system. For example, in a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, cell identification is included in a channel separate from communications traffic that can be used as the tracking signals TS(1)- TS(V). In this manner, the tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) are radiated through downlink communications medium 173D(1)-173D(U) to antennas 174(1)-174(Q) associated with the tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) to be communicated to client devices 24 within range of the antenna coverage area formed by the tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q). The notation "1-U" indicates that any number of downlink communications medium may be generated.

[0069] When the client device 24 wirelessly receives a tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V), the client device 24 communicates its identification information and identification of the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) back to one of the antennas 166(1)-166(P) and through the uplink communications medium 164U to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to be communicated back to the HEE 160. The HEE 160 can provide this information to a network or carrier. In this manner, the client device identification information and identification of the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) can be associated with the location of a particular RAU 162(1)-162(P) that received and transmitted the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) in the distributed antenna system 150 to provide or determine a location of the client device 24.

[0070] In this regard, FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of the exemplary distributed antenna system 150 that is configured to communicate tracking signals TS(1)- TS(V) from the HEE 160 to certain tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) to provide localization services. The tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) can contain the same components and configuration as the RAUs 162(1)-162(P). Thus, this configuration of the distributed antenna system 150 employs the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) provided on downlinks to the tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) to provide localization services. The difference is that the tracking RAUs 170(1)A-170(Q) are communicatively coupled to channels or links provided by the HEE 160 that are dedicated to carry the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V). Each tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) has a unique identification from the other tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) in this embodiment. The tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) selected to receive tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) can be strategically located within different tracking zones 176 in a building 178 or other infrastructure. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates four tracking zones 176(1)-176(4). Each tracking zone 176(1)-176(4) may represent a floor within the building 178 wherein a tracking RAU 170(1)-170(Q) is located on each floor.

[0071] With continuing reference to FIG. 8, in this embodiment, the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) is not used for communications, and the client devices 24 can receive the tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) from the tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) over a greater distance than communications. Thus, when client devices 24 are located within range of a particular tracking RAU 170(1)-170(Q), the client device 24 will receive the particular tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) designated for the floor communicated to the tracking RAU 170(1)-170(Q). The client device 24 can then communicate client device identification information regarding the received tracking signal TS(1)-TS(V) back to the HEE 160 and over a network 180. Thus, the particular floor in which the client device 24 is located can be provided or determined. Note that although the example of tracking illustrates four (4) tracking zones 176(1)-176(4), the disclosure herein is not limited to providing a particular number of tracking zones or tracking RAUs placed in the tracking zones to receive and wirelessly transmit a tracking signal to client devices.

[0072] With continuing reference to FIG. 8, other RAUs 162(1)-162(P) that are not configured to receive and wirelessly transmit the tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V) are also provided in the distributed antenna system 150. In this embodiment, these RAUs 162(1)- 162(P) form antenna coverage areas in each of the tracking zones 176(1)-176(4) that are not associated with providing tracking signals or location services. The RAUs 162(1)- 162(P) can be like the RAUs 14, 132 previously described and illustrated in FIGS. 1-6 that provide downlink network communications to client devices in range of the antenna coverage areas and receive wireless communications from the client devices to communicate uplink communication data back to the HEE 160 and over the network 180. More than one RAU 162(1)-162(P) may be provided in a given zone 176(1)-176(4) to provide communications between client devices 24 inside the building 178 and the network 180.

[0073] As also illustrated in FIG. 8, the tracking RAUs 170(1)-170(Q) could also be configured to transmit downlink communication data to client devices 24 in addition to the tracking signals TS(1)-TS(V). For example, tracking RAU 170(Q) is configured to receive both tracking signal TS(3) and downlink communication data from the HEE 160 and transmit both to client devices 24 in range of the tracking RAU 170(Q). When the client device 24 is in range of the tracking RAU 170(Q), the client device 24 receives the tracking signal TS(3) and the downlink communication data. The client device 24 can transmit client device identification information and uplink communication data back to the HEE 160 and over the network 180. The tracking RAU 170(Q) may be configured to receive uplink communication data from a client device 24, or may be configured to only transmit the tracking signal TS(3) and downlink communication data to a client device 24. In the latter case, a second RAU 162(P) located in proximity to the tracking RAU 170(Q) may be configured to receive the client device identification information and uplink communication data from the client device 24 to provide to the HEE 160 and the network 180.

[0074] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of determining total propagation delay within the exemplary distributed antenna system 150 in FIG. 7. Note however that determining total propagation delay could also be performed in the exemplary distributed antenna systems 10, 120 discussed above as well, and the embodiments of determining propagation delay herein are not limited to any particular type or configuration of distributed antenna system. Common elements with the distributed antenna system 150 in FIG. 7 are provided with common element numbers in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, determining the total propagation delay within the distributed antenna system 150 consists of determining propagation delay of the distribution of the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) and the propagation delay of distribution of the uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) to the HEE 160. In this embodiment, this delay consists of the propagation delay D3, because it is assumed that the propagation delay D ₄ from the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to the antennas 166(1)-166(P), as illustrated in FIG. 7, is negligible when compared to the propagation delay D3. Also, the propagation delay D3 in this embodiment consists of a plurality of propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P) since each RAU 162(1)-162(P) may not be located the same distance from the HEE 160 and/or communicatively coupled using the same type of communications medium.

[0075] With continuing reference to FIG. 9, to determine the propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P), a propagation delay measurement circuit(s) 192(1)-192(M) may be associated with each RIM 190(1)-190(M) in the HEE 160. By providing the propagation delay measurement circuits 192(1)-192(M) associated with each RIM 190(1)-190(M), the propagation delay from the RIMs 190(1)-190(M) to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) can be determined, which is estimated in this embodiment to be the total propagation delay of the distributed antenna system 150. The propagation delay measurement circuit 192 is used to measure the propagation delay of the time to distribute the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) from the RIMs 190(1)-190(M) and OIMs 191(1)-191(N) to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) and for responsive uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) to be distributed back from the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) to the HEE 160 in this embodiment. The RIMs 190(1)-190(M) may be like the RIMs 120(1)- 120(M) illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 and previously described above. The OIMs 191(1)- 191(N) may be like the OIMs 122(1)- 122(M) illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 and previously described above. Examples of propagation delay measurement circuits that may be provided as the propagation delay measurement circuit 192 are described in more detail below. In this embodiment, because multiple RAUs 162(1)-162(P) are provided, the propagation delay D ₃ will be composed of a plurality of propagation delays D ₃ (1)-D ₃ (P). The longest of the propagation delays D ₃ (1)-D ₃ (P) may be considered to be the propagation delay of the distributed antenna system 150 or an average of the propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P) as non-limiting examples.

[0076] With continuing reference to FIG. 9, to measure propagation delay, RF cross bar switches 194(1)-194(P) are provided in each of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P). The RF cross bar switches 194(1)-194(P) are coupled to O/E and E/O converters 196(1)-196(P) in the RAUs 162(1)-162(P). The RF cross bar switches 194(1)-194(P) are provided to reverse received downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) received on the downlink communications medium 164D back onto the uplink communications medium 164U as uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) before the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) are distributed to the antennas 166(1)-166(P). The propagation delay measurement circuit 192 measures the time between when the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) are distributed from the HEE 160 and when the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156(P) are received back at the propagation delay measurement circuit 192 as uplink communications signals 156U(1)- 156U(P) to determine the propagation delay D3. The propagation delay measurement circuit 192 will measure the propagation delay for one communication path between the HEE 160 and a particular RAU 162.

[0077] With continuing reference to FIG. 9 and as illustrated in the exemplary flowchart in FIG. 10, to measure the propagation delay D3(1)-D3(P) for each RAU 162(1)-162(P), the HEE 160 can be configured to control the distribution of downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P). Propagation delay may be measured for each RAU 162(1)-162(P) communications path before normal RF communications are allowed to be active in the distributed antenna system 150. A head-end controller (HEC) 199 or other control circuitry may be provided in the HEE 160, as illustrated in FIG. 9, to perform the process in FIG. 10 to determine propagation delay. In this regard, the HEC 199 can initiate or reset the propagation delay measurement circuit 192, as illustrated in FIG. 10 (block 200 in FIG. 10). The HEC 199 also communicates to an RAU(s) 162(1)- 162(P) to activate the RF cross bar switch(es) 194(1)-194(P) to redirect the received downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) to the uplink communications medium 164U as the uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) (block 202 in FIG. 10). The HEC 199 may configure certain components in the HEE 160 so that the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) are only distributed to one RAU 162(1)-162(P) at a time during propagation propagation delay measurement. Thereafter, the HEE 160 distributes the downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) to the RAU(s) 162(1)-162(P) (block 204 in FIG. 10). For example, the distributed downlink communications signals 156D(1)-156D(P) may be of the modulation frequency of serial communications, such as 315 MHz as one non- limiting example. The RF cross bar switch(es) 194(1)-194(P) will direct the received downlink communications signals 154D(1)-154D(P) onto the uplink communications medium 164U as illustrated in FIG. 9. The HEE 160 will receive the uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) from the RAU(s) 162(1)-162(P) (block 206 in FIG. 10). The propagation delay measurement circuit 192 will then determine the time of receipt of the uplink communications signals 156U(1)-156U(P) to determine the propagation delay(s) D ₃ (1)-D ₃ (P) for the RAU(s) 162(1)-162(P) (block 208 in FIG. 10). [0078] With continuing reference to FIG. 10, the HEC 199 may be configured to measure the propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P) for one RAU 162 at a time since the propagation delays D ₃ (1)-D ₃ (P) will likely be different due to the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) being located at difference distances from the HEE 160. In this regard, the process in FIG. 10 can be performed for one RAU 162 at one time. A switch or switches 197 may be provided in the HEE 160 and controllable by the HEC 199 to be switched to one or more of the RAUs 162(1)-162(P) at a time to set the communication path to distribute communications signals to the desired RAU(s) 162(1)-162(P) (block 210 in FIG. 10). For example, the switch 197 may be comprised of transmit optical sub-assemblies (TOSAs) and receive optical sub-assemblies (ROSAs) that are activated and deactivated to control which RAUs 162(1)-162(P) receive communications signals from the HEE 160. Control of which RAUs 162(1)-162(P) receive communications signals from the HEE 160 provides the identification of the RAU 162(1)-162(P) associated with a given propagation delay determined using the propagation delay measurement circuit 192. When a next propagation delay D3 for a given RAU 162 is to be measured, the HEC 199 can set the communication path to a next RAU 162 (block 210) to measure the propagation delay D3 for the given RAU 162. The process in FIG. 10 can be repeated until all propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P) for all RAUs 162(1)-162(P) are determined. The propagation delays D3(1)-D3(P) can be stored and communicated by the HEC 199 to the network management equipment 152 (FIG. 7) as desired. The HEC 199 may also store and/or communicate the determined propagation delay along with the identification of the client device 24 and/or the determined location of the client device 24. The location of the client device 24 may be determined or determinable based on the methods discussed above.

[0079] Any type of propagation delay measurement circuit may be employed for the propagation delay measurement circuits 192(1)-192(M) in the HEE 160 in FIG. 9 to measure propagation delay. As non-limiting examples, FIGS. 11A-11E are schematic diagrams of exemplary propagation delay measurement circuits that may be employed as the propagation delay measurement circuits 192(1)-192(M).

[0080] FIG. 11A illustrates a first example of a propagation delay measurement circuit 192A that employs a fast counter for measuring propagation delay of one communication path between an RIM 190 and an RAU 162. With reference to FIG. 11 A, the propagation delay measurement circuit 192A employs an AND gate 220 that provides an output line 222 to a counter 224. The AND gate 220 acts as a switch to activate the counter 224 when a downlink communications signal 156D is active or on the downlink communications medium 164D and the corresponding uplink communications signal 156U is not detected. When the downlink communications signal 156D is detected by a downlink communications signal detector 225 (e.g., a power detector), an input line 226 to the AND gate 220 is raised high (i.e., a Voltage level signifying a logical "1"). The corresponding uplink communications signals 156U will not be detected until the downlink communications signal 156D reaches the configured RAU 162 and is routed through the RF cross bar switch 194 back onto the uplink communications medium 164U. Thus initially, an input line 228 providing a detection of the uplink communications signal 156U will be low (i.e., a Voltage level signifying a logical "0"), which will be inverted by an inverter 230 to provide a high Voltage level to the AND gate 220. During this condition, the output line 222 of the AND gate 220 passes an oscillating clock signal 232 (e.g., a 1.0 GHz signal) to the counter 224 to accumulate clock pulses from the clock signal 232. The accumulated clock pulses are provided to a fast counter 234 to provide a count representative of propagation delay. The frequency of the clock signal 232 should be a frequency that is much greater than the propagation delay so that the resolution of the counter 224 will be sufficient to accurately measurement propagation delay in the distributed antenna system 150.

[0081] With continuing reference to FIG. 11 A, once the downlink communications signal 156D is detected by an uplink communications signal detector 233 (e.g., a power detector) at the propagation delay measurement circuit 192A as a received uplink communications signal 156U, the input line 228 will be set high. In response, the AND gate 220 will shut off the counter 224. The HEC 199 can read the counter value present in the fast counter 234 over a data bus 236 to determine the propagation delay of the downlink communications signal 156D. Before a subsequent propagation delay is measured using the propagation delay measurement circuit 192 A, the counter 224 is reset by the HEC 199 using a reset line 238.

[0082] FIGS. 11B-11D illustrate other examples of propagation delay measurement circuits 192. For example, FIG. 11B illustrates an alternate propagation delay measurement circuit 192B that is similar to the propagation delay measurement circuit 192A in FIG. 11 A. Common elements are labeled with common element numbers. In the propagation delay measurement circuit 192B in FIG. 11B, the output line 222 from the AND gate 220 is input directly into the fast counter 234. The HEC 199 can read the counter value present in the fast counter 234 over the data bus 236 to determine the propagation delay of the downlink communications signal 156D. FIG. 11C illustrates another alternate propagation delay measurement circuit 192C that is similar to the propagation delay measurement circuit 192A in FIG. 11 A. Common elements are labeled with common element numbers. In the propagation delay measurement circuit 192C in FIG. 11C, a first counter 224 A is provided as a substitute to an AND gate wherein the clock signals are accumulated by a second counter 224B on detection of the uplink communications signal 156U. The HEC 199 can read the counter value present in the fast counter 234 over the data bus 236 to determine the propagation delay of the downlink communications signal 156D.

[0083] FIG. 11D illustrates another alternate propagation delay measurement circuit 192D that is similar to the propagation delay measurement circuit 192A in FIG. 11 A. Common elements are labeled with common element numbers. In the propagation delay measurement circuit 192D in FIG. 11D, the output line 222 from the AND gate 220 is input into an analog interrogator circuit 239 to accumulate clock pulses from the clock signal 232. An output 241 from the analog interrogator circuit 239 is provided to the counter 224 to provide the propagation delay. The HEC 199 can read the counter value present in the counter 224 over the data bus 236 to determine the propagation delay of the downlink communications signal 156D.

[0084] FIG. HE illustrates another alternate propagation delay measurement circuit 192E that is similar to the propagation delay measurement circuit 192D in FIG. 11D. Common elements are labeled with common element numbers. In the propagation delay measurement circuit 192E in FIG. HE, the output 241 from the interrogator 239 is input into an analog-to -digital (A/D) converter 243 to convert an analog representation of accumulated clock pulses by the interrogator 239 into a digital representation of propagation delay. The HEC 199 can read the digital value of the propagation delay over the data bus 236 to determine the propagation delay of the downlink communications signal 156D.

[0085] The determined propagation delay may depend on the edge detect latencies of the downlink communications signal detector 225 and uplink communications signal detector 233 and the clock frequency of the clock signal 232 in the propagation delay measurement circuits 192A-192E. If the detectors 225, 232 have fixed latency, this fixed latency can be calculated and removed from the determined propagation delay. If one assumes a purely random nature of latency, one can express the standard deviation of latency delay. [0086] For example, if the clock period of the clock signal 232 is 1 nanosecond (ns), and the transmit edge (tx_edge) and receive edge (rx_edge) detection delay of the detectors 225, 233 is a standard deviation of 2 ns, the final measurement standard deviation is 2.88 ns. Using 2 ns clock periods in the clock signal 232 would produce standard deviation of 3.05 ns. If one were to use a ten (10) measurement sample, the overall standard deviation is reduced to less than approximately 1 ns. Inherent resolution of a single measurement is defined by a clock period, (1 or 2 ns). Resolution can be improved by taking more samples. Translated into optical fiber length, one could estimate less than 1 meter (m) resolution.

[0087] It may be desired to only determine the propagation delay D3" of the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U in the distributed antenna system 150 in FIGS. 7 and 9. This is opposed to determining the total propagation delay D3 comprised of the HEE 160 propagation delay D3' and the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U propagation delay D ₃ ", as discussed above. In this regard, FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the distributed antenna system 150 in FIGS. 7 and 9. However, the propagation delay measurement circuits 192 are disposed in each of the OIMs 191(1)-191(N) as propagation delay measurement circuits 192(1)-192(N). In this regard, the propagation delay measurement circuits 192(1)-192(N) can measure the propagation delay of the communication paths between the downlink communications medium 164D and the return uplink communications medium 164U between the OIMs 191(1)-191(N) and the RAUs 162(1)-162(P). The processes previously described with regard to FIG. 10 to measure the total propagation delays in the distributed antenna system 150 is equally applicable to this embodiment for measuring the propagation delays in the communication paths between the downlink communications medium 164D and the return uplink communications medium 164U.

[0088] Variations in propagation delays in a downlink and/or uplink communications medium as a result of variations in length variations in placement of RAUs may not be distinguishable, or may not be distinguishable for all RAUs. Also, it may be desired to equalize propagation delay caused by variations in propagation delays in a downlink and uplink communications medium, such as by result of variations in length variations in placement of RAUs. In this regard, FIG. 13 illustrates a distributed antenna system 150' that includes common components indicated by common element numbers with the distributed antenna system 150 in FIG. 7. However, additional propagation delay can be provided in the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U by a propagation delay generator 193. In this regard, a propagation delay generator 193 is provided and is configured to be controlled to add or otherwise change propagation delay to the downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U. As an example, the propagation delay generator 193 may contain a plurality of delay paths vary in propagation delay. For example, different lengths of optical fiber may be provided in the propagation delay generator 193 to represent different additional propagation delays.

[0089] With continuing reference to FIG. 13, the specific downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U in which the additional propagation delay is added is controlled by an optical path matrix switch 195. The optical path matrix switch 195 is configured to control in which path in the propagation delay generator 193 a given downlink and/or uplink communications medium 164D, 164U takes in the propagation delay generator 193. The switched path selected controls the amount of additional propagation delay added by the propagation delay generator 193 to a given downlink and/or uplink communications medium 164D, 164U, and thus to the RAU 162 connected to the given downlink and uplink communications medium 164D, 164U. The propagation delay generator 193 and optical path matrix switch 195 may include a controller, such as a microprocessor or microcontroller, that is configured to communicate with the HEE 160 as an example. The HEE 160 may control the optical path matrix switch 195 to control the selected propagation delay among of propagation delays provided by the propagation delay generator 193 for a given downlink and/or uplink communications medium 164D, 164U.

[0090] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detail regarding the exemplary HEC 199 and/or any other microprocessor, microcontroller, or controller disclosed herein in the exemplary form of an exemplary computer system 240 adapted to execute instructions from an exemplary computer-readable medium to perform power management functions. The HEC 199 may be included in the HEE 160 as previously discussed. In this regard, the HEC 199 may comprise the computer system 240 within which a set of instructions for causing the HEC 199 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. The HEC 199 may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. The HEC 199 may operate in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. While only a single device is illustrated, the term "device" shall also be taken to include any collection of devices that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The HEC 199 may be a circuit or circuits included in an electronic board card, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) as an example, a server, a personal computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computing pad, a mobile device, or any other device, and may represent, for example, a server or a user's computer.

[0091] The exemplary computer system 240 of the HEC 199 in this embodiment includes a processing device or processor 242, a main memory 244 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), etc.), and a static memory 246 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), which may communicate with each other via the data bus 236. Alternatively, the processing device 242 may be connected to the main memory 244 and/or static memory 246 directly or via some other connectivity means. The processing device 242 may be a controller, and the main memory 244 or static memory 246 may be any type of memory, each of which can be included in the HEE 160.

[0092] The processing device 242 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device 242 may be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 242 is configured to execute processing logic in instructions 248 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.

[0093] The computer system 240 may further include a network interface device 250. The computer system 240 also may or may not include an input 252 to receive input and selections to be communicated to the computer system 240 when executing instructions. The computer system 240 also may or may not include an output 254, including but not limited to a display, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), and/or a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse).

[0094] The computer system 240 may or may not include a data storage device that includes instructions 256 stored in a computer-readable medium 258 embodying any one or more of the propagation delay measurement methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 256 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 244 and/or within the processing device 242 during execution thereof by the computer system 240, the main memory 244 and the processing device 242 also constituting computer-readable medium. The instructions 256 may further be transmitted or received over a network 260 via the network interface device 250.

[0095] While the computer-readable medium 258 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term "computer-readable medium" should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term "computer-readable medium" shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the processing device and that cause the processing device to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the embodiments disclosed herein. The term "computer-readable medium" shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic medium, and carrier wave signals.

[0096] The embodiments disclosed herein include various steps. The steps of the embodiments disclosed herein may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general- purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware and software.

[0097] The embodiments disclosed herein may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium (or computer- readable medium) having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the embodiments disclosed herein. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable storage medium (e.g., read only memory ("ROM"), random access memory ("RAM"), magnetic disk storage medium, optical storage medium, flash memory devices, etc.), a machine- readable transmission medium (electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.)), etc. [0098] Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the previous discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing," "computing," "determining," "displaying," or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices.

[0099] The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description above. In addition, the embodiments described herein are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the embodiments as described herein.

[00100] Those of skill in the art would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithms described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, instructions stored in memory or in another computer-readable medium and executed by a processor or other processing device, or combinations of both. The components of the distributed antenna systems described herein may be employed in any circuit, hardware component, integrated circuit (IC), or IC chip, as examples. Memory disclosed herein may be any type and size of memory and may be configured to store any type of information desired. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. How such functionality is implemented depends upon the particular application, design choices, and/or design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present embodiments.

[00101] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A controller may be a processor. A processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[00102] The embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied in hardware and in instructions that are stored in hardware, and may reside, for example, in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a remote station. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a remote station, base station, or server.

[00103] It is also noted that the operational steps described in any of the exemplary embodiments herein are described to provide examples and discussion. The operations described may be performed in numerous different sequences other than the illustrated sequences. Furthermore, operations described in a single operational step may actually be performed in a number of different steps. Additionally, one or more operational steps discussed in the exemplary embodiments may be combined. It is to be understood that the operational steps illustrated in the flow chart diagrams may be subject to numerous different modifications as will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art. Those of skill in the art would also understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. [00104] Further, as used herein, it is intended that terms "fiber optic cables" and/or "optical fibers" include all types of single mode and multi-mode light waveguides, including one or more optical fibers that may be upcoated, colored, buffered, ribbonized and/or have other organizing or protective structure in a cable such as one or more tubes, strength members, jackets or the like. The optical fibers disclosed herein can be single mode or multi-mode optical fibers. Likewise, other types of suitable optical fibers include bend-insensitive optical fibers, or any other expedient of a medium for transmitting light signals. An example of a bend-insensitive, or bend resistant, optical fiber is ClearCurve ^® Multimode fiber commercially available from Corning Incorporated. Suitable fibers of this type are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0166094 and 2009/0169163, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[00105] Many modifications and other embodiments of the embodiments set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the embodiments pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. For example, the distributed antenna systems could include any type or number of communications mediums, including but not limited to electrical conductors, optical fiber, and air (i.e., wireless transmission). The distributed antenna systems may distribute any type of communications signals, including but not limited to RF communications signals and digital data communications signals, examples of which are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424 entitled "Providing Digital Data Services in Optical Fiber-based Distributed Radio Frequency (RF) Communications Systems, And Related Components and Methods," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Multiplexing, such as WDM and/or FDM, may be employed in any of the distributed antenna systems described herein, such as according to the examples provided in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/892,424.

[00106] Therefore, it is to be understood that the description and claims are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. It is intended that the embodiments cover the modifications and variations of the embodiments provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.