| I Claim, 1. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil, without transesterification, for edible use as well as nonedible use such as biodiesel, wherein the process of detoxification and purification comprises the following steps: a. degumming of Argemone oil by treating with methanolic Q- phosphoric acid solution to obtain alkaloid and gum free oil; and b. detoxifiying the degummed oil by treating with aqueous NaOH solution to obtain alkaloid free detoxified Argemone oil. 2. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the detoxified oil of step (b) is further, optionally, subjected to transesterification with acid and alkali successively in presence of methanol, to obtain transesterified Argemone oil, for non-edible use, such as biodiesel. 3. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said degummed oil of step (a) comprises the compounds as described in Table 1. 4. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claims 1 and 3, wherein said degummed oil of step (a) is prepared according to the process as described in Example 1. 5. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claims 1 and 3, wherein said . degummed oil is characterized by GC-MS of Fig.1. 6. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said detoxified oil of step (b) comprises the compounds as described in Table 2. 7. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claims 1 and 6, wherein said detoxified oil of step (b) is prepared according to the process as described in Example 2. 8. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claims 1 and 6, wherein said detoxified oil is characterized by GC-MS of Fig.2. 9. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 2, wherein said transesterified oil comprises the compounds as described in Table 3. 10. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claims 2 and 9, wherein said transesterified oil is prepared according to the process as described in Example 3. 1 1. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 2 and 7, wherein said transesterified oil is characterized by GC-MS of Fig.3. 12. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 1 and 2, wherein said detoxified oil is characterized to have specific gravity 0.904; cloud point -2°C, acid value 2.044 mg NaOH/g oil, iodine value 190.35 g iodine/1 OOg oil, viscosity 8.266 and transesterified oil is characterized to have specific gravity 0.888; cloud point -1°C, acid value 1.251 mg NaOH/g oil, iodine value 134.69 g iodine/1 OOg oil; viscosity 5.181. 13. Detoxified and purified Argemone oil as claimed in claim 1 and 2, wherein the yield of detoxified and transesterified Argemone oil in substantially pure form is within the range of 85 to 90%. 14. The use of detoxified and purified Argemone oil without tranesterification, for edible as well as nonedible use such as biodiesel prepared by the process as claimed in claim 1. 15. The use of transesterified Argemone oil for nonedible use such as biodiesel prepared by the process as claimed in claim 2. |
The present invention relates detoxified and purified Argemone oil for edible and non- edible use. This invention further relates to an improved, economically viable process for detoxification of Argemone oil and making the same edible and also useful as biodiesel, with high efficiency.
Background and Prior Art:
With the exponential increase in population, soaring prices of food and edible oils have assumed a global proportion. The only other crisis which has marketly attracted attention over food and edible oil prices is the energy crisis. Industrial Revolution and depleting petroleum resources have impacted crude oil prices. Further, increasing uncertainities about natural resources and constrains in global energy production and supply has lead to search and research for viable alternatives. It is therefore prudent and urgent to look for alternate economically viable renewable and sustainable resources from nature with high yield and affordable prices. In this perspective, considerable attention has been drawn towards the production of bio-diesel as diesel substitute. Due to the fact that plants, vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources and due to its environmental benefits, bio-diesel has become universally attractive. However, a major hurdle towards widespread , commercialization of bio-diesel is the high price of bio-diesel. One of the means to address this problem is through research. The inventor of the present invention has successfully through pain staking efforts produced bio-diesel from Argemone oil which is economic and commercially viable.
Argemone oil, as such, is used as an adulterant in mustard oil. The adulteration with Argemone oil results in odema called 'dropsy'. Dropsy is typically known as 'impurity' disease caused by waste products in the blood. The presence of benzophenanthridine alkaloids toxins, such as sanguinarine and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine in Argemone oil is said to be the causative agent of dropsy.
Considering the increasing global demand and improvement in quality of life style in countries like India and China, there is urgent and pressing need for additional and alternate viable source of edible oil. The inventor of the present invention has successfully eliminated the carcinogenic property and other undesirable elements and converted Argemone oil into potentially beneficial, value added and commercially attractive edible oil, by detoxification.
Summary of the Invention:
With a view to not only eliminate the use of cheap adulterant causing serious health problems and converting it into potentially beneficial-value added and commercially attractive edible oil, the inventor of the present invention has detoxified Argemone oil and has made it eligible for edible use as well as for non-edible use such as bio-diesel. The detoxification process, characterization of the detoxified oil, economic benefit along with favorable emission and pollution parameters evaluated by the present inventor has been described herein.
The detoxified and purified Argemone oil is edible and also an efficient biodiesel obtained in high yield by the improved process and hence economical.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an improved process for preparation of detoxified and purified Argemone oil, without transesterification, which comprises of following steps:
a) Degumming of Argemone oil by treating with methanolic O-phosphoric acid solution to obtain alkaloid and gum free oil.
b) Detoxifiying the above degummed oil by treating with aqueous NaOH solution to obtain alkaloid free or detoxified Argemone oil with high yield and purity.
In yet another aspect, an improved process for preparation of detoxified Argemone oil used as biodiesel which optionally comprises of tranesterifiying the detoxified Argemone oil by successive treatment with acid and alkali in presence of methanol to obtain transesterified Argemone oil in high yield and purity.
Detailed Description of Drawings:
Figure 1 depicts the GCMS of Degummed Argemone Oil.
Figure 2 depicts the GCMS of Detoxified Argemone Oil (DAO).
Figure 3 depicts the GCMS of Transesterified Oil of Argemone (TEO).
Figure 4 illustrates the engine run times for 20ml oil as affected by different load factor. Figure 5 illustrates percent increase in run time for different oils at variable load, in comparison with neat Petroleum Diesel.
Detailed Description of the Invention:
The invention will now be described in detail in connection with certain preferred and optional embodiments, so that various aspects thereof may be more fully understood and appreciated.
For the purpose of this invention "DAO" refers to detoxified Argemone oil and "TEO" refers to transesterified oil. Further, "PD" refers to petroleum diesel.
Argemone seeds were harvested from Argemone plants cultivated at the experimental garden at the Science Foundation for Tribal and Rural Resource Development, Orissa. The seed were collected, dried and processed as described in Indian Application no. 1373/KOL/2006 and International PCT Application no. PCT/IN2008/000346,the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. However, the process disclosed in PCT/IN2008/000346 has many drawbacks, such as low yield, high level of alkaloid and gum.
In a preferred embodiment the present invention discloses an improved process for preparation of detoxified and purified Argemone oil, without transesterification, for edible use as well as non-edible use such as biodiesel which comprises of following steps: a) Degumming of Argemone oil by treating with methanolic O-phosphoric acid solution to obtain alkaloid and gum free oil.
b) Detoxifiying the above degummed oil by treating with aqueous NaOH solution to obtain alkaloid free or detoxified Argemone oil with high yield and purity.
In a preferred embodiment the present invention, optionally, discloses a process for transesterification of detoxified Argemone oil of step (b), by successive treatment with acid and alkali in presence of methanol to obtain transesterified Argemone oil with high yield and purity which is useful as bio-diesel. From the aforesaid improved processes higher yield of detoxified Argemone oil and transesterified Argemone oil in substantially pure form is achieved which is within the range of 85 to 90%.
In another embodiment the present invention also discloses detoxified and purified Argemone oil prepared by aforesaid process.
In a further embodiment the present invention discloses transesterified Argemone oil prepared by aforesaid process.
The present invention discloses the use of detoxified and purified Argemone oil without tranesterification, for edible as well as nonedible use such as biodiesel prepared by the aforesaid process. Further, the present invention discloses the use of transesterified Argemone oil for nonedible use such as biodiesel prepared by the aforesaid process.
The detoxified oil and transesterified oil obtained from the above process increases the efficiency of engine, decrease smoke percent and concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide.
Having described the invention with reference to certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments will become apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The invention is further defined by reference to the following non-limiting examples describing in detail the methods of preparation and use of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES:
Example l :Degumming of Argemone oil (Removal of alkaloids and gums):
The crude Argemone oil was treated with methanolic H3PO4 to remove alkaloid and gum from it. 25ml methanolic o-phosphoric acid solution (12% v/v) was homogenized with 100ml crude oil and allowed to stand for overnight. Thereafter, the oil was separated from methanol layer and precipitated compounds are filtered thought silica gel (60-120 mesh) under suction. The lower layer consisting of methanol and phosphoric acid is recycled three times for degumming Argemone oil. This makes the process economically more viable and attractive. 91.74 % of degummed oil is obtained.
Table 1 : COMPOUNDS FOUND IN DEGUMMED OIL
Example 2: Detoxification
After degumming, the oil was kept overnight with 0.1% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, the aqueous portion was discarded and the oil was washed twice with water to remove residual alkali. The oil was thereafter heated in a water bath at 100°C for lhour and then passed through warmed anhydrous Na 2 S0 3 or the oil was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 mins to remove moisture from oil. HPTLC investigation proved absence of toxic compounds and was marked as alkaloid free Argemone oil or Detoxified Argemone Oil (DAO). 89.59 % of detoxified oil is obtained.
Table 2: COMPOUNDS FOUND IN DETOXIFIED OIL
The sterols found in detoxified oil for edible use such as Campesterol, Stigmasterol, τ- Sitosterol and Isofucosterol are recommended component of edible oil.
Example 3: Two-step transesterification
Since the reactivity of methoxide radicals is higher than that of ethoxide radicals, methanol was used for transesterification of Argemone oil. Degummed and alkaloid-free oil was mixed with sulphuric acid and methanol in the proportion of 50: 10: 1 (oil: MeOH : H 2 S0 4 , v/v/v) and stirred mechanically at 200rpm at 60°C for 3hrs for esterification. After completion of the process, the lower layer was discarded and oil was neutralized with methanolic costic soda solution and methanol was recovered from oil. The neutral oil was then mixed with sodium hydroxide and methanol in a ratio of oil : alkali : methanol (25:0.2:5) and stirred well mechanically at 200-250rpm for 4hrs at 50°C. After transesterification, the oil was separated from lower layer by separating funnel or by centrifugation and washed with water twice to remove impurities. The resultant oil sample-Transesterified Oil of Argemone (TEO) was stored for further analysis. 86.42% of transesterified oil is obtained.
Table 3: COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TRANESTERIFIED OIL
Example 4: Characterization of vegetable oils
Specific gravity of vegetable oils and petroleum diesel was measured using specific gravity bottle. Cloud point, acid value and iodine value of these oils were estimated by ASTM D2500, AOCS Te la-64 and AOCS Tg 1-64 methods, respectively. (Table 1) Table 4: Physical Properties of Oils
Example 5: Gas Chromatographv-mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Oil
Fatty acid components of esters were identified using gas-chromatography-mass spectroscopy (varian, gas-chromatography 4000 Ion Trap mass spectroscopy) equipped with VF 5-MS (30m x 0.25m ID x 0.25μπι df) column. Helium was used as carrier gas at 1ml mil "1 flow rate. The temperatures of both injector and detector were set to 270°C. The following oven temperature programme was used: initially the temperature was retained at 45°C for lmin, then the temperature was raised from 45°C to 55°C at 1 °C min " ' increment, again raised from 55°C to 290°C at 15°C min "1 increments and finally kept for 5min at 290°C. Total run time for each sample was 31 minutes. Injection: Ι μΐ split on 100ml; Liner: Gooseneck Fritted liner 3.4mm, 1079 injector at 270°C. GC-MS chromatograms of Degummed oil, Detoxified Oil (DAO) and Transesterified oil (TEO) are presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.
Example 6: Engine Test
Engine run times for 20ml oil at different load factor is shown in Figure 4. Results reveals that engine run time per unit amount of petroleum diesel decreased with increasing load on engine, which in turn increased on addition with biodesel. This indicates the superiority/effectiveness of both the biofuels to increase diesel engine efficiency. Further, percent increase in run time for different oils (Figure 5) also shows that efficiency of bio-fuel added Petroleum Diesel (PD) over neat PD increases with increasing load on engine. Data suggested that maximum 52% increment in run time was recorded when 20% TEO was mixed with PD. But 20% DAO addition registered up to 48% increase in run time of diesel engine and upto 41 % increase in run time was observed when engine was run only 10% DAO added PD.
Exhaust Emissions
The emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and nitrogen oxide were examined (Table 5). Pollution parameters of emitted smoke were much reduced due to addition of biofuels. Pollution parameters of emitted smoke were reduced due to addition of biofuels in PD. 10% addition of DAO and TEO and 20% addition of DAO in PD decreased the smoke percent and concentration of unburned hydrocarbon, CO, C0 2j NOx in smoke as compared to PD application. In case of 20% TEO added PD, though smoke percent and concentration of C0 2 and NOx decreased, it increased UHC and CO content in emitted smoke.
Table 5: Smoke percent and concentration of greenhouse gases in emitted gas as affected by different fuel
The invention described herein, the compound found in detoxified oil, as well as transesterified oil and their characteristic as well as the processes of preparation, as described herein are not limiting and may be treated as extending to equivalents and other characterization processes as understood by a person skilled in the art including example as described herein above.