JOHANSSON, Christer (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
AHRENTORP, Fredrik (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
JONASSON, Christian (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
BLOMGREN, Jakob (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
CARLSSON, Rolf (Lidbäcksgatan 19, Hallstahammar, S-734 30, SE)
JOHANSSON, Christer (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
AHRENTORP, Fredrik (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
JONASSON, Christian (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
BLOMGREN, Jakob (Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, Göteborg, S-400 14, SE)
| CLAIMS 1. Device (1) for indicating if a fastening element (3) at fasten- ing in a piece (5) has reached a tensile yield limit load, wherein the fastening element (3) comprises a threaded shaft (7), which shaft (7) comprises a magnostrictive material, characterized in that the device (1) comprises: - means (9, 12) for generating an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft (7), - means (9, 14) for measuring a physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic susceptibility of the shaft (7), wherein the means (9, 14) for measuring the physical quantity is adapted to be exposed to said magnetic field after the mag- netic field's penetration of the shaft (7), and - a control unit (16) adapted to receive measured values of said physical quantity and detect a significant change of the physical quantity, wherein the control unit (16) is adapted to on basis of the significant change determine and indicate if the shaft (7) of the fastening element (3) has reached the tensile yield limit load. 2. Device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the significant change of the physical quantity occurs in relation to a strain of the shaft (7). 3. Device (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the strain of the shaft (7) is determined based on a rotation of the fastening element (3) or a threaded fastening installation ele- ment, and a threaded pitch of said threaded shaft (7) or fastening installation element. 4. Device (1) according to any of the claim 2 and 3, characterized in that the control unit (16) is adapted to identify a mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to the strain of the shaft (7), wherein said significant change of the physical quantity is detected when a deviation from the mainly constant rate of cha ng e of th e physica l q u antity exceeds a first certain value. 5. Device (1 ) according to any of claim 1 -3, characterized i n that the control unit (16) is adapted to detect the significant change of the physical quantity when an absolute change of the physical quantity from any of an initial value or a maximal value has arisen . 6. Device (1 ) accordi ng to any of the previous claims, characterized i n that the means for measuring the physical quantity (9, 14) comprises a sensor element (9) adapted to be exposed to said magnetic field after the magnetic field's penetration of the shaft (7), wherei n said physical quantity is at least one of a resistance and an i nductance of the sensor element (9). 7. Device (1 ) accordi ng to claim 6, characterized in that the sensor element (9) is adapted to at least partly surround a torsion head (8) of the fasten i ng element (3) wh ile the torsion head (8) is influenced by a torsion force. 8. Device ( 1 ) according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that the means (9, 12) for generating the alternating magnetic field comprises an inductive component (9), which inductive component (9) is adapted to at least partly surround a torsion head (8) of the fasteni ng element (3) while the torsion head (8) is affected by a torsion force. 9. Device ( 1 ) according to any of the previous claims, charac- terized in that the device (1 ) comprises means (20, 22) for generating a static magnetic field that penetrates the shaft (7). 10. Device ( 1 ) according to any of the previous claims, characterized in that the device (1 ) comprises a torsion transfer unit (13, 19) adapted to transfer a torsion force to the fastening element (3) or a threaded fastening i nstallation element, wherei n the torsion transfer unit (13, 19) is adapted , by means of the control unit (16), to be controlled in dependency of a reached tensile yield limit load . 1 1 . Device (1 ) according to claim 10, characterized in that the torsion transfer unit (13, 19) is adapted , based on the i ndication of a reached tensile yield limit load , to rotate the fastening element (3) so that the load of the fasteni ng element (3) is corrected with a certai n correction value. 12. Method for indicating if a fasten ing element (3) at fastening in a piece (5) has reached a tensile yield limit load , wherei n the fastening element (3) comprises a threaded shaft (7), which shaft (7) comprises a magnetostrictive material , wherei n the method comprises the steps of: - generating an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft (7), - measuri ng a physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft (7), - detecting a significant change of the physical quantity, - determi ning if the shaft (7) of the fasten ing element (3) has reached the tensile yield limit load based on the significant change of the physical quantity, and - indicating that the fastening element (3) has reached the tensile yield limit load in dependency of said determi nation. 13. Method according to the claim 12, wherei n the method comprises: identifying a mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to a strain of the shaft (7), and - detecti ng said si g n ificant ch ang e of the physi cal q u antity when a deviation from the mai nly constant rate of change of the physical quantity exceeds a first certain value. 14. Method according to any of clai m 1 2 and 1 3, wherein the method comprises: - determining the strai n of the shaft (7), - identifying a mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to an i ncreased strain of the shaft (7), - establishing a line (L2) in a graph representing the strain on a first axis versus the physical quantity on a second axis so that the line (L2) originates from a certain offset strain value at the first axis and extends with said identified constant rate of change, - detecti ng said significant change of the physical quantity when the measured physical quantity intersects the estab- lished line (L2) with a certain error margin , and - indicating that the fastening element (3) has reached the offset tensile yield limit load if the measured physical quantity i ntersects the established line (L2) with the certain error margin. 15. Method accordin g to a n y of c l a i m 12-14, wherei n the method comprises: - rotating the fastening element (3) based on an i ndication of a reached tensile yield limit load so that the load of the fastening element (3) is corrected with a certain correction value. |
TECHN ICAL FI ELD OF TH E I NVENTI ON The present invention relates to a device and a method for i ndicating if a fasteni ng element at fasteni ng in a piece has reached a tensile yield limit load . The fasteni ng element comprises a threaded shaft, which shaft comprises a magnetostrictive material .
PRIOR ART
At fastening of the fastening element in the piece infl uence of friction between the fasteni ng element and the piece results i n that the stress i n the fastening element only roughly can be estimated . If the fastening element is loaded to a too high stress the fasteni ng element can be weakened or break. Due to the uncertainty in the stress of the fasteni ng element, it is necessary to fasteni ng the fasteni ng element with a safety marginal to an op- timal load . Accordingly, the fastening element is not u sed optimally, which results in that thicker dimensions or greater number of fasteni ng elements is necessary. The thicker dimension of the fasteni ng element or the greater number of fastening elements subsequent results in that the weight of a structure comprising the fastening element and the piece increases. I n many application, it is important that the weight of the structure is limited . For example when fasteni ng element is used i n transport structures, such as cars, trai ns, aeroplanes, etcetera, an i ncreased weight of the structure results in i ncreased operation costs. It is also im- portant that the fasten ing element is fasten with sufficient high stress for the structure to be held together i n a safe manner. Known methods for measuri ng the stress in fasteni ng elements is based on that an ultrasonic signal is sent by means of a transmitter from a torsion head of the fasteni ng element to the end of the shaft of the fasteni ng element, wherein the signal is reflected at the end of the shaft of the fasteni ng element. The method has the disadvantage that the transmitter and the torsion head of the fasteni ng element must be in physical contact with each other and that contact means, such as a gel or similar is necessary i n order to obtain sufficient signal transferring . Thereby it is difficult to perform the measu rement of the stress i n the fasten ing element at a rotating state of the fastening element. Furthermore, it may be necessary to use special designed ends of the shaft of the fasteni ng element in order to obtain sufficient signal response.
A method for measuring a single axis tensile yield limit load of a shaft comprising a magnetostrictive material is known. The method is based on identifying a maximum of the magnetic suscepti bility, which maximum corresponds to the si ngle axis tensile yield limit load . The method is on the other hand not appl ica ble to a multi axis stress condition for determi ning a tensile yield limit load , such as at fasteni ng of a fasteni ng element comprising tensile and torsion stresses, because the maximum of the magnetic suscepti bility does not correspond to the multi axis tensile yield limit load .
The document J P56019423 relates to a device for determini ng an axial force in a screw that is fastened in a structure. The determination is based on measu rement of magnetic changes that is formed by mean s of com pressive stresses i n th e h ead of th e screw.
SUMMARY OF THE I NVENTION A first object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method for indicati ng if a fasteni ng element at fastening in a piece has reached a tensile yield limit load . A second object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method for controlling the fasteni ng of a fastened element i n dependency of a tensile yield limit load . A third object of the present invention is to provide a device and a method for fasteni ng a fasteni ng ele- ment to an optimal load .
The first object is achieved by means of a device according to the preamble of claim 1 and being characterized in that the device comprises means for generating an alternati ng magnetic field that penetrates the shaft,
means for measuring a physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft, wherei n the means for measuring the physical quantity is adapted to be exposed to said magnetic field after the magnetic field's penetration of the shaft,
a control unit adapted to receive measured values of said physical quantity and detect a significant change of the physical quantity, wherein the control unit is adapted to based on the significant change determined and indicate if the shaft of the fasteni ng element has reached the tensile yield limit load .
The momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft is changed at a change of the stress in the shaft of the fastening element that comprises the magnetostrictive material . The generated magnetic field is influenced at penetration of the shaft by the momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft. The means for measuring the physical quantity is exposed to the magnetic field after its penetration of the shaft and is adapted to measure the physical quantity, which physical quantity depends on the momentary magnetic susceptibility of the shaft.
The control unit is adapted to receive measured values of the physical quantity from the means for measuri ng the physical quantity a n d to d etect th e si g n ifi ca nt ch a n g e of th e physi ca l quantity. The sig n ificant change of the physical q uantity corresponds to the tensile yield limit load of the shaft of the fasteni ng element. When detecting the significant change of the physical quantity the control unit is adapted to indicate that the fastening element has reached the tensile yield limit load .
The term "tensi le yield l i mit load" relates to the load when the material of the shaft of the fastening element transcends from an elastic state to a plastic state.
The term "the momentary magnetic suscepti bility", often denoted with the Greek letter χ, relates to a material property that de- scri bes how mag netic a material becomes i n an external magnetic field . For magnetostrictive materials, the momentary magnetic suscepti bility is influenced by the stress in the material .
The device has the advantage that no physical contact with the fasteni ng element is necessary for indicating the tensile yield limit load . Thereby, the tensile yield limit load can be i ndicated during fasteni ng of the fasteni ng element in the piece. By means of the device, it is possi ble to avoid that the fastening element is being fastened to a load that results in a weakening or break of the fastening element. Moreover, the risk that the fastening element is fastened to a too low stress for holding together the structure is reduced .
Based on the information on tensile yield limit load it is possi ble to opti mize the fasten ing of the fasteni ng element in the piece . Thereby, it is possi ble to reduce the weight of a structure comprising the fasteni ng element and the piece. The device can be used on all types of fasteni ng elements with a shaft that comprises a magnetostrictive material .
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the significant change of the physical quantity is detected in relation to a strai n of the shaft. Accordi ng to an em bod i ment of the i nvention, the strai n of the shaft is determi ned based on a rotation of the fastening element or a threaded fastening installation element, and a threaded pitch of said threaded shaft or fasteni ng i nstallation element.
The term "threaded pitch" relates to the degree of displacement of the shaft or the fastening installation element in axial direction at a certai n rotation of the fasteni ng element. The threaded pitch differs between different variants of fasteni ng elements and different variants of fasteni ng installation elements. The fasteni ng installation element is for example a bolt or similar element that at a rotation i nfl uences the stress i n the shaft of the fasten i ng element.
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the control unit is adapted to identify a mainly constant rate of change of the physi- cal quantity i n relation to the strai n of the shaft, wherei n said significant change of the physical quantity is detected when a change from the mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity exceeds a first certain val ue. The main ly constant rate of change of the physical q ua ntity is present at least during a part of the elastic state until the tensile yield limit load of the fastening element. At the tensile yield limit load the significant change of the physical quantity arises, which change deviates from the mainly constant rate of change.
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the control unit is adapted to detect the significant change of the physical quantity when an absol ute change of the physical quantity from any of an initial value or a maximal value has arisen.
The significant change of the physical quantity at the tensile yield limit load based on the absol ute change of the physical quantity is different for different variants of fasteni ng elements, such as fasteni ng elements with different strength, length, geometry, di- mensions, etcetera. According to an embodiment of the invention, the fastening element is fastened with a constant or a mainly constant rotation speed, wherein the significant change of the physical quantity is detected in relation to the time for the fastening of the fastening element. The strain of the shaft of the fastening element at a constant rotation speed is dependent on the time of the fastening.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the means for measuring the physical quantity is a sensor element adapted to be exposed to said magnetic field after the magnetic field's penetration of the shaft, wherein said physical quantity is at least one of a resistance and an inductance of the sensor element. The resistance and the inductance of the sensor element are dependent on the momentary magnetic susceptibility of the shaft.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the sensor element is adapted to at least partly surround a torsion head of the fastening element while the torsion head is affected by a torsion force.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the sensor element is an inductive component, such as a coil. The inductive component is adapted to at exposure of the alternating magnetic field induce an electrical current, which electrical current is being detected by the control unit.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the means for generating the alternating magnetic field is adapted to receive an al- ternating electric current with a frequency between 1 Hz and 1 MHz, preferably between 28 Hz and 350 Hz, wherein said alternating magnetic field is being generated.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the means for gen- erating the alternating magnetic field is an inductive component, such as a coil, which inductive component is adapted to at least partly surround a torsion head of the fastening element while the torsion head is affected by a torsion force.
Accordi ng to one embodiment of the invention , the i nductive component is a magnetic field sensor detecting the mag netic field based on one of the Hall-effect and the magnetoresistance of the sensor.
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the device com- prises means for generati ng a static magnetic field that penetrates the shaft. By means of the static magnetic field the significant change of the physical quantity is enhanced , wherei n the detection of the significant change of the physical quantity is facilitated .
The second object of the i nvention is provided by an embodiment of the invention according to claim 1 1 , wherein the device comprises a torsion transfer unit adapted to transfer a torsion force to the fasteni ng element or a threaded fasteni ng i nstallation ele- ment, wherein the torsion transfer unit is adapted to by means of the control unit be controlled in dependency of an indication of a reached tensile yield limit load .
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the control unit is adapted to interrupt the torsion transfer unit transferring of the torsion force to the fasteni ng element at an indication of a reached tensile yield limit load . Thereby, the fastening element is prevented from being loaded into the plastic state. Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the control un it is adapted to interrupt the torsion transfer unit's transferri ng of the torsion force to the fasteni ng element at an indication of a tensile yield limit load according to the Rp0.2 limit. Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the control un it is adapted to store information of a reached tensile yield limit load for a specific fasteni ng element. The third object of the invention is provided by an embodiment of the invention according to claim 12, wherein the torsion transfer unit is adapted to based on indication of a reached tensile yield limit load rotate the fastening element so that the load of the fastening element is corrected with a certain correction value.
The tensile yield limit load is used as a reference for correcting the load of the fastening element in the piece with a certain cor- rection value. By means of the correction, it is possible to load the fastening element with the certain correction value from the tensile yield limit load into the plastic state or with the certain correction value into the elastic state. According to an embodiment of the invention, the control unit is adapted to store information of said correction with the certain correction value from the tensile yield limit load for a specific fastening element. According to an embodiment of the invention, the control unit is adapted to receive measuring values for said physical quantity and store information of the physical quantity at a termination of the fastening of the fastening element. The fastening of the fastening element is terminated at the tensile yield limit load or after the correction of the stress of the fastening element with the certain correction value from the tensile yield limit load.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the device is adapted, after terminated fastening of the fastening element, to generate an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft of the fastening element by means of the means for generating the alternating magnetic field, measuring the physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic susceptibility of the shaft by means of the means for measuring the physical quantity, comparing the physical quantity at fastening of the fastening element with the physical quantity a time period after terminated fastening, and determining if the change of the physical quantity exceeds a certain control value by means of the control unit, wherei n the control unit is adapted , when the physical quantity exceeds the certain control val ue for the change, to i ndicate that the change exceeds the certain control value.
A time period after terminated fasteni ng of the fasteni ng element, such as a couple of months or years, the stress in the fastening element may decrease due to movements i n the piece, the material in the piece or the fasteni ng element yields, etcetera. By means of compari ng the physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic suscepti bility at termination of the fasteni ng with the momentary magnetic suscepti bility a time period after terminated fastening , it is possi ble to detect a change in the stress of the fasteni ng element. Thereby, it is possi ble to detect fasteni ng element that a time period after terminated fastening has not sufficient high stress.
Previous mentioned object is also achieved by means of a method according to claim 12 to 15. The method accordi ng to 1 2 comprises the steps of
- generating an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft,
- measuring a physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft,
- detecting a significant change of the physical quantity,
- determi ning if the shaft of the fasteni ng element has reached the tensile yield limit load based on the significant change of the physical quantity, and
- indicating that the fastening element has reached the tensile yield limit load in dependency of said determi nation.
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the steps of:
- identifying a mai nly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to a strain of the shaft, and - detecti ng said significant change of the physical quantity when a deviation from the mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity reaches or exceeds a first certai n value. Accordi ng to an embod i ment of the invention, the method comprises the steps of:
- identifying an absolute change of the physical quantity from any of an i nitial value or a maximal value of said physical quantity,
- detecti ng said significant change of the physical quantity when the absolute change of the physical quantity reached a first certain val ue.
Accordi ng to one embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
- determining the strain of the shaft,
- identifying a mai nly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to an i ncreased strain of the shaft,
- establishing a line in a graph representing the strai n on a first axis versus the physical quantity on a second axis so that the line originates from a certain offset strain value at the first axis and extends with said identified constant rate of change,
- detecti ng said significant change of the physical quantity when the measured physical quantity intersects the established line with a certai n error margin , and
- ind icati ng that the fasten i ng element has reached the offset tensile yield limit load if the measured physical quantity intersects the established line with the certain error margin .
In some situation, the tensile yield limit load is difficult to deter- mine from the shape of the stress-strain cu rve d u e to that th e yield point is not well defined . I n such situation, the tensile yield limit load may be defi ned based on the constant rate of change of the physical quantity, preferably the inductance, in relation to the offset strain , such as 0, 1 or 0,2 % strain. The significant change is detected when a poi nt of the measured physical quantity with the determined strain intersects the established line in the graph representi ng the strain versus the physical quantity. The intersection of the measured physical quantity with the determined strain is detected with an error margin correspondi ng to that the difference between the measured physical quantity at the determi ned strain and the physical quantity of the established line at the corresponding strain of the line is less than the second certain value.
The determination of the significant change using the offset strain provides an improved reliability in determi ning and indicat- ing that the fastening element has reached the tensile yield limit load in comparison to a deviation from a the mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity.
The term "constant rate of change" refers to the slope of the val- ues of measu rements of th e physical q ua ntity with the d etermined strain .
Accordi ng to one embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
- detecti ng said significant change of the physical quantity when a difference between the measured physical quantity at the determined strai n and the val ue of the physical quantity of the established line at the corresponding strain of the established line is less than a second certain value, and
- ind icati ng that the fasten i ng element has reached the offset tensile yield limit load if said difference is less than the second certain value.
Accordi ng to one embodiment of the invention , the method com- prises:
- detecting said significant change of the physical quantity when a difference between the strain of the measured physical quantity and the val ue of the physical quantity of the established line at the corresponding val ue of the established line is less than a third certai n val ue, and - indicating that the fastening element has reached the offset tensile yield limit load if said difference is less than the third certain value. According to one embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
- determining the strain of the shaft based on a rotation of the fastening element or a threaded fastening installation element, and a threaded pitch of said threaded shaft or fastening installa- tion element.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
- terminating the fastening of the fastening element in depend- ency of an indication that the fastening element has reached the tensile yield limit load.
According to an embodiment of the invention the method comprises the steps of:
- rotating the fastening element based on an indication of a reached tensile yield limit load so that the load of the fastening element is corrected with a certain correction value.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be explained in detail with description of different embodiments of the invention and with reference to the appended drawings. Figure 1a discloses an device according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 1b discloses an enlargement of a part of the device that is disclosed in figure 1a.
Figure 1c discloses a block diagram over a method according to a first embodiment of the invention. Figure 2a discloses an example of a diagram for detecting a significant change of a physical quantity based on the i nverse of the inductance.
Figure 2b discloses an example of a diagram for detecting a sig- nificant change of a physical quantity based on the inductance. Figure 3a discloses an example of a diagram for detecting a significant change of a physical quantity based on the inductance. Figure 3b discloses a further example for detecting a significant change of the physical quantity based on the resistance.
Figu re 4 d iscloses a d i ag ram that indicates a depen dency between torsion angle, fasteni ng force and strai n of a fasteni ng element.
Figure 5 discloses a diagram that i ndicates a dependency between inductance and resistance of a coil with frequency of an alternating magnetic field .
Figure 6 discloses a block diagram over a method according to a second embodiment of the i nvention .
Figure 7a discloses an example of a diagram for detecting a significant change based on the i nductance and an offset strain.
Figure 7b discloses an enlargement of a part of fig . 7a where the significant change is detected .
DETAI LED DESCRI PTION OF PREFERRED EMBODI MENTS OF THE I NVENTI ON
Figure 1 a discloses a cross section of a device 1 for determini ng and indicating if a fasteni ng element 3 at fasteni ng i n a piece 5 has reached a tensile yield limit load . Figure 1 b discloses an enlargement of a part of the device 1 that is shown in figure 1 a . The determination and the indication of the tensile yield limit occurs accordi ngly in real time during fasteni ng of the fasteni ng element 3.
The fastening element 3 comprises a threaded shaft 7 that com- prises a magnetostrictive material . The fastening element 3 can for example be a screw or similar threaded element. The threaded shaft 7 comprises a magnostrictive material , which ma- terial's magnetic properties are i nfluenced by mechanical stress in the material . The magnetostrictive material comprises for example different alloys of iron or nickel . The fasteni ng element 3 has a torsion head 8 in connection to the threaded shaft 7 for re- ceiving a torsion force.
The device 1 comprises means 9, 1 2 for generating an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft 7 and the torsion head 8. I n the disclosed embodiment in the figure, the means for generating the alternating magnetic field comprises a first coil 9 that is provided with an alternating current from a first current supply unit 12. The first coil 9 is positioned around the torsion head 8 without being in contact with the torsion head 8. Between the first coil 9 and the torsion head 8 is an air gap present lo- cated and an external torsion socket 13 is adapted to transfer a torsion force to the torsion head 8.
The device 1 comprises means 9, 14 for measuri ng a physical quantity that depends on the momentary magnetic suscepti bility of the shaft 7. The means for measuring the physical quantity comprises a sensor element adapted to be influenced by the alternati ng magnetic field . In figure 1 a and 1 b, the sensor element is a coil , in this case the first coil 9. The first coil 9 is adapted to be exposed by the alternating magnetic field after the magnetic field's penetration of the shaft 7. The means for measuri ng the physical quantity comprises also a measuring unit 14 adapted to measure the physical quantity that arises in the first coil 9 after being exposed to the alternati ng magnetic field . The physical quantity is for example the inductance and the resistance of the first coil 9. The measuri ng unit 14 is adapted to measure the physical quantity based on the current that is being induced in the first coil 9 due to the alternati ng magnetic field .
In the disclosed embodiment, the means 9, 12 for generati ng the alternating magnetic field and the means 9, 14 for measuring the physical quantity is accordingly the same first coil 9. In another embodiment, the means 9, 12 for generati ng the alternati ng magnetic field and the means 9, 14 for measuring the physical quantity are different coils.
The device 1 comprises a control unit 16 adapted to receive measuring values of the physical quantity from the measuring unit 14. The control unit 16 is adapted to detect a significant change of the physical quantity based on the received measured values of the physical quantity. The control unit 16 is adapted, at a detection of the significant change, to determine and indicate if the shaft 7 of the fastening element 3 has reached the tensile yield limit load. The indication of the tensile yield limit load can for example be realized by means of an indication means 18, such as a lamp, a loud speaker or similar indication means 18. The device 1 comprises a torsion transfer unit 19 adapted to transfer a torsion force to the torsion head 8 of the fastening element 3. The torsion force is transferred by means of a torsion socket 13. According to an embodiment of the invention, the indication of a tensile yield limit load is realized by means of that the control unit 16 transmits a stop signal to the torsion transfer unit 19, wherein the transfer of the torsion force from the torsion transfer unit 19 to the torsion head 8 of the fastening element is inter- rupted. In another embodiment, the indication of the tensile yield limit load is realized by means of that the control unit 16 transfers an indication signal to the torsion transfer unit 19, which indication signal induces the torsion transfer unit 19 to transfer a torsion force to the torsion head 8 of the fastening element 3 so that the load of the fastening element 3 is corrected with a certain correction value from the tensile yield limit load.
The control unit 16 is accordingly adapted to control the torsion transfer unit's transfer of torsion force to the torsion head 8 of the fastening element 3 in dependency of an indication of a reached tensile yield limit load. Thereby, the control unit 16 is adapted to correct a reached tensile yield limit load with a certain correction val ue. The fastening element 3 can be corrected with the certai n correction value from the tensile yield limit load so that the fastening element 3 resumes into the elastic state or so that the fasteni ng element 3 enters into the plastic state.
The device 1 comprises means 20, 22 for generating a static magnetic field that penetrates the shaft 7. The static magnetic field is for example generated by means of a second coil 20 that surrounds the torsion head 8 of the fastening element 3. The second coil 20 generates the static magnetic field by means of that a second current supply unit 22 provides the second coil 20 with a direct current. The second coil 20 is positioned around the first coil 9. The torsion head 8 extends in a plane that is mainly parallel with a surface of the piece 5. The first coil 9 is being essentially arranged i n said plane. I n the same way, the second coil 20 is essentially arranged in the plane. Thereby, the generated alternating magnetic field and the static magnetic field penetrates the shaft 7 of the fastening element 3.
The first coil 9 is adapted to receive an alternati ng current with a frequency between 1 Hz and 1 MHz, preferably between 28 Hz and 350 Hz, for generating the alternating magnetic field . At a too high frequency of the generated alternating magnetic field the magnetic field can not penetrate the surface of the fasteni ng element 3 due to the so called skin effect. Accordingly, it is not possi ble to detect a tensile yield limit load of the fasten ing element 3 at too high frequencies.
Figure 1 c discloses a block diagram of a method for determi ning a tensile yield limit load at fasteni ng of the fasteni ng element 3. The method is adapted to be used continuously during fastening of the fasteni ng element 3.
Block 30 of the method comprises generating an alternating magnetic field that penetrates the shaft 7 of the fastening ele- ment 3. Thereby, the magnetic field is influenced by the magne- tostrictive properties of the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3.
In block 32 the method comprises measuring a physical quantity that d epends on th e momentary mag netic suscepti bi l ity of th e shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3. The physical quantity is for example the resistance or the i nductance of the first coil 9.
In block 34 the method comprises detecting a significant change of the physical quantity. I n an embodiment of the method , the detection of the significant change of the physical quantity is realized by means of identifying a mai nly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to the strai n of the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3 and to identify a deviation from the mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity. I n another embodiment of the method , the detection of the significant change of the physical quantity is realized by means of detecting an absolute change of a physical quantity based on an initial value or an maximal value of the physical quantity.
In block 36 the method comprises determini ng if the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element has reached the tensile yield limit load based on the significant change of the physical quantity. At a determination that the fasteni ng element 3 has reached the tensile yield limit load , the method comprises accordi ng to block 38 indicating that the tensile yield limit load has been reached .
Accordi ng to an embodiment of the invention the i ndication comprises transferring an i ndication signal , which indication signal in block 40 i n itiates a correction of the load of the fasten i ng element 3.
At lack of a determination of a reached tensile yield limit load , the method is repeated from block 30. Accordingly, the method is adapted to be iterated until the tensile yield l i mit load is bei ng indicated . Figure 2a , 2b, 3a and 3b discloses different embodiments of the control unit's 16 detection of the significant change of the physical quantity. Figure 2a discloses a diagram over the inverse of the inductance and the fasteni ng force with the strain of the fasteni ng element 3. In figure 2a, the significant change of the physical quantity the inverse of the inductance is detected by means of identifying the mainly constant change of the inverse of the inductance in rela- tion to the strai n of the shaft 7 of the fasten i ng element 3. The significant change of the physical quantity the inverse of the i nductance is detected when a deviation from the mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity the inverse of the inductance exceeds a first certain value.
In figure 2a the conti nuous rate of change of the inverse of the inductance i n relation to the strain from about 0.3 % strain up to about 1 .0 % strain is seen. The continuous rate of change is represented by means of a dotted line. The conti nuous rate of change corresponds with the conti nuous rate of change of the fasteni ng force i n relation to the strain when the fastening element 3 is present in the elastic state.
At about one percent strain the continuous rate of change of the inverse of the inductance in relation to the strain is deviating and a new rate of change is initiated . The deviating rate of change is drawn with a dashed and dotted line which rate of change is slower than the i nitial identified rate of change. The deviating rate of change does not necessarily need to be continuous.
In figure 2a the fastening force i n relation to the strai n is also drawn. It can be seen that the deviation of the mainly constant rate of change of the inverse of the inductance corresponds with the transition from an elastic state to a plastic state, that is the tensile yield limit load for the fastening element 3. In the same manner as i n figure 2a , figure 2b discloses a diagram where the physical quantity i nductance in relation to the strain and the fasteni ng force in relation to the strai n is shown . The determi nation of the significant change of the physical quan- tity the inductance is realized in a corresponding way.
Figure 3a discloses a diagram of the inductance and the fastening force with the strain of the fasteni ng element 3. I n figure 3a the significant change of the physical quantity the inductance is detected by means of identifying an absolute change of the inductance based on an initial value or a maximal value.
The absolute change of the physical quantity the inductance from an i nitial value or a maximal value is dependent on the type of fasten ing element and tensi le yield l imit defi n ition . I n figu re 3a the detection of the significant change is shown based on four different signal changes, marked with a, b, c, d , from an initial value to the tensile yield limit load RpO.01 and Rp0.2 for a certain type of fasteni ng element. For the signal changes a and b, the significant change of the physical quantity the inductance is based on an initial value of the physical quantity. For the signal changes c and d , the significant change of the inductance is based on a maximal value of the physical quantity. There are different definitions of the tensile yield limit load , such as RpO.01 and Rp0.2. For the signal changes a and c the detection of the significant change of the physical quantity the i nductance is realized for a tensile yield limit load of type RpO.01 . For signal changes b and d the detection of the significant change of the physical quantity the inductance is realized for a tensile yield limit load of type Rp0.2.
In the same way as shown in figure 3b, a detection of the significant change of the physical quantity the resistance i n relation to strain is shown . The detestation of the significant change of the physical quantity the resistance is realized from an initial value of the physical quantity the resistance for the signal changes a ' and b ' , and from a minimum value of the physical quantity the resistance for the signal changes c ' and d ' . The detection of the significant change of the physical quantity the resistance is realized in a correspond ing way to the determination according to figure 3a.
Figure 4 discloses a diagram that presents a dependency between torsion angle, fasteni ng force and strai n of the fasteni ng element 3. The strai n of the shaft 7 is determi ned based on a torsion of the fastening element 3 or a fastening installation element with a torsion angle.
The torsion corresponds to a strai n and an fastening force of the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3. The dependency between the torsion angle, the fasteni ng force and the strai n of the fasteni ng element 3 depend on a threaded pitch of the threaded shaft or the fasteni ng installation element. The fasteni ng installation element, not disclosed in the figure, is for example a bolt or similar element that at rotation is pressed towards the piece 5, which re- su its i n an i ncreased stress of the shaft 7 of the fasten i ng element 3.
Figure 5 discloses how the i nductance and the resistance vary with the frequency when the coil 9 is positioned i n connection to the fasten i ng element 3. For example, the co i l 9 i s positioned above the torsion head 8. The coil 9 generates an alternati ng magnetic field that i nfluence the torsion head 8 and the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3, which torsion head 8 and shaft 7 in turn influence the i nductance and the resistance of the coil 9. Figure 5 discloses accordingly the magnetic response from the fastening element 3 measured with the coil 9. At an increase in the frequency of the alternating magnetic field the resistance and the inductance of the coil 9 decrease, and vice verse. An electrical impedance of the coi l 9 i n vici n ity of the fastening element 3, for example at the torsion head 8 of the fasteni ng element 3, is being measured . The electrical impedance of the coil 9 can be descri bed as where R is the electrical resistance that in turn depends on the magnetic losses in the fasteni ng element 3, the piece 5 and the torsion socket 1 3, L is the inductance with magnetic response in phase with the excita- tion of the fasteni ng element 3, the piece 5 and the torsion socket 13, and ω = 2πί, where f is the excitation frequency in the coil 9, the alternating magnetic field from the coil 9 is used for measuri ng the impedance of the coil 9 in a specific frequency interval from a couple of Hz to several kHz and has a constant ex- citation amplitude of about 0.1 mT and with direction that corresponds with the direction of the mechanical stress (strain) that is to be measured . A typical measurement of L and R as a function of frequency when the coil 9 is being arranged in vicinity of the fasteni ng element 3, the torsion socket 13 and the piece 5 is shown i n figure 5.
For certai n materials of the fastening element 3, it is difficult to determi ne the tensile yield point based on a deviation of the constant rate of change of the physical quantity at the tensile yield point. Figure 6 discloses a block diagram over a method according to a second embodiment of the invention, which is suitable to use in such situations.
The method differs from the method shown i n fig . 1 c i n that the The comprises th e ste ps of , i n a block 33a, determi ning the strain of the shaft 7 of the fasteni ng element 3. The strain of the shaft 7 can for example be determined based on a rotation of the fasteni ng element 3 or a threaded fastening installation element, and a threaded pitch of said threaded shaft 7 or fastening instal- lation element.
The method further comprises the step, in a block 33b, identifying a mainly constant rate of change of the physical quantity in relation to the strai n of the shaft 7 while fastening the fastening element 3. An exa m pl e of esta b l i sh me nt of con sta nt rate of change is shown in fig . 7a and illustrated i n the form of a first line L1 . When fasteni ng the fastening element 3 the strai n in the shaft 3 of the fasteni ng element 3 gradually increases. Thus, during fasting of the fasting element 3 values on the physical quantity with the strain are collected and saved i n a memory unit of the control unit 16. The mai nly constant rate of change of the physical quantity is identified by for example fi nding an average of the collected values, which average is illustrated with the first line L1 . The method further comprises the step, in a block 33c, establishing a line L2 in the graph representing the strai n on a first axis versus the physical quantity on a second axis, see fig . 7a. The line L2 is established so that the line L2 originates from the first axis at a certain offset strain, i n fig . 7a 0,2% strain, and extend- ing with the identified main ly con stant rate of ch a n g e of th e physical quantity.
The method further comprises the step, in a block 34a, detecting the significant change of the physical quantity relating to the ten- sile yield limit load of the fasteni ng element 3 when the measured physical quantity with the determined strain intersects the established line L2. The intersection is detected when a difference D 1 between the measured physical quantity and the value of the physical quantity of the established line at the determi ned strain and the corresponding strain of the established line L2 is less than a second certain value C2.
By means of usi ng the offset strai n value, identifying a constant rate of change of the physical quantity with the strain, establish- ing the line L2 comprising the identified constant rate of change and findi ng the intersection of the measurements with the established line, the tensile yield limit load can more reliable be detected i n comparison to other ways of detecti ng the significant change. This is in particular of importance for fasting elements 3 that provide a weak response on the sig nificant change of the physical quantity at the tensile yield limit load . Figure 7a discloses an example of a graph used for detecting the significant change relating to a tensile yield limit load of the method disclosed in fig . 6. The first axis of the graph, i n this case the x-axis, represents the determined strain of the shaft 7. The second axis of the graph, in this case the y-axis, represents the measured physical quantity the inverse inductance.
The measurements of the inverse inductance and the determination of the strai n of the shaft 7 are collected continuously duri ng fasting the fasti ng element 3. The values of the measurements of the inverse i nductance and the determination of the strain is plotted in the graph and is depicted as dots in the graph.
After sufficient val ues of the inverse inductance with the strai n have been collected , a constant rate of change is established . I n fig . 7a, the constant rate of change is established based on the encircled dots in the graph and illustrated by the first line L1 .
After that the constant rate of change has been established , a second line L2 is established , which second line L2 originates from the first axis with a certain offset strai n, in this case 0,2% strain, and extends from the first axis with the established constant rate of change, i .e. the slope of the first line L1 . Accordingly, the second line L2 has the same inclination as the first line L1 .
The significant change of the measured inverse i nductance is detected when the difference D 1 between the measured physical quantity at the determi ned strai n and the value of the physical quantity of the established line L2 at the corresponding strain of the established line L2 is less than a second certain val ue C2, see fig . 7b disclosing an enlargement of a part of fig . 7a where the significant change is detected for the dot marked with an X and an error margin. Thus, the significant change is detected when the measured values of the inverse inductance with the strain i ntersects the established line L2 with the error margin. The magnetic suscepti bility at low excitation frequencies, χ can be descri bed as inverse proportional to the magnetic anisotropy, K. This is in particular true for material with a suscepti bility that has a low degree of influence with thermal variations.
For a material the following relation is present: _ . i_ where K can be written as:
K = Ko + Co
and where σ is the mechanical stress in the fasteni ng element 3, C is a constant that depends on the materials magnetostriction and K 0 is the magnetic anisotropy without added mechanical stress. The inductance for the coil system is proportional to the permeability of the magnetic material that is in close connection with the coil system.
The permeability is about equal to the suscepti bility, because L c · ·" ÷
which results in that:
thus: Accordi ngly, if 1 /L is plotted with the strai n the strain curve for the fasteni ng element is reflected provided that the surroundi ng magnetic material is not being deformed during the torsion, such as the torsion socket 13 or the piece 5. The i nvention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but can be modified and varied within the framework for the following claims.
For example the first current supply unit 1 2 and the second cur- rent supply unit 22 can be the same current supply unit. The tor- sion force is transmitted either by means of an external torsion socket 13, such as shown in figure 1a and 1b, or by means of an internal tool, such as a female screw tool. The means 9, 12 for generating the alternating magnetic field and the means 9, 14 for measuring the physical quantity is located either in a static condition or in a rotating condition together with a torsion transfer unit 13, 19 rotating the fastening element 3 or fastening installation element.
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