HYDROCARBONS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/467,358 filed March 6, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

[0001] The present specification relates generally to an apparatus, method, and reagent for detecting hydrocarbons, and more particularly to an organic solvent device for detecting hydrocarbons.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Pipelines can be used to transport oil and gas. Although pipelines are generally safe and reliable, the potential leaking of oil and gas into the environment does exist. For example, extreme weather, earthquakes, wildlife, material degradation, and sabotage can result in a leak where oil and gas enter the environment. When leaks occur, they can infiltrate water systems, kill wildlife and contaminate soil, in many instances, pipeline owners are unaware of small leaks, in some remote locations, once a leak is identified, it can take as long as 48 days to respond to and isolate a pipeline leak. For example, in Canada alone, there are an estimated 825,000 kilometers of pipeline infrastructure already in operation with the vast majority of the network in remote locations that are difficult to access. In addition, the majority of the network is buried underground where the depth of soil cover for pipelines varies, depending on where the pipeline is located. This creates significant challenges when monitoring pipelines for leaks. Identifying liquid leaks can be difficult, as liquids seep down into the ground.

[0003] Two general types of leak detection systems are commonly used: continuous and non-continuous. Non-continuous systems involve using dogs, smart pigging or aerial inspection. Continuous systems involve both external and internal methods. The external methods include acoustic emission, cable sensors, and liquid or vapor sensing, while internal methods typically include pressure wave detection, volume or mass balance, and other analytical methods. In both cases, sensors can be employed. A challenge of many detection methods is developing a cost-effective sensor that can be retroactively inserted close enough to the bottom of preexisting pipelines, such that it can adequately detect leaks, without excavating the pipe. [0004] Flexible "smart skin" sensors that are situated directly onto the exterior of a pipeline are known. This smart skin is comprised of conductive nanoparticles incorporated into a polymer which swells in the presence of hydrocarbons. The electrical signals from the sensor can additionally be processed to monitor stress and/or temperature changes as they alter the properties of the polymer. Other known sensors include conductive materials incorporated into polymers. Typically, these polymers swell with hydrocarbon adsorption, resulting in a subsequent change in the electrical conductivity of the material. However, these known sensors are fabricated from sweilabie polymers that are reusable. Reusing sensing films is not desirable since after a leak detection, the sensor must be removed from the site of the leak, and the adsorbate must be expunged from the pores of the adsorbent prior to reuse. With successive swelling and shrinking cycles, it has been shown in some cases, that the swelling potential and pressure of polymers decline after even the first cycle. This alteration of the sensing film properties may significantly affect the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensing film. Replacing these sensing film after each use can be costly since the films are generally expensive.

Accordingly, the films are generally reused multiple times.

SUMMARY

[0006] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a film. The method involves dissolving a backbone material in a non-aqueous solvent to form a non-aqueous solution. In addition, the method involves adding the nonaqueous solution to an aqueous solution to form a liquid-liquid interface. Furthermore, the method involves injecting a particulate proximate to the liquid-liquid interface. The method also involves evaporating the non-aqueous solution to form a film containing the particulate.

[0006] The backbone material may include one or more of paraffin wax, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and Nafion.

[0007] The particulate may include any one of carbon, metals, metal oxides, or composite materials.

[0008] The non-aqueous solvent may be one or more of toluene and hexane.

[0009] The aqueous solution may be one or more of water and a phosphate buffer.

[0010] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a hydrophobic film. The hydrophobic film includes a backbone material forming a polymer, wherein the polymer is formed at a liquid-liquid interface between a non-aqueous solvent and an aqueous solution, wherein the backbone material is dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent to form a non-aqueous solution. Furthermore, the hydrophobic film includes a particulate distributed across the polymer, wherein the particulate is distributed by injection proximate to the liquid-liquid interface prior to evaporation of the non-aqueous solution.

[0011] The backbone material may include one or more of paraffin wax, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and Nafion.

[0012] The particulate may include of any one of carbon, metals, metal oxides, or composite materials.

[0013] The non-aqueous solvent may be one or more of toluene and hexane.

[0014] The aqueous solution may be one or more of water and a phosphate buffer.

[0015] An aqueous side of the film may be tunable for wettability.

[0016] A wettability may be tunable via selection of the particulate.

[0017] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for detecting hydrocarbons. The device includes a hydrophobic film soluble in a non-aqueous solvent. The device further includes a first electrode in electrical communication with the hydrophobic film. In addition, the device includes a second electrode in electrical

communication with the hydrophobic film. Also, the device includes a conductive material supported by the hydrophobic film, wherein the conductive material is configured to conduct a current from the first electrode to the second electrode. Exposure of the hydrophobic film to the hydrocarbons causes a change in conductivity.

[0018] The conductive material may include conductive nanoparticles embedded in the hydrophobic film.

[0019] The conductive nanoparticles may be carbon black.

[0020] The change in conductivity may result in a failure.

[0021] The failure may be a result of a crack in the hydrophobic film.

[0022] The failure may be a result of a rearrangement of the conductive material.

[0023] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of detecting hydrocarbons. The method involves connecting a first electrode to a hydrophobic film soluble in a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the hydrophobic film includes a conductive material supported by the hydrophobic film, wherein the conductive material provides electrically conductivity to the hydrophobic film, in addition, the method involves connecting a second electrode to the hydrophobic film, wherein the hydrophobic film is electrically conductive such that the first electrode and the second electrode are in electrical communication. Furthermore, the method involves monitoring the conductivity of across the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein exposure of the hydrophobic film to the hydrocarbons causes a decrease in conductivity via a change in conductivity of the hydrophobic film.

[0024] The conductive material may include conductive nanoparticles embedded in the hydrophobic film.

[0025] The conductive nanoparticles may be carbon black.

[0028] The change in conductivity may result in a failure.

[0027] The failure may be a result of a crack in the hydrophobic film.

[0028] The failure may be a result of a rearrangement of the conductive material.

[0029] In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device. The device includes a film tolerant of a variety of water-immiscible liquids, wherein the film is formed by: dissolving a backbone material in a non-aqueous solvent to form a non-aqueous solution, adding the non-aqueous solution to an aqueous solution to form an liquid-liquid interface, injecting a particulate proximate to the liquid-liquid interface, and evaporating the non-aqueous solution to form a film containing the particulate. The device also includes a magnetic material supported by the film, wherein the magnetic material is capable of manipulating the film.

[0030] The magnetic material may include magnetic nanoparticles embedded in the film.

[0031] The magnetic nanoparticles may be magnetite (Fe304).

[0032] The film may separate an immiscible liquid from water.

[0033] The film may separate oil from water.

[0034] The film may be to transport the oil to a collection device via a magnetic field. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] Reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0036] Figure 1 is a schematic view showing an underground pipeline with devices arranged in an embodiment; [0037] Figure 2 is a schematic view showing a leak in the pipeline shown in figure 1 ;

[0038] Figure 3 is a schematic view showing a pipeline with devices arranged in

another embodiment;

[0039] Figure 4 is a schematic view showing a leak in the pipeline shown in figure 3;

[0040] Figure 5 is a flowchart of a method in accordance with an embodiment;

[0041] Figures 6a-c are views of an application of a film in accordance with an

embodiment;

[0042] Figure 7 is a schematic view showing (a) a film and failure by (b)

rearrangement; and (c) fracture;

[0043] Figure 8 is a chart showing (a) a response of the device with the addition of about 10 μί. of hexane and (b) a response of the device with the addition of about 10 μί_ of water, hexane, octane, dodecane, hexadecane and paraffin oil;

[0044] Figure 9 is a magnified view showing a film failure from (a) paraffin oil and (b) dodecane;

[0046] Figure 10 is a chart showing (a) a response of the device with the addition of about 10 μί. of water, xylene, benzene and toluene and (b) a response of the device with the addition of about 10 μΙ_ of water, pentanol, propanol and ethanol;

[0046] Figure 11 is a chart showing (a) a response of the device with the addition of about 20 μΙ_ of gasoline directly to the surface of the sensing film and (b) a response of the device with the addition of about 500, about 100 and about 50 μΙ aliquots of gasoline to a sand pack situated on top of the sensing film;

[0047] Figures 12a-f show various contact angle measurements; and

[0048] Figures 13a-g are views a film formed from various backbone materials.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0049] A device and a method of manufacturing a device for detecting hydrocarbons is provided. In an aspect of the invention, the device is a single use, low-cost organic solvent sensor. The method of manufacturing is simple, and the materials are readily available. In an aspect of the invention, carbon nanomaterials may be self-assembled at a water/hexane interface, where the hexane phase contains dissolved paraffin wax. Upon the controlled evaporation of hexane, the paraffin wax precipitates, trapping the carbon nanoparticles at the surface in a paraffin wax backbone, realizing a carbon nanoparticie-decorated film. The film may be hydrophobic and highly electrically conductive. When exposed to hydrocarbons or a mixture of hydrocarbons such as from a pipeline leak, the conductive carbon network deteriorates from film failure and an increase in film resistivity is monitored. The rate of change in resistivity may be proportional to the concentration and composition of organic molecules in contact with the film.

[0050] Referring to figure 1 , a system 20 for detecting hydrocarbons is generally shown. In the present embodiment, the system 20 include a plurality of devices 50-1 , 50-2, and 50-3 (generically, these devices are referred to herein as "device 50" and collectively they are referred to as "devices 50", this nomenclature is used elsewhere in this description). Each device 50 may be a single use, non-specific hydrocarbon sensor developed for the direct assessment and detection of hydrocarbon leaks from a pipeline 80. In the present embodiment, the devices 50-1 , 50-2, and 50-3 are located at the end of rods 55-1 , 55-2, and 55-3 inserted into the soil proximate the pipeline 60. As shown in figure 1 , the rods 55 position the devices 50 close to the lower portion of the pipeline 60. in other embodiments, the device 50 can be attached to pipeline 60 during construction. In a further embodiment, each of the devices 50 may simply be placed in the ground and connected via a wired or wireless connection, it is to be appreciate by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description that each device 50 does not need to be in contact with the pipeline 60 and can be retrofitted into existing underground pre-existing pipelines 60 to be used. As discussed in greater detail below, the fabrication process of the device 50 is straightforward and cost-effective relative to other types of sensors. In the present embodiment, the device 50 uses materials derived from fossil fuels to detect hydrocarbons. For example, the device 50 may include a paraffin wax backbone with carbon nanoparticles distributed throughout the backbone material. However, it is to be appreciated that the device 50 is not particularly limited and that other materials can be used. For example, other backbone materials may include paraffin wax, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, Nafion, or any suitable polymer or ionomer.

[0051] In the present embodiment, the devices 50 are part of an underground sensor network which can be wired or wireless. The sensor network would provide a notification of a hydrocarbon leak 70. In the present embodiment, the leak 70 is a hole in the pipeline 60 developed as shown in figure 2, where pipeline content 75, such as oil or bitumen, leaks out of the pipeline 80 and into the environment, in the present embodiment, once the device 50-2 detects the presence of pipeline content 75, an alarm is triggered by the device 50-2 where corrective action, such as repairing or shutting down the pipeline may be taken. In the present example, the device 50-2 is triggered through an irreversible reaction, such as being dissolved by the pipeline contents and would need to be replaced on the pipeline 60 is repaired or replaced, in the present embodiment, the rod 55-2 can be removed from the ground to provide easy access to the device 50 for replacement.

[0052] It is to be appreciated that the devices 50 can detect small amounts of hydrocarbon, such as microliter quantities as described in greater detail below. It is to be appreciated with the benefit of this description that the magnitude of the response of the devices 50 can be directly correlated to the species of hydrocarbon in contact with the device 50. In addition, the device 50 can be manufactured from a hydrophobic material so that the device 50 does not respond to water, such as groundwater near the underground pipeline 60.

[0053] Referring to figures 3 and 4, another embodiment of a sensor network for detecting hydrocarbon leaks is generally shown at 20a. In the present embodiment, like components of the sensor network bear like reference to their counterparts in the sensor network shown in figures 1 and 2, except followed by the suffix "a". In the present embodiment, an insulated electric line 55a may span the length of the pipe to allow for continuous monitoring. In this embodiment, the plurality of devices 50a-1 , 50a-2, 50a-3, 50a-4, and 50a-5 are connected in line with the pipeline 60a. in the event of a leak, current across one or more of the devices 50a would be interrupted, triggering an automatic alarm as shown in figure 4. The manner by which the devices 50a are connected by the line 55a is not particularly limited. For example, each of the devices 50a may be connected in series. Accordingly, a failure or change in conductivity of any one device 50a would trigger an alarm for the entire line, in other examples, the devices 50a may be connected in parallel to each other such that the change in conductivity of a device 50a can be identified and located to provide addition information relating to where along the line the leak is occurring. Furthemore, it is to be appreciated that since the devices 50a are in contact with the pipeline 60a, the sensor network shown in figures 3 and 4 can be applied to a pipeline 60a that is above-ground or underground. Although the devices 50a appear to be along the side of the pipeline 60a, it is to be appreciated that the devices 50a may be repositioned to other portions of the pipeline 60a or additional sensors may be place at other locations. For example, addiiional devices 50a may be placed ai the bottom of the pipeline such that any leak, such as pipeline contents 75a from a leak 70a will be pulled download by gravity to one or more of the devices 50a,

[0054] Referring to figure 5, a flowchart of manufacturing a hydrophobic film for use in the device 50 or 50a is shown at 200. The following discussion of method 200 may lead to a further understanding of device 50 or 50a and its advantages over other existing solutions used to monitor pipelines or other transportation and storage infrastructure for leaks of material containing hydrocarbons. It is to be emphasized, that method 200 need not be performed in the exact sequence as shown, and various blocks may be performed in parallel rather than in sequence, or in a different sequence altogether.

[0055] Beginning at block 210, a backbone material is dissolved into a non-aqueous solvent to form a non-aqueous solution. Then manner by which the backbone material is dissolved is not particularly limited and the backbone materials is also not particularly limited. As an example, the backbone material may be dissolved into in a single reaction vessel, such as a beaker or vat. In this present embodiment, paraffin wax is dissolved as the backbone material in a non-aqueous solvent, such as hexane at room temperature to form a non-aqueous solution. The non-aqueous solution may be dissolved in the reaction vessel, or it may be pre-made or dissolved in a separate vessel to be subsequently added to the reaction vessel, it is to be appreciated that the non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited and may include other volatile solvents such as toluene, ethyl acetate, benzene, xylene, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, or chloroform.

[0056] Block 220 involves adding the non-aqueous solution to an aqueous solution to form a liquid-liquid interface between the non-aqueous solution and the aqueous solution. In the present embodiment, the aqueous solution may be substituted with water, in other

embodiments, the aqueous solution may be an acid, such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, salt solutions, such as brine, saline, potassium chloride, or sodium chloride, or a buffer solution such as a phosphate solution.

[0057] Block 230 involves injecting particulate proximate to the liquid-liquid interface between the non-aqueous solution and the aqueous solution. The manner by which the particulate is injected is not particularly limited, in the present example, the particulate is injected with a syringe near the liquid-liquid interface, in other examples, the particulate may be injected using a pipette or simply added to the reaction vessel and move through the nonaqueous layer to the liquid-liquid interface. For example, if the particulate was selected to have a buoyancy to be less ihan the non-aqueous layer and greater than the aqueous layer, the particulate will naturally move to the liquid-liquid interface. As another example, the particulate may simply be less buoyant than both the non-aqueous solution and the aqueous solution and pass through the liquid-liquid interface where it can react with the backbone material and become bound within the liquid-liquid interface. It is to be appreciated that in order to facilitate the injection the conductive material, the conductive material can may be suspended in a liquid, such as ethanol. In other examples, the particulate material may be directly added in powder form.

[0058] It is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description that the particulate is not particularly limited and can be any material for use in a hydrophobic film. For example, the particulate may be a conductive material to provide an electrically conductive hydrophobic film. In particular, the conductive material may include carbon particulate matter, such as Vulcan carbon, carbon black, or any other conductive carbon particle material.

[0059] In other embodiments, the particulate may include magnetic nanoparticles, such as magnetite (Fe ₃ 0 ₄ ). in such embodiments, the film can be used absorb or attached with immiscible liquids such as hydrocarbons, and oil from an oil leak, for transportation away from a hydrocarbon leak using a magnetic field. In particular, the film can be used to collect oil on a wafer surface, in this example, the hydrophobic film may be exposed to an oil/water emulsion such that a hydrophiiic or oleophilic wax backbone interacts strongly with the oil droplets, resulting in the coagulation of the oil droplets around the film to form a single large oil droplet. The coagulated film can then be manipulated with a magneiic field from a permanent magnet or other source due to the magnetic particulate in the film, it is to be appreciated that some films may include both magnetic and conductive material.

[0060] Referring to figures 6a to 6c, an application of a hydrophobic film 600 with magnetic particulate embedded on a hydrophobic film is generally shown. As shown in figure 6a, the hydrophobic film 600 attracts non-aqueous material 605. in the present example, the interaction between the hydrophobic film 600 and the non-aqueous material 605 arises naturally from the chemical properties of the non-aqueous material 605 and the backbone material in the hydrophobic film 600. Accordingly, once the non-aqueous material 605 and the backbone material in the hydrophobic film 600 interact with each other, the hydrophobic film 600 may be moved with the application of a magnetic field, such as a magnet 610 to positions shown in figure 6b to drag the non-aqueous material 605 along the surface of the aqueous solution or water. Furthermore, as the non-aqueous material 605 comes into contact with additional nonaqueous material 615, the non-aqueous material 605 absorbs the additional non-aqueous material 615 to form a larger non-aqueous material 605' as shown in figure 6c.

[0081] In the embodiment, shown, the magnet 610 is placed underneath the water container. It is to be appreciated that the magnet 610 is not particularly limited and may be placed within the water, or may be suspended over the water container when it is not practical to place the magnet 610 into the water. For example, in an oil spill containment and collection operation, pieces of the hydrophobic film 600 may be distributed over a body of water, such as a pond or lake, that is contaminated so that the hydrophobic film 600 pieces may begin to bind with oil on the surface of the body of water. Magnets may then be suspended from barges or boats to move the hydrophobic film 600 pieces to a single location for collection using an appropriate collection device for the leaked immiscible liquid.

[0062] It is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description that the non-aqueous material 605 and the backbone material in the film 600 may be selected for a specific application. For example, a paraffin backbone may be effective with gasoline, a polystyrene backbone may be effective with ethyl acetate, and a propylene backbone may be effective with toluene.

[0063] Returning back to figure 5, block 240 comprises evaporating the non-aqueous solution to form a hydrophobic film containing the particulate on top of the aqueous solution. In the present embodiment, the evaporation is a naturally occurring process. For example, the reaction vessel used to fabricate the hydrophobic film may be an open vessel, such that the non-aqueous solution can evaporate. The rate of evaporation is not particularly limited and can be aided by solvent selection, vessel design, vacuum pressure, and the application of heat, in one example, the vessel remains at room temperature and the rate evaporation may be about 20 pL/hour.

[0064] In other embodiments, it is to be appreciated that the evaporation rate can be controlled with different vessel designs and the application of heat in a controlled manner. With the evaporation of solvent from the non-aqueous solution, the backbone material precipitates to form a hydrophobic film at the liquid-liquid interface. This process traps the particulate, such as carbon nanoparticles, that may self-assemble at the liquid-liquid interface along the surface to form a carbon-decorated film. In some embodiments, the process may be carried out under calm, quiescent conditions, so as not to create bubbles or cracks in the morphology of the hydrophobic film. The resulting hydrophobic film is robust and can be easily manipulated and isolated, such as with the use of tweezers. It is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description that the surface area, thickness and shape of the film may be manipulated by adjusting the amount of materials used and the size of the reaction vessel. Furthermore, it is to be appreciated that the size and the shape of the film is not particularly limited. For example, in a present embodiment, the hydrophobic film may be up to about 7 cm in diameter. Once removed from the aqueous layer, the hydrophobic films may be stored and dried. It is to be appreciated with the benefit of this description that the drying process does not affect the morphology or conductivity of the films, and the films can be easily transferred to a water/air interface post-drying.

[0065] Further variations are contemplated. For example, although the present embodiment uses water in the reaction vessel, the water can be substituted with aqueous solutions, such as a phosphate buffer solution, in addition, if is to be appreciated that the conductive material is not particularly limited. As another example of a variation, the conductive material for the particulate may include Ir, Pf, Au, Fe, Pd, etc. or any other metal nanoparticle, Ir/lrOx nanoparticies, order mesoporous carbon, colloid imprinted carbon, carbon fibers, graphene, and single wailed carbon nanotubes. Other examples may include composite materials such as CdSe and ZnS.

[0086] Furthermore, the manufacturing process is not particularly limited and that several variations are contemplated. For example, in the present embodiment, the non-aqueous solvent used is hexane. In other embodiments, the solvent can be modified to be diethyl ether or another non-aqueous solvent with suitable properties. As another example of a variation in the method of manufacture, the temperature at which the process is carried out can be higher than room temperature to aid evaporation. As yet another example of a variation, in the present embodiment, efhanoi is used to inject the conductive material proximate to the oil-water interface. In other embodiments, another liquid with a density between water and the nonaqueous solvent to promote self-assemblage of the conductive material at the oil-water interface.

[0087] In the present embodiment, the hydrophobic film may be used in a device 50 or 50a which includes the, electrodes, and conductive material supported by the hydrophobic film. In the present embodiment, the conductive material is Vulcan carbon nanoparticle and the hydrophobic film is a paraffin film. The film is contacted via electrodes, such as gold wires, glued to each end of the carbon-decorated film having dimensions of about 1 .0 cm x 1 .0 cm using a conductive silver epoxy. In other embodiments, spring-loaded gold coated brass pins pressed into the film about 1 cm apart. It is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art that the dimensions of the devices 50 and 50a are not particularly limited and that the films can be larger or smaller depending on the specific application.

[0088] Referring to figures 7a to 7c, the degradation of the hydrophobic film 100 used in the devices 50 and 50a is generally shown. In use, a potential can be applied across electrodes connected by a hydrophobic film 100 such that a current may pass through the device 50 or 50a via the hydrophobic fiim 100, which is made to be conductive by carbon decorating the film 100. For example, figure 7a shows a carbon-decorated film 100 after being fabricated such as by the method 200. Upon exposure to a hydrocarbon, such as hexane or other aikanes, alcohols, and aromatic compounds, the carbon-decorated film 100 degrades and fails to conduct current between the electrodes.

[0069] In particular, when the carbon-decorated film 100 is exposed to hydrocarbons, the film 100 may degrade in such a way that electrons can no longer be passed from one electrode to the other through the carbon-decorated film 100. As such, the current may rapidly decay to zero after exposure of hydrocarbons to the film 100. The mechanism of fiim "failure" in the presence of hydrocarbons can be by nanoparticle rearrangement to generate clusters 100' of nanoparticies that are no longer electrically conductive (figure 7a) or via fractures of the fiim 100 to generate film fragments 100" (figure 7b). In either of these two cases, the failure of the film 100 can be a consequence of hydrocarbon adsorption or absorption and the subsequent dissolution of the carbon-decorated fiim 100 (e.g. the paraffin wax backbone).

[0070] As a specific example, in the present embodiment, the carbon-decorated film 100 has an average resistivity of the side fabricated facing water is approximately 2.0 kQ/cm.

Continuing with this example, a fixed potential of about 100 mV can be applied laterally across the surface of the film. Referring to figure 8a, a corresponding, steady-state current is shown. Abruptly, following the addition of about 10 μΙ_ of hexane to the surface of the film, the current plummeted to about zero. The exposure to hexane resulted in the immediate failure of the film, thereby breaking the electrical circuit between the two electrodes.

[0071] Referring to figure 8b, the loss of conductivity observed for films when exposed to aikanes of increasing molecular weights is shown. It is to be appreciated by a person skilled in the art with the benefit of this description that as the molecular weight of the compound increases, the drop-in conductivity decreases. Accordingly, this difference can be used to provide possible avenue for the identification of compounds causing the leak. It is to be appreciated that this feature would allow for determination of the identity of the leaking compound such that an appropriate response can be provided to correct the leak. In other embodiments, the device 50 or 50a can be used as an identification fool instead of as a leak detection tool.

[0072] The mechanism of film failure can depend on the molecular weight and/or the viscosity of the hydrocarbon in which it is sensing. For example, when a high molecular weight compound, such as paraffin oil, can be deposited onto a carbon-decorated film. The carbon- decorated film is affected by the paraffin oil at a slower rate compared to that of a lower molecular weight compound such as dodecane (see figures 9a and 9b, respectively), in these examples, the sorption of hydrocarbons at/into the wax backbone causes the film to become a viscous, gel-like substance.

[0073] As mentioned above, it is to be appreciated that the response of the device 50 or 50a using the film 100 is not limited to alkanes. For example, more complex hydrocarbons (e.g., aromatics) can also trigger a response in the device 50 or 50a. Referring to figure 10a, the addition of xylene, benzene or toluene, three of the major components of the BTEX group of environmental pollutants, causes a significant decrease in the conductivity of the film.

Accordingly, the same mechanism as the addition of alkanes described above could be expanded to include alkenes and alkynes. It is to be appreciated with the benefit of this description that the presence of functional groups on the hydrocarbon does not reduce the responsiveness of the device 50 or 50a, with pentanol, propanol and ethanol decreasing the current output from the film (see figure 10b). Similar to the trend observed for the alkanes, the largest response is achieved with smaller primary alcohols when compared with longer chain alcohols, though the rate of the current decrease appears to be slower than that of a corresponding alkane.

[0074] As another example of an application of the device 50 or 50a, the device 50 or 50a can also respond to commercial-grade gasoline and can be used in a refinery. In general, gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons (C4-C12, including alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes and aromatics), blending agents and other additives (e.g. anti-oxidants and antiknock agents). Gasoline can be added directly to the device 50 or 50a in the same manner as all previous chemical. As shown in figure 11 a, the current decreased significantly but plateaued at a non-zero current. It is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description, that some of the additives in the gasoline reacted at a gold coated pin, or that the film did not effusively interact with the gasoline due to the poor wettability of the gasoline additives with the film.

[0075] Continuing with the present example, an environmental spill or leak is simulated and the current response to different amounts of gasoline in a sand pack is shown in figure 11 b. The inset of figure 11 b depicts the setup used to test for the response to gasoline. The device 50 or 50a is held in place on a plastic plate by four spring-loaded gold coated brass pins, of which two opposite pins about 1 cm apart are subsequently connected to a potentiostat via wires. The upper and lower plastic plates are clamped together to ensure good connectivity between the spring-loaded pins and the sensing film. The film can be covered in a sand pack of about 6 cm ³ and gasoline can be deposited onto the top of the sand pack through a hole in the upper plate in 500 μΙ, about 100 μΙ and 50 μΙ aliquots, where it subsequently soaked through the sand to the underlying sensing film. A response is observed within about 10 seconds for all gasoline volumes, with the larger volumes of gasoline (500 μΙ and about 100 μΙ) resulting in faster signal responses. This is likely due to the smaller aliquots of gasoline being partially adsorbed by the sand pack before reaching the sensing film surface. In embodiments where gasoline is added to the sand pack as opposed to directly at the surface of the film, the response signal is greater because of the pressure exerted by the sand particles on the film, expediting film failure.

[0076] Various advantages will now be apparent to a person of skill in the art. Of note is a conductivity-based sensor for the presence of hydrocarbons in the event of a leak from an oil pipeline is provided herein. This sensor is both conductive and hydrophobic allowing it to be able to interact with a variety of organic molecules and perform as a sensor in various conditions where water and moisture can be present.

[0077] Another characteristic of the hydrophobic film is that the wettability of a surface of the hydrophobic film may be controlled by selecting the particulate to be embedded in the film. In particular, the side of the hydrophobic film that faced the aqueous solution can be varied. By contrast the side of the hydrophobic film that faced the non-aqueous solution remained substantially consistent regardless of the particulate which may suggest that the particulate is more concentrated on the aqueous side. For example, a contact angle of less than about 20 degrees (figure 12a) can be measured when irO _x nanoparticles are selected as the particulate. However, the contact angle on the side of the hydrophobic film that faced the non-aqueous side is about 103 degrees (figure 12b). By using Fe ₃ 0 ₄ nanoparticles as the particulate, a contact angle of about 77 degrees can be measured on the side of the hydrophobic film that faced the aqueous solution and a contact angle of about 100 degrees on the hydrophobic film that faced the non-aqueous solution (although a the contact angle of 77 degrees suggest that the side of the film is hydrophilic, the opposite side of the file is hydrophobic and the film as a whole may continue to be referred to as the hydrophobic film). By using Vulcan Carbon nanoparticles as the particulate, a contact angle of about 109 degrees can be measured on the side of the hydrophobic film that faced the aqueous solution and a contact angle of about 108 degrees on the hydrophobic film that faced the non-aqueous solution, it is to be appreciated by a person of skill in the art with the benefit of this description that by controlling the wettability of a surface the film may be used to affect and control the flow of liquid through a pipe or over a surface, in addition, altering the wettability may be used to tune for the substances that the film may detect. For example, a more hydrophilic film may be used to detect the presence of water.

[0078] In addition to changing the particulate in the film, the backbone material may also be varied and substituted to change the physical characteristics of the film, such as the flexibility and melting points of the hydrophobic film. Figures 13a to 13g illustrate the use of different backbone materials with a consistent particulate, such as Vulcan carbon. Figure 13a shows a film using a paraffin backbone material. Figure 13b shows a film using a polystyrene backbone material. Figure 13c shows a film using a polypropylene backbone material. Figure 13d shows a film using a Nafion backbone material. Figure 13e shows a film using a poiy(methy! methacrylate) backbone material. Figure 13f shows a film using a polyvidone backbone material. Figure 13g shows a film using a polyvinyl alcohol backbone material. It is to be appreciated that each film described above in connection with figure 13 generally retains the properties of the original backbone. Accordingly, properties such as solubility to specific solvents may be tuned by selecting a backbone material.

[0079] It is to be appreciated that the device 50 or 50a is not limited to detecting leaks (gaseous or liquid leaks) from pipelines. Other potential applications can include water remediation, medical prognosis, and for use in industrial settings such as the detection of leaks around hydrocarbon storage tanks. For example, the device 50 or 50a can be used for underground storage tanks, such as gas stations, and for abandoned and operating industrial sites that used or manufactured solvents, and petrochemicals. In addition, the device can be used in the vicinity of wellheads of plugged and abandoned wells, surface facilities with a host of gathering lines.

[0080] While specific embodiments have been described and illustrated, such embodiments should be considered illustrative only and should not serve to limit the accompanying claims.