Inventors; John R. Hagadorn, Charles Ruff, Renuka N. Ganesh and Patrick Brant

PRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to USSN 13/072,383, filed March 25, 2011 and EP 1 1167029.5, filed May 23, 2011.

Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates to metathesis preparation of multiblock polymers from vinyl-terminated polyolefins.

Background of the Invention

[0003] Metathesis is generally thought of as the interchange of radicals between two compounds during a chemical reaction. There are several varieties of metathesis reactions, such as ring opening metathesis, acyclic diene metathesis, ring closing metathesis and cross metathesis. These reactions, however, have had limited success with the metathesis of functionalized olefins.

[0004] Methods for the production of polyolefins with end-functionalized groups are typically multi-step processes that often create unwanted by-products and waste of reactants and energy.

[0005] R. T. Mathers and G. W. Coates Chem. Commun., 2004, pp. 422-423 disclose examples of using cross-metathesis to functionalize polyolefins containing pendant vinyl groups to form polar-functionalized products with a graft-type structure.

[0006] D. Astruc et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, pp. 1495-1506, and D. Astruc et al.

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, pp. 7399-7404 disclose examples of using cross metathesis to functionalize non-polymeric molecules containing vinyl groups.

[0007] For reviews of methods to form end-functionalized polyolefins, see: (a) S. B.

Amin and T. J. Marks Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 2008, 47, pp. 2006-2025; (b) T. C. Chung

Prog. Polym. Scl, 2002, 27, pp. 39-85; (c) R. G. Lopez, F. DAgosto, C. Boisson Prog.

Polym. Set, 2007, 32, pp. 419-454.

[0008] USSN 12/487,739, filed June 19, 2009 discloses certain vinyl terminated oligomers and polymers that are functionalized for use in lubricant applications.

[0009] USSN 12/143,663, filed on June 20, 2008 discloses certain vinyl terminated oligomers and polymers that are functionalized in USSN 12/487,739, filed June 19, 2009. [0010] USSN 12/488,093, filed June 19, 2009 discloses end functionalized polyolefins prepared from vinyl terminated polyolefins by cross metathesis.

[0011] Additional references of interest include US 4,988,764 and US 6,225,432.

[0012] Thus, metathesis reactions can provide functionalized polyolefins that have end- functionalization. However, to date it has not been feasible to polymerize polyolefins having end-functionalization to each other.

[0013] Thus a need exists for a method to prepare polyolefins that utilize end- functionalization to provide new polymers with unique physical properties.

[0014] Diblock polymers prepared by metathesis from vinyl-terminated polyolefins feature a chemically reactive internal site of unsaturation and are of interest for use in a broad range of applications as compatibilizers, tie-layer modifiers, surfactants, and surface modifiers, among other things. Hydrogenation leads to unique diblock polymers that can be used in applications such as compatibilizers, tie-layer modifiers, surfactants, and surface modifiers, among other things. Herein is described a novel method for their production by the metathesis of vinyl-terminated polyolefins. This method is useful in a range of polyolefins, including isotactic polypropylene (iPP), atactic polypropylene (aPP), ethylene propylene copolymer (EP), and polyethylene (PE).

Summary of the Invention

[0015] This invention relates to a composition comprising a multiblock polyolefin represented by the formula (X):

PO-CCR ^{1 1} )( ¹² )-C( ¹³ )=C( ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen;

PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefin having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm; 2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.3 (J) and 0.75(J) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by ^l R NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of allyl chain ends per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst.

[0016] This invention also relates to a process to prepare a composition comprising a multiblock polyolefin represented by the formula (X):

PO-C(R ^u )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen;

PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefin having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm, (alternately the multiblock polyolefin has 0.10 to 35 internal unsaturations per 1,000 carbon atoms, preferably 0.2 to 20, preferably 0.3 to 10, as determined by ¹³ C NMR);

2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.3(J) and 0.75(J) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by ^l R NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of reactive groups per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst.

Brief Description of the Figures

[0017] Figure 1 is a ^l R NMR decoupled ¹³ C NMR spectrum of the homocoupled product of 1-octadecene (top) and the unsaturated region expanded and magnified (bottom).

[0018] Figure 2 is a ^l R NMR decoupled ¹³ C NMR spectrum of product from homometathesis of a vinyl-terminated atactic polypropylene (M _n 421) (top) and an expansion of the unsaturated region (bottom).

[0019] Figure 3 is a ¹³ C NMR spectra of cross metathesis product of 1-octadecene and vinyl-terminated aPP (top) and the unsaturated region expanded (bottom).

[0020] Figure 4 is a stacked plot of the saturated region of the heterocoupled product of cross-metathesis products from 1-octadecene and vintyl-terminated aPP, i.e., a ¹³ C NMR spectra of aliphatic Region of Coupling Products. Top: Homometathesis of 1-octadecene, Middle: Homometathesis of vinyl-terminated aPP, Bottom: Cross-metathesis reaction of 1- octadecene and vinyl-terminated aPP.

Detailed Description

[0021] The term "polyolefin" as used herein means an oligomer or polymer of two or more olefin mer units and specifically includes oligomers and polymers as defined below. An "olefin," alternatively referred to as "alkene," is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond.

[0022] A propylene polymer or oligomer contains at least 50 mol% of propylene, an ethylene polymer or oligomer contains at least 50 mole% of ethylene, and so on.

[0023] For purposes of this specification and the claims appended thereto, when a polymer or copolymer is referred to as comprising an olefin, including, but not limited to ethylene, propylene, and butene, the olefin present in such polymer or copolymer is the polymerized form of the olefin. For example, when a copolymer is said to have an "ethylene" content of 35 wt% to 55 wt%, it is understood that the mer unit in the copolymer is derived from ethylene in the polymerization reaction and said derived units are present at 35 wt% to 55 wt%, based upon the weight of the copolymer. A "polymer" has two or more of the same or different mer units. A "homopolymer" is a polymer having mer units that are the same. A "copolymer" is a polymer having two or more mer units that are different from each other. A "terpolymer" is a polymer having three mer units that are different from each other. The term "different" as used to refer to mer units indicates that the mer units differ from each other by at least one atom or are different isomerically. Accordingly, the definition of copolymer, as used herein, includes terpolymers and the like. An oligomer is typically a polymer having a low molecular weight (such an Mn of less than 25,000 g/mol, preferably less than 2,500 g/mol) or a low number of mer units (such as 75 mer units or less). [0024] As used herein, Mn is number average molecular weight (measured by NMR unless stated otherwise), Mw is weight average molecular weight (measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography), and Mz is z average molecular weight (measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography), wt% is weight percent, and mol% is mole percent. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) is defined to be Mw (measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography) divided by Mn (measured by ^l R NMR). Unless otherwise noted, all molecular weight units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are g/mol.

[0025] "Allyl chain ends" (also referred to as "vinyl termination", "vinyl chain ends" "allylic vinyl end group" or "vinyl content") is defined to be a polyolefin (oligomer or polymer) having at least one te la I: allylic vinyl end group

where the "····" represents the polyolefin chain. In a preferred embodiment the allyl chain end is represented by the formula II:

allylic vinyl end group

The amount of allyl chain ends is determined using NMR at 120°C using deuterated tetrachloroethane as the solvent on a 500 MHz machine and in selected cases confirmed by ¹³ C NMR. Resconi has reported proton and carbon assignments (neat perdeuterated tetrachloroethane used for proton spectra while a 50:50 mixture of normal and perdeuterated tetrachloroethane was used for carbon spectra; all spectra were recorded at 100°C on a Bruker AM 300 spectrometer operating at 300 MHz for proton and 75.43 MHz for carbon) for vinyl terminated propylene oligomers in J American Chemical Soc, 1 14, 1992, pp. 1025- 1032 that are useful herein.

[0026] "Isobutyl chain end", also referred to as an "isobutyl end group" is defined to be a polyolefin (oligomer or polymer) having at least one terminus represented by the formula:

where M represents the polyolefin (oligomer or polymer) chain. In a preferred embodiment, the isobut l chain end is represented by one of the following formulae:

where M represents the polyolefin chain.

[0027] The percentage of isobutyl end groups is determined using ¹³ C NMR (as described in the example section) and the chemical shift assignments in Resconi et al, J Am. Chem. Soc, 1992, 1 14, pp. 1025-1032 for 100% propylene oligomers (and polymers) and set forth in Figure 2 of WO 2009/155471 for E-P oligomers (and polymers).

[0028] The "isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio" is defined to be the ratio of the percentage of isobutyl chain ends to the percentage of allylic vinyl groups.

[0029] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "internal unsaturation" means a double bond that is not an allyl chain end as defined above, a vinylene, or vinylidene unsaturation.

[0030] The term "diblock"' is defined to mean that there are at least two polyolefin different portions in the multiblock polyolefin, e.g., PO and PO* are different. The term "different" as used to refer to polyolefins indicates that the mer units of the polyolefins differ from each other by at least one atom, the mer units of the polyolefins differ isomerically, or the polyolefins differ in Mn, Mw, Mz, tacticity, Mw/Mn, g'vis, vinyl, vinylidene, vinylene, or internal unsaturation content, amount of comonomer (when the comonomer is the same or different in the polyolefins), density (ASTM D 1505), melting point, heat of fusion, Brookfield viscosity, specific gravity (ASTM D 4052), or any other fluid or polyolefin property described in US 2008/0045638, paragraphs [0593] to [0636] (in event of conflict between test procedures in the instant specification and US 2008/0045638, the instant specification shall control). The term "multiblock" is defined to mean more than one polyolefin portion is present in the multiblock polyolefin. The term "vinyl terminated polyolefin" also referred to as "vinyl terminated macromer" or "VTM" is defined to be a polyolefin (oligomer or polymer) having at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturation), preferably having an Mn of at least 300 g/mol, preferably from 500 to 100,000 g/mol.

[0031] As used herein, the new notation for the Periodic Table Groups is used as described in Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27 (1985).

[0032] The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen group has been replaced with a hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing group. For example methyl cyclopentadiene (Cp) is a Cp group substituted with a methyl group and ethyl alcohol is an ethyl group substituted with an -OH group.

[0033] The terms "hydrocarbyl radical," "hydrocarbyl" and "hydrocarbyl group" are used interchangeably throughout this document. Likewise the terms "group" and "substituent" are also used interchangeably in this document. For purposes of this disclosure, "hydrocarbyl radical" is defined to be to C20 radicals, that may be linear, branched, or cyclic (aromatic or non-aromatic); and include substituted hydrocarbyl radicals as defined below.

[0034] Substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are radicals in which at least one hydrogen atom has been substituted with a heteroatom or heteroatom containing group, preferably with at least one functional group such as halogen (CI, Br, I, F), R*2, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*2, AsR* ₂ , SbR* ₂ , SR*, BR* ₂ , SiR* ₃ , GeR* ₃ , SnR* ₃ , PbR* ₃ , and the like or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within the hydrocarbyl radical, such as halogen (CI, Br, I, F), O, S, Se, Te, NR*, PR*, AsR*, SbR*, BR*, SiR* ₂ , GeR* ₂ , SnR* ₂ , PbR* ₂ , and the like, where R* is, independently, hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl.

[0035] A " substituted alkyl" or "substituted aryl" group is an alkyl or aryl radical made of carbon and hydrogen where at least one hydrogen is replaced by a heteroatom, a heteroatom containing group, or a linear, branched, or cyclic substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms. [0036] By "reactive termini" is meant a polymer having a vinyl, vinylidene, vinylene or other terminal group that can be polymerized into a growing polymer chain.

[0037] Bromine number is determined by ASTM D 1 159. ICPES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry), which is described in J. W. Olesik, "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy," in the Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, C. R. Brundle, C. A. Evans, Jr. and S. Wilson, Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Mass., 1992, pp. 633-644, is used to determine the amount of an element in a material.

[0038] This invention relates to a composition comprising a multiblock polyolefm represented by the formula (X):

PO-C(R ^u )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen;

PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefm having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm;

2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.25 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2, preferably

0.75 to 1.5, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.30 (J) and 0.75 (J) (preferably from 0.35 (J) and 0.70 (J), preferably from 0.40 (J) and 0.60 (J)) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by !H NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of reactive groups per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst.

[0039] A preferred embodiment for the multiblock polyolefm of formula (X) has PO and PO* being different. An example of this would be having PO being isotactic PP and PO* being an EP copolymer, with the ethylene content in the PO* being about 50% by weight. A preferred embodiment for the multiblock polyolefm of formula (X) has PO and PO* being different, with PO being immiscible with PO*. By immiscible is meant that if the vinyl terminated polyolefins that became PO and PO* were blended together they would form a heterogeneous composition.

[0040] By homogeneous composition it is meant a composition having substantially one morphological phase. (A co-continuous morphology is considered a single state for purposes of this invention and the claims thereto.) For example, a blend of two polymers where one polymer is miscible with another polymer is said to be homogeneous in the solid state. Such morphology is determined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or atomic force microscopy (AFM), in the event the optical microscopy, SEM and AFM provide different data, then the SEM data shall be used. By contrast, two separate phases would be observed for an immiscible blend. A miscible blend is homogeneous, while an immiscible blend is heterogeneous.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, PO and PO*, and/or the vinyl terminated polyolefins PO and PO* are derived from, differ in comonomer content preferably by at least 5 mol%, relative to each other, preferably by at least 10 mol% different, preferably by at least 20 mol% different, preferably by at least 30 mol% different, preferably by at least 40 mol% (for example, an ethylene copolymer having 20 mol% propylene differs from a propylene copolymer having 5 mol% butene by 15 mol%). In a preferred embodiment, PO and PO*, and/or the vinyl terminated polyolefins PO and PO* are derived from, differ in Mn, Mw, Mz, Mw/Mn, g'vis, vinyl, vinylidene, vinylene, or internal unsaturation content, density (ASTM D-1505), melting point, heat of fusion, % tacticity, and/or crystallization point by at least 5% relative to each other, preferably by at least 10 mol% different, preferably by at least 20 mol% different, preferably by at least 30 mol% different, preferably by at least 40 mol% (for example, an a polymer having an Mw of 500 g/mol differs from a polymer having an Mw of 732 by 46%). In a preferred embodiment, the Tm's, according to the DSC, of PO and PO*, and/or the vinyl terminated polyolefins PO and PO* are derived from, are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C. Likewise, in a preferred embodiment, the crystallization temperatures (Tc), according to the DSC, of PO and PO*, and/or the vinyl terminated polyolefins PO and PO* are derived from, are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C. Further, in a preferred embodiment, the heat of fusion (Hf), determined by DSC, of PO and PO*, and/or the vinyl terminated polyolefins PO and PO* are derived from, are at least 5 J/g different, preferably at least 10 J/g different, preferably at least 20 J/g different, preferably at least 50 J/g different, preferably at least 80 J/g different.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment, the multiblock polyolefin composition (i.e., the multiblock polyolefin and any unreacted starting materials, prior to fractionation or washing), has little or no reactive termini as shown by a ratio of 2.0 or greater (preferably 5 or greater, preferably 10 or greater , preferably 20 or greater) for the intensity of the internal unsaturation peaks at about 128 to 132 ppm to the reactive termini peaks at about 1 14 and 139 ppm in the ¹³ C NMR spectrum.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the multiblock polymer has an average of about 0.75 to about 1.25 internal unsaturation sites per polyolefin chain, as determined by NMR of the polyolefin for multiblock polymers having an Mn of up to 60,000 g/mol as determined by NMR.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, PO* is PO and/or PO is PO*. In another preferred embodiment, the multiblock polyolefin is a mixture of (a) PO-C(R ^u )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )- C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO*; (b) PO-CiRHXR!^-CiR!^^iR!^-CiR^XR!^-PO; and (c) PO*- C(R ^{1 1} )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO*. Preferably, the mixture comprises about 30% to about 70% of (a) PO-C(R ^{1 1} )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO*, about 1% to about 30% of (b) PO-C(R ^{1 1} )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO and about 1% to about 30% (c) PO*-C(R ^{1 1} )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO*.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the various components of the multiblock polyolefin can be separated from each other (e.g., (a) can be separated from (b) and (c)) using the preparative TREF procedure below. In a preferred embodiment, once the multiblock polyolefin has been fractionated, the fraction containing the largest mass is selected (and is presumed to be the multiblock polyolefin produced herein) and subjected to characterization, such as DSC (as described below). Preferably, the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) shows two peak melting temperatures (Tm) according to the DSC and the Tm's are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C. Likewise, preferably the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) shows two crystallization temperatures (Tc) according to the DSC and the Tc's are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C. Further, in a preferred embodiment, the heat of fusion (Hf), determined by DSC, of the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) is between the Hf s of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefins. Preferably, the Hf of the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) is at least 5 J/g different than the Hf of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest Hf, preferably at least 10 J/g different, preferably at least 20 J/g different, preferably at least 50 J/g different, preferably at least 80 J/g different. In a preferred embodiment, the Hf of the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) is at least 5 J/g less than the Hf of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest Hf, preferably at least 10 J/g less, preferably at least 20 J/g less, preferably at least 30 J/g less, preferably at least 40 J/g less, preferably at least 50 J/g less, preferably at least 60 J/g less, preferably at least 70 J/g less, preferably at least 80 J/g less, preferably at least 90 J/g less.

[0046] In another embodiment, the comonomer content of the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) is at least 5 mol% different than the comonomer content of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest comonomer content, preferably at least 10 mol% different, preferably at least 20 mol% different, preferably at least 30 mol% different, preferably at least 40 mol% different. In another embodiment, the comonomer content, of the multiblock polyolefin (e.g., the selected fraction with the largest mass) is between the comonomer contents of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefins. A homopolymer shall be considered to have 0 mol% comonomer. Comonomer content can be measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in conjunction with samples collected by GPC as described in Wheeler and Willis, Applied Spectroscopy, 1993, vol. 47, pp. 1 128-1130.

[0047] A commercial preparative TREF instrument (Model MC2, Polymer Char S.A.) is used to fractionate the resin into Chemical Composition Fractions. Approximately 2 g of polymer is placed into a reactor and dissolved in 200 mL of xylene, stabilized with 600 ppm of BHT, at 130°C for approximately 60 minutes. The mixture is allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes at 90°C, and then cooled to either 30°C (standard procedure) or 15°C (cryo procedure) using a cooling rate of 0.1°C/min. The temperature of the cooled mixture is increased until it is within the lowest Isolation Temperature Range to be used (see Table 2) and the mixture is heated to maintain its temperature within the specified range for 20 minutes. The mixture is sequentially filtered through a 75 micron column filter and then a 2 micron disk filter using 10 psi to 50 psi of pressurized nitrogen. The reactor is washed twice with 50 ml of xylene heated to maintain the temperature of the wash mixture within the designated temperature range and held at that temperature for 20 minutes during each wash cycle. The fractionation process is continued by introducing fresh xylene (200 mL of xylene, stabilized with 600 ppm of BHT) into the reactor, increasing the temperature of the mixture until it reaches the next highest Isolation Temperature Range in the sequence indicated in Table 2 and heating the mixture to maintain its temperature within the specified range for 20 minutes prior to filtering it as described above. The extraction cycle is sequentially repeated in this manner until the mixture has been extracted at all Isolation Temperature Ranges shown in Table 2. The extracts are independently precipitated with methanol to recover the individual polymer fractions.

Table 2

[0048] In a preferred embodiment, the multiblock polyolefin has an Mn of from 400 to 120,000 g/mol, preferably 1000 to about 60,000 g/mol, preferably 10,000 to 45,000 g/mol, preferably from 20,000 to 42,000 g/mol, preferably about 40,000 g/mol, alternately about 20,000 alternately about 1000 g/mol. [0049] In an embodiment, PO is a polypropylene of a Mn of about 300 to about 20,000 g/mol or PO is an ethylene/propylene copolymer of a Mn of about 300 to about 20,000 g/mol. In a preferred embodiment, at least one of the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups of PO and PO* contain from about 2 to about 18 carbon atoms.

[0050] The character of the "blocks" (e.g., the PO and PO*) of the multiblock polyolefin can be confirmed by the following steps: 1. Purifying the multiblock polymer to wash away any unreacted vinyl terminated polymers to other material that is not the multiblock polyolefin. (The methods to do such will necessarily vary depending on the nature of PO and PO*. Selection of such methods is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art.) 2. Contacting the multiblock polyolefin with an agent to cause cleavage at the internal unsaturation, such as by crossmetathesis with ethylene, or cleavage with ozone or permanganate (care should be taken to not cause cleavage at sites other than the internal unsaturation). Selection of such agents is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art. 3. Recovering and separating the cleaved materials. (The methods to do such will necessarily vary depending on the nature of PO and PO*. Selection of such methods is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art.) 4. Characterizing the separated materials.

[0051] This invention presumes that PO and PO* are derived from the vinyl terminated polyolefins used to make the multiblock polyolefins.

[0052] The multiblock polyolefins produced herein may be used in a broad range of applications, such as compatibilizers, tie-layer modifiers, surfactants, surface modifiers, lubricants, detergents, flocculants, viscosity modifiers, Viscosity Index modifiers, emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, dispersants, plasticizers, surfactants for soaps, detergents, fabric softeners, antistatics, oil additives, anti-fogging or wetting additives, adhesion promoters additives for lubricants and/or fuels, and the like.

Process to Produce Multiblock Polyolefins

[0053] This invention relates to a process to prepare a composition comprising a multiblock polyolefin represented by the formula (X):

PO-C(R! ¹ )( ¹² )-C( ¹³ )=C( ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen; PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefin having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm;

2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.25 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2, preferably 0.75 to 1.5, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.30 (J) and 0.75 (J) (preferably from 0.35 (J) and 0.70 (J), preferably from 0.40 (J) and 0.60 (J)) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by ^l R NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of reactive groups per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst,

said process comprising contacting an alkene metathesis catalyst with two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins, each having at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

[0054] The reactants (including the vinyl terminate polyolefins, such as the vinyl terminated polyolefins that PO and PO* are derived from) are typically combined in a reaction vessel at a temperature of 20 to 200°C (preferably 50 to 160°C, preferably 60 to 140°C) and a pressure of 0 to 1000 MPa (preferably 0.5 to 500 MPa, preferably 1 to 250 MPa) for a residence time of 0.5 seconds to 10 hours (preferably 1 second to 5 hours, preferably 1 minute to 1 hour).

[0055] Typically, 0.00001 to 1.0 moles, preferably 0.0001 to 0.05 moles, preferably 0.0005 to 0.01 moles of catalyst are charged to the reactor per mole of vinyl terminated polyolefin charged.

[0056] The process is typically a solution process, although it may be a bulk or high pressure process. Homogeneous processes are preferred. (A homogeneous process is defined to be a process where at least 90 wt% of the product is soluble in the reaction media.) A bulk homogeneous process is particularly preferred. (A bulk process is defined to be a process where reactant concentration in all feeds to the reactor is 70 volume % or more.) Alternately no solvent or diluent is present or added in the reaction medium, (except for the small amounts used as the carrier for the catalyst or other additives, or amounts typically found with the reactants; e.g., propane in propylene).

[0057] Suitable diluents/solvents for the process include non-coordinating, inert liquids. Examples include straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons, such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof such as can be found commercially (Isopar™); perhalogenated hydrocarbons, such as perfluorinated C4 0 alkanes, chlorobenzene, and aromatic and alkylsubstituted aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, mesitylene, and xylene. In a preferred embodiment, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are preferred, such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the solvent is not aromatic, preferably aromatics are present in the solvent at less than 1 wt%, preferably at 0.5 wt%, preferably at 0 wt% based upon the weight of the solvents.

[0058] In another embodiment, the process is a slurry process. As used herein the term "slurry polymerization process" means a polymerization process where a supported catalyst is employed and monomers are polymerized on the supported catalyst particles. At least 95 wt% of polymer products derived from the supported catalyst are in granular form as solid particles (not dissolved in the diluent).

[0059] In a preferred embodiment, the feed concentration for the process is 60 volume % solvent or less, preferably 40 volume % or less, preferably 20 volume % or less.

[0060] The process may be batch, semi-batch or continuous. As used herein, the term continuous means a system that operates without interruption or cessation. For example, a continuous process to produce a polymer would be one where the reactants are continually introduced into one or more reactors and polymer product is continually withdrawn.

[0061] Useful reaction vessels include reactors (including continuous stirred tank reactors, batch reactors, reactive extruder, pipe or pump).

[0062] In a preferred embodiment, the productivity of the process is at least 200 g of multiblock polyolefin of formula (X) per mmol of catalyst per hour, preferably at least 5000 g/mmol/hour, preferably at least 10,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 300,000 g/mmol/hr.

[0063] This invention further relates to a process, preferably an in-line process, preferably a continuous process, to produce multiblock polyolefin of formula (X), comprising introducing monomer and catalyst system into a reactor, obtaining a reactor effluent containing vinyl terminated polyolefins (preferably two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins), optionally removing (such as flashing off) solvent, unused monomer and/or other volatiles, obtaining at least two vinyl terminated polyolefins (such as those described herein), introducing at least two vinyl terminated polyolefins and an alkene metathesis catalyst into a reaction zone (such as a reactor, an extruder, a pipe and/or a pump) and obtaining multiblock polyolefins of formula (X) (such as those described herein).

[0064] A "reaction zone" also referred to as a "polymerization zone" is defined as an area where activated catalysts and monomers are contacted and a polymerization reaction takes place. When multiple reactors are used in either series or parallel configuration, each reactor is considered as a separate polymerization zone. For a multi-stage polymerization in both a batch reactor and a continuous reactor, each polymerization stage is considered as a separate polymerization zone. Room temperature is 23 °C unless otherwise noted.

Alkene Metathesis Catalysts

[0065] An alkene metathesis catalyst is a compound that catalyzes the reaction between a first vinyl terminated polyolefin with a second vinyl terminated polyolefin to produce a multiblock polyolefin of formula (X), typically with the elimination of ethylene.

[0066] In a preferred embodiment, the alkene metathesis catalyst is represented by the Formula (I):

where:

M is a Group 8 metal, preferably Ru or Os, preferably Ru;

X and X ¹ are, independently, any anionic ligand, preferably a halogen (preferably chlorine), an alkoxide or a triflate, or X and X ¹ may be joined to form a dianionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non- hydrogen atoms;

L and L ¹ are, independently, a neutral two electron donor, preferably a phosphine or a N- heterocyclic carbene, L and L ¹ may be joined to form a single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L and X may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L ¹ and X ¹ may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

R and R ¹ are, independently, hydrogen or Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (preferably a Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C ₄ to C ₃₍₎ aryl);

R ¹ and L ¹ or X ¹ may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms; and

R and L or X may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms.

[0067] Preferred alkoxides include those where the alkyl group is a phenol, substituted phenol (where the phenol may be substituted with up to 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Q to hydrocarbyl groups) or a to C^o hydrocarbyl, preferably a to C^Q alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl.

[0068] Preferred triflates are represented by the Formula (II):

O Formula (II)

where R ² is hydrogen or a Q to C30 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a Ci to alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl.

[0069] Preferred N-heterocyclic carbenes are represented by the Formula (III) or the Formula (IV):

Formula (III) or Formula (IV)

where:

each R ⁴ is independently a hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl (including isobutyl and n-butyl), pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, cyclooctyl, nonyl, decyl, cyclodecyl, dodecyl, cyclododecyl, mesityl, adamantyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolulyl, chlorophenyl, phenol, substituted phenol, or CH ₂ C(CH ₃ ) ₃ ; and

each R ⁵ is hydrogen, a halogen, or a Q to hydrocarbyl group, preferably hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl.

[0070] In other useful embodiments, one of the N groups bound to the carbene in formula (III) or (IV) is replaced with an S, O, or P atom, preferably an S atom.

[0071] Other useful N-heterocyclic carbenes include the compounds described in Hermann, W. A. Chem. Eur. J., 1996, 2, pp. 772 and 1627; Enders, D. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1995, 34, pg. 1021 ; Alder R. W., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1996, 35, pg. 1 121; and Bertrand, G. et al, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, pg. 39.

[0072] In a preferred embodiment, the alkene metathesis catalyst is one or more of tricyclohexylphosphine[l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazo l-2-ylidene][3-phenyl-lH- inden- 1 -ylidene]ruthenium(II) dichloride, tricyclohexylphosphine[3 -phenyl- 1 H-inden- 1 - ylidene][l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-imidazol -2-ylidene]ruthenium(II) dichloride, tricyclohexylphosphine[l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-di hydroimidazol-2- ylidene] [(phenylthio)methylene]ruthenium(II) dichloride, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)-3 - phenyl- 1 H-inden- l-ylideneruthenium(II) dichloride, l,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5- dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene[2-(i-propoxy)-5-(N,N- dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methyleneruthenium(II) dichloride, and [1,3-Bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]-[2-[[(4-methylphenyl )imino]methyl]-4- nitrophenolyl]-[3-phenyl-lH-inden-l-ylidene]ruthenium(II) chloride. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is l,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene [2- (i-propoxy)-5-( ,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methyleneruthenium(II) dichloride and/or Tricyclohexylphosphine[3 -phenyl- 1 H-inden- 1 -ylidene] [ 1 ,3 -bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5- dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene]ruthenium(II) dichloride.

[0073] In another embodiment, the alkene metathesis catalyst is represented by Formula (I) above, where: M is Os or Ru; R ¹ is hydrogen; X and X ¹ may be different or the same and are any anionic ligand; L and L ¹ may be different or the same and are any neutral electron donor; and R may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. R is preferably hydrogen, to C20 alkyl, or aryl. The to C20 alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more aryl, halide, hydroxy, Ci to C20 alkoxy, or C2 to C20 alkoxycarbonyl groups. The aryl may optionally be substituted with one or more to C20 alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, Q to C ₅ alkoxy, amino, nitro, or halide groups. L and L ¹ are preferably phosphines of the formula PR ³ ' R ⁴ ' R ⁵ ', where R ³ ' is a secondary alkyl or cycloalkyl, and R ⁴ ' and R ⁵ ' are aryl, to C^Q primary alkyl, secondary alkyl, or cycloalkyl. R ⁴ ' and R ⁵ ' may be the same or different. L and L ¹ preferably the same and are - P(cyclohexyl)3, -P(cyclopentyl) ₃ , or -P(isopropyl)3. X and X ¹ are most preferably the same and are chlorine.

[0074] In another embodiment of the present invention, the ruthenium and osmium carbene compounds have the Formula (V):

Formula (V)

where M is Os or Ru, preferably Ru; X, X ^l , L, and L ¹ are as described above; and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ may be different or the same and may be hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. The R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ groups may optionally include one or more of the following functional groups: alcohol, thiol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amine, imine, amide, nitro, carboxylic acid, disulfide, carbonate, isocyanate, carbodiimide, carboalkoxy, and halogen groups. Such compounds and their synthesis are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,111,121.

[0075] In another embodiment, the alkene metathesis catalyst useful herein may be any of the catalysts described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,111,121; 5,312,940; 5,342,909; 7,329,758;

5,831,108; 5,969,170; 6,759,537; 6,921,735; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005-0261451

Al, including, but not limited to, benzylidene-bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)dichlororuthenium, benzylidene[l,3- bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(tricyclohexylphosphine)rutheniu m, dichloro(o- isopropoxyphenylmethylene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium( II), (l,3-Bis-(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(o-isopropoxy phenylmethylene)mthenium l,3-Bis(2-methylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(2-iso propoxyphenylmethylene) ruthenium(II), [l,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichlo ro[3-(2- pyridinyl)propylidene] ruthenium(II), [ 1 , 3 -Bis (2 -methy lphenyl)-2 - imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(phenylmethylene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II), [1,3-

Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichloro (3-methyl-2-butenylidene)

(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II), and [l,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(benzylidene)bis(3-bromopyridine )ruthenium(II).

[0076] In another embodiment, the alkene metathesis catalyst is represented by the formula:

where:

M* is a Group 8 metal, preferably Ru or Os, preferably Ru;

X* and X ¹ * are, independently, any anionic ligand, preferably a halogen (preferably C _j ), an alkoxide or an alkyl sulfonate, or X and X ¹ may be joined to form a dianionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L* is N, O, P, or S, preferably N or O;

R* is hydrogen or a Q to C30 hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, preferably methyl; R ¹ *, R ² *, R ³ *, R ⁴ *, R ⁵ *, R ⁶ *, R ⁷ *, and R ⁸ * are, independently, hydrogen or a C _{ to C ₃₀ hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl, preferably R ¹ *, R ² *, R ³ *, and R ⁴ * are methyl;

each R ⁹ * and R ¹³ * are, independently, hydrogen or a Q to C30 hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, preferably a C2 to hydrocarbyl, preferably ethyl;

R ¹⁰ *, R ^{1 1} *, R ¹² * are, independently hydrogen or a to C30 hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl;

each G, is, independently, hydrogen, halogen or Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (preferably a Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C ₄ to C30 aryl);

where any two adjacent R groups may form a single ring of up to 8 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms.

[0077] Preferably, any two adjacent R groups may form a fused ring having from 5 to 8 non hydrogen atoms. Preferably the non-hydrogen atoms are C and/or O. Preferably the adjacent R groups form fused rings of 5 to 6 ring atoms, preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms. By adjacent is meant any two R groups located next to each other, for example R ³ * and R ⁴ * can form a ring and/or R ¹ !* and R ¹² * can form a ring.

[0078] In a preferred embodiment, the metathesis catalyst compound comprises one or more of: 2-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-3,5,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine[2-(i-pr opoxy)-5-(N,N- dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methylene ruthenium dichloride; 2-(mesityl)-3, 3,5,5- tetramethylpyrrolidine[2-(i-propoxy)-5-(N,N-dimethylaminosul fonyl)phenyl]methylene ruthenium dichloride; 2-(2-isopropyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine[2-(i-propoxy) -5-(N,N- dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methylene ruthenium dichloride; 2-(2,6-diethyl-4- fluorophenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine[2-(i-propoxy)-5 -(N,N- dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methylene ruthenium dichloride, or mixtures thereof.

[0079] For further information on such alkene metathesis catalysts, please see USSN 12/939054, filed November 3, 2010, claiming priority to and the benefit of USSN 61/259,514, filed November 9, 2009

[0080] The above named catalysts are generally available for Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO) or Strem Chemicals, Inc. (Newburyport, MA).

Vinyl Terminated Polyolefins

[0081] This invention can be practiced with any vinyl containing materials, preferably with vinyl terminated polyolefins, such as vinyl terminated ethylene homo- and co-polymers, and vinyl terminated propylene homo- and co-polymers. Vinyl terminated polyolefins include homo-and co-polymers of heteroatom containing monomers, as well as polymers of olefin monomers only. For purpose of this invention and the claims thereto, the term vinyl terminated polyolefins (also referred to as vinyl terminated polymers or vinyl terminated macromers or "VTM's") includes vinyl terminated polymers and oligomers and vinyl terminated copolymers and co-oligomers. Preferred vinyl terminated polyolefins include vinyl terminated isotactic polypropylene (preferably having a melting point of 100°C or more, preferably 150°C or more), vinyl terminated polyethylene (preferably having a melting point of 100°C or more, preferably 115°C or more).

[0082] In a preferred embodiment, any vinyl terminated polyolefin described herein has at least 75% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%.

[0083] In a preferred embodiment, any vinyl terminated polyolefin described herein has an Mn of 200 g/mol or more, alternately from 200 to 60,000 g/mol, preferably from 200 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably from 200 to 40,000 g/mol, preferably from 500 to 30,000 g/mol, preferably from 1000 to 10,000 g/mol.

[0084] In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin used herein comprises at least 10 mol% (alternately at least 20 mol%, alternately at least 40 mol%, alternately at least 60 mol%) of a C ₄ or greater olefin (such as butene, pentene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, preferably C ₅ to C ₄ Q alpha olefin such as pentene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene) and has: 1) at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%; and 2) an Mn of from 200 to 60,000 g/mol, preferably from 200 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably from 500 to 40,000 g/mol.

[0085] In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising one or more C2 to C ₄ Q olefins, preferably C2 to C ₄ Q alpha olefins, preferably ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, 1 -nonene, 1 -decene, 1- undecene, 1 -dodecene, and/or 4-methylpentene-l. In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin used herein has an Mn of from 200 to 60,000 g/mol, preferably from 500 to 30,000 g/mol, preferably from 1,000 to 20,000 g/mol and is a homopolymer or copolymer comprising two or more C2 to C ₄ Q olefins, preferably two or more or C3 to C20 alpha olefins, preferably two or more of ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and/or dodecene and has at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%.

[0086] In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a polymer having an Mn of from 200 to 21,000 g/mol (preferably 500 to 15,000, preferably 800 to 20,000 g/mol) comprising one or more alpha olefins selected from the group consisting of C2 to C40 alpha olefins, preferably ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene. In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a polymer having an Mn of from 500 to 21,000 g/mol (preferably 700 to 21,000, preferably 800 to 20,000 g/mol) comprising two or more alpha olefins selected from the group consisting of C2 to C40 alpha olefins, preferably C3 to C20 alpha olefins, preferably two or more alpha olefins selected from the group consisting ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene and has at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%.

[0087] Preferably, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is an ethylene polymer, e.g., a homo- polymer of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene and up to 50 mol% (preferably from 0.5 to 25 mol%, preferably from 1 to 20 mol%) of one or more C3 to C40 alpha olefin comonomers, preferably selected from the group consisting of propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene. Alternately, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a propylene polymer, e.g., a homopolymer of propylene or copolymer of propylene and up to 50 mol% (preferably from 0.5 to 25 mol%, preferably from 1 to 20 mol%) of one or more C2 and C ₄ to C40 alpha olefin comonomers, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene. Alternately, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene and a C4 to C40 alpha-olefin, such as butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene and has at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%. Alternately, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a copolymer of ethylene and/or propylene and two or more C4 to C40 alpha olefins, such as butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin has at least 30% allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturations (preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%) and the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a copolymer of:

1) ethylene and two or more C ₄ to C ₄ Q alpha olefins, such as butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene; or

2) propylene and two or more C ₄ to C ₄ Q alpha olefins, such as butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene; or

3) ethylene and propylene and two or more C ₄ to C ₄ Q alpha olefins, such as butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene; or

4) propylene and two or more alpha olefins selected from butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, and dodecene.

[0088] In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a polymer having an Mn of greater than 1,000 g/mol (preferably from 2,000 to 60,000, preferably 5,000 to 50,000 g/mol) comprising one or more alpha olefins selected from the group consisting of C2 to C ₄ Q alpha olefins, preferably ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, and 4-methyl-pentene-l. Preferably, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is an ethylene polymer, e.g., a homopolymer of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene and up to 50 mol% (preferably from 0.5 to 25 mol%, preferably from 1 to 20 mol%) of one or more C3 to C ₄ Q alpha olefin comonomers, preferably selected from the group consisting of propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, and 4- methyl-pentene- 1. Alternately, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is propylene polymer, e.g., a homopolymer of propylene or a copolymer of propylene and up to 50 mol% (preferably from 0.5 to 25 mol%, preferably from 1 to 20 mol%) of one or more C2 to C ₄ Q alpha olefins comonomers, preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, and 4-methyl-pentene-l having at least 30% allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturations (preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%).

[0089] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin useful herein may be one or more vinyl terminated polyolefins having an Mn (measured by !fi NMR) of 200 g/mol or more, (preferably 300 to 60,000 g/mol, 400 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably 500 to 35,000 g/mol, preferably 300 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably 400 to 12,000 g/mol, or preferably 750 to 10,000 g/mol); and comprising: (i) from about 20 to about 99.9 mol% (preferably from about 25 to about 90 mol%, from about 30 to about 85 mol%, from about 35 to about 80 mol%, from about 40 to about 75 mol%, or from about 50 to about 95 mol%) of at least one C5 to C40 olefin (preferably C5 to C30 a-olefins, more preferably C5 to C20 a-olefins, preferably, C5 to C12 a-olefins, preferably pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene, substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof, preferably hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, l-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene, 1- acetoxy-4-cyclooctene, 5-methylcyclopentene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, norbornene, norbornadiene, and their respective homologs and derivatives, preferably norbornene, norbornadiene, and dicyclopentadiene); and (ii) from about 0.1 to about 80 mol% of propylene (preferably from about 5 to about 70 mol%, from about 10 to about 65 mol%, from about 15 to about 55 mol%, from about 25 to about 50 mol%, or from about 30 to about 80 mol%); wherein the vinyl terminated polyolefins has at least 40% allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturations (preferably at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%; at least 80%, at least 90%; at least 95%); and, optionally, an isobutyl chain end to allylic chain end ratio of less than 0.70: 1 (preferably less than 0.65: 1, less than 0.60: 1, less than 0.50: 1, or less than 0.25: 1); and, further, optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end (as determined by NMR) ratio of more than 2: 1 (preferably more than 2.5: 1, more than 3: 1, more than 5: 1, or more than 10: 1); and, further, optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylene chain end ratio of greater than 10: 1 (preferably greater than 15: 1, or greater than 20: 1); and, even further, optionally, preferably substantially no isobutyl chain ends (preferably less than 0.1 wt% isobutyl chain ends). For further information on such vinyl terminated polyolefins please see concurrently filed USSN 13/072,249, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Copolymers and Methods to Produce Thereof."

[0090] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefins useful herein may be one or more vinyl terminated polyolefins having an Mn (measured by NMR) of 200 g/mol or more (preferably 300 to 60,000 g/mol, 400 to 50,000 g/mol, preferably 500 to 35,000 g/mol, preferably 300 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably 400 to 12,000 g/mol, or preferably 750 to 10,000 g/mol) and comprises: (i) from about 80 to about 99.9 mol% (preferably about 85 to about 99.9 mol%, more preferably about 90 to about 99.9 mol%) of at least one C ₄ olefin (preferably 1-butene); and (ii) from about 0.1 to 20 mol% of propylene, preferably 0.1 to 15 mol%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 mol%; wherein the VTM has at least 40% allyl chain ends relative to total unsaturations, preferably at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%; or at least 80%; and, optionally, an isobutyl chain end to allylic chain end ratio of less than 0.70: 1, less than 0.65: 1, less than 0.60: 1, less than 0.50: 1, or less than 0.25: 1; and, further, optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end ratio of more than 2: 1, more than 2.5: 1, more than 3: 1, more than 5: 1, or more than 10: 1; and, further, optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylene chain end ratio of greater than 10: 1 (preferably greater than 15: 1, or greater than 20: 1); and, even further, optionally, preferably, substantially no isobutyl chain ends (preferably less than 0.1 wt% isobutyl chain ends). For further information on such VTM's please see concurrently filed USSN 13/072,249, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Copolymers and Methods to Produce Thereof."

[0091] In particular embodiments herein, the invention relates to a composition comprising vinyl terminated polyolefins polymers having an Mn of at least 200 g/mol, (preferably 200 to 100,000 g/mol, preferably 200 to 75,000 g/mol, preferably 200 to 60,000 g/mol, preferably 300 to 60,000 g/mol, or preferably 750 to 30,000 g/mol) (measured by ^l R NMR) comprising of one or more (preferably two or more, three or more, four or more, and the like) C ₄ to C ₄ Q (preferably C ₄ to C30, C ₄ to C20, or C ₄ to C^, preferably butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene, substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof) higher olefin derived units, where the vinyl terminated higher olefin polymer comprises substantially no propylene derived units (preferably less than 0.1 wt.% propylene); and wherein the higher olefin polymer has at least 5% (at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% allyl; at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturations; and optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end ratio of greater than 2: 1 (preferably greater than 2.5: 1, greater than 3: 1, greater than 5: 1, or greater than 10: 1); and, further, optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylene chain end ratio of greater than 10: 1 (preferably greater than 15: 1, or greater than 20: 1); and, even further, optionally, preferably substantially no isobutyl chain ends (preferably less than 0.1 wt% isobutyl chain ends). In some embodiments, these higher olefin vinyl terminated polymers may comprise ethylene derived units, preferably at least 5 mol% ethylene (preferably at least 15 mol% ethylene, preferably at least 25 mol% ethylene, preferably at least 35 mol% ethylene, preferably at least 45 mol% ethylene, preferably at least 60 mol% ethylene, preferably at least 75 mol% ethylene, or preferably at least 90 mol% ethylene). For further information on such vinyl terminated polyolefins please see concurrently filed USSN 13/072,288, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Polymers and Methods to Produce Thereof."

[0092] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin useful herein is a branched polyolefin having an Mn of 7,500 to 60,000 g/mol (and optionally a Tm of greater than 60°C (preferably greater than 100°C), and/or, optionally, a AHf of greater than 7 J/g (preferably greater than 50 J/g)) comprising one or more alpha olefins (preferably ethylene and/or propylene and optionally a C ₄ to alpha olefin), said branched polyolefin having: (i) 50 mol% or greater allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturated chain ends (preferably 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, preferably 75% or more, preferably 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, preferably 95% or more); (ii) a g'(vis) of 0.90 or less (preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.80 or less); (iii) optionally, an allyl chain end to internal vinylidene ratio of greater than 5: 1 (preferably greater than 10: 1); and (iv) optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end ratio of greater than 10: 1 (preferably greater than 15: 1).

[0093] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin useful herein is a branched polyolefin having an Mn of 60,000 g/mol or more (and optionally a Tm of greater than 60°C (preferably greater than 100°C); and/or, optionally, a AHf of greater than 7 J/g (preferably greater than 50 J/g)) comprising one or more alpha olefins (preferably ethylene and/or propylene and optionally a C ₄ to C Q alpha olefin); and having: (i) 50 mol% or greater allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturated chain ends (preferably 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, preferably 75% or more, preferably 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, preferably 95% or more); (ii) a g'(vis) of 0.90 or less (preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.80 or less); (iii) a bromine number which, upon complete hydrogenation, decreases by at least 50% (preferably at least 75%); (iv) optionally, an allyl chain end to internal vinylidene ratio of greater than 5: 1 (preferably greater than 10: 1); and (v) optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end ratio of greater than 10: 1, preferably greater than 15: 1). [0094] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin useful herein is a branched polyolefin having an Mn of less than 7,500 g/mol, preferably from 100 to 7,000 g/mol, preferably form 400 to 6,500 g/mol (and optionally a Tm of greater than 60°C (preferably greater than 100°C), and/or, optionally, a AHf of greater than 7 J/g (preferably greater than 50 J/g)) comprising one or more alpha olefins (preferably ethylene and/or propylene and optionally a C ₄ to alpha olefin), and having: (i) 50 mol% or greater allyl chain ends, relative to total unsaturated chain ends (preferably 60% or more, preferably 70 % or more, preferably 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, preferably 95% or more); (ii) a ratio of percentage of saturated chain ends to percentage of allyl chain ends of 1.2 to 2.0 (preferably a ratio of percentage of saturated chain ends (preferably isobutyl chain ends) to percentage of allyl chain ends of 1.6 to 1.8, wherein the percentage of saturated chain ends is determined using ¹³ C NMR as described in WO 2009/155471 at paragraph [0095] and [0096] except that the spectra are referenced to the chemical shift of the solvent, tetrachloroethane- d ₂ , and/or a ratio of Mn(GPC)/Mn(!H NMR) of 0.95 or less (preferably 0.90 or less, preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.80 or less); (iii) optionally, a bromine number which, upon complete hydrogenation, decreases by at least 50% (preferably by at least 75%); (iv) optionally, an allyl chain end to internal vinylidene ratio of greater than 5 : 1 (preferably greater than 10: 1); and (v) optionally, an allyl chain end to vinylidene chain end ratio of greater than 2: 1 (preferably greater than 10: 1), preferably the branched vinyl terminated polyolefin has a ratio of MnCGPCy n^H NMR) of 0.95 or less (preferably 0.90 or less, preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.80 or less).

[0095] C ₄ to CiQ alpha olefin monomers useful in the branched polymers described above include butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and isomers thereof.

[0096] For more information on useful branched polymers and methods to produce them, please see concurrently filed USSN 61/467,681 , filed March 25, 201 1 , entitled "Branched Vinyl Terminated Polymers and Methods for Production Thereof.

[0097] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin consist essentially of propylene, functional group and optionally ethylene.

[0098] Alternately C ₄ olefins (such as isobutylene, butadiene, n-butene) are substantially absent from the vinyl terminated polyolefin. Alternately C ₄ _2o olefins are substantially absent from the vinyl terminated polyolefin. Alternately isobutylene is substantially absent from the vinyl terminated polyolefin. By substantially absent is meant that the monomer is present in the polyolefin at 1 wt% or less, preferably at 0.5 wt% or less, preferably at 0 wt%.

[0099] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin has a branching index, g' _vjs (as determined by GPC), of 0.98 or less, alternately 0.96 or less, alternately 0.95 or less, alternately 0.93 or less, alternately 0.90 or less, alternately 0.85 or less, alternately 0.80 or less, alternately 0.75 or less, alternately 0.70 or less, alternately 0.65 or less, alternately 0.60 or less, alternately 0.55 or less, relative to a linear polymer of the same composition and microstructure.

[00100] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin preferably has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than 0°C or less (as determined by differential scanning calorimetry as described below), preferably -10°C or less, more preferably -20°C or less, more preferably -30°C or less, more preferably -50°C or less.

[00101] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin has a melting point (DSC first melt) of from 30 to 200°C, alternately 40 to 180°C, alternately 50 to 100°C. In another embodiment, the polymers described herein have no detectable melting point by DSC following storage at ambient temperature (23°C) for at least 48 hours.

[00102] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefins described herein are a liquid at 25°C.

[00103] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polymers described herein have a viscosity at 60°C of greater than 1000 cP, greater than 12,000 cP, or greater than 100,000 cP. In other embodiments, the vinyl terminated polymers have a viscosity of less than 200,000 cP, less than 150,000 cP, or less than 100,000 cP. Viscosity is measured using a Brookfield Digital Viscometer.

[00104] In another embodiment, any of the vinyl terminated polyolefins described or useful herein have 3-alkyl vinyl end groups (where the alkyl is a Q to C38 alkyl), also referred to as a "3-alkyl chain ends" or a "3-alkyl vinyl termination", represented by the formula:

3-alkyl vinyl end group

where "····" represents the polyolefin chain and R ^b is a C^ to C38 alkyl group, preferably a Ci to C20 alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, docecyl, and the like. The amount of 3-alkyl chain ends is determined using ¹³ C NMR as set out below.

[00105] In a preferred embodiment, any of the vinyl terminated polyolefins described or useful herein have at least 5% 3-alkyl chain ends (preferably at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%; at least 95%, relative to total unsaturation.

[00106] In a preferred embodiment, any of the vinyl terminated polyolefins described or useful herein have at least 5% of 3-alkyl + allyl chain ends, (e.g., all 3-alkyl chain ends plus all allyl chain ends), preferably at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%; at least 95%, relative to total unsaturation.

[00107] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin comprises one or more of:

a) a propylene copolymer having an Mn of 300 to 30,000 g/mol (as measured by !fi NMR) comprising 10 to 90 mol% propylene and 10 to 90 mol% of ethylene, wherein the polymer has at least X% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), where: 1) X = (-0.94 (mol% ethylene incorporated) + 100), when 10 to 60 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer; and 2) X = 45, when greater than 60 and less than 70 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer; and 3) X = (1.83* (mol% ethylene incorporated) -83), when 70 to 90 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer; and/or

b) a propylene polymer, comprising more than 90 mol% propylene and less than 10 mol% ethylene, wherein the polymer has: at least 93% allyl chain ends, an Mn of about 500 to about 20,000 g/mol (as measured by ^l R NMR), an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.35: 1.0, and less than 1400 ppm aluminum; and/or

c) a propylene polymer, comprising at least 50 mol% propylene and from 10 to 50 mol% ethylene, wherein the polymer has: at least 90% allyl chain ends, Mn of about 150 to about 10,000 g/mol (as measured by NMR), and an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.3 : 1.0, wherein monomers having four or more carbon atoms are present at from 0 to 3 mol%; and/or

d) a propylene polymer, comprising at least 50 mol% propylene, from 0.1 to 45 mol% ethylene, and from 0.1 to 5 mol% C ₄ to (¾ olefin, wherein the polymer has: at least 87% allyl chain ends (alternately at least 90%), an Mn of about 150 to about 10,000 g/mol, (as measured by !fi NMR), and an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.35: 1.0; and/or

e) a propylene polymer, comprising at least 50 mol% propylene, from 0.1 to 45 mol% ethylene, and from 0.1 to 5 mol% diene, wherein the polymer has: at least 90% allyl chain ends, an Mn of about 150 to about 10,000 g/mol (as measured by ^l R NMR), and an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.7: 1 to 1.35: 1.0; and/or

f) a homopolymer, comprising propylene, wherein the polymer has: at least 93% allyl chain ends, an Mn of about 500 to about 20,000 g/mol (as measured by ^l R NMR), an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.2: 1.0, and less than 1400 ppm aluminum.

[00108] In a preferred embodiment, vinyl terminated polyolefins useful in this invention include propylene polymers, comprising propylene and less than 0.5 wt% comonomer, preferably 0 wt% comonomer, wherein the polymer has:

i) at least 93% allyl chain ends (preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 97%, preferably at least 98%);

ii) a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 500 to about 20,000 g/mol, as measured by Ή NMR (preferably 500 to 15,000, preferably 700 to 10,000, preferably 800 to 8,000 g/mol, preferably 900 to 7,000, preferably 1000 to 6,000, preferably 1000 to 5,000);

iii) an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.3 : 1.0; and iv) less than 1400 ppm aluminum, (preferably less than 1200 ppm, preferably less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm).

[00109] Vinyl terminated olefin polymers useful in this invention also include propylene copolymers having an Mn of 300 to 30,000 g/mol as measured by NMR (preferably 400 to 20,000, preferably 500 to 15,000, preferably 600 to 12,000, preferably 800 to 10,000, preferably 900 to 8,000, preferably 900 to 7,000 g/mol), comprising 10 to 90 mol% propylene (preferably 15 to 85 mol%, preferably 20 to 80 mol%, preferably 30 to 75 mol%, preferably 50 to 90 mol%) and 10 to 90 mol% (preferably 85 to 15 mol%, preferably 20 to 80 mol%, preferably 25 to 70 mol%, preferably 10 to 50 mol%) of one or more alpha-olefin comonomers (preferably ethylene, butene, hexene, or octene, preferably ethylene), wherein the polymer has at least X% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations), where: 1) X = (- 0.94 (mol% ethylene incorporated) + 100 {alternately 1.20 (-0.94 (mol% ethylene incorporated) + 100), alternately 1.50 (-0.94 (mol% ethylene incorporated) + 100)}), when 10 to 60 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer; and 2) X = 45 (alternately 50, alternately 60), when greater than 60 and less than 70 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer; and 3) X = (1.83* (mol% ethylene incorporated) -83, {alternately 1.20 [ 1.83 * (mol% ethylene incorporated) -83], alternately 1.50 [ 1.83* (mol% ethylene incorporated) -83]}), when 70 to 90 mol% ethylene is present in the copolymer. Alternately X is 80% or more, preferably 85% or more, preferably 90% or more, preferably 95% or more. In an alternate embodiment, the polymer has at least 80% isobutyl chain ends (based upon the sum of isobutyl and n- propyl saturated chain ends), preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%. Alternately, the polymer has an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.35: 1.0, preferably 0.9: 1 to 1.20: 1.0, preferably 0.9: 1.0 to 1.1 : 1.0.

[00110] Vinyl terminated olefin polymers useful in this invention also include propylene polymers, comprising more than 90 mol% propylene (preferably 95 to 99 mol%, preferably 98 to 99 mol%) and less than 10 mol% ethylene (preferably 1 to 4 mol%, preferably 1 to 2 mol%),wherein the polymer has:

i) at least 93% allyl chain ends (preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 97%, preferably at least 98%);

ii) a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 400 to about 30,000 g/mol, as measured by ^l K NMR (preferably 500 to 20,000, preferably 600 to 15,000, preferably 700 to 10,000 g/mol, preferably 800 to 9,000, preferably 900 to 8,000, preferably

1000 to 6,000);

iii) an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.35: 1.0; and iv) less than 1400 ppm aluminum, (preferably less than 1200 ppm, preferably less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm).

[00111] Vinyl terminated olefin polymers useful in this invention also include propylene polymers, comprising: at least 50 (preferably 60 to 90, preferably 70 to 90) mol% propylene and from 10 to 50 (preferably 10 to 40, preferably 10 to 30) mol% ethylene, wherein the polymer has:

i) at least 90% allyl chain ends (preferably at least 91%, preferably at least 93%, preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 98%);

ii) an Mn of about 150 to about 20,000 g/mol, as measured by NMR (preferably 200 to 15,000, preferably 250 to 15,000, preferably 300 to 10,000, preferably 400 to 9,500, preferably 500 to 9,000, preferably 750 to 9,000); and

iii) an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.3 : 1.0, wherein monomers having four or more carbon atoms are present at from 0 to 3 mol% (preferably at less than 1 mol%, preferably less than 0.5 mol%, preferably at 0 mol%).

[00112] Vinyl terminated olefin polymers useful in this invention also include propylene polymers, comprising:

at least 50 (preferably at least 60, preferably 70 to 99.5, preferably 80 to 99, preferably 90 to 98.5) mol% propylene, from 0.1 to 45 (alternately at least 35, preferably 0.5 to 30, preferably 1 to 20, preferably 1.5 to 10) mol% ethylene, and from 0.1 to 5 (preferably 0.5 to 3, preferably 0.5 to 1) mol% C ₄ to olefin (such as butene, hexene or octene, preferably butene), wherein the polymer has:

i) at least 90% allyl chain ends (preferably at least 91%, preferably at least 93%, preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 98%);

ii) a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 150 to about 15,000 g/mol, as measured by ^l R NMR (preferably 200 to 12,000, preferably 250 to 10,000, preferably

300 to 10,000, preferably 400 to 9500, preferably 500 to 9,000, preferably 750 to 9,000); and

iii) an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.8: 1 to 1.35: 1.0.

[00113] Vinyl terminated olefin polymers useful in this invention also include propylene polymers, comprising:

at least 50 (preferably at least 60, preferably 70 to 99.5, preferably 80 to 99, preferably 90 to 98.5) mol% propylene, from 0.1 to 45 (alternately at least 35, preferably 0.5 to 30, preferably 1 to 20, preferably 1.5 to 10) mol% ethylene, and from 0.1 to 5 (preferably 0.5 to 3, preferably 0.5 to 1) mol% diene (such as C ₄ to alpha-omega dienes (such as butadiene, hexadiene, octadiene), norbomene, ethylidene norbomene, vinylnorbornene, norbornadiene, and dicyclopentadiene), wherein the polymer has:

i) at least 90% allyl chain ends (preferably at least 91%, preferably at least 93%, preferably at least 95%, preferably at least 98%);

ii) a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 150 to about 20,000 g/mol, as measured by ^l R NMR (preferably 200 to 15,000, preferably 250 to 12,000, preferably

300 to 10,000, preferably 400 to 9,500, preferably 500 to 9,000, preferably 750 to 9,000); and iii) an isobutyl chain end to allylic vinyl group ratio of 0.7: 1 to 1.35: 1.0.

[00114] Any of the vinyl terminated polyolefins described herein preferably have less than 1400 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 1000 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 500 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 100 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 50 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 20 ppm aluminum, preferably less than 5 ppm aluminum.

[00115] In a preferred embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefin (preferably a propylene polymer) comprises less than 3 wt% of functional groups selected from hydroxide, aryls and substituted aryls, halogens, alkoxys, carboxylates, esters, acrylates, oxygen, and carboxyl, preferably less than 2 wt%, more preferably less than 1 wt%, more preferably less than 0.5 wt%, more preferably less than 0.1 wt%, more preferably 0 wt%, based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin.

[00116] Preferably, the vinyl terminated polyolefin is a polymer having an M _n as determined by ^l R NMR of 150 to 25,000 g/mol, 200 to 20,000 g/mol, preferably 250 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably 300 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably 400 to 12,000 g/mol, preferably 750 to 10,000 g/mol. Further, a desirable molecular weight range can be any combination of any upper molecular weight limit with any lower molecular weight limit described above.

[00117] In some embodiments, the vinyl terminated polyolefin contains less than 80 wt% of C ₄ olefin(s), (such as isobutylene n-butene, 2-butene, isobutylene, and butadiene), based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin, preferably less than 10 wt%, preferably 5 wt%, preferably less than 4 wt%, preferably less than 3 wt%, preferably less than 2 wt%, preferably less than 1 wt%, preferably less than 0.5 wt%, preferably less than 0.25 wt% of C ₄ olefin(s) based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin.

[00118] Alternately, in some embodiments, the vinyl terminated polyolefin contains less than 20 wt% of C ₄ or more olefin(s), (such as C ₄ to C30 olefins, typically such as C ₄ to (¾ olefins, typically such as C ₄ , C^, Cg, (¾, olefins, etc.), based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin, preferably less than 10 wt%, preferably 5 wt%, preferably less than 4 wt%, preferably less than 3 wt%, preferably less than 2 wt%, preferably less than 1 wt%, preferably less than 0.5 wt%, preferably less than 0.25 wt% of C ₄ olefin(s) based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin, as determined by ¹³ C NMR.

[00119] In another embodiment, any vinyl terminated polyolefin composition described herein comprises less than 20 wt% dimer and trimer (preferably less than 10 wt%, preferably less than 5 wt%, more preferably less than 2 wt%, based upon the weight of the vinyl terminated polyolefin composition), as measured by Gas Chromatography. Products are analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent 6890N with auto-injector) using helium as a carrier gas at 38 cm/sec. A column having a length of 60 m (J & W Scientific DB-1, 60 m x 0.25 mm ID. x 1.0 μιη film thickness) packed with a flame ionization detector (FID), an Injector temperature of 250°C, and a Detector temperature of 250°C are used. The sample was injected into the column in an oven at 70°C, then heated to 275°C over 22 minutes (ramp rate 10°C/min to 100°C, 30°C/min to 275°C, hold). An internal standard, usually the monomer, is used to derive the amount of dimer or trimer product that is obtained. Yields of dimer and trimer product are calculated from the data recorded on the spectrometer. The amount of dimer or trimer product is calculated from the area under the relevant peak on the GC trace, relative to the internal standard.

[00120] In another embodiment, any vinyl terminated polyolefin described herein contains less than 25 ppm hafnium, preferably less than 10 ppm hafnium, preferably less than 5 ppm hafnium based on the yield of polymer produced and the mass of catalyst employed.

[00121] In another embodiment, any vinyl terminated polyolefins described herein may have a melting point (DSC first melt) of from 60 to 165°C, alternately 50 to 120°C. In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefins described herein have no detectable melting point by DSC following storage at ambient temperature (23 °C) for at least 48 hours.

[00122] Melting temperature (T _m ) and glass transition temperature (Tg) are measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) using commercially available equipment such as a TA Instruments 2920 DSC. Typically, 6 to 10 mg of the sample, that has been stored at room temperature for at least 48 hours, is sealed in an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument at room temperature. The sample is equilibrated at 25°C, then it is cooled at a cooling rate of 10°C/min to -80°C. The sample is held at -80°C for 5 min and then heated at a heating rate of 10°C/min to 25°C. The glass transition temperature is measured from the heating cycle. Alternatively, the sample is equilibrated at 25°C, then heated at a heating rate of 10°C/min to 150°C. The endothermic melting transition, if present, is analyzed for onset of transition and peak temperature. The melting temperatures reported are the peak melting temperatures from the first heat unless otherwise specified.

[00123] Particularly useful vinyl terminated polyolefins may be isotactic, highly isotactic, syndiotactic, or highly syndiotactic propylene polymer, particularly isotactic polypropylene. As used herein, "isotactic" is defined as having at least 10% isotactic pentads, preferably having at least 40% isotactic pentads of methyl groups derived from propylene according to analysis by ¹³ C NMR. As used herein, "highly isotactic" is defined as having at least 60% isotactic pentads according to analysis by ¹³ C NMR. In a desirable embodiment, the multiblock polyolefin has at least 85% isotacticity. As used herein, "syndiotactic" is defined as having at least 10% syndiotactic pentads, preferably at least 40%, according to analysis by ¹³ C NMR. As used herein, "highly syndiotactic" is defined as having at least 60% syndiotactic pentads according to analysis by ¹³ C NMR. In another embodiment, the multiblock polyolefin has at least 85% syndiotacticity.

[00124] In another embodiment, the polymers described herein have an Mw (measured as described below) of 1,000 to about 60,000 g/mol, alternately 2000 to 25,000 g/mol, alternately 3,000 to 20,000 g/mol and/or an Mz of about 1700 to about 150,000 g/mol, alternately 800 to 100,000 g/mol.

[00125] Mw, Mn, Mz, number of carbon atoms, and g' _vjs are determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) using a High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatograph (either from Waters Corporation or Polymer Laboratories), equipped with three in-line detectors, a differential refractive index detector (DRI), a light scattering (LS) detector, and a viscometer. Experimental details, including detector calibration, are described in: T. Sun, P. Brant, R. R. Chance, and W. W. Graessley, Macromolecules, Volume 34, Number 19, pp. 6812-6820, (2001) and references therein. Three Polymer Laboratories PLgel 10mm Mixed-B LS columns are used. The nominal flow rate is 0.5 cm ³ /min and the nominal injection volume is 300 μϊ _^ . The various transfer lines, columns and differential refractometer (the DRI detector) are contained in an oven maintained at 145°C. Solvent for the experiment is prepared by dissolving 6 grams of butylated hydroxy toluene as an antioxidant in 4 liters of Aldrich reagent grade 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene (TCB). The TCB mixture is then filtered through a 0.7 μιη glass pre- filter and subsequently through a 0.1 μιη Teflon filter. The TCB is then degassed with an online degasser before entering the Size Exclusion Chromatograph. Polymer solutions are prepared by placing dry polymer in a glass container, adding the desired amount of TCB, then heating the mixture at 160°C with continuous agitation for about 2 hours. All quantities are measured gravimetrically. The TCB densities used to express the polymer concentration in mass/volume units are 1.463 g/ml at room temperature and 1.324 g/ml at 145°C. The injection concentration is from 0.75 to 2.0 mg/ml, with lower concentrations being used for higher molecular weight samples. Prior to running each sample the DRI detector and the injector are purged. Flow rate in the apparatus is then increased to 0.5 ml/minute, and the DRI is allowed to stabilize for 8 to 9 hours before injecting the first sample. The LS laser is turned on 1 to 1.5 hours before running the samples. The concentration, c, at each point in the chromatogram is calculated from the baseline-subtracted DRI signal, ¾RJ, using the following equation:

c = K _DRI I _DRI /(dn/dc)

where Krjjy is a constant determined by calibrating the DRI, and (dn/dc) is the refractive index increment for the system. The refractive index, n = 1.500 for TCB at 145°C and λ = 690 nm. For purposes of this invention and the claims thereto (dn/dc) = 0.104 for propylene polymers, 0.098 for butene polymers and 0.1 otherwise. Units on parameters throughout this description of the SEC method are such that concentration is expressed in g/cm ³ , molecular weight is expressed in g/mol, and intrinsic viscosity is expressed in dL/g.

[00126] The LS detector is a Wyatt Technology High Temperature mini-DAW . The molecular weight, M, at each point in the chromatogram is determined by analyzing the LS output using the Zimm model for static light scattering (M.B. Huglin, LIGHT SCATTERING FROM POLYMER SOLUTIONS, Academic Press, 1971):

AR(Q) ΜΡ(Θ) ²

Here, AR(9) is the measured excess Rayleigh scattering intensity at scattering angle Θ, c is the polymer concentration determined from the DRI analysis, A2 is the second virial coefficient [for purposes of this invention, A ₂ = 0.0006 for propylene polymers, 0.0015 for butene polymers and 0.001 otherwise], (dn/dc) = 0.104 for propylene polymers, 0.098 for butene polymers and 0.1 otherwise, Ρ(θ) is the form factor for a monodisperse random coil, and K ₀ is the optical constant for the system:

4π ² η ² (dn / dc) ²

λ ⁴ Ν _Α

where is Avogadro's number, and (dn/dc) is the refractive index increment for the system. The refractive index, n = 1.500 for TCB at 145°C and λ = 690 nm.

[00127] A high temperature Viscotek Corporation viscometer, which has four capillaries arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with two pressure transducers, is used to determine specific viscosity. One transducer measures the total pressure drop across the detector, and the other, positioned between the two sides of the bridge, measures a differential pressure. The specific viscosity, η ₈ , for the solution flowing through the viscometer is calculated from their outputs. The intrinsic viscosity, [η], at each point in the chromatogram is calculated from the following equation:

η ₈ = ο[η] + 0.3(ο[η]) ²

where c is concentration and was determined from the DRI output.

[00128] The branching index (g' _v i _s ) is calculated using the output of the SEC-DRI-LS-VIS method as follows. The average intrinsic viscosity, [n] _aV g, of the sample is calculated by: m i = -^- l I J avg ^^ C - where the summations are over the chromatographic slices, i, between the integration limits. The branching index g' _vjs is defined as:

where, for purpose of this invention and claims thereto, a = 0.695 and k = 0.000579 for linear ethylene polymers, a = 0.705 k = 0.000262 for linear propylene polymers, and a = 0.695 and k = 0.000181 for linear butene polymers. M _v is the viscosity-average molecular weight based on molecular weights determined by LS analysis. See Macromolecules, 2001, 34, pp. 6812-6820 and Macromolecules, 2005, 38, pp. 7181-7183, for further guidance on selecting a linear standard having similar molecular weight and comonomer content and determining k coefficients and a exponents.

[00129] For more information on useful vinyl terminated polyolefins useful herein please see USSN 12/143,663, filed June 20, 2008, and concurrently filed USSN 13/072,288, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Polymers and Methods to Produce Thereof, and concurrently filed USSN 13/072,249, filed March 25, 201 1, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Copolymers and Methods to Produce Thereof, and concurrently filed USSN 61/467,681, filed March 25, 201 1, entitled "Branched Vinyl Terminated Polymers and Methods for Production Thereof.

Process to Make Vinyl Terminated Polyolefins

[00130] The vinyl terminated polyolefins described above are typically prepared in a homogeneous process, preferably a bulk process, as described in USSN 12/143,663, filed on June 20, 2008, which is incorporated by reference herein. Vinyl terminated polyolefins may also be produced using the processes (and catalyst compounds and/or activators) disclosed in concurrently filed USSN 13/072,280, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Novel Catalysts and Methods of use Thereof to Produce Vinyl Terminated Polymers" and USSN 13/072,279, filed March 25, 201 1, entitled "Enhanced Catalyst Performance for Production of Vinyl Terminated Propylene and Ethylene/Propylene Macromers". Useful vinyl terminated polyolefins can also be produced using the processes disclosed in concurrently filed USSN 13/072,288, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Polymers and Methods to Produce Thereof, and concurrently filed USSN 13/072,249, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Vinyl Terminated Higher Olefin Copolymers and Methods to Produce Thereof, and concurrently filed USSN 61/467,681, filed March 25, 201 1 entitled "Branched Vinyl Terminated Polymers and Methods for Production Thereof.

[00131] In a preferred embodiment, one, two or three or more C2 to C40 alpha olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, octene, decene and dodecene (preferably ethylene and/or propylene and optional comonomers (such as one, two or three or more of ethylene, butene, hexene, octene, decene and dodecene)) can be polymerized/polymerized by reacting a catalyst system (comprising metallocene compound(s), and one or more activators) with the olefins. Other additives may also be used, as desired, such as scavengers and/or hydrogen. Any conventional suspension, homogeneous bulk, solution, slurry, or high-pressure polymerization process can be used. Such processes can be run in a batch, semi-batch, or continuous mode. Such processes and modes are well known in the art. Homogeneous polymerization processes are preferred. A bulk homogeneous process is particularly preferred. Alternately, no solvent or diluent is present or added in the reaction medium, (except for the small amounts used as the carrier for the catalyst system or other additives, or amounts typically found with the monomer; e.g., propane in propylene).

[00132] Suitable diluents/solvents for polymerization include non-coordinating, inert liquids. Examples include straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons, such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof, such as can be found commercially (Isopars); perhalogenated hydrocarbons, such as perfluorinated C4 0 alkanes, chlorobenzene, and aromatic and alkylsubstituted aromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, mesitylene, and xylene. Suitable solvents also include liquid olefins which may act as monomers or comonomers including ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-pentene, 3 -methyl- 1-pentene, 4-methyl- 1-pentene, 1-octene, and 1-decene. Mixtures of the foregoing are also suitable. In a preferred embodiment, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are preferred, such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the solvent is not aromatic, preferably aromatics are present in the solvent at less than 1 wt%, preferably less than 0.5 wt%, preferably at 0 wt% based upon the weight of the solvents.

[00133] In another embodiment, the process is a slurry process. As used herein the term "slurry polymerization process" means a polymerization process where a supported catalyst is employed and monomers are polymerized on the supported catalyst particles. At least 95 wt% of polymer products derived from the supported catalyst are in granular form as solid particles (not dissolved in the diluent).

[00134] In a preferred embodiment, the feed concentration for the polymerization is 60 volume % solvent or less, preferably 40 volume % or less, preferably 20 volume % or less. Preferably the polymerization is run in a bulk process.

[00135] Suitable additives to the polymerization process can include one or more scavengers, promoters, modifiers, reducing agents, oxidizing agents, hydrogen, aluminum alkyls, or silanes.

[00136] In a preferred embodiment, little or no scavenger is used in the process to produce the vinyl terminated polyolefin. Preferably, scavenger is present at zero mol%, alternately the scavenger is present at a molar ratio of scavenger metal to transition metal of less than 100: 1, preferably less than 50: 1, preferably less than 15: 1, preferably less than 10: 1.

[00137] In a preferred embodiment, little or no alumoxane is used in the process to produce the vinyl terminated polymers. Preferably, alumoxane is present at zero mol%, alternately the alumoxane is present at a molar ratio of aluminum to transition metal less than 500: 1, preferably less than 300: 1, preferably less than 100: 1, preferably less than 1 : 1.

[00138] In an alternate embodiment, if an alumoxane is used to produce the vinyl terminated polymers then, the alumoxane has been treated to remove free alkyl aluminum compounds, particularly trimethyl aluminum. [00139] In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen is present in the polymerization reactor at a partial pressure of 0.001 to 50 psig (0.007 to 345 kPa), preferably from 0.01 to 25 psig (0.07 to 172.4 kPa), more preferably 0.1 to 10 psig (0.7 to 68.95 kPa). It has been found that in the present systems, hydrogen can be used to provide increased activity without significantly impairing the catalyst's ability to produce allylic chain ends. Preferably the catalyst activity (calculated as g/mmolcatalyst/hr) is at least 20% higher than the same reaction without hydrogen present, preferably at least 50% higher, preferably at least 100% higher.

[00140] "Catalyst productivity" is a measure of how many grams of polymer (P) are produced using a polymerization catalyst comprising W g of catalyst (cat), over a period of time of T hours; and may be expressed by the following formula: P/(T x W) and expressed in units of gPgcaHhr ¹ . Conversion is the amount of monomer that is converted to polymer product, and is reported as mol% and is calculated based on the polymer yield and the amount of monomer fed into the reactor. Catalyst activity is a measure of how active the catalyst is and is reported as the mass of product polymer (P) produced per mole of catalyst (cat) used (kgP/molcat).

[00141] In an alternate embodiment, the activity of the catalyst is at least 50 g/mmol/hour, preferably 500 or more g/mmol/hour, preferably 5000 or more g/mmol/hr, preferably 50,000 or more g/mmol/hr. In an alternate embodiment, the conversion of olefin monomer is at least 10%, based upon polymer yield and the weight of the monomer entering the reaction zone, preferably 20% or more, preferably 30% or more, preferably 50% or more, preferably 80% or more.

[00142] In an alternate embodiment, the productivity at least 4500 g/mmol/hour, preferably 5000 or more g/mmol/hour, preferably 10,000 or more g/mmol/hr, preferably 50,000 or more g/mmol/hr. In an alternate embodiment, the productivity is at least 80,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 150,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 200,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 250,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 300,000 g/mmol/hr.

[00143] In a preferred embodiment, the productivity of the process is at least 200 g of vinyl terminated polyolefin per mmol of catalyst per hour, preferably at least 5000 g/mmol/hour, preferably at least 10,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 300,000 g/mmol/hr.

[00144] Preferred polymerizations can be run at typical temperatures and/or pressures, such as from 25 to 150°C, preferably 40 to 120°C, preferably 45 to 80°C, and preferably from 0.35 to 10 MPa, preferably from 0.45 to 6 MPa, preferably from 0.5 to 4 MPa. [00145] In a typical polymerization, the residence time of the reaction is up to 60 minutes, preferably between 5 to 50 minutes, preferably 10 to 40 minutes.

[00146] In some embodiments, where butene is the comonomer, the butene source may be a mixed butene stream comprising various isomers of butene. The 1 -butene monomers are expected to be preferentially consumed by the polymerization process. Use of such mixed butene streams will provide an economic benefit, as these mixed streams are often waste streams from refining processes, for example C ₄ raffinate streams, and can therefore be substantially less expensive than pure 1 -butene.

[00147] In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization: 1) is conducted at temperatures of 0 to 300°C (preferably 25 to 150°C, preferably 40 to 120°C, preferably 45 to 80°C); and 2) is conducted at a pressure of atmospheric pressure to 10 MPa (preferably 0.35 to 10 MPa, preferably from 0.45 to 6 MPa, preferably from 0.5 to 4 MPa); and 3) is conducted in an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent (such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexanes, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof; preferably where aromatics are present in the solvent at less than 1 wt%, preferably less than 0.5 wt%, preferably less than 0 wt% based upon the weight of the solvents); and 4) wherein the catalyst system used in the polymerization comprises less than 0.5 mol%, preferably 0 mol% alumoxane, alternately the alumoxane is present at a molar ratio of aluminum to transition metal less than 500: 1, preferably less than 300: 1, preferably less than 100: 1, preferably less than 1 : 1); and 5) the polymerization occurs in one reaction zone; and 6) the productivity of the catalyst compound is at least 80,000 g/mmol/hr (preferably at least 150,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 200,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 250,000 g/mmol/hr, preferably at least 300,000 g/mmol/hr); and 7) optionally scavengers (such as trialkyl aluminum compounds) are absent (e.g., present at zero mol%, alternately the scavenger is present at a molar ratio of scavenger metal to transition metal of less than 100: 1, preferably less than 50: 1, preferably less than 15: 1, preferably less than 10: 1); and 8) optionally hydrogen is present in the polymerization reactor at a partial pressure of 0.001 to 50 psig (0.007 to 345 kPa) (preferably from 0.01 to 25 psig (0.07 to 172 kPa), more preferably 0.1 to 10 psig (0.7 to 70 kPa)). In preferred embodiment, the catalyst system used in the polymerization comprises no more than one catalyst compound. A "reaction zone" also referred to as a "polymerization zone" is a vessel where polymerization takes place, for example a batch reactor. When multiple reactors are used in either series or parallel configuration, each reactor is considered as a separate polymerization zone. For a multi-stage polymerization in both a batch reactor and a continuous reactor, each polymerization stage is considered as a separate polymerization zone. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization occurs in one reaction zone. Room temperature is 23 °C unless otherwise noted.

Catalyst Compounds to Make Vinyl Terminated Polyolefins

[00148] Catalyst compounds useful herein to produce the vinyl terminated polyolefins include one or more metallocene com ound(s) represented by the formulae:

where:

Hf is hafnium;

each X is, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides, sulfides, phosphides, halogens, dienes, amines, phosphines, ethers, or a combination thereof, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, chloride, bromide, iodide, (alternately two X's may form a part of a fused ring or a ring system);

each Q is, independently carbon or a heteroatom, preferably C, N, P, S (preferably at least one Q is a heteroatom, alternately at least two Q's are the same or different heteroatoms, alternately at least three Q's are the same or different heteroatoms, alternately at least four Q's are the same or different heteroatoms);

each R ¹ is, independently, hydrogen or a to Cg alkyl group, preferably a Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl, R ¹ may the same or different as R ² ;

each R ² is, independently, hydrogen or a to Cg alkyl group, preferably a Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl, provided that at least one of R ¹ or R ² is not hydrogen, preferably both of R ¹ and R ² are not hydrogen, preferably R ¹ and/or R ² are not branched;

each R ³ is, independently, hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, provided, however, that at least three R ³ groups are not hydrogen (alternately four R ³ groups are not hydrogen, alternately five R ³ groups are not hydrogen); {Alternately, when the catalyst compound is to used to make the homo-polymer then each R ³ is, independently, hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, provided, however, that: 1) all five R ³ groups are methyl; or 2) four R ³ groups are not hydrogen and at least one R ³ group is a C ₂ to Cg substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (preferably at least two, three, four or five R ³ groups are a C2 to Cg substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl)} ;

each R ⁴ is, independently, hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom or heteroatom containing group, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, substituted phenyl (such as propyl phenyl), phenyl, silyl, substituted silyl, (such as CH ₂ SiR' _; where R' is a C^ to C ₁₂ hydrocarbyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl);

R ⁵ is hydrogen or a to Cg alkyl group, preferably a Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl; R ⁶ is hydrogen or a Ci to Cg alkyl group, preferably a Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl;

each R ⁷ is, independently, hydrogen, or a to Cg alkyl group, preferably a Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl, provided however that at least seven R ⁷ groups are not hydrogen, alternately at least eight R ⁷ groups are not hydrogen, alternately all R ⁷ groups are not hydrogen, (preferably the R ⁷ groups at the 3 and 4 positions on each Cp ring of Formula IV are not hydrogen);

N is nitrogen;

R2 ^a T is a bridge, preferably T is Si or Ge, preferably Si, and each R ^a , is independently, hydrogen, halogen or a to C20 hydrocarbyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, phenyl, benzyl, substituted phenyl, and two R ^a can form a cyclic structure including aromatic, partially saturated, or saturated cyclic or fused ring system; and further provided that any two adjacent R groups may form a fused ring or multicenter fused ring system where the rings may be aromatic, partially saturated or saturated.

[00149] In an alternate embodiment, at least one R ⁴ group is not hydrogen, alternately at least two R ⁴ groups are not hydrogen, alternately at least three R ⁴ groups are not hydrogen, alternately at least four R ⁴ groups are not hydrogen, alternately all R ⁴ groups are not hydrogen.

[00150] Catalyst compounds that are particularly useful in this invention include one or more of:

(l,3-Dimethylindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdim ethyl,

(l,3,4,7-Tetramethylindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) hafniumdimethyl,

(l,3-Dimethylindenyl)(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium dimethyl,

(l,3-Diethylindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumd imethyl,

(l,3-Dipropylindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium dimethyl,

( 1 -Methyl,3 -propyllindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdimethyl ,

(l,3-Dimethylindenyl)(tetramethylpropylcyclopentadienyl)h afniumdimethyl,

(l,2,3-Trimethylindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafn iumdimethyl,

(1,3 -Dimethylbenzindenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdim ethyl,

(2,7-Bis t-butylfluorenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdimethy l,

(9-Methylfluorenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdi methyl,

(2,7,9-Trimethylfluorenyl)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ha fniumdimethyl, μ-Dihydrosilyl-bis(tetramethylcyclo entadienyl)hafniumdimethyl,

μ-Dimethylsilyl(tetramethylcyclo entadienyl)(3- ro yltrimethylcyclo entadienyl) hafniumdimethyl, and

tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)hafniumdimethyl.

[00151] In an alternate embodiment, the "dimethyl" after the transition metal in the list of catalyst compounds above is replaced with a dihalide (such as dichloride, dibromide, or difluoride) or a bisphenoxide, particularly for use with an alumoxane activator.

[00152] Preferred activators useful with the above include:

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(heptafluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-diethylanilinium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,

triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylphosphonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, and [4-t-butyl- PhNMe ₂ H] [(C ₆ F ₃ (C ₆ F ₅ )2)4B] (where Ph is phenyl and Me is methyl).

[00153] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefins useful here in may be produced using the catalyst compound represented by the formula:

where M is hafnium or zirconium (preferably hafnium); each X is, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides, sulfides, phosphides, halides, dienes, amines, phosphines, ethers, and a combination thereof, (two X's may form a part of a fused ring or a ring system) (preferably each X is independently selected from halides and to C ₅ alkyl groups, preferably each X is a methyl group); each R ⁸ is, independently, a Q to alkyl group (preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, or isomers thereof, preferably each R ⁸ is a methyl group); each R ⁹ is, independently, a Q to CIQ alkyl group (preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, or isomers thereof, preferably each R ⁹ is a n-propyl group); each R ¹⁰ is hydrogen; each R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , and R ¹³ , is, independently, hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom or heteroatom containing group (preferably hydrogen); T is a bridging group (preferably T is dialkyl silicon or dialkyl germanium, preferably T is dimethyl silicon); and further provided that any of adjacent R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , and R ¹³ groups may form a fused ring or multicenter fused ring system where the rings may be aromatic, partially saturated or saturated. For further information on such catalyst compounds and their use to make vinyl terminated macromers, please see concurrently filed USSN 13/072,280, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Novel Catalysts and Methods of Use Thereof to Produce Vinyl Terminated Polymers".

[00154] Catalyst compounds that are particularly useful in this invention include one or more of:

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-ethyl,3 -propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-ethyl,3-propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3 -ethylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-ethylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-isopropylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-isopropylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-butyllindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylsilyl bis(2-methyl,3-butylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylgermanyl bis(2-methyl,3-propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac-dimethylgermanyl bis (2-methyl,3-propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl, rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-ethyl,3-propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-ethyl,3-propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-ethylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-ethylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3 -isopropylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3 -isopropylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-butyllindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-propyl,3 -methylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-propyl,3 -methylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-propyl,3-ethylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-propyl,3-ethylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silylbis(2-propyl,3-butylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silylbis(2-propyl,3-butylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-methyl,3 -butylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2-methyl,3 -butylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2,3 -dimethyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl silyl bis(2,3 -dimethyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -methylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -methylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -ethylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -ethylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -butylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-propyl,3 -butylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-butylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2-methyl,3-butylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl,

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2,3-dimethyl)hafniumdimethyl, and

rac -dimethyl germanyl bis(2,3 -dimethyl)zirconiumdimethyl.

[00155] In an alternate embodiment, the "dimethyl" after the transition metal in the list of catalyst compounds above is replaced with a dihalide (such as dichloride or difluoride) or a bisphenoxide, particularly for use with an alumoxane activator. [00156] In particular embodiments, the catalyst compound is rac-dimethylsilylbis(2- methyl,3-propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl or dichloride, or rac-dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl,3- propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl or dichloride.

[00157] Preferred activators useful with the above include:

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(heptafluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-diethylanilinium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,

triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylphosphonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, and [4-t-butyl- PhNMe ₂ H][(C ₆ F3(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ )4B] (where Ph is phenyl and Me is methyl).

[00158] Preferred combinations of catalyst and activator include: N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate and rac-dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl,3- propylindenyl)hafniumdimethyl, or rac-dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl,3 - propylindenyl)zirconiumdimethyl.

[00159] In another embodiment, the vinyl terminated polyolefins useful here in may be produced using the catalyst compound represented by the formula:

wherein M is hafnium or zirconium; each X is, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, hydrides, amides, alkoxides, sulfides, phosphides, halogens, dienes, amines, phosphines, ethers, or a combination thereof; each R ¹⁵ and R ¹⁷ are, independently, a to Cg alkyl group (preferably a Ci to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl); and each Rl6, R18, _R 19 _{; R} 20 _{; R} 21 _{; R} 22 _{; R} 23 _{; R} 24 _{; R} 25 _{; R} 26 _{; R} 27 _{; and R} 28 _arej independently, hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted Q to Cg linear alkyl group, preferably methyl ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl). In a preferred embodiment, at least three of R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups are not hydrogen (alternately four of R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups are not hydrogen, alternately five of R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups are not hydrogen). In a preferred embodiment, all five groups of R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ are methyl. In a preferred embodiment, four of the R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups are not hydrogen and at least one of the R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups is a C2 to Cg substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (preferably at least two, three, four or five of R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ groups are a C2 to Cg substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl). In another preferred embodiment, R ¹⁵ and R ¹⁷ are methyl groups, R ¹⁶ is a hydrogen, R ¹⁸ -R ²³ are all hydrogens, R ²⁴ -R ²⁸ are all methyl groups, and each X is a methyl group. For further information on such catalyst compounds and their use to make vinyl terminated macromers, please see concurrently filed USSN 13/072,279, filed March 25, 2011, entitled "Enhanced Catalyst Performance for Production of Vinyl Terminated Propylene and Ethylene/Propylene Macromers." [00160] Catalyst compounds that are particularly useful in this invention include (CpMe ₅ )( 1 ,3 -Me ₂ benz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₅ )( 1 -methyl-3-n- propylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe2, (CpMe ₅ )(l-n-propyl,3-methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe2, (CpMe ₅ )( 1 -methyl-3 -n-butylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₅ )( 1 -n-buty 1,3 - methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₅ )(l-ethyl,3-methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₅ )(l- methyl, 3 -ethylbenz[e] indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-propyl)( 1 ,3 -Me ₂ benz[e] indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl)( 1 -methyl-3 -n-propylbenz[e] indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl) ( 1 -n- propyl,3 -methylbenz[e] indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl)( 1 -methyl-3 -n- butylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl)(l-n-butyl,3-methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl) (l-ethyl,3-methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ -n-propyl)(l -methyl, 3- ethylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl)(l ,3-Me ₂ benz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n- butyl) (l-methyl-3-n-propylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl) (l-n-propyl,3- methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl)(l-methyl-3-n-butylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl)(l-n-butyl,3-methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl)(l-ethyl,3- methylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , (CpMe ₄ n-butyl)(l-methyl,3-ethylbenz[e]indenyl)HfMe ₂ , and the zirconium analogs thereof.

[00161] In an alternate embodiment, the "dimethyl" (Me ₂ ) after the transition metal in the list of catalyst compounds above is replaced with a dihalide (such as dichloride or difluoride) or a bisphenoxide, particularly for use with an alumoxane activator.

[00162] Other activators useful with the above catalysts include:

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,

dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(heptafluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6- trimethylanilinium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tropillium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylsilylium

tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, and _[4 -t-butyl-PhNMe ₂ H][(C ₆ F ₃ (C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ )4B]. [00163] In a preferred embodiment, the branched polymers described herein may be produced as described in concurrently filed USSN 61/467,681, filed March 25, 201 1, entitled "Branched Vinyl Terminated Polymers and Methods for Production Thereof.

[00164] With regard to the above catalyst compounds, the term "substituted" means that a hydrogen group has been replaced with a hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom or a heteroatom containing group. For example, methyl cyclopentadiene (Cp) is a Cp group substituted with a methyl group and ethyl alcohol is an ethyl group substituted with an -OH group.

Activators and Activation Methods for Catalyst Compounds to Make Vinyl Terminated Polymers

[00165] The terms "cocatalyst" and "activator" are used herein interchangeably and are defined to be any compound which can activate any one of the catalyst compounds described above by converting the neutral catalyst compound to a catalytically active catalyst compound cation. Non-limiting activators, for example, include alumoxanes, aluminum alkyls, ionizing activators, which may be neutral or ionic, and conventional-type cocatalysts. Preferred activators typically include alumoxane compounds, modified alumoxane compounds, and ionizing anion precursor compounds that abstract one reactive, σ-bound, metal ligand making the metal complex cationic and providing a charge-balancing noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anion.

[00166] In one embodiment, alumoxane activators are utilized as an activator in the catalyst composition. Alumoxanes are generally polymeric compounds containing -Al(Ri)- O- sub-units, where R ¹ is an alkyl group. Examples of alumoxanes include methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane (MMAO), ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane. Alkylalumoxanes and modified alkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators, particularly when the abstractable ligand is an alkyl, halide, alkoxide or amide. Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also be used. It may be preferable to use a visually clear methylalumoxane. A cloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solution or clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution. Another alumoxane is a modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) cocatalyst type 3A (commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc. under the trade name Modified Methylalumoxane type 3A, covered under patent number U.S. Patent No. 5,041,584).

[00167] When the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified), some embodiments select the maximum amount of activator at a 5000-fold molar excess Al/M over the catalyst precursor (per metal catalytic site). The minimum activator-to-catalyst-precursor is a 1 : 1 molar ratio. Alternate preferred ranges include up to 500: 1, alternately up to 200: 1, alternately up to 100: 1 alternately from 1 : 1 to 50: 1.

[00168] In a preferred embodiment, little or no alumoxane is used in the process to produce the vinyl terminated polyolefin. Preferably, alumoxane is present at zero mol%, alternately the alumoxane is present at a molar ratio of aluminum to transition metal less than 500: 1, preferably less than 300: 1, preferably less than 100: 1, preferably less than 1 : 1.

[00169] In an alternate embodiment, if an alumoxane is used to produce the VTM's then, the alumoxane has been treated to remove free alkyl aluminum compounds, particularly trimethyl aluminum.

[00170] Further, in a preferred embodiment, the activator used herein to produce the vinyl terminated polyolefin is bulky as defined herein and is discrete.

[00171] Aluminum alkyl or organoaluminum compounds which may be utilized as co- activators (or scavengers) include trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, and the like.

Ionizing Activators

[00172] It is within the scope of this invention to use an ionizing or stoichiometric activator, neutral or ionic non-coordinating anion (as defined in USSN 12/143,663, filed on June 20, 2008), such as tri (n-butyl) ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, a tris perfluorophenyl boron metalloid precursor or a tris perfluoronapthyl boron metalloid precursor, polyhalogenated heteroborane anions (WO 98/43983), boric acid (U.S. Patent No. 5,942,459) or combination thereof. It is also within the scope of this invention to use neutral or ionic activators alone or in combination with alumoxane or modified alumoxane activators. Preferably the activator is N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronapthyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronapthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, or triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate. For additional activators useful herein, please see USSN 12/143,663, filed on June 20, 2008.

[00173] In another embodiment, the activator is a bulky activator represented by the formula:

where:

each R ₁ is, independently, a halide, preferably a fluoride;

each R ₂ is, independently, a halide, a to C20 substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl group or a siloxy group of the formula -0-Si-R _a , where R _a is a Q to C20 hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferably R2 is a fluoride or a perfluorinated phenyl group);

each R ₃ is a halide, to C20 substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl group or a siloxy group of the formula -0-Si-R _a , where R _a is a Ci to C20 hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferably R3 is a fluoride or a perfluorinated aromatic hydrocarbyl group); wherein R2 and R3 can form one or more saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted rings (preferably R2 and R3 form a perfluorinated phenyl ring);

L is an neutral Lewis base; (L-H) ⁺ is a Bronsted acid; d is 1, 2, or 3;

wherein the anion has a molecular weight of greater than 1020 g/mol; and

wherein at least three of the substituents on the B atom each have a molecular volume of greater than 250 cubic A, alternately greater than 300 cubic A, or alternately greater than 500 cubic A.

[00174] "Molecular volume" is used herein as an approximation of spatial steric bulk of an activator molecule in solution. Comparison of substituents with differing molecular volumes allows the substituent with the smaller molecular volume to be considered "less bulky" in comparison to the substituent with the larger molecular volume. Conversely, a substituent with a larger molecular volume may be considered "more bulky" than a substituent with a smaller molecular volume.

[00175] Molecular volume may be calculated as reported in "A Simple "Back of the Envelope" Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes of Liquids and Solids," Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 71, No. 11, November 1994, pp. 962-964. Molecular volume (MV), in units of cubic A, is calculated using the formula: MV = 8.3V _S , where V _s is the scaled volume. V _s is the sum of the relative volumes of the constituent atoms, and is calculated from the molecular formula of the substituent using the following table of relative volumes. For fused rings, the V _s is decreased by 7.5% per fused ring. Element Relative Volume

H 1

1 ^st short period, Li to F 2

2 ^nd short period, Na to CI 4

1 ^st long period, K to Br 5

2 ^nd long period, b to I 7.5

3 ^rd long period, Cs to Bi 9

[00176] Exemplary bulky substituents of activators suitable herein and their respective scaled volumes and molecular volumes are shown in the table below. The dashed bonds indicate binding to boron, as in the general formula above.

[00177] Exemplary bulky activators useful in catalyst systems herein include: trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, Ν,Ν-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6- trimethylanilinium) tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, tropillium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, benzene(diazonium) tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tripropylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tri(t-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, Ν,Ν-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6- trimethylanilinium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, tropillium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylphosphonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylsilylium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium) tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, [4- t-butyl-PhNMe ₂ H][(C ₆ F3(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ )4B], and the types disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,297,653.

[00178] The typical activator-to-catalyst-precursor ratio is a 1 : 1 molar ratio for non- alumoxane activators. Alternate preferred ranges include from 0.1 : 1 to 100: 1, alternately from 0.5: 1 to 200: 1, alternately from 1 : 1 to 500: 1 alternately from 1 : 1 to 1000: 1. A particularly useful range is from 0.5: 1 to 10: 1, preferably 1 : 1 to 5: 1.

Support Materials

[00179] In embodiments herein, the catalyst system to make the vinyl terminated polyolefin may comprise an inert support material. Preferably the supported material is a porous support material, for example, talc, and inorganic oxides. Other support materials include zeolites, clays, organoclays, or any other organic or inorganic support material and the like, or mixtures thereof.

[00180] Preferably, the support material is an inorganic oxide in a finely divided form. Suitable inorganic oxide materials for use in metallocene catalyst systems herein include Groups 2, 4, 13, and 14 metal oxides such as silica, alumina and mixtures thereof. Other inorganic oxides that may be employed either alone or in combination with the silica, or alumina are magnesia, titania, zirconia, and the like. Other suitable support materials, however, can be employed, for example, finely divided functionalized polyolefins such as finely divided polyethylene. Particularly useful supports include magnesia, titania, zirconia, montmorillonite, phyllosilicate, zeolites, talc, clays, and the like. Also, combinations of these support materials may be used, for example, silica-chromium, silica-alumina, silica-titania and the like. Preferred support materials include AI2O3, ΖΓ(¾, S1O2, and combinations thereof, more preferably S1O2, AI2O3, or S1O2/AI2O3.

[00181] It is preferred that the support material, most preferably an inorganic oxide, has a surface area in the range of from about 10 to about 700 m ² /g, pore volume in the range of from about 0.1 to about 4.0 cc/g and average particle size in the range of from about 5 to about 500 μιη. More preferably, the surface area of the support material is in the range of from about 50 to about 500 m ² /g, pore volume of from about 0.5 to about 3.5 cc/g and average particle size of from about 10 to about 200 μιη. Most preferably, the surface area of the support material is in the range is from about 100 to about 400 m ² /g, pore volume from about 0.8 to about 3.0 cc/g and average particle size is from about 5 to about 100 μιη. The average pore size of the support material useful in the invention is in the range of from 10 to 1000 A, preferably 50 to about 500 A, and most preferably 75 to about 350 A. In some embodiments, the support material is a high surface area, amorphous silica (surface area = 300 m ² /gm; pore volume of 1.65 cmVgm), examples of which are marketed under the tradenames of DAVISON 952 or DAVISON 955 by the Davison Chemical Division of W.R. Grace and Company. In other embodiments, DAVISON 948 is used.

[00182] The support material should be dry, that is, free of absorbed water. Drying of the support material can be effected by heating or calcining at about 100°C to about 1000°C, preferably at least about 600°C. When the support material is silica, it is heated to at least 200°C, preferably about 200°C to about 850°C, and most preferably at about 600°C; and for a time of about 1 minute to about 100 hours, from about 12 hours to about 72 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 60 hours. The calcined support material must have at least some reactive hydroxyl (OH) groups to produce the catalyst system of this invention. The calcined support material is then contacted with at least one polymerization catalyst comprising at least one metallocene compound and an activator.

Methods of Making the Supported Catalyst Systems

[00183] The support material, having reactive surface groups, typically hydroxyl groups, is slurried in a non-polar solvent and the resulting slurry is contacted with a solution of a metallocene compound and an activator. The slurry of the support material in the solvent is prepared by introducing the support material into the solvent, and heating the mixture to about 0 to about 70°C, preferably to about 25 to about 60°C, preferably at room temperature. Contact times typically range from about 0.5 hours to about 24 hours, from about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, or from about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours.

[00184] Suitable non-polar solvents are materials in which all of the reactants used herein, i.e., the activator, and the metallocene compound, are at least partially soluble and which are liquid at reaction temperatures. Preferred non-polar solvents are alkanes, such as isopentane, hexane, n-heptane, octane, nonane, and decane, although a variety of other materials including cycloalkanes, such as cyclohexane, aromatics, such as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene, may also be employed.

[00185] In embodiments herein, the support material is contacted with a solution of a metallocene compound and an activator, such that the reactive groups on the support material are titrated, to form a supported polymerization catalyst. The period of time for contact between the metallocene compound, the activator, and the support material is as long as is necessary to titrate the reactive groups on the support material. To "titrate" is meant to react with available reactive groups on the surface of the support material, thereby reducing the surface hydroxyl groups by at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98%. The surface reactive group concentration may be determined based on the calcining temperature and the type of support material used. The support material calcining temperature affects the number of surface reactive groups on the support material available to react with the metallocene compound and an activator: the higher the drying temperature, the lower the number of sites. For example, where the support material is silica which, prior to the use thereof in the first catalyst system synthesis step, is dehydrated by fluidizing it with nitrogen and heating at about 600°C for about 16 hours, a surface hydroxyl group concentration of about 0.7 millimoles per gram (mmols/gm) is typically achieved. Thus, the exact molar ratio of the activator to the surface reactive groups on the carrier will vary. Preferably, this is determined on a case-by-case basis to assure that only so much of the activator is added to the solution as will be deposited onto the support material without leaving excess of the activator in the solution.

[00186] The amount of the activator which will be deposited onto the support material without leaving excess in the solution can be determined in any conventional manner, e.g., by adding the activator to the slurry of the carrier in the solvent, while stirring the slurry, until the activator is detected as a solution in the solvent by any technique known in the art, such as by !fi NMR. For example, for the silica support material heated at about 600°C, the amount of the activator added to the slurry is such that the molar ratio of B to the hydroxyl groups (OH) on the silica is about 0.5: 1 to about 4: 1, preferably about 0.8: 1 to about 3: 1, more preferably about 0.9: 1 to about 2: 1 and most preferably about 1 : 1. The amount of boron on the silica may be determined by using ICPES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry), which is described in J. W. Olesik, "Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy," in the Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, C. R. Brundle, C. A. Evans, Jr. and S. Wilson, Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Mass., 1992, pp. 633-644. In another embodiment, it is also possible to add such an amount of activator which is in excess of that which will be deposited onto the support, and then remove, e.g., by filtration and washing, any excess of the activator.

[00187] In another embodiment, a vinyl terminated polyolefin can be produced by the method disclosed in Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2010, 21 1, pp. 1472-1481.

[00188] The following paragraphs enumerated provide for various aspects of the present invention.

1. A composition comprising a multiblock polyolefin represented by the formula (X):

PO-C(U ^{1 1} )(U ¹² )-C(U ¹³ ) ;(R ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )( ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen;

PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefin having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm (alternately the multiblock polyolefin has 0.10 to 35 internal unsaturations per

1,000 carbon atoms, preferably 0.2 to 20, preferably 0.3 to 10, as determined by ¹³ C NMR);

2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.25 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2, preferably 0.75 to 1.5, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.30 (J) and 0.75 (J) (preferably from 0.35 (J) and 0.70 (J), preferably from 0.40 (J) and 0.60 (J)) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by ^l R NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of reactive groups per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein PO* is PO.

3. The composition of paragraph 1 , wherein PO is different from PO*.

4. The composition of paragraph 1 , wherein the multiblock polyolefin is a mixture of PO-CCR! ^CR!^-CCR!^^CR!^-CCR!^CR!^-PO*, PO-C(R ^U )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )- C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO and PO*-C(R! ί)^ ¹² )-^ ¹³ )^^ ¹⁴ )-^ ¹⁵ )^ ¹⁶ )^*.

5. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the mixture comprises about 30% to about 70% of PO-CCR! ^CR!^-CCR!^^CR!^-CCR!^CR!^-PO*, about 1% to about 30% of PO- CCR! and about 1% to about 30% PO*-C(R ^{1 1} )(R ¹² )- C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO*.

6. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 5, wherein each of R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ is a hydrogen, alternately wherein at least two of R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ are hydrogen atoms, alternately, wherein at least four of R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ are hydrogen atoms, alternately wherein R ¹³ and R ¹⁴ are hydrogen atoms.

7. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 6, wherein the multiblock polyolefin shows two crystallization temperatures (Tc) according to the DSC and the Tc's are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C.

8. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 7, wherein the heat of fusion (Hf), determined by DSC, of the multiblock polyolefin is between the Hf s of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefins (preferably, the Hf of the multiblock polyolefin is at least 5 J/g different than the Hf of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest Hf, preferably at least 10 J/g different, preferably at least 20 J/g different, preferably at least 50 J/g different, preferably at least 80 J/g different; alternately, the Hf of the multiblock polyolefin is at least 5 J/g less than the Hf of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest Hf, preferably at least 10 J/g less, preferably at least 20 J/g less, preferably at least 30 J/g less, preferably at least 40 J/g less, preferably at least 50 J/g less, preferably at least 60 J/g less, preferably at least 70 J/g less, preferably at least 80 J/g less, preferably at least 90 J/g less. 9. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 8, the comonomer content of the multiblock polyolefin is at least 5 mol% different than the comonomer content of the starting vinyl terminated polyolefin having the highest comonomer content, preferably at least 10 mol% different, preferably at least 20 mol% different, preferably at least 30 mol% different, preferably at least 40 mol% different.

10. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the multiblock polyolefin has two peak melting temperatures (Tm) and the Tm's are different by at least 5°C, preferably by at least 10°C, preferably by at least 20°C, preferably by at least 30°C, preferably by at least 40°C, preferably by at least 50°C, preferably by at least 60°C, preferably by at least 70°C, preferably by at least 80°C.

11. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein the multiblock polyolefin PO-C(R ^u )(R ¹² )-C(R ¹³ )=C(R ¹⁴ )-C(R ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* has a Mn from 1000 to 60,000 g/mol, alternately 10,000 to 45,000 g/mol, alternately from 20,000 to 42,000 g/mol, preferably about 40,000 g/mol.

12. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein the multiblock polyolefin PO-C(U ^{1 1} )(U ¹² )-C(U ¹³ )=C( ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )(R ¹⁶ )-PO* has a Mn of about 20,000 g/mol.

13. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein the multiblock polyolefin PO-C(U ^{1 1} )(U ¹² )-C(U ¹³ )=C( ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )( ¹⁶ )-PO* has a Mn of about 1,000 g/mol.

14. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein PO is a polypropylene of a Mn of about 300 to about 20,000 g/mol.

15. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein PO is an ethylene/propylene copolymer of a Mn of about 300 to about 20,000 g/mol.

16. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein at least one PO and PO* is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups having 2 to 18 carbon atoms.

17. A process to prepare a multiblock polyolefin of any of the above paragraphs 1 to 16, preferably represented by the formula (X):

PO-C(U ^{1 1} )(U ¹² )-C(U ¹³ ) ;(R ¹⁴ )-C( ¹⁵ )( ¹⁶ )-PO* (X), or isomers thereof,

wherein R ^{1 1} , R ¹² , R ¹³ , R ¹⁴ , R ¹⁵ , and R ¹⁶ , are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted Q through C ₄ hydrocarbyl group or a hydrogen; PO and PO* are each, independently, polyolefins, preferably derived from vinyl terminated polyolefins, preferably PO and PO* are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group having 9 to 4000 carbon atoms, provided that at least one of PO and PO* are C20 or greater, said multiblock polyolefin having:

1) an internal unsaturation as shown by the ¹³ C NMR peak at between about 128 and about 132 ppm;

2) an Mn ratio "Z" = 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.25 to 4, preferably 0.5 to 2, preferably 0.75 to 1.5, where Z is the Mn (as determined by ¹³ C NMR) divided by Mn (as determined according to Gel Permeation Chromotography using polystyrene standards); and

3) optionally, from 0.30 (J) and 0.75 (J) (preferably from 0.35 (J) and 0.70 (J), preferably from 0.40 (J) and 0.60 (J)) internal unsaturations per 1000 carbons as determined by ^l R NMR spectroscopy, where J is the number of reactive groups per 1000 carbons for the mixture of vinyl terminated polyolefins, that preferably become PO and PO*, before they are coupled by an alkene metathesis catalyst, comprising the step of:

contacting an alkene metathesis catalyst with two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins each comprising at least 30% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations) preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95%.

18. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 15 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene and has more than 80% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

19. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene and has more than 70% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

20. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene and has more than 90% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

21. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 15 wt% to about 95 wt% propylene and has more than 80% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

22. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% propylene and has more than 70% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

23. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% propylene and has more than 90% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

24. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 15 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene-propylene copolymer and has more than 80% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

25. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene-propylene copolymer and has more than 70% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

26. The process of paragraph 17, wherein at least one of the two or more vinyl terminated polyolefins comprises about 30 wt% to about 95 wt% ethylene-propylene copolymer as have more than 90% allyl chain ends (relative to total unsaturations).

27. The process of any of paragraphs 17 to 26, wherein the multiblock polyolefin is a liquid at 25°C.

28. The process of any of paragraphs 17 to 27, wherein the Mn of the multiblock polyolefin is from about 300 to about 40,000 g/mol.

29. The process of any of paragraphs 17 to 28, wherein the alkene metathesis catalyst is represented by the Formula (I):

where:

M is a Group 8 metal, preferably Ru or Os, preferably Ru;

X and X ¹ are, independently, any anionic ligand, preferably a halogen (preferably ), an alkoxide or a triflate, or X and X ¹ may be joined to form a dianionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non- hydrogen atoms;

L and L ¹ are, independently, a neutral two electron donor, preferably a phosphine or a N- heterocyclic carbene, L and L ¹ may be joined to form a single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L and X may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L ¹ and X ¹ may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

R and R ¹ are, independently, hydrogen or Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (preferably a to C30 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C ₄ to C ₃₍₎ aryl);

R ¹ and L ¹ or X ¹ may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms; and

R and L or X may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms.

30. The process of paragraph 29, wherein:

M is Ru or Os;

X and X ¹ are, independently, a halogen, an alkoxide or a triflate, or X and X ¹ may be joined to form a dianionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L and L ¹ are, independently, a phosphine or a N-heterocyclic carbene, L and L ¹ may be joined to form a single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system, of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L and X may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

L ¹ and X ¹ may be joined to form a multidentate monoanionic group and may form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms;

R and R ¹ are, independently, hydrogen or a Q to C30 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C ₄ to C30 aryl;

R ¹ and L ¹ or X ¹ may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms; and R and L or X may be joined to form single ring of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms or a multinuclear ring system of up to 30 non-hydrogen atoms.

31. The process of any of paragraphs 17 to 30 wherein the alkene metathesis catalyst is one or more of: tricyclohexylphosphine[ l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene][3- phenyl- lH-inden- l-ylidene]ruthenium(II) dichloride, tricyclohexylphosphine[3-phenyl- lH- inden- 1 -ylidene] [ 1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2- ylidene]ruthenium(II) dichloride, tricyclohexylphosphine[l ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5- dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene][(phenylthio)methylene]ruthenium(I I) dichloride, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)-3 -phenyl- 1 H-inden- 1 -ylideneruthenium(II) dichloride, 1 ,3- Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene[2-( i-propoxy)-5-(N,N- dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methyleneruthenium(II) dichloride, and [ 1 ,3-Bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]-[2-[[(4-methylphenyl )imino]methyl]-4- nitrophenolyl]-[3 -phenyl- 1 H-inden- 1 -ylidene] ruthenium(II) chloride, benzylidene- bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)dichlororuthenium, benzylidene[ l,3- bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)- 2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(tricyclohexylphosphine)rutheniu m, dichloro(o- isopropoxyphenylmethylene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium( II), (l ,3-Bis-(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(o-isopropoxy phenylmethylene)ruthenium, l,3-Bis(2-methylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(2-iso propoxyphenylmethylene) ruthenium(II), [l ,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichloro [3-(2- pyridinyl)propylidene]ruthenium(II), [l ,3-Bis(2-methylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(phenylmethylene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II), [ 1,3- Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(3- methyl-2-butenylidene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II), and [ l,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro(benzylidene)bis(3-bromopyridine )ruthenium(II).

Examples

Tests and Materials

[00189] Products were characterized by ^l K NMR, ¹³ C NMR, and DSC as follows:

!H MR

[00190] ⁱ n NMR data was collected at either room temperature or 120°C (for purposes of the claims, 120°C shall be used) in a 5 mm probe using a Varian spectrometer with a hydrogen frequency of at least 400 MHz (for purposes of the claims, 400 MHz shall be used). Data was recorded using a maximum pulse width of 45°, 8 seconds between pulses and signal averaging 120 transients. Spectral signals were integrated and the number of unsaturation types per 1000 carbons was calculated by multiplying the different groups by 1000 and dividing the result by the total number of carbons.

1 ³ C NMR Spectroscopy

[00191] ¹³ C NMR data was collected at 120°C in a 10 mm probe using a Varian spectrometer with a ¹ Hydrogen frequency of at least 400 MHz (for purposes of the claims, 400 MHz shall be used). A 90 degree pulse, an acquisition time adjusted to give a digital resolution between 0.1 and 0.12 Hz, and at least a 10 second pulse acquisition delay time with continuous broadband proton decoupling using swept square wave modulation without gating were employed during the entire acquisition period. The spectra were acquired using time averaging to provide a signal to noise level adequate to measure the signals of interest. Samples were dissolved in tetrachloroethane-d2 at concentrations between 10 wt% to 15 wt% prior to being inserted into the spectrometer magnet. Prior to data analysis spectra were referenced by setting the chemical shift of the (-CH2-) _n signal where n > 6 to 29.9 ppm. Internal sites of unsaturation for quantitization were identified using the signals at about 128 to about 132 ppm for internal unsaturation sites and at about 1 14 and 139 ppm for reactive termini peaks in the ¹³ C NMR spectrum. For purposes of the claims all ¹³ C NMR spectra shall be acquired in tetrachloroethane-d2 at concentrations between 10 wt% to 15 wt% and all ¹³ C NMR spectra are referenced to the chemical shift of the solvent tetrachloroethane-d2.

[00192] Polypropylene microstructure is determined by ¹³ C NMR spectroscopy, including the concentration of isotactic and syndiotactic diads ([m] and [r]), triads ([mm] and [rr]), and pentads ([mmmm] and [rrrr]). The designation "m" or "r" describes the stereochemistry of pairs of contiguous propylene groups, "m" referring to meso and "r" to racemic. Samples are dissolved in d2-l, l,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and spectra recorded at 125°C using a 400 MHz Varian NMR spectrometer having a proton frequency of 400 MHz. Polymer resonance peaks are referenced to mmmm = 21.8 ppm. Calculations involved in the characterization of polymers by NMR are described by F. A. Bovey in POLYMER CONFORMATION AND CONFIGURATION (Academic Press, New York 1969) and J. Randall in POLYMER SEQUENCE DETERMINATION, ¹³ C NMR METHOD (Academic Press, New York, 1977).

DSC

[00193] Melting temperature (T _m ) and glass transition temperature (Tg) are measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) using commercially available equipment such as a TA Instruments 2920 DSC. Typically, 6 to 10 mg of the sample, that has been stored at room temperature for at least 48 hours, is sealed in an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument at room temperature (approx 23°C). The sample is equilibrated at 25°C, then it is cooled at a cooling rate of 10°C/min to -80°C. The sample is held at -80°C for 5 min and then heated at a heating rate of 10°C/min to 25°C. The glass transition temperature is measured from the heating cycle. Alternatively, the sample is equilibrated at 25°C, then heated at a heating rate of 10°C/min to 150°C. The endothermic melting transition, if present, is analyzed for onset of transition and peak temperature. The melting temperatures reported are the peak melting temperatures from the first heat unless otherwise specified. For samples displaying multiple peaks, the melting point (or melting temperature) is defined to be the peak melting temperature (i.e., associated with the largest endothermic calorimetric response in that range of temperatures) from the DSC melting trace.

[00194] All molecular weights are number average unless otherwise noted. All molecular weights are reported in g/mol.

[00195] The following abbreviations are used in the Examples:

Catalyst Zhan IB is l,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene [2-(i- propoxy)-5-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]methyleneruthen ium(II) dichloride (Strem Chemicals, catalog #44-0082) and Catalyst Neolyst M2 is tricyclohexylphosphine[3-phenyl- lH-inden- 1 -ylidene] [1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2- ylidene] ruthenium(II) dichloride (Strem Chemicals, catalog # 44-7777), aPP is atactic polypropylene, iPP is isotactic polypropylene, EP is ethylene-propylene copolymer, TCE is 1, 1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, h is hours, min is minutes, M _n is the number average molecular weight as determined by ¾ NMR spectroscopy by comparison of integrals of the aliphatic region to the olefin region as determined using the protocol described in the Experimental section of WO 2009/155471.

[00196] Each of the specific examples described below uses a vinyl-containing reactant. 2-Methyl-l-undecene, 1-decene, 1-eicosene, and 1-octadecene were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The vinyl-terminated iPP, vinyl-terminated EP, and vinyl-terminated aPP were prepared as described in WO 2009/155471.

Examples

[00197] Example 1. Cross metathesis of vinyl-'PP and vinyl-EP. Vinyl-terminated polypropylene (M _n = 6900 g/mol, vinyl content 86%, T _m 79°C) (7.52 g, 1.09 mmol), vinyl- terminated ethylene propylene copolymer (M _n = 2205 g/mol, vinyl content 94%, ethylene content approx. 90 wt%) (2.40 g, 1.09 mmol) and xylenes (100 mL) were combined in a 250 mL round-bottomed flask. The mixture was heated to 120°C to form a homogeneous solution. This was cooled to 50°C and Zhan IB (0.019 g, 0.026 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added. After 30 minutes nitrogen was slowly bubbled through the reaction mixture. After 2.25 hours total reaction time the mixture was poured into stirring methanol (400 mL) and the resulting white solid was collected on a frit and washed with methanol. The product was dried overnight under reduced pressure. Yield: 9.58 g. ^l R NMR spectroscopic data indicated that per 1000 carbon atoms there were: 1.06 vinylenes, 0.50 vinyls, and 0.23 vinylidenes. Assuming a thermodynamic mixture this gives a 37% yield of the heterodiblock product.

[00198] Example 2. Cross metathesis of 2-methyl-l-undecene and 1-eicosene. 1-

Eicosene (1.77 g, 6.31 mmol), 2-methyl-l-undecene (1.06 g, 6.31 mmol) and Zhan IB (0.0362 g, 0.0493 mmol) were combined in a vial. Then pentane (5 mL) and dichloromethane (5 mL) were added to form a homogeneous mixture that was heated on a metal block kept at 45°C. Additional pentane was added periodically as the mixture evaporated for a few hours. The mixture was kept at 39°C overnight. At this time NMR spectroscopy indicated that the heterocoupled product had formed in 50% yield (based on the starting mols of 2-methyl- 1 -decene), with the other alkene-containing species present in the mixture being 9-octadecene and unreacted 2-methyl-l-undecene.

[00199] Example 3. Cross metathesis of vinyl-aPP and vinyl-EP. Vinyl-terminated atactic polypropylene (M _n = 884 g/mol) (1.72 g, 1.95 mmol) and vinyl-terminated ethylene propylene copolymer (M _n = 2205 g/mol, vinyl content 94%, ethylene content approx. 90 wt%) (4.30 g, 1.95 mmol) were combined and heated to 120°C for 0.5 hours. Toluene (4 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled to 90°C. Then while kept on a hot plate at 90°C, hexane (3 mL) was added followed by Neolyst M2 (0.0123 g, 0.013 mmol) in toluene (1 mL). Gas evolution was observed. After 1 hour the hot mixture was poured slowly into stirring methanol (300 mL). A white, waxy solid was isolated and dried under reduced pressure. Yield: 5.2 g.

[00200] Example 4. Homometathesis of 1-decene. 1 -Decene (5.00 mL, 26.4 mmol) and hexane (10 mL) were heated to reflux on a heating block kept at 75°C. Then a toluene (2 mL) solution of Neolyst M2 (0.0836 g, 0.0880 mmol) was added. Gas evolution was observed. After 18 hours the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, and pentane (18 mL) was added. The mixture was passed through a plug of neutral alumina. The volatiles were then removed under reduced pressure to afford a colorless oil of 9-octadecene. Yield: 3.12 g. Proton NMR data shows greater than 95% conversion to homocoupled product.

[00201] NMR characterization of homocoupled product of 1 -octadecene. 1-Octadecene was homocoupled in a manner similar to that described in Example 4. The product isolated is predominantly the E-isomer tetratriacont-17-ene. The full decoupled C NMR spectrum of this product is shown in Figure 1. The dominant signal at 130.8 ppm and relatively weak signals at around 114 and 139 ppm indicate that the vinyl-containing starting material has been converted over 90% to the vinylene-containing product. Based on the 130.8 signal and the 32.8 ppm resonance it seems likely that only the E- isomer is present in concentration to be observed. The assignments for all other signals are shown below which support the expected product structure.

Table 1

Observed ¹³ C NMR data for (E)-tetrariacont-17-ene and expected shifts for the unobserved Z isomer.

E 1 -E2-E3 -(E4) ₁₂ -E5-E6=E6-E5-(E4) ₁₂ -E3 -E2-E 1

* Estimated shift based upon model compound. Only E isomer observed

[00202] To further substantiate the structure of the coupled product, intensity measurements were compared between the unsaturated and saturated spectral regions. The intensity ratio of the areas shows that the number of unsaturated to saturated carbons is 1 : 19.5. Since a ratio greater than 1 : 16 is hard to rationalize this result unfortunately calls into question the quantitative nature of the data. This is surprising because acquisition conditions were chosen to insure the collection of quantitative data. One way to evaluate this is to compare the intensity ratio of the allylic methylene (32.8 ppm) to the olefinic (130.8 ppm) signal. The measured ratio of 1.04: 1 is within experimental error of the expected 1 : 1 ratio. This result indicates that the data is quantitative and that conclusions based on signal intensities are justified. Therefore, the 1 : 19.5 unsaturated to saturated molar ratio may indicate the presence of other components that are contributing to the area of the saturated region. In fact, close examination of the spectrum shows additional signals which may be from residual starting material or other components in the sample. Their presence can distort the signal relationships from their expected values thus affecting quantitative conclusions. Similarly, when the saturated chain end signals are used to determine a carbon number that result is also greater than what would be calculated from the predicted structure. With both experimentally determined carbon numbers being greater than what it is for the predicted structure it seems likely that other components are present in the sample which are affecting intensity relationships.

[00203] NMR characterization of homocoupled vinyl-terminated aPP. Vinyl- terminated atactic polypropylene with Mn = 421 was homocoupled in a manner similar to that described in Example 4. The ¹³ C NMR of the product formed by the homo cross metathesis of an atactic low molecular weight (Mn = 421) vinyl terminated propylene macromer is shown in Figure 2. It is much more complex compared to the spectrum of (E)- tetratriacont- 17-enethe homocoupled product of 1-octacene because of the many stereo configurations present in the atactic macromer. These different structures create numerous signals that are incompletely resolved. The lack of resonances at around 1 14 and 139 ppm and the presence at 130 indicate essentially complete conversion of the vinyl -terminated aPP to vinylene-containing coupled product. Table 2 accounts for this type of chemical shift dispersion by indicating ranges for specific carbons in the product. These ranges include all carbons of a specific type regardless of the stereochemical environment they are in.

Table 2

Observed ¹³ C NMR data for (E)- and (Z)-aPP-aPP.

2' 4' 5' 5' 4' 2'

1 -2-(3 -4) _n -3 -5-6-7=7-6-5-3 -(4-3) _n -2- 1

[00204] There is chemical shift evidence that both Z- and E- isomers have been synthesized. As expected for both the unsaturated and allylic carbon types, shifts for the E- isomer are shifted downfield (to the left) relative to the Z- configuration. From intensities of the signals the E- isomer is the preferred product with the Z- to E- ratio of 17:83. The olefinic signal envelopes for the unsaturated carbons are also broadened due to the variable tacticity in the vicinity of the double bond.

[00205] As the case with the octadecene spectrum, the quantitative nature of the data has been maintained. The intensity ratio of the unsaturated carbons to the allylic methylene resonances are in agreement. Additionally, the Z- and E- allylic ratios are the same as the unsaturated carbon ratios further supporting the assignments. A number average molecular weight of 870 for the product was calculated by using the unsaturated and total carbon intensities. This value is a little higher than expected based on the M _n of 421 for the vinylic starting material.

[00206] NMR characterization of products from the cross-metathesis of 1-octadecene and vinyl-terminated aPP. 1 -Octadecene and vinyl terminated atactic polypropylene (Mn = 421) were cross metathesized in a manner similar to the reaction described in Example 3. The cross metathesis of two or more alkene-containing polyolefms will form mixture of homocoupled products (e.g., POi-PO ¹ ) and heterocoupled products (e.g., POi-PO ² ). The heterocoupled diblock products will have a central vinylene group with asymmetric 1,2- disubstitution. The structural asymmetry from having different substitients on either side of the double bond should be detectable by C NMR. Table 3 contains the probable structure for the asymmetric heterocoupled product along with the observed carbon chemical shifts for the signals that are different from the symetric species. The C NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 3. The lack of signals at around 1 14 and 139 ppm and the strong resonances around 130 ppm indicate that the vinyl-containing reactants have been converted essentially completely to predominantly vinylene-containing products. Shifts for the other carbons in the homocoupled products are included in Tables 1 and 2. Assignments of the olefinic signals were based upon chemical shift calculations and the allylic resonances on model compounds.

Table 3

Distinguishing ¹³ C NMR spectroscopic shifts for (E)- and (Z)-isomers of heterocoupled PE-

PP products.

2' 4' 5'

1 -2-(3 -4) _n -3 -5 -6-7=E6-E5 -(E4) ₁₂ -E3 -E2-E 1

[00207] Figure 4 is a stacked plot of the saturated region of the heterocoupled mixture (bottom plot) and the two homocoupled products. The spectrum of the heterocoupled product contains all of the signals found in the homocoupled data as well as new signals at 32.84 ppm (inset) and 27.7 ppm. These resonances are from the E- and Z- allylic methylenes on the octadecene arm in the heterocoupled product. The presence of the 27.7 Z- allylic signal indicates that octadecene can form the Z- isomer when it is coupled with the polypropylene macromer. This contrasts to the homocoupling of octadecene where only the E- isomer was observed. The signal of the allylic methylene on the polypropylene arm is not shifted enough from the homopolypropylene product to be observed separately.

[00208] Due to the signal overlap of the saturated signals determining the proportion of each type of product in the mixture can not be made. However, the unsaturated region from the heterocoupled reaction mixture will permit a composition calculation.

[00209] The average intensity of these heterocoupled signals were used to calculate the composition of the heterocoupled PE-PP product mixture after it had been dissolved in warm hexanes and precipitated by the addition of ethyl acetate. ¹³ C NMR spectroscopic analysis of this solid indicated that its molar composition was 43% heterodiblock (31% E isomer + 12% Z isomer), 26% homo PP diblock (22% E isomer + 4% Z isomer), and 31% homo PE diblock (only E isomer observed).

[00210] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein for purposes of all jurisdictions where such practice is allowed, including any priority documents, related applications, and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text, provided however that any priority document not named in the initially filed application or filing documents is NOT incorporated by reference herein. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including" for purposes of Australian law. Likewise whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase "comprising," it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," "selected from the group of consisting of," or "is" preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.