RADIO COMMUNICATION APPARATUS This invention relates to a dielectrically loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200 MHz and having an electrically insulative core of a solid material, and to radio communication apparatus incorporating a dielectrically loaded antenna.

It is known to dielectrically load helical antennas for operation at UHF frequencies, particularly compact antennas for portable radio communication devices such as cellphones, satellite telephones, handheld positioning units and mobile positioning units. This invention is applicable in these and other fields such as WiFi, i.e. wireless local area network, devices, MIMO, i.e. multiple-input/multiple-output systems and other receiving and transmitting wireless systems

Typically, such an antenna comprises a cylindrical ceramic core having a relative dielectric constant of at least 5, the outer surface of the core bearing an antenna element structure in the form of helical conductive tracks. In the case of a so-called "backfire" antenna, an axial feeder is housed in a bore extending through the core between proximal and distal transverse outer surface portions of the core, conductors of the feeder being coupled to the helical tracks via conductive surface connection elements on the distal transverse surface portion of the core. Such antennas are disclosed in Published British Patent Applications Nos. GB2292638, GB2309592, GB2399948, GB2441566, GB2445478, International Application No. WO2006/136809 and U.S. Published Application No. US2008-0174512A1. These published documents disclose antennas having one, two, three or four pairs of helical antenna elements or groups of helical antenna elements. WO2006/136809, GB2441566, GB2445478 and US2008-0174512A1 each disclose an antenna with an impedance matching network including a printed circuit laminate board secured to the distal outer surface portion of the core, the network forming part of the coupling between the feeder and the helical elements. In each case, the feeder is a coaxial transmission line, the outer shield conductor of which has connection tabs extending parallel to the axis through vias in the laminate board, the inner conductor similarly extending through a respective via. The antenna is assembled by, firstly, inserting the distal end portions of the coaxial feeder into the vias in the laminate board to form a unitary feeder structure, inserting the feeder, with the laminate board attached, into the passage in the core from the distal end of the passage so that the feeder emerges at the proximal end of the passage and the laminate board abuts the distal outer surface portion of the core. Next, a solder-coated washer or ferrule is placed around the proximal end portion of the feeder to form an annular bridge between the outer conductor of the feeder and a conductive coating on the proximal outer surface portion of the core. This assembly is then passed through an oven whereupon solder paste previously applied at predetermined locations on the proximal and distal faces of the laminate board, as well as the solder on the above-mentioned washer or ferrule, melts to form connections (a) between the feeder and the matching network, (b) between the matching network and the surface connection elements on the distal outer surface portion of the core, and (c) between the feeder and the conductive layer on the proximal outer surface portion of the core. Assembly and securing of the feeder structure of the core is, therefore, a three-step process, i.e., insertion, placing of the washer or ferrule, and heating. It is an object of this invention to provide an antenna which is simpler to assemble.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a dielectrically loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200MHz, wherein the antenna comprises: an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three-dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; a feed structure in the form of an axially extending elongate laminate board comprising at least a transmission line section acting as a feed line which extends through a passage in the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion, and an antenna connection section in the form of an integrally formed proximal extension of the transmission line section the width of which, in the plane of the laminate board, is greater than the width of the passage, and an impedance matching section coupling the antenna elements to the feed line. Use of an axially extending elongate laminate board as the feed structure has the advantage of comparative lack of rigidity compared with a coaxial feeder having a rigid metallic outer conductor. The increased width of the proximal extension of the transmission line section provides additional area for various connection elements, as will be described herein after. In particular, if required, specialist miniature connector assemblies can be dispensed with. The preferred laminate board has at least first, second and third conductive layers, the second layer being an intermediate layer between the first and third layers. In this way, it is possible to construct the feed line such that it has an elongate inner conductor formed by the second layer and outer shield conductors overlapping the inner conductor respectively above and below the latter and formed by the first and third layers respectively. The shield conductors may then be interconnected by interconnections located along lines running parallel to the inner conductor on opposite sides thereof, the interconnections preferably being formed by rows of conductive vias between the first and third layers. This has the effect of enclosing the inner conductor, the transmission line section thereby having the characteristics of a coaxial line.

In some embodiments of the invention, the axially extending laminate board carries an active circuit element on the proximal extension. Accordingly, an RF front-end circuit such as a low-noise amplifier may be mounted on the laminate board using, e.g. surface-mounting, input conductors of the element being coupled to the conductors of the feed line. Alternatively, when the antenna is used for transmitting, the board may carry an RF power amplifier or, when used in a transceiver, both a power amplifier and a switch. It is also possible to incorporate further active circuit elements such as a GPS receiver chip or other RF receiver chip (even to the extent of a circuit with a low frequency (e.g. less than 30MHz) or digital output), or a transceiver chip. In such embodiments in particular, the laminate board may have additional conductive layers. This allows the antenna to be connected to host equipment without using a specialist connector able to handle radio frequency signals. Dimensional limitations imposed by RF connections are also avoided in this case. The laminate board can, in this way, act as a single carrier for any circuit elements forming part of an antenna assembly supplied as a complete unit, e.g. the active circuit element or elements described above, matching components, and so on.

In one embodiment of the invention, however, the impedance matching section is carried on a second laminate board, conductors of which are coupled to the feed line. In this embodiment, the second laminate board is oriented perpendicularly to the axially extending laminate board and has an aperture therein to receive a distal end portion of the latter. The impedance matching section preferably includes at least one reactive matching element in the form of a shunt capacitor connected between the inner conductor and the shield conductors of the feed line at its distal end. The series inductance may be coupled between one of the conductors of the feed line and at least one of the elongate antenna elements. The capacitance is preferably a discrete surface-mounted capacitor whilst the inductance is formed as a conductive track between the capacitor and one of each pair of elongate antenna elements.

It is possible to use the preferred antenna as a dual-service antenna. Thus, in the case of a quadrifilar helical antenna in accordance with the invention, the antenna typically has not only a quadrifilar resonance producing an antenna radiation pattern for circularly polarised radiation, but also a quasi-monopole resonance for linearly polarised signals. The quadrifilar resonance produces a cardioid-shaped radiation pattern centred on the axis of the antenna and, therefore, is suitable for transmitting or receiving satellite signals, whereas the quasi-monopole resonance produces a toroidal radiation pattern symmetrical about the antenna axis and, therefore, is suited to transmission and reception of terrestrial linearly polarised signals. One preferred antenna having these characteristics has a quadrifilar resonance in a first frequency band associated with GNSS signals (e.g. 1575MHz, the GPS-L1 frequency), and a quasi-monopole resonance in the 2.45GHz ISM (industrial- scientific-medical) band used by Bluetooth and WiFi systems.

Where dual-service operation is contemplated, the impedance matching section may be a two-pole matching section comprising the series combination of two inductances between a first conductor or the feed line and one antenna element of each conductive antenna element pair and first and second shunt capacitances. The first shunt capacitance is connected as described above, i.e. between the first and second conductors of the feed line. The second shunt capacitance is connected between a link between the second conductor of the feed line and the other elongate conductive antenna element or elements on the one hand, and the junction between the first and second inductances on the other hand.

In the antenna described hereinafter, the use of an elongate laminate board for the feeder has the particular advantage, when dual-service operation of the antenna is required, that the outer shield conductors form part of the conductive loop or loops determining the frequency of the quasi-monopole resonance. In particular, the electrical length of the feed line shield conductors depends on, amongst other parameters, the width of the shield conductors. This means that the quasi-monopole resonant frequency can be selected substantially independently of the parameters affecting the circularly polarised resonance frequency, if required. Circular polarisation may be provided by a quadrifilar, as shown, or by any other multifilar. Indeed, the antenna lends itself to a manufacturing process in which elongate laminate boards with shield conductors of different widths are provided, the process including the step of selecting, for each antenna, an elongate laminate board with shield conductors of a particular width according to the intended use of the antenna. The same selection step can be used to reduce resonant frequency variations occurring due to variations in the relevant dielectric constant between different batches of antenna cores manufactured from different batches of ceramic material. It is preferred that the elongate laminate board is symmetrically placed within the passage through the antenna core. Thus, in the case of a passage of circular cross section, it is preferred that the laminate board is diametrically positioned. This aids symmetrical behaviour of the shield conductors in the quasi-monopole mode of resonance. It should be noted that the passage through the core of the preferred antenna is not plated. It is also preferred that the inner conductor of the transmission line section is centrally positioned between the shield conductors to avoid asymmetrical field concentrations in the feed line. Lateral symmetry of the laminate board and conductor areas thereon is also preferred (i.e. symmetry in the planes of the laminate board conductive layers).

According to a second aspect of the invention, a dielectrically-loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200MHz comprises an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three-dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; and an axially extending laminate board housed in a passage extending through the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion, which laminate board has first, second and third conductive layers, the second layer being sandwiched between the first and third layers, and includes a transmission line section acting as a feed line and an integral distal impedance matching section coupling the feed line to the antenna elements; wherein the second layer forms an elongate inner conductor of the feed line and the first and third layers form elongate shield conductors, the shield conductors being wider than the inner conductor and being interconnected along their elongate edge portions. Preferably, the antenna includes a trap element linking proximal ends of at least some of the elongate conductive elements and coupled to the feed line in the region of the proximal surface portion of the core. In the quasi-monopole resonant mode, currents flow in a second conductive loop formed between the conductors of the feed line by at least one of the elongate antenna elements, the trap element, and the outer surface or surfaces of the shield conductors of the feed line. The quasi- monopole resonance mode is a fundamental resonance, in this case, at a higher resonant frequency than the frequency of the quadrifilar resonance.

The preferred elongate laminate board has a substantially constant-width transmission line section, i.e. it is formed as a constant-width strip, and the passage through the core has a circular cross section the diameter of which is at least approximately equal to the width of the strip such that the edges of the strip are supported by the passage wall or in longitudinal diametrically-opposed grooves therein. According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided radio communication apparatus comprising an antenna and, connected to the antenna, radio communication circuit means operable in at least two radio frequency bands above 200MHz, wherein the antenna comprises an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the distal and proximal surface portions, a feeder structure which passes through the core substantially from the distal surface portion to the proximal surface portion, and, located on or adjacent the outer surface of the core, the series combination of a plurality of elongate conductive antenna elements and a conductive trap element which has a grounding connection to the feeder structure in the region of the core proximal surface portion, the antenna elements being coupled to a feed connection of the feeder structure in the region of the core distal surface portion, wherein the radio communication circuit means have two parts operable respectively in a first and a second of the radio frequency bands and each associated with respective signal lines for conveying signals flowing between a common signal line of the antenna feeder structure and the respective circuit means part, wherein the antenna is resonant in a first, circular polarisation mode of resonance in the first frequency band and in a second, linear polarisation mode of resonance in the second frequency band, which second frequency band lies above the first frequency band, the first and second modes of resonance being fundamental modes of resonance. The radio communication circuit means may be operable at further circular polarisation and linear polarisation modes of resonance of the antenna. The first and second frequency bands have respective centre frequencies, that of the second frequency band preferably being higher than the first centre frequency but lower than twice the first centre frequency. According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided an antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200MHz comprising: an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three-dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; and an axially extending laminate board housed in a passage extending through the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion, which laminate board has at least a first layer and includes a transmission line section acting as a feed line and feed connection elements for coupling the feed line to the antenna elements, the transmission line section including at least first and second feed line conductors; wherein the laminate board further comprises a proximal extension of the transmission line section carrying on one face an active circuit element coupled to the feed line conductors, the other face of the proximal extension have a ground plane which is electrically connected to one of the feed line conductors.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a dielectrically loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 500MHz comprises: an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume, the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three-dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; a feed structure in the form of an axially extending elongate laminate board comprising at least a transmission line section acting as a feed line which extends through a passage in the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion; and a plurality of spring contacts located proximally of the antenna core which are electrically connected to the feed line and which are constructed and arranged for bearing resiliently against contact areas formed as a conductive layer or layers of an equipment laminate circuit board when the latter is located adjacent the antenna in a preselected position. The spring contacts are preferably metal leaf springs shaped to deform resiliently in response to a compression force directed axially of the antenna. Such resilient deformation may occur when the antenna is brought into juxtaposition with an equipment circuit board, the plane of which lies perpendicular to the antenna axis. Base plating on the proximal surface portion of the core of the preferred antenna provides a metallic fixing base for the spring contacts, e.g. by soldering.

Alternatively, the metal leaf spring contacts may be shaped to deform in response to a compression force directed transversely with respect to the antenna axis, e.g. when the antenna is brought into juxtaposition with an equipment circuit board the plane of which lies parallel to the antenna axis.

The spring contacts, when soldered to the base conductors on the elongate laminate board, are connected to the feed line conductors. It is preferred that there are three such spring contacts arranged side-by-side on one surface of the laminate board proximal extension, the middle contact being connected to the inner conductor of the feed line, and the first and third contacts being connected to the shield conductors of the feed line.

Each spring contact is preferably in the form of a folded metal spring element shaped to as to have a fixing leg for fixing to a conductive base on the laminate board, and a contacting leg for engaging contact areas on an equipment circuit board to which the antenna is to be connected. The resilience of the material of the spring element allows resilient deformation by relative approaching movement of the two legs of the element in response to application of a force urging the contacting leg towards the fixing leg. The invention also provides a radio communication unit comprising an equipment circuit board, an antenna as described above, and a housing for the circuit board and the antenna. The unit is arranged such that when the antenna and the circuit board are installed in the housing, the spring contacts bear resiliently against contact areas formed as a conductive layer or layers of the equipment circuit board to connect the antenna to the equipment circuit board. The housing is preferably in two parts and has a receptacle for the antenna, which receptacle is shaped to locate the antenna at least axially. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of assembling the above radio communication unit, wherein the apparatus further comprises a two-part housing for the antenna and the equipment circuit board, the housing having a receptacle shaped to receive the antenna and to locate it in a preselected position with respect to the circuit board, in which position the spring contacts are in registry with and bear against respective contact areas on the equipment circuit board, wherein the method comprises securing the circuit board in the housing, placing the antenna in the receptacle, and bringing the two parts of the housing together in an assembled condition, the action of bringing the two parts together urging the spring contacts against the respective contact areas on the equipment circuit board, thereby compressively deforming the spring contacts. It is preferred that the two parts of the housing are snapped together.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, radio communication apparatus comprises: (a) a backfire dielectrically loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200MHz comprising: an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three- dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; a feed structure in the form of an axially extending elongate laminate board comprising at least a transmission line section acting as a feed line which extends through a passage in the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion, the antenna having exposed contact areas on or adjacent the core proximal surface portion; and (b) radio communication circuit means having an equipment laminate circuit board with at least one conductive layer, the conductive layer or layers having a plurality of contact terminal support areas to each of which is conductively bonded a respective spring contact positioned so as to bear resiliently against respective ones of the exposed contact areas of the antenna. In one embodiment, the exposed contact areas of the antenna lie parallel to the plane of the equipment laminate circuit board, each spring contact being shaped to exert an engagement force acting perpendicularly to the plane of the equipment board. In another embodiment, the exposed contact areas of the antenna lie perpendicularly with respect to the antenna axis. In this case, the spring contacts may be shaped to deform resiliently in response to a compression force directed generally axially of the antenna, whether the antenna is turret-mounted or edge-mounted or edge-mounted with respect to the equipment circuit board.

One option for connection of the antenna to the equipment circuit board using resilient spring contacts is to provide the proximal end surface portion of the antenna core with a conductive layer which is patterned such that an isolated conductor land is provided, i.e. insulated from the remainder of the proximal conductive layer forming part of the trap or balun. This land, and the remainder of the conductive layer may be used, respectively, as a conductor base for attaching respective folded resilient contacts, or as the base for conductive plates forming contact areas engaging spring contacts on the equipment circuit board. In the case of the spring contact being fixed to the proximal conductive layer of the antenna, such contacts may, additionally, provide a resilient non- soldered connection to contact areas on the elongate laminate board, especially to contact areas on opposite faces of the proximal extension of the transmission line section. This avoids the need for soldered connections between the laminate board and the equipment circuit board in the case of turret-mounting of the antenna or other connection configurations in which the spring contacts exert a contact bearing force acting axially of the antenna. As in the case of the spring contacts being mounted on the antenna, there are preferably three spring contacts mounted side-by-side on the equipment circuit board to engage three correspondingly spaced contact areas on one face of the proximal extension of the antenna elongate laminate board.

According to another aspect, the invention provides a backfire dielectrically loaded antenna for operation at a frequency in excess of 200MHz comprising: an electrically insulative dielectric core of a solid material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5 and having an outer surface including oppositely directed distal and proximal surface portions extending transversely of an axis of the antenna and a side surface portion extending between the transversely extending surface portions, the core outer surface defining an interior volume, the major part of which is occupied by the solid material of the core; a three-dimensional antenna element structure including at least one pair of elongate conductive antenna elements disposed on or adjacent the side surface portion of the core and extending from the distal core surface portion towards the proximal core surface portion; and a feed structure comprising first and second feed conductors which extend axially through a passage in the core from the distal core surface portion to the proximal core surface portion; wherein the proximal core surface portion has a conductive coating patterned to form at least two conductive areas electrically separated from each other, and wherein the antenna further comprises electrical connections, at the proximal end of the passage, between each feed conductor and a respective one of the conductive areas on the proximal core surface portion, the arrangement thereby providing at least a pair of planar contact surfaces on the proximal core surface portion for mounting the antenna on a host equipment board with the axis of the antenna perpendicular to the equipment board.

According to a further method aspect, the invention provides a method of assembling radio communication apparatus of any preceding claim, the apparatus further comprising a two-part housing for the antenna and the equipment circuit board, the housing having a receptacle shaped to receive the antenna and to locate it in a preselected position with respect to the circuit board, in which position the spring contacts are in registry with and bear against the respective contact areas of the antenna, wherein the method comprises securing the circuit board in the housing, placing the antenna in the receptacle, and bringing the two parts of the housing together in an assembled condition, the action of bringing the two parts together urging the spring contacts against the respective contact areas on the antenna thereby compressively deforming the spring contacts.

The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings in which :- Figures 1A and IB are respectively perspective assembled and exploded views of a first antenna;

Figures 1C and ID are circuit diagrams of single-pole and two-pole matching networks, respectively, for the antenna of Figures 1A and IB;

Figure 2 is a perspective view of part of a radio communication unit including the antenna of Figures 1A and IB;

Figures 3A to 3F are diagrammatic perspective views of the radio communication unit of Figure 2, showing a series of assembly steps;

Figures 4 A and 4B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a second antenna; Figures 5A and 5B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a first antenna assembly;

Figures 6 A and 6B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a second antenna assembly;

Figures 7 A and 7B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a third antenna; Figures 8 A and 8B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a fourth antenna; Figures 9A to 9F are various views of a fifth antenna and parts thereof;

Figures 10A and 10B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a sixth antenna; Figure 11 is a perspective view of part of a radio communication unit including the sixth antenna;

Figure 12 is a perspective view of an alternative radio communication unit including the sixth antenna;

Figures 13A and 13B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a seventh antenna;

Figures 14A and 14B are, respectively, perspective assembled and exploded views of a further antenna;

Figure 15 is a proximal view of a surface of a third laminate board top connector;

Figures 16A and 16B are perspective views of a plug top connector;

Figures 17A to 17E show various stages of a manufacturing process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

Figure 18 is a flow diagram in accordance with and embodiment of the invention; and

Figure 19 is a perspective view of a laminate board feed structure. Referring to Figures 1A and IB, an antenna in accordance with a first aspect of the invention has an antenna element structure with four axially coextensive helical tracks 10A, 10B, IOC, 10D plated or otherwise metallised on the cylindrical outer surface of a cylindrical ceramic core 12. The relative dielectric constant of the ceramic material of the core is typically greater than 20. A barium-samarium-titanate-based material, having a relative dielectric constant of 80 is especially suitable.

The core 12 has an axial passage in the form of a bore 12B extending through the core from a distal end surface portion 12D to a proximal end surface portion 12P. Both of these surface portions are planar faces extending transversely and perpendicularly with respect to the central axis 13 of the core. They are oppositely directed, in that one is directed distally and the other proximally. Housed within the bore 12B is a feeder structure in the form of an elongate laminate board 14 having a transmission line section 14 A, a matching network connection section 14B and an antenna connection section 14C in the form of integrally formed distal and proximal extensions, respectively, of the transmission line section.

The laminate board 14 has three conductive layers, only one of which appears in Figure IB. This first conductive layer is exposed on an upper surface 14U of the board 14. A third conductive layer is similarly exposed on a lower surface 14L of the laminate board 14, and a second, intermediate conductive layer is embedded in insulating material of the laminate board 14, midway between the first and third conductive layers. In the transmission line section 14A of the laminate board 14, the second, middle, conductive layer is in the form of a narrow elongate track extending centrally along the transmission line section 14A to form an inner feed conductor (not shown). Overlying and underlying the inner conductor are wider elongate conductive tracks formed respectively by the first and third conductive layers. These wider tracks constitute upper and lower shield conductors 16U, 16L shielding the inner conductor.

The shield conductors 16U, 16L are interconnected by plated vias 17 located along lines running parallel to the inner conductor on opposite sides thereof, the vias being spaced from the longitudinal edges of the inner conductor in order that they are spaced from the latter by the insulating material of the laminate board 14. It will be understood that the combination of the elongate tracks formed by the three conductive layers in the transmission line section 14A, and the interconnecting vias 17, form a coaxial feed line having an inner conductor and an outer shield, the latter constituted by the upper and lower conductive tracks 16U, 16L and the vias 17. Typically, the characteristic impedance of this coaxial feed line is 50 ohms.

In the distal extension 14B of the laminate board 14, the inner conductor (not shown) is coupled to an exposed upper conductor 18U by an inner conductor distal via 18V. Similarly, there is an exposed connecting conductor 18L (not shown in Figure IB) on the lower surface of the distal extension 14B, which conductor is an extension of the lower shield conductor 16L.

In the proximal extension 14C of the laminate board 14, the inner conductor (not shown) is connected to an exposed central contact area 18W on the upper surface 14U of the laminate board 14, this contact area 18W being connected to the inner conductor by a proximal via 18X. On the same upper laminate board layer 14U there are two outer exposed contact areas 16V, 16W, arranged on opposite sides of the central contact area 18W. Together, these three side-by-side contact areas constitute a set of contacts for connecting the assembled antenna to, e.g., spring contacts on an equipment motherboard as will be described hereinafter.

It will be noted that the antenna connection section 14C of the laminate board 14 is rectangular in shape, the width of the rectangle being greater than that of the parallel- sided transmission line section 14A so that when, during assembly, the laminate board 14 is inserted in the core 12 of the antenna 1 from the proximal end, the antenna connection section 14C abuts the proximal end surface portion 12P of the antenna core 12 so that the antenna connection section is proximally exposed. The length of the laminate board 14 is such that, when the antenna connection section abuts the proximal end surface portion 12P, the matching network connection section 14B projects by a short distance from the bore 12B at its distal end. The width of the transmission line section corresponds generally to the diameter of the bore 12B (which is circular in cross section) so that the outer shield conductors 16U, 16L are spaced from the ceramic material of the core 12. (Note that the bore 12B is not plated.) Accordingly, there is minimal dielectric loading of the shield conductors 16U, 16L by the ceramic material of the core 12. The relative dielectric constant of the insulating material of the laminate board is about 4.5 in this embodiment.

Angular location of the laminate board 14 is aided by longitudinal grooves 12BG in the bore 12B, as shown in Figure IB. Plated on the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core are surface connection elements formed as radial tracks 10AR, 10BR, 10CR, 10DR. Each surface connection element extends from a distal end of the respective helical track 10A - 10D to a location adjacent the end of the bore 12B. It will be seen that the radial tracks 10AR - 10DR are interconnected by arcuate conductive links so that the four helical tracks 10A - 10D are interconnected as pairs at their distal ends.

The proximal ends of the antenna elements 10A - 10D are connected to a common virtual ground conductor in the form of a plated sleeve 20 surrounding a proximal end portion of the core 12. This sleeve 20 extends to a conductive coating (not shown) of the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core.

Overlying the distal end surface portion 12D of the core 12 is a second laminate board 30 in the form of an approximately square tile centrally located with respect to the axis 13. Its transverse extent is such that it overlies the inner ends of the radial tracks 10AR, 10BR, 10CR, 10DR and their respective arcuate interconnections. The second laminate board 30 has a single conductive layer on its underside, i.e. the face that faces the distal end surface portion 12D of the core. This conductive layer provides feed connections and antenna element connections for coupling the conductive layers 16U, 16L, 18 of the transmission line section 14A to the antenna elements 10A - 10D via the conductive surface connection elements 10AR - 10DR on the core surface portion 12D. The laminate board conductive layer also constitutes, in conjunction with a surface mounted capacitor on its underside (not shown), an impedance matching network for matching the impedance presented by the antenna element structure to the characteristic impedance (50 ohms) of the transmission line section 14 A.

The circuit diagram of the impedance matching network is shown in Figure 1C. As shown in Figure 1C, the impedance matching network has a shunt capacitance C connected across the conductors 16, 18 of the feed line, and a series inductance between one of the feed line conductors 18 and the radiating elements 10A - 10D of the antenna, represented by the load or source 36, the other conductor 16 of the feed line being directly connected to the other side of the load/source 36. In this respect, the interconnection of the feed line to the antenna elements 10A - 10B is electrically the same as disclosed in WO2006/136809, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Connections between the second laminate board 30 and the conductors on the proximal end surface portion 12D of the core are made by a ball grid array 32, as described in our co-pending British Patent Application No. 0914440.3, the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference.

The second laminate board 30 has a central slot 34 which receives the projecting matching network connection section 14B of the elongate laminate board 14, as shown in Figure 1A, solder connections being made between the conductive areas, including the upper conductive area 18U on the laminate board 14 and conductors of the conductive layer (not shown) on the underside of the second laminate board 30.

In the assembled antenna, the proximal extension 14C of the laminate board 14 abuts the plated proximal end surface portion 12P of the core and, during assembly of the antenna, the first and third exposed contact areas 16V, 16W (see Figure IB) are electrically connected to the plated surface portion 12P.

The above-described components and their interconnections yield a dielectrically- loaded quadrifilar helical antenna which is electrically similar to the quadrifilar antennas disclosed in the above-mentioned prior patent publications. Thus, the conductive sleeve 20 and the plated layer (not shown) on the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core 12, together with the feed line shield formed by the shield conductors 16U, 16L, form a quarter- wave balun providing common-mode isolation of the antenna element structure 10A - 10D from equipment to which the antenna is connected when installed. The metallised conductor elements formed by the antenna elements 10A - 10D and other metallised layers on the core define an anterior volume the major part of which is occupied by the dielectric material of the core.

The antenna has a circular polarisation resonant mode, in this case, at 1575MHz, the GPS LI frequency.

In this circular polarisation resonant mode, the quarter-wave balun acts as a trap preventing the flow of currents from the antenna elements 10A - 10D to the shield conductors 16U, 16L at the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core so that the antenna elements, the rim 20U of the sleeve 20, and the radial tracks 10AR - 10DR form conductive loops defining the resonant frequency. Accordingly, in the circular polarisation resonance mode, currents flow from one of the feed line conductors back to the other feed line conductor via, e.g. a first helical antenna element 10A, around the rim 20U of the sleeve 20 to the oppositely located helical antenna element IOC, and back up this latter element IOC.

The antenna also exhibits a linear polarisation resonance mode. In this mode, currents flow in different conductive loops interconnecting the feed line conductors. More specifically, in this case, there are four conductive loops each comprising, in order, one of the radial tracks 10AR - 10DR, the associated helical antenna element 10A - 10D, the sleeve 20 (in a direction parallel to the axis 13), the plating on the proximal end surface portion 12P and the outer surfaces of the feed line shield formed by the shield conductors 16U, 16L and their interconnecting vias 17. (It will be noted that currents flowing in the feed line formed by the transmission line section 14A flow on the inside of the shield formed by the shield conductors 16U, 16L.) The length of the feed line and, therefore, the lengths of the shield conductors, their widths, and their proximity to the ceramic material of the core 12 determine the frequency of this linear polarisation resonance.

Owing to the comparatively slight dielectric loading of the shield conductors 16U, 16L by the ceramic material of the core 12, the electrical length of the conductive loops in this case is less than the average electrical length of the conductive loops which are active in the circular polarisation resonance mode. Accordingly, the linear polarisation resonance mode is centred on a higher frequency than the circular polarisation resonance mode. The linear polarisation resonance mode had an associated radiation pattern which is toroidal, i.e. centred on the axis 13 of the antenna. It is, therefore, especially suitable for receiving terrestrial vertically polarised signals when the antenna is oriented with its axis 13 substantially vertical.

Adjustment of the resonant frequency of the linear polarisation mode can be effected substantially independently of the resonant frequency of the circular polarisation mode by altering the widths of the shield conductor tracks 16U, 16L. In this example, the resonant frequency of the linear polarisation mode is 2.45GHz (i.e. in the ISM band).

When dual-frequency operation is required, it is preferred that the matching network is a two-pole network, as shown in Figure ID.

The construction of the feeder structure as an elongate laminate board affords a particularly economical connection of the antenna to host equipment. Referring to Figure 2, in a case where the antenna 1 is to be connected to circuit elements on an equipment circuit board 40, a direct electrical connection between the antenna feed line and the circuit board 40, which is oriented with its plane parallel to the antenna axis, may be achieved by conductively mounting metallic spring contacts 42 side-by- side adjacent an edge 40E of the circuit board and spaced according to the spacing of the contact areas 16V, 18W and 16W on the antenna connection section 14C of the elongate antenna laminate board 14 (Figure IB). The spring contacts 42 are positioned according to the position of the antenna connection section 14C of the antenna when the antenna is mounted in a required position relative to the circuit board 40. Each spring contact comprises a metallic leaf spring having a folded configuration with a fixing leg 42L secured to a respective conductor (not shown) on the circuit board 40 and a contacting leg 42U extending over the fixing leg 42L but spaced therefrom so that when a force perpendicular to the plane of the board 40 is applied to the contacting leg 42U, it approaches the fixing leg 42L. It will be understood, therefore, that when the antenna 1 is brought into juxtaposition with the circuit board 40, as shown, with the contact areas 16V, 18W, 16W (Figure IB) in registry with the spring contacts 42, the spring contacts are resiliently deformed and bear against their respective contact areas 16V, 18W, 16W to make an electrical connection between the antenna 1 and the circuit elements of the circuit board 40.

It will be noted that there is no separate connector device between the antenna and the circuitry of the circuit board 40. Rather, each spring contact 42 is individually and separately applied to the circuit board 40 in the same manner as other surface- mounted components.

This configuration lends itself to a simple equipment assembly process, as shown in Figures 3A to 3F. Referring to Figures 3A to 3F, a typical assembly process comprises, firstly, placement of the circuit board 40 in a first equipment housing part 50A (Figures 3A and 3B). Secondly, the antenna 1 is introduced into a shaped antenna receptacle 52 in the housing part 50A (Figures 3C and 3D), the antenna connection section of the antenna elongate board 14 bearing against the spring contacts 42 on the circuit board 40, as shown particularly in Figure 3D. Next, a second housing part 50B, which also has an internal surface shaped to engage the antenna 1, is brought into registry with the first-mentioned housing part 5 OA, causing the antenna 1 to be urged fully into the receptacle 52 in the housing part 50A, the spring contacts 42 being deformed in this housing closure step (Figure 3E). The two housing parts 5 OA, 50B have snap features so that the final closing movement is associated with the snapping together of the two housing parts.

The support and location of the antenna 1 by the two housing parts 5 OA, 50B is shown in the cross section of Figure 3F. The receptacle 52 and, if required, an oppositely directed receptacle in the housing cover part 50B, are shaped to locate the antenna not only transversely of the antenna axis but also in the axial direction. It will also be noted that, as well as providing a simple and inexpensive assembly process, the configuration of the interconnection between the antenna and the circuit board allows axial movement between the antenna and the board 40 without breaking the connections made by the spring contacts 42. This has the advantage that, should the equipment suffer severe shock (e.g. as in the case of a handheld radio communication unit being dropped), the lack of a rigid connection between the antenna 1 and the circuit board 40 avoids strain on solder joints, e.g. the solder joints between the elongate laminate board 14 of the antenna and the second laminate board 30 of the antenna bearing the matching network (see Figures 1A and IB), and between the transversely mounted laminate board 30 and the plated conductors on the distal end surface portion 12D of the antenna core. Referring now to Figures 4 A and 4B, a second antenna in accordance with the invention has spring contacts 42 mounted on the proximally projecting antenna connection section 14C of the elongate laminate board 14. As in the system described above with reference to Figure 2, the spring contacts are metallic leaf springs each with a fixing leg and a contacting leg. In this case, the fixing legs are soldered individually and separately to the respective contact areas 16V, 18W, 16W of the antenna connection section 14C. The equipment circuit board (not shown) is provided with correspondingly spaced contact areas so that when the antenna 1 is pressed into its required position relative to the circuit board, the spring contacts 42 are compressed. This configuration yields the same advantages as those outlines above in respect of the unit of Figure 2.

Referring to Figures 5A and 5B, the laminate board construction of the feed line also offers the possibility of an integral support for an active circuit element such as an RF front end low-noise amplifier 60. In this case, the laminate board 14 has a larger proximal extension 14C, the feed line conductors (not shown) of the transmission line section 14A being directly connected to inputs of the low-noise amplifier 60. The outputs of the amplifier may be coupled directly to exposed contact areas 62, as shown in Figures 5A and 5B, for connection to an equipment circuit board using spring contacts as described above with reference to Figure 2. Location of the laminate board 14 within the bore 12B of the antenna core 12 (see Figure 5B) is aided by spring biasing elements 64 on opposite faces of the laminate board 14. These bear against the walls of the bore 12B to help in centering the board 14 on the axis 13. In this case, direct connection of the feed line conductors of the feed line to the radial tracks on the proximal end surface portion 12P (not shown) may be completed by planar conductive ears or contact plates 66 which abut distal contact areas on the distal extension 14B of the laminate board 14 and which are soldered to the radial tracks. A further enlargement of the laminate board 14, as shown in Figures 6A and 6B allows an antenna assembly in which the feed line directly feeds a low noise amplifier 60 which, in turn, feeds a receiver chip 68, also mounted on the proximal extension 14B of the laminate board 14. This economical assembly has the potential advantage of eliminating high frequency currents at the connection between the laminate board 14 and equipment circuit board, whether that connection is made by a discrete connector 70, as shown in Figures 6A and 6B, a flexible printed circuit laminate, or by the spring contact arrangement described above with reference to Figure 2. Additionally, having all of this circuitry on a common, continuous ground plane on the laminate board 14 reduces the chance of common-mode noise coupling into the circuitry on the laminate board 14 from noise-emitting circuitry on the equipment circuit board.

As an alternative to the conductive ears 66 described above with reference to Figure 5B as a means of connecting the feed line conductors to the radial tracks on the distal end surface 12P of the core, spring contacts may be used, as shown in Figures 7 A and 7B. These spring contacts each have a planar connection base for soldering to the conductive layer on the distal end face 12D and a depending jogged spring section which penetrates the bore 12B on opposite sides of the elongate laminate board 14 to contact distal contact areas on the distal extension 14B of the transmission line section 14A. This afford shock-resistant interconnection of the feed line 14 and the antenna elements 10A - 10B.

Distal connection of the feed line to the distal surface portion conductive tracks using ears 66 is shown in Figures 8 A and 8B.

Connection between the plated proximal end surface portion 12P of the core 12 and the proximal end portions of the feed line shield conductors 16U, 16L may be effected by a solder-coated washer 76, as shown in Figures 9A, 9B, 9C and 9D, the connection being made when the antenna is passed through an oven to melt the solder of the ring 76 so that it flows onto the proximal surface plating and the outer conductive layers of the elongate laminate board 14. Close contact between the inner edge of the solder-coated washer 76 is achieved by providing a slotted aperture, as shown in Figure 9E. In this case, the distal extension 14B of the laminate board 14 is of greater width than the transmission line section 14A in order more easily to accommodate matching components directly on the elongate laminate board 14, as shown in Figure 9B.

The construction of the laminate board 14 of the antenna shown in Figures 9 A - 9D will now be described in more detail with reference to Figure 9F. The board has three conductive layers as follows: an upper conductive layer 14-1, an intermediate conductive layer 14-2 and a lower outer conductive layer (shown in phantom lines in Figure 9F) 14-3. The inner layer forms a narrow elongate feed line conductor 18. The outer layers form shield conductors 16U, 16L as described hereinbefore. Extending between the shield conductors 16U, 16L, as described hereinbefore, are two lines of plated vias 17 which, in conjunction with the shield conductors 16U, 16L form a shield enclosing the inner conductor 18. The proximal extension 14C of the transmission line section 14A has contact areas 16V, 18W, 16W connected to the feed line conductors, as described above with reference to Figure IB.

In this example, the enlarged distal extension 14B constitutes a matching section replacing the second laminate board 30 of the first antenna described above with reference to Figures 1A and IB. The matching section has a shunt capacitance provided by a discrete surface-mount capacitor 80, this component being mounted on pads formed in the outer conductor layer 14-1 connected respectively to the inner conductor 18 through a via 18 V and an extension 81 of the feed line shield conductor 16U. A series inductance is formed in the intermediate layer 14-2 by a transverse element 82 and associated vias.

Connection of the matching network on the distal extension 14B of the laminate board 14 is effected by soldered joints between the outer conductive layers on the laterally projecting portions of the distal extension 14B and the conductors provided by the patterned conductive layer on the distal end surface portion of the core.

It is not necessary for connections between the antenna feed line and an equipment circuit board to be made by contact areas extending in a plane parallel to the antenna axis. Referring to Figures 10A and 10B, contact areas oriented perpendicularly to the antenna axis may be provided on the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core 12. In this case, the plating of the proximal end surface portion 12P may be patterned so as to provide an isolated "land" 88A insulated from the plating 88B formed as a continuation of the conductive sleeve 20. Patterning of the proximal conductive layer 88 A, 88B on the core 12 in this way provides conductive base areas for affixing fan- shaped conductive bearing elements 90 the inner ends of which are shaped to be connected to contact areas (e.g. conductive pad 18W) on the proximal extension 14C of the transmission line section 14A (such areas being on opposite faces of the laminate board 14). The bearing elements 90 are bonded to the respective conductive layer portions 88 A, 88B to form firm and wear-resistant contact areas oriented perpendicularly to the antenna axis and to receive abutting spring contacts, as shown in Figure 11. Referring to Figure 11, an equipment circuit board 40, in this case, has upstanding metallic leaf spring contacts 42 having fixing legs 42F secured in holes (not shown) adjacent an edge of the circuit board 40 and spaced apart so as to be in registry with the spaced-apart bearing elements 90 bonded to the proximal end surface portion 12P of the antenna core 12. Each spring contact has a contacting leg 42U which bears resiliently against the bearing elements 90 in a direction parallel to the axis of the antenna.

The same perpendicularly oriented bearing elements may be used for so-called "turret" mounting of the antenna on the face of an equipment circuit board 40, as shown in Figure 12. In this case, the spring contacts 42 are surface mounted on the board 40 as shown in Figure 12. Resilient approaching movement of the contacting legs of the spring contacts 42 in the direction of the fixing legs, in the same manner as described above with reference to Figure 2, occurs when the antenna 1 is urged into position over the circuit board 40 with a predetermined spacing between the proximal end surface portion 12P and the opposing surface of the circuit board 40 during assembly of the antenna into the equipment of which the circuit board 40 is part. An alternative means of connecting the antenna to an equipment circuit board in a turret-mounted configuration is shown in Figures 13A and 13B. In this case, the conductive layer plated on the proximal end surface portion 12P of the antenna core 12 is patterned as described above with reference to Figures 10A and 10B. In this case, however, connections to the feed line of the elongate laminate board 14 are made by a pair of spring contact elements 42 mounted in a diametrically opposing manner on, respectively, the land conductor area 88A and the sleeve-connected conductive area 88B. In each case, the fixing leg 42L is soldered to the respective conductive area so that the contacting legs 42U are oriented to bear against contact areas on an equipment circuit board (not shown) extending parallel to the proximal end surface portion 12P of the antenna core and perpendicular to the antenna axis 13, the antenna being at a predetermined spacing set according to the required compression of the spring contacts 42. Moreover, these spring contacts are oriented such that the resilient interconnection between the fixing leg and contacting leg, in each case, faces inwardly towards the axis and is spaced therefrom so as to bear against contact areas on the proximal extension 14B of the transmission line section 14A of the laminate board 14, as shown in Figures 13A and 13B.

Figures 14A and 14B show a further aspect of the invention in which connections between the conductors of the of the laminate board 14 and the radial tracks on the proximal face of the core 12 are made by a third laminate board 100. In the same manner as shown in Figure IB, plated on the proximal end surface portion 12P of the core are surface connection elements formed as radial tracks 10AR, 10BR, 10CR, 10DR. Each surface connection element extends from a distal end of the respective helical track 10A - 10D to a location adjacent the end of the bore 12B. It will be seen that the radial tracks 10AR - 10DR are interconnected by arcuate conductive links so that the four helical tracks 10A - 10D are interconnected as pairs at their distal ends. The third laminate board 100 overlays the distal end surface portion 12D of the core 12. The third laminate board 30 is in the form of a circular tile centrally located with respect to the axis 13. Its transverse extent is such that it overlies the inner ends of the radial tracks 10AR, 10BR, 10CR, 10DR and their respective arcuate interconnections. The third laminate board 100 has two copper fan-shaped conductive layers (not shown in Figures 14A and 14B) on its underside, i.e. the face that faces the distal end surface portion 12D of the core. These conductive layers provides electrical connections between the arcuate conductive links and the conductive layers 18U and 18L of the transmission line section 14 A.

The matching network is provided in the elongate laminate board 14. This is shown in Figure 14B. The matching network includes two surface mounted capacitors 102 A and 102B. Further details of this arrangement are provided below in connection with Figure 19. The circuit diagram of the impedance matching network is the same as that shown in Figure ID. As shown in Figure ID, the impedance matching network has a two shunt capacitances CI and C2 connected across the conductors 16, 18 of the feed line, and two series inductances between one of the feed line conductors 18 and the radiating elements 10A - 10D of the antenna, represented by the load or source 36, the other conductor 16 of the feed line being directly connected to the other side of the load/source 36.

Connections between the third laminate board 100 and the conductors on the proximal end surface portion 12D of the core are made by solder paste which is applied to the underside of the third laminate board. The method of manufacture of this antenna is described in more detail below.

The third laminate board 100 has a central slot 104 which receives the projecting distal extension 14B of the elongate laminate board 14, as shown in Figure 14 A, solder connections being made between the conductive areas, including the upper conductive area 18U on the laminate board 14 and conductors of the conductive layers (not shown) on the underside of the third laminate board 100. In the assembled antenna, the proximal extension 14C of the laminate board 14 abuts the plated proximal end surface portion 12P of the core and, during assembly of the antenna, the first and third exposed contact areas 16V, 16W are electrically connected to the plated surface portion 12P.

Figure 15 shows a more detailed view of the underside, i.e. the side facing the proximal end of the antenna core 12 after assembly, of the third laminate board 100. The underside includes two fan- shaped copper layers 114A and 114B. In Figure 15, the solder paste mask is also shown. During manufacture, solder paste is applied to portions 116A to 116L. This enables electrical connections to be made between the acruate portions connecting the radial tracks, and the conductors of the laminate board 14.

In a further embodiment, connections between the conductors of the laminate board 14 and the radial tracks on the distal face of the core 12 are made by a plug 106. The plug is shown in Figures 16A and 16B. The plug 106 includes a flange section 108 and a tube section 110. The flange section 108 and the tube section 110 are formed from a single piece of moulded plastic, for example liquid crystal polymer. Passing through the a central axis of the plug 106 is a passage 112. The passage 112 is rectangular in cross-section and is sized to accept section 14B of the laminate board 14. The diameter of the flange section 108 is the same as that of the diameter of the third laminate board 100. The diameter of the tube section 1110 is such that the tube section may fit within the distal end of the bore 12B, and is sufficiently wide to ensure a close fit with the bore.

The underside of the flange section 108, that is to say the side facing the proximal end of the core 12, overlays the distal end surface portion 12D of the core. As noted above, its transverse extent is such that it overlies the inner ends of the radial tracks 10AR, 10BR, 10CR, 10DR and their respective arcuate interconnections. The plug 106 has two conductive layers plated on its surfaces. Both layers provide a conductive surface which extends from the inside of the passage 112, over the outside of the tube section 110, to the underside of the flange section 108. These conductive layers provides feed connections and antenna element connections for coupling the conductive layers 18U and 16 of the transmission line section 14A to the antenna elements 10A - 10D via the conductive surface connection elements 10AR - 10DR on the core surface portion 12D. The matching network is provided in the elongate laminate board 14 in the same manner as shown in Figure 14B.

Connections between the plug 106 and the conductors on the proximal end surface portion 12D of the core are made by solder paste which is applied to the underside of the flange section 108. The method of manufacture of this antenna is described in more detail below.

As noted above, the plug 106 has a passage 112 which receives the distal extension 14B of the elongate laminate board 14, solder connections being made between the conductive areas, including the upper conductive area 18U on the laminate board 14 and conductors of the conductive layer (not shown) on the underside of the flange section 108.

The plug 106 has two, diametrically opposed conductive portions 120 A and 120B, each overlaying a portion of the surface of the plug 106. Each conductive portion overlays a wedge of the flange section 108 which is approximately a quarter of the circular extent of the flange section. The conductive portions extend from the distal facing surface of the flange section 108, over the cylindrical outer surface of the flange section, and over the proximal surface portion of the flange section. The conductive layers then extend over the cylindrical outer surface of the tube section 110, again over a portion of the surface representing approximately a quarter of the cylindrical extent of the tube section 110. Finally, the conductive layer extends into the passage 112, and along one of the respective major surfaces of the rectangular cross section of the passage, to join back with the conductive portion on the distal surface of the flange section 108. Accordingly, the conductive portions 120A and 120B form two continuous conductive surfaces extending around the plug 104 and through the passage 112.

Accordingly, conductive portion 120A provides an electrical connection between the upper conductor 18U of the laminate board 18, and the radial tracks 10AR and 10BR. The conductive portion 120B provides an electrical connection between the lower conductor (not shown) of the laminate board 18, and the radial tracks 10CR and 10DR. During the manufacturing process, solder paste is applied to the conductors 18U and 18L, and to the proximal facing surface of the flange section 106, to enable electrical connections to be made between the conductive portions of the plug 104, the radial tracks, and conductors 18U and 18L.

The method of manufacture of the antenna shown in Figures 14A and 14B, using the third laminate board 100 as a top connector, will now be described. Figures 17A to 17E show various stages of the manufacturing process. The process will be described in connection with Figure 18.

The manufacturing apparatus includes a base plate 200. The base plate 200 includes a plurality of circular holes 202A, 202B, 202C, 202D, 202E. Each hole has tapered edges such that the diameter of the cross section of the holes in the upper surface of the base plate 200 is greater than the diameter of the holes in the lower surface of the base plate. The diameter of the hole in the lower surface is less than that of the third laminate board 100. The diameter of the hole in the upper surface is greater than that in the third laminate board. This is shown in Figure 17A. The first step in the manufacturing process is for a component placing machine (not shown) to place third laminate boards 100 in each of the holes 202A, 202B, 202C, 202D (step 301).

The manufacturing apparatus also includes a ceramic locator plate 204. The ceramic locator plate includes a plurality of holes 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D, 202E. The holes are arranged such that, when the locator plate 204 is positioned over the base plate 200, the axis of each hole is aligned with the axis of each hole in the base plate. The locating plates included a series of pins to enable them to be guided onto each other. The holes 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D, 202E of the locator plate 204 each have a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the core 12 of an antenna. The holes are wide enough to easily receive the cores 12, but narrow enough to hold the core with little to no movement. The next stage in the process is for the locator plate to be positioned on the base plate 200 such that the axis of each hole is aligned with the holes of the respective plate (step 302). This is shown in Figure 17B. The next step in the process is for a component placing machine (not shown) to place a ceramic core 12 in each of the holes 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D, 202E, the distal end of the cores 12 facing downwards (step 304). This is shown in Figure 17C. Accordingly, the third laminate boards 100 and the cores 12 are positioned in their final, assembled arrangement. A further component placing machine (not shown) then inserts an elongate laminate board 14, distal-end first, into each of the bores 12B (step 306). This is shown in Figure 17D. In placing the elongate laminate boards 14 into the bores 12B, the distal extension 14D extends through the bores 12B and through the aperture 102 in the third laminate boards 100. The laminate boards 14 are aligned with the third laminate boards 100 by virtue of the aperture in the their laminate boards. The cores 12 may be provided with adequate alignment by the component placing machine which places the cores 12. Alternatively, the cores may be provided with a "notch" on the periphery of the bore 12B opening in the proximal end of the core. The laminate boards 14 may be provided with a protrusion, at the intersection between sections 14A and 14C, which corresponds to the "notch". Accordingly, when the laminate board 14 is inserted in the core 12, the core is forced into alignment with the laminate boards. The antenna components are now assembled in their final configuration. Solder preforms 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D, 206E are applied to the proximal end of the cores 12, as shown in Figure 17E. These pre-forms are to connect the conductive layers on the proximal end of the laminate board 14 to the conductive plating on the core 12. The components are subjected to a reflow soldering process to join the components together (step 308). The finished antennas are then pushed out of the base plate using a push-back machine (not shown). The advantage of this mechanism is that antennas may be quickly and accurately assembled. The alignment tolerances are such that an antenna can be assembled in the above manner and operate within the required parameters.

Prior to the above process, solder paste is applied to the third laminate board using a mask. The mask is as shown in Figure 16A. Furthermore, prior to insertion in a core, the capacitors 102 A and 102B are reflow soldered to the laminate board 14. The construction of the laminate board 14 of the antenna shown in Figures 14A and 14D will now be described in more detail with reference to Figure 19. The board has three conductive layers as follows: an upper conductive layer 14-1, an intermediate conductive layer 14-2 and a lower outer conductive layer (shown in phantom lines in Figure 9F) 14-3. The inner layer forms a narrow elongate feed line conductor 18. The outer layers form shield conductors 16U, 16L as described hereinbefore. Extending between the shield conductors 16U, 16L, as described hereinbefore, are two lines of plated vias 17 which, in conjunction with the shield conductors 16U, 16L form a shield enclosing the inner conductor 18.

In this example, the distal end portion 14B of the laminate board 14 constitutes a matching section replacing the second laminate board 30 of the first antenna described above with reference to Figures 1A and IB. The matching section has two shunt capacitors 102A and 102B provided by discrete surface-mount capacitors. Capacitor 102 A is equivalent to capacitor CI in Figure ID and capacitor 1-2B is equivalent to capacitor C2 in Figure ID, Also plated on the top surface of the laminate board is inductance LI and inductance LI . Capacitor 102A is connected between the shield conductor 16U and inductor LI . Around the point of connection between inductance LI and capacitor 102 A is a plated via 18V coupling the inductance LI to the inner feed line. The upper layer also includes an inductance L2. L2 is connected to LI and capacitor 102B is connected between the join of LI and L2 and the shield conductor 16U. The matching circuit has the electrical layout shown in Figure ID.