BINARY INFORMATION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to Application Serial No. 206,407 filed June 14, 1988, by Wash; to Application Ser. No. 206,408 filed June 14, 1988 by Whitfield et al.; to Application Ser. No. 206,553 filed June 14, 1988, by Whitfield; to Application Ser. No. 206,646 filed June 14, 1988 by Wash; to Application Ser. No. 07/327,073 filed on March 22, 1989, by C. Chi, which is being filed contemporaneously with this application; and to Application Ser. No. 07/327,068 filed on March 22, 1989 by F. Silva, which is being filed contemporaneously with this application. The entire disclosures of each of these applications are incorporated by reference herein. Each of these applications is copending and commonly assigned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to electrical circuits suitable for encoding binary information, in accordance with a novel modulation method. INTRODUCTION TO THE INVENTION

A novel method for modulating binary data or information into a format suitable for encoding and decoding e.g., magnetic information or optical information, is disclosed in the above-cited Application Ser. No. 07/327,073 to C. Chi. The novel method features self-clocking, velocity insensitive encoding and decoding. The Chi disclosure states that preferred electrical circuits that may be employed for realizing the encoding scheme set forth in that disclosure are provided in

the present application. This application, therefore, provides novel electrical circuits that may be advantageously employed, for example, for encoding binary data or information into a format in accordance with the Chi disclosure. The novel electrical circuits encode the data, and preserve the self-clocking, velocity insensitive features of the novel method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The novel method of Chi is first set forth, in order to provide a perspective for the present invention.

Accordingly, Chi discloses a method for modulating binary data comprising first and second information, the method comprising:

(1) defining an event-cell as the time between two adjacent clock transitions, the clock transitions having a unique characteristic; and

(2) selectively writing the information into the event-cell at an arbitrary time, by

(i) generating a first event and a corresponding first read signal, in response to the first information; or

(ii) generating a second event and a corresponding second read signal, in response to the second information.

With the intent of providing a means for realizing the Chi method, I now disclose an electrical circuit suitable for encoding binary data comprising first and second information, the electrical circuit comprising:

(1) a clock driver;

(2) an n-phase counter driven by the clock driver, the counter comprising a) means for producing a succession of

event-cells; b) means for demarcating, in a first event-cell, an arbitrary location of a first event, in response to a first information; and c) means for demarcating, in a second event-cell, an arbitrary location of a second event, in response to a second information;

(3) first means for generating a first event in the first location, in response to a first information; and

(4) second means for generating a second event in the second location, in response to a second information.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which:

Fig. 1 is a circuit diagram of the present invention; and

Figs. 2A, B show waveforms processed by the Fig. 1 circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I now disclose preferred aspects of the present invention summarized above.

The clock driver preferably outputs a pulse train having an arbitrary, but constant frequency. A selected frequency helps determine the duration or length of an event-cell, and this duration, in turn, may depend on the ultimate employment of the circuit, for example, as an optical or magnetic encoder. A conventional clock driver may be employed for these purposes.

The n-phase counter, driven by the clock driver, comprises means for producing a succession of event-cells, and demarcates a succession of event-cells by a set of unique clock transitions.

For example, unique clock transitions can be defined as those having an invariant negative polarity.

Associated with this point, the first and second means for generating the first and second events, respectively, leave invariant the set of unique clock transitions. A conventional n-phase counter may be employed for these purposes.

Preferably, an event-cell for a first information is defined by a duration t, and has n sub-units, each of duration δ = t/n; and the means for demarcating the first location in the first event-cell comprises serial first, second and third clock signals located at n. -1, n, n +1, respectively.

2 2 2 Preferably, an event-cell for a second information is defined by a duration t, and has n sub-units, each of duration γ = t/n; and the means for demarcating the second location in the second event-cell comprises a single clock signal located ^{at t/2} '

Preferably, the first means for generating the first event comprises a logic circuit that functions so that, if its inputs are the first information and the first or second or third clock signals, then its output generates alternate information transitions at the locations

H -1/ 11/ 11 +1/ respectively. 2 2 2

Preferably, the second means for generating the second event comprises a logic circuit that functions so that, if its inputs are the second information and the single clock signal, then its output generates an information transition at the location n/2.

Note that the first and second means provide a two-fold function, viz., they operate to

provide discrimination of the first and second informations, and they leave invariant the unique clock transition characteristic.

Attention is now directed to Fig. 1, which shows a circuit 10 of the present invention. The structure of the circuit 10 is first disclosed, followed by its operation.

Accordingly, the circuit 10 comprises a clock driver 12, and an n-phase counter 14 (n=10) connected and driven by the clock driver 12, along a line 16. The n-phase counter 14 can provide four clock signal outputs, labeled Clock (CL) , n -1, n, n +1, along lines 18, 20, 22, 24, and can 2 2 2 reset or recycle at the count 10. Further, the clock signal (CL) output is an input, along the line

18, to a toggle flip-flop 26; and the other signal outputs, namely n -1, n, n. +1, are inputs along the

2 2 2 lines 20, 22, 24 respectively, to an OR gate 28.

An output of the OR gate 28 becomes a first input, along a line 30, to an AND gate 32. A second input to the AND gate 32, along a line 34, carries the inverted first and second informations, i.e., digital l's and 0's, as inverted by an inverter 36.

The output of the AND gate 32 is a second input to the toggle flip-flop 26, along a line 38.

The circuit 10 is completed by observing that the clock signal output n/2 is a first input, along a line 40, to a (second) AND gate 42. A second input to the AND gate 42, along a line 44, carries the first and second informations, i.e., digital l's and 0's. The output of the AND gate 42, along a line 46, becomes an input to a latching or delay flip-flop 48. The latching flip-flop 48 receives, as well, the clock signal (CL) along a

line 50, and outputs a signal, along a line 52, to an OR gate 54. The OR gate 54 also receives an input signal along a line 56, from the toggle flip-flop 26. The output of the OR gate 54, on a line 58, completes the structure of the circuit 10. The operation of the Fig. 1 circuit 10 will now be disclosed, and reference additionally will be made to the waveforms shown in Figs. 2A, B. An objective of the operation of the circuit 10 is to encode a first binary information "0", in a first event-cell, and then a second binary information "1", in a second event-cell.

To this end, a leading edge of the first event-cell is produced by the combined operation of the clock driver 12, the 10-phase counter 14, and the flip-flops 26, 48. That is, in response to the pulse train outputted by the clock driver 12 along the line 16, the 10-phase counter 14 outputs a first negative clock transition, C. , by way of preset lines (not shown), along the lines 18 and 50, to the clear operations of the toggle flip-flop 26 and latching flip-flop 48, respectively (See Fig. 2B) . The flip-flops 26, 48, in turn, output (in this illustrative embodiment) a logic 0. This logic 0 output is provided, regardless of the state the flip-flops 26, 48 may previously have been in, i.e., a logic 0 or logic 1. Accordingly, the logic 0 outputted by the flip-flops 26, 48, in turn, become logic 0 inputs to the OR gate 54. The OR operation results in a logic 0 on the circuit 10 output line 58, and corresponds to the Fig. 2A leading edge (C,) of the first event-cell.

As stated, it is desired to encode the first information 0 in the first event-cell. This may be accomplished by a first means for generating

a first event. The first means comprises the logic elements 28, 32, 26, 54, which elements function so that, if its inputs are the first information 0 and the clock signals n -1 or n or n +1, then its output

2 2 2 generates alternate information transitions (the first event) at the first event-cell locations n -1, β, n +1, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2A. 2 2 2

Note that for this illustrative embodiment, n = 10, so that the first event-cell locations are identified as 4, 5, 6, in Fig. 2A.

The last paragraph is expanded upon as follows. The logic element 28, the OR gate, outputs a logic 1 in response to three successive clock signals, namely n -1, n, n +1 (Fig. 2B) . The logic 1

2 2 2 becomes the line 30 input to the AND gate 32. The AND gate 32 outputs a logic 1, along the line 38, for each of the three successive clock signals, since its two inputs, line 30 and line 34, each are logic 1. (To this end, note the operation of the inverter 36 on the information 0, to generate a logic 1 on the line 34). Continuing, the line 38 logic 1 input to the toggle flip-flop 26, has the effect of successively toggling the flip-flop 26, for each of the successive clock signals n -1, ii/ II +1. The toggling action, as carried over 2 2 2 by the OR gate 54, produces three successive information transitions at the first event-cell locations 4, 5, 6, corresponding to the clock signals n -1, n, n +1, respectively. 2 2 2

The trailing edge of the first event-cell, at location C ₂ , is now generated in a manner analogous to that of the leading edge C- _^ , above.

That is, the clock 12 and 10-phase counter 14, in combination with the input on lines 18, 50 to the flip-flops 26, 48 clear operation, results (by way of the OR gate 54) in the circuit 10 output line 58 making a transition to logic 0, as shown in Fig. 2A. The first information 0 has now been encoded; the 10-phase counter 14 is reset (Fig. 2B) , and the circuit 10 can now encode the information 1 in a second event-cell. This may be accomplished by a second means for generating a second event. The second means comprises the logic elements 42, 48, 54, which elements function so that, if its inputs are the second information and the single clock transition n/2, then its output generates an information transition at the location n/2, as shown in Fig. 2A.

The last paragraph is expanded upon as follows. The logic element 42 , the AND gate, outputs a logic 1 only when its inputs on lines 44, 40 are logic 1. This last case only occurs at the time of the single clock transition n/2 (see Fig. 2B) . Continuing, the AND gate 42 output, on the line 46, in turn, becomes an input to the latching flip-flop 48. The flip-flop 48 provides an output information transition (logic 1) in response to this input, and outputs the information transition to the circuit 10 output line 58, by way of the OR gate 54. The flip-flop 48 holds the logic 1 until the advent of a subsequent line 50 clock signal input. This last clock signal clears the flip-flop 48, as well as the flip-flop 26 (by way of line 18), thus generating a trailing edge of the second event-cell (C_), shown in Fig. 2A. The timing signals for this last operation are shown in Fig. 2B. The operation of the circuit 10 has now

been disclosed, and the following observations are made. First, it is noted that the AND gates 32, 42 function to isolate the first and second event generating means. Thus, inspection of Fig. 1 shows that the AND gate 32 provides an isolation capability for the second event generating means, while conversely, the AND Gate 42 provides an isolation capability for the first event generating means. Further, it is noted that the first and second event generating means provide at least a three-fold function: viz., (1) they may be located at any arbitrary location within an event-cell; (2) they leave invariant the (unique) negative clock transition defining the advent of the succession of event-cells; and (3) they operate to provide encoded discrimination of the first and second informations. On the last point: the first and second events, namely the alternating sequential first information transitions, versus the single second information transitions, are such that in a (downstream) decoding or reading operation, the encoded information can be readily recovered.

Finally, in alternative embodiments (not shown) , it is possible to locate the alternating sequential first informations at other arbitrary locations, for example, at clock locations 6, 7, 8; and to locate the single information transition at another arbitrary location, say, location 3. However, the Fig. 2 locations are preferred because they help minimize problems of noise or discrimination ambiguities. Related to this is the point that, in alternative embodiments, it is possible to generate first events comprising an arbitrary large odd number of alternating sequential

first information transitions, and to generate more complex second events. But in all alternative embodiments, the generated first and second events will be such that they leave invariant the clock transition polarity, and ensure first and second information discrimination.

The Chi method can also be encoded by a software program running in a microprocessor, computer, or microcomputer, and in accordance with the claimed invention summarized above. The benefits of using this software approach depend on a specific application. A suitable software encoding routine written in BASIC computer language is listed below. While this routine is not the only software approach to encoding the Chi method, it is representative of what can be done in many cases.

10 REM ** CONSTANT CLOCK ENCODING ROUTINE **

20 K=10 SUBDIVISIONS OF EVENT CELL 30 DIM ARRAY1(DATAQTY*K) ARRAY FOR OUTPUT STREAM

40 DIM DATA(DATAQTY) ARRAY FOR INPUT BINARY DATA 50 1=0 SET OUTPUT ARRAY POINTER

60 FOR J=l TO DATA156 LOOP THROUGH BINARY DATA 70 FOR N=0 TO K-l LOOP THROUGH SUBDIVISIONS 80 IF N=3 AND DATA(J)=0 THEN ARRAY1(I)=1 90 IF N=4 AND DATA(J)=0 THEN ARRAY1(I)=0 100 IF N=4 AND DATA(J)=1 THEN ARRAY1(I)=1 110 IF N=5 AND DATA(J)=0 THEN ARRAY1(I)=1 120 IF N<>3 OR 4 OR 5 THEN ARRAY1(I)=0 130 1=1+1 INCREMENT OUTPUT ARRAY PTR

140 NEXT N STEP TO NEXT SUBDIVISION

150 NEXT J GET NEXT BINARY DATA BIT