DOPAMINE AGONISTS

Cross Reference to Related Applications

/ ^• This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application Serial Number 359,448 filed May 31 , 1989.

Technical Field

This invention relates to novel compounds which have pharmacological activity. The compounds of the invention are selective dopamine agonists useful for treating dopamine-related neurological, psychological, cardiovascular and behavioral disorders.

Background of the Invention

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), and also has several important roles in the peripheral nervous system such as in the control of supply of blood to the kidneys and in autonomic ganglion transmission.

It is now widely accepted that dopamine receptors in the CNS can be divided into two general categories, designated D-1 and D-2 receptors. The division was originally based on biochemical and pharmacological differences between the two receptor types. Recently, further evidence which supports this division has come from study of the molecular biology of dopamine receptors in the CNS. The dopamine D-1 receptor is linked to the enzyme adenylate cyclase through a stimulatory G protein such that stimulation of this receptor by dopamine or a dopamine D-1 receptor agonist causes an increase in the production of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The D-2 receptor, on the other hand, also regulates important functional activity within the CNS, although the biochemical events which follow stimulation of this receptor by dopamine or a D-2 receptor agonist are not as well understood. Autoreceptors on dopaminergic neurons which have the pharmacological properties of D-2 receptors

/s are thought to control the firing rate of these cells as well as the release of dopamine

Ή

» from the nerve terminals. It is also known that stimulation of the D-2 receptors in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland causes a decrease in cAMP production and

that stimulation of the D-2 receptors on the mammotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland suppresses prolactin secretion. Dopaminergic neurons are also affected by and interact with other neurotransmitter systems in the CNS. For example, D-2 receptors on the cholinergic intemeurons in the striatum (one of the components of the basal ganglia) regulate the release of ace ylcholine from these cells.

Dopamine involvement has been proposed for several diverse neurological and psychological disorders. One disorder involving dopamine is Parkinson's Disease. Dopamine occurs at high concentration within the nerve terminals in the basal ganglia of the mammalian brain and in the early 1960's, the loss of striatal dopamine was established as a chemical marker of Parkinson's Disease. This deficiency is still thought to be primary to the etiology of the disease state.

L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is used in conjunction with a peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor and often supplemented with anticholinergic agents, has been shown to be useful in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. The response to L-DOPA is thought to be a result of the conversion of L- DOPA to dopamine within the striatum, and is linked to stimulation of both the D-1 and D-2 receptors.

The success of L-DOPA therapy has led to the testing of other compounds capable of mimicking the post-synaptic receptor actions of dopamine. Such direct- acting agents might offer the therapeutic advantages of greater potency, increased duration of action, or fewer side effects over L-DOPA. For example, bromocryptine, the direct-acting dopamine agonist most widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease, lowers the amount of L-DOPA required to achieve the maximal therapeutic response and allows for a delay in the onset of L-DOPA therapy. However, the response to bromocryptine alone is not as great as that observed with L-DOPA.

Another disorder in which dopamine has been implicated is the psychosis schizophrenia. The psychoses are serious psychiatric illnesses characterized by abnormal behavior which may include delusions, hallucinations, violence, mania and serious long-lasting depression. Schizophrenia is the most common psychosis and involves disturbance of thought processes, hallucinations and loss of touch with reality. The theory of schizophrenia as a disease of the CNS was first formalized by

Kraepelin and Bleuler in the early 1900's. It was not until chlorpromazine was discovered by Delay and Daniker in the early 1950's, however, that drug management of this disease was possible.

The pioneering work of Carlsson and others led to the now widely-held dopamine theory of schizophrenia. According to this theory, schizophrenia is caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain. Several lines of evidence support this hypothesis. For example, chronic abuse of stimulants such as amphetamines, known to enhance dopaminergic activity in the brain, can lead to a paranoid psychosis that is almost indistinguishable from classic paranoid schizophrenia. The mechanism-of-action proposed for drugs with anti-schizophrenic activity is the blockade by these compounds of the dopamine receptors, and consequently, the prevention of excess receptor stimulation. In the mid 1970's it was observed that virtually all of the currently used antipsychotic agents could displace radiolabeled haloperidol (a dopamine antagonist) from striatal dopamine receptors with a good correlation between average effective clinical dose and drug binding affinity.

Unfortunately, the currently available antipsychotic agents frequently produce undesirable side-effects, the most common of which are the so-called extrapyramidal effects that include bizarre involuntary movements and Parkinson- like effects. Sedation and hypotension are also common side effects. Because of these often severe side-effects and the high incidence of patients unresponsive to currently available drugs, more potent and selective agents are needed.

It is also recognized that depressive conditions and related affective disorders result from a reduction in the central nervous system of certain biogenic amine neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT). Affective disorders are characterized by changes in mood as the primary clinical manifestation. Disturbances of mood are the most common psychiatric disorders in adults with 18-23% of women and 8-11% of men experiencing at least one major depressive episode. Currently available antidepressant drugs work primarily by raising the levels of the biogenic amine neurotransmitters by either inhibition of the neuronal uptake of the neurotransmitters or inhibition of the metabolic enzymes responsible for converting the biogenic amines to inactive metabolites. Unfortunately, there are major drawbacks to the use of currently available agents for treating affective disorders. For example, no antidepressant drug to date has proven to be superior to electroconvulsive shock therapy in the treatment of severe, suicidal depression. Other problems with the use of available drugs are delayed onset of activity, poor efficacy, anticholinergic effects at therapeutic doses, cardiotoxicity, convulsions and the danger of taking a fatal overdose. There also exists a large number of untreated individuals

and treatment-resistant patients in need of effective therapy. A role for direct-acting dopamine agonists in antidepressant therapy has been suggested based on the effects observed for several dopamine agonists in various animal models used for predicting antidepressant activity such as the "mouse behavioral despair test".

A role for dopamine has been established in several other neurological functions such as cognitive function and attention mechanisms. Animal studies implicate dopamine in attention-related behaviors involving search and exploratory activity, distractibility, response rate, discriminability and the switching of attention. A therapeutic role in the treatment of cognitive impairment and attention deficit disorders has therefore been proposed and is under active investigation for compounds which mimic the receptor activity of dopamine.

Dopamine has been used in the treatment of shock, congestive heart failure and renal failure. Stimulation of the peripheral DA-1 receptors causes vasodilation, particularly in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds where large numbers of these receptors are found. The utility of dopamine has been limited, however, by its ability to cause vasoconstriction at higher concentrations, presumably due to its secondary effects on adrenergic receptors and by its emetic effects due to peripheral DA-2 stimulation. Agents selective for the peripheral DA-1 receptors may offer significant advantages over currently used treatments for these and other related disorders.

Published evidence suggests that dopamine also has a central role in the brain's reward system. For example, it has been reported that animals trained to self- administer cocaine will increase their consumption of this drug after treatment with either a D-1 or a D-2 receptor antagonist. It was proposed that the animals would increase the amount of cocaine administered in order to maintain the elevated dopamine levels responsible for the drugs euphorigenic and reinforcing properties. The dopamine D-1 agonist SKF 38393 has been reported to decrease food intake by rats presumably by direct action of the drug on neural feeding mechanisms. Because of this interrelationship between dopamine and reward, dopaminergic agents could be useful for the treatment of substance abuse and other addictive behavior disorders including cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction and eating disorders.

Dopaminergic agents such as the compounds of the present invention that mimic the actions of dopamine and show selectivity for the different dopamine receptor subtypes are needed in order to obtain the anticipated physiological responses discussed above, separate from other possibly less desirable effects.

Summary of the Invention

The compounds of the present invention are dopaminergic compounds represented by the following structural formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof, wherein A is O, S, CHR ² , CR ² or C when n is 0 and A and R ^β taken together form a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring, and n is zero or V.

The dotted lines represent optional double bonds.

R1 is selected from hydrogen and a readily cleavable group.

R2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

R3 js selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclic aryl, carbocyclic arylalkyl and heterocycle.

R4 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl or, taken together with R ³ and the carbon atom to which they are attached, forms a spirocycloalkyl ring of from 3 to 7 carbons.

R5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl or, taken together with R-- and the carbon atoms to which they are attached forms a cycloalkyl ring of from 5 to 7 carbons.

R6 js selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclic arylalkyl, alkanoyl of from 1 to 8 carbons, amino acid and dipeptide or, taken together with A when A is C and when n is 0, forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring.

R7 is hydrogen or alkyl or, taken together with R6 or R8, forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, provided that when R6 is carbocyclic arylalkyl, R ⁷ is not alkyl.

R8 is hydrogen or alkyl or, taken together with R6 or R7, forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring or, taken together with the catechol ring at the 8-position and the carbon atoms to which they are attached, forms a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring.

The compounds of Formula I have the ability to act on dopamine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems and to mimic the activity of dopamine. The compounds of the present invention are, therefore, useful in the treatment of dopamine-related neurological, psychological and cardiovascular disorders as well as in the treatment of substance abuse and other addictive behavior disorders, cognitive impairment and attention deficit disorder.

Detailed Description of the Invention

This invention relates to novel compounds which are selective dopamine agonists. More particularly, this invention relates to compounds of the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof, wherein A is O, S, CHR ² , CR ² or C when n is 0 and A and Rδ taken together form a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring. and n is zero or 1 ; the dotted lines represent optional double bonds;

R1 is selected from hydrogen and a readily cleavable group;

R ² is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl;

R ³ is selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclic aryl, carbocyclic arylalkyl and heterocycle;

R4 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl or, taken together with R ³ and the carbon atom to which they are attached, forms a spirocycloalkyl ring of from 3 to 7 carbons;

R5 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl or, taken together with R ³ and the carbon atoms to which they are attached forms a cycloalkyl ring of from 5 to 7 carbons;

R6 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclic arylalkyl, alkanoyl of from 1 to 8 carbons, amino acid and dipeptide or, taken together with A when A is C and when n is 0, forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring;

R7 is hydrogen or alkyl or, taken together with R6 or R8, forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, provided that when R6 is carbocyclic arylalkyl, R ⁷ is not alkyl;

Rδ is hydrogen or alkyl or, taken together with Rδ or R ⁷ , forms a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring or taken together with the catechol ring at the 8-position and the carbon atoms to which they are attached forms a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring.

In one embodiment of the present invention, represented by formula (la), A is CR ² and the dotted line between A and ring atom number 1 represents a bond:

wherein n, R1 , R ² , R ³ , R4, R5, R6_ R7 and R8 are as defined above.

The preferred compounds of formula la are those in which R4 and R5 are hydrogen.

In another embodiment of the present invention, represented by formula (lb), A is CH R ² :

and n, R1, R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , Rδ, Rδ, R7 _an d Rδ are as defined above.

The preferred compounds of formula lb are those in which R4 and R5 are hydrogen.

Another embodiment of the present invention is represented by the formula (lc):

wherein n, R1 , R ³ , R ⁴ , Rδ, Rδ, R7 and Rδ are as defined above.

In another embodiment of the present invention, represented by formula (Id), n is 0, Rδ is H. and R ⁶ and A taken together form a nitrogen-containing 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring:

wherein x is 1 , 2 or 3 and R1 , R ³ , R ⁴ , R5 and R ⁷ are as defined above.

In another embodiment of the present invention, represented by formula (le), A is CHR ² , R ² is H, n is 0 and R ⁸ taken together with position 8 of the catechol ring form a 5-, 6- or to 7-membered ring:

wherein y is 0, 1 or 2 and R1 and R ³ , R ⁴ , Rδ, R6 and R ⁷ are as defined above.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The present invention also relates to the use of the compounds of Formula (I) in the treatment of dopamine related disorders.

The following compounds are representative of the preferred compounds of Formula (I):

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne;

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-bis(acetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphth alene;

1-AminomethyI-5,6-bis(trimethyiacetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihy dronaphthalene;

[1B.3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene;

1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydronapht halene;

[1B.3SJ 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyciohexyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1 ,2, 3, 4-tetra hydro nap t alene;

[1B.3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran;

PB.3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3-n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran;

[1B,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-2-benzop yran;

[1 B,3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran ;

[1B.3B] 1 -AminomethyI-3-cyclopentylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclooctyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-ethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; Spiro[(1-aminomethyl-3.4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1H-2-benzopyr an)-3,1'- cyclohexane]; [1B.3SJ 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(4'-methoxyphenoxy) methyl-1 H-

2-benzopyran; [1B ^* '3£ ^* ] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-AminomethyI-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenoxymethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3≤] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(2'-phenylphenoxy) methyl-1H-2- benzopyran; [1 B,3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-t-butylphenoxy)methyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dih ydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran;

[1B.3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-bromophenoxy)methyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihyd roxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3≤] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl) -1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3B] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-benzyl-3.4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1-Aminomethyl- 3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(2"phenyl)ethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-8-bromo-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B _> 3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-n-octyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B _> 3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(1 '-hex-5'-ene)-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B,3£] 1-AminomethyI-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-ethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B _> 3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-n-hexyl-1H-2-benzo pyran; [1B.3S] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-bromophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl) -1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 B,3£] 3-Cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1 B.3SJ 3-t-Butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3B] 3-n-Butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl- 1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 R.3S] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3£] 1-(N-Allyl)aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydrox y-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 B.3S] 3-Cyclohexyl-1 -(N-cyclopropyl)aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3≤] 1-(N-benzyl)aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydro xy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3≤] 1-,3-Bis(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran;

[1fi,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(N-piperidinyl)met hyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 5,6-Dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'H-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; [1B,3β] 5,6-Dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'R-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; 5,6-Dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydrona phthalene; [1B.3S] 5,6-Dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro naphthalene; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro naphthalene; [ B.3S] 1 -Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyI)-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene; 5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(alanyl-alanyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-d ihydronaphthalene; 5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(γ-glutamyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dih ydronaphthalene; 5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(alanyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydron aphthalene; 5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(methionyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihyd ronaphthalene; 1-(AianyI-alanyl)aminomethyl-5,6-bis(benzoyloxy)-3-phenyl-3, 4-dihydronaphthalene; [1 R.2S] 1 -Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2'-hydroxy-1 '-ethyl)-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenylnaphthalene; [1B,3≤] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(dipheπyl)methyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 F 3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-methyI-2'-n-pe ntyl)-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(1'-but-3'-ene)-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 B,3£≥] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(6 ^* -methyl-2'-hep-5 ^* -ene)-1 H-2- beπzopyran; [1B.3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-3-benzyloxymethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- beπzopyran; [1fi,3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclooctyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B. 8S_, 9aR] 1-Amino-5,6-dihydroxy-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-8-phenyl-phenal ene; [1£, 8£, 9aB] 1-Amino-5,6-dihydroxy-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-8-phenyl-phenal ene; 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-benz[e]indole;

[1B ^* . 3£ ^* ] 3-(1'-Adamantyl)-1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-bis(benzoyloxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphth alene; and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The following compounds are representative of the more preferred compounds of Formula (I):

1-AminomethyI-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne;

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-bis(acetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphth alene;

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-bis(trimethylacetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihy dronaphthalene;

[1B,3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaiene;

1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne;

[1B,3≤] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene;

[1B.3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran;

[1fi,3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3-n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1H-2-benzo pyran;

[1B.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-2-benzop yran;

[1B,3≤J 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran;

[1fi,3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclopentylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy- 1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi.3£] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclooctyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(4'-methoxyphenoxy) methyl-1 H-

2-benzopyran; [1fi ^* -3£ ^* ] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3SJ 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenoxymethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; PB,3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-t-butylphenoxy)methyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dih ydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3£] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-brompphenoxy)methyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihyd roxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3£] 3-(1'-Adamantyl) -1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B _> 3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1H-2-benzop yran;

[1B.3B] 1-Aminomethyl- 3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(2'phenyl)ethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-8-bromo-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1H- 2- benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1 -AminomethyI-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-n-octyl-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(1'-hex-5'-ene)-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1 B.3B] 1 -Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-n-hexyl-1 H-2-benzopyran ; [1B.32] ¹ -Aminomethyl-3-(4'-bromophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-3 ₎ 4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 3-Cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminometh yl-1H-2- benzopyran; [1 B,3≤] 3-t-Butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1 B,3βJ 3-n-Butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1 R,3S] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-(N-AllyI)aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyI-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydrox y-1 H-2- benzopyran; PB»3£] 3-Cyclohexyl-1-(N-cyclopropyl)aminomethyl-3.4-dihydro-5,6-di hydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3≤] 1-(N-benzyl)aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydro xy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3≤] 1 -,3-Bis(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1B.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-1H-2 -benzopyran; [1fi.3≤] 1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(N-piperidinyl)met hyl-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1fi,3£] 5,6-Dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'B-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; [1B.3B] 5,6-Dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'B-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2 ₎ 3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; 5,6-Dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3.4-dihydrona phthalene; [1B,3≤J 5,6-Dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene;

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro naphthalene; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro naphthalene; and [1B- ³ ≤] -Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenylnaphthalene; [1 B.3≤] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-benzyloxymethyl-3.4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B,3≤] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclooctyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran; [1β. 8£, 9aB] 1-Amino-5,6-dihydroxy-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-8-phenyl-phenal ene; [1≤, 8&, 9aB] 1-Amino-5,6-dihydroxy-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-8-phenyl-phenal ene; 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-benz[e]indole; [1 B ^* . 3S ^* ] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl)-1 -aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-bis(benzoyloxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphth alene; and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The following compounds are representative of the most preferred compounds of the present invention:

[1B.3S] 3-(1 '-Ada antyl) -1 -aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5.6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- beπzopyran; [1 B ^* , 3S ^* ] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl)-1 -aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1 R,3S] 3-(1 '-Adamantyl)-3 _f 4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 -(N-methyl)aminomethyl-l H-2- benzopyran; [1 B.3B] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclopentylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyraπ; [1B.3S] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclooctyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran; [1B.3B] 1-Aminomethyl-3-n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1H-2-benzo pyran; [1B.3B] 3-n-Butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl- 1H-2- benzopyran;

Certain compounds of this invention exist in optically active forms. The pure d isomers and pure / isσmers, as well as mixtures thereof including the racemic mixtures, are contemplated by this invention. Additional asymmetric centers may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers as well as mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of this invention. In particular, stereochemistry of the substituents at the 1 and 3 positions, as shown in Formula (I), can independently be either axial or equatorial unless specifically noted otherwise.

The term "administration" of the dopaminergic agent or composition, as used herein, refers to systemic use as when taken orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, by nasal, rectal or buccal routes, or topically in dosage form unit formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles as desired.

The term "affective disorder" as used herein refers to disorders that are characterized by changes in mood as the primary clinical manifestation, for example, depression.

The term "alkanoylamino" refers to the following structures:

in which R ^{1 1} is selected from hydrogen, a lower alkyl group as defined below, a haloalkyl group as defined below, a heterocycle as defined below, or a carbocyclic aryl group as defined below. Examples of alkanoylamino groups can be found in Table 7.

The term "alkenyl" is used herein to mean straight or branched chain radicals of two to twelve carbon atoms containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Representative of such radicals are ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, n-octenyl, 2,4-dimethylpentenyl, and the like. These can be unsubstituted, or they can be substituted, for example, with lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, carbocyclic aryl, carbocyclic arylalkyl, amino, hydroxy, lower alkoxy or with a heterocycle such as pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl and the like.

The term "alkyl" is used herein to mean straight or branched chain radicals of one to twelve carbon atoms. Representative of such radicals are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-octyl, 2,4-dimethylpentyl, and the like.

The term "alkynyl" is used herein to mean straight or branched chain radicals of two to twelve carbon atoms containing at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Representative of such radicals are ethynyl, n-propynyl, butynyl, 3-ethylhexynyl, n- octynyl, 4-methylpentynyl, and the like. These can be unsubstituted, or they can be substituted, for example, with lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, hydroxy, alkylamino, alkanoylamino, lower alkoxy, or with a heterocycle such as pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl and the like.

The terms "amino acid" and "dipeptide" refer to a single α-amino acid or two amino acids joined by amide (peptide) bonds. The amino acids are naturally occurring amino acids such as valine, glycine, norvaiine, alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine, proline, methionine, or phenylalanine or they may be synthetic amino acids such as cyclohexylalanine. The amino acids can either be in the or Q_ configuration or a mixture of the two isomers. If not specified, amino acid substituents are optically active and have the configuration.

The term "antipsychotic agent" as used herein refers to drugs used extensively in the symptomatic management of all forms of schizophrenia, organic psychosis, the manic phase of manic depressive illness and other acute idiopathic illnesses and occasionally used in depression or in severe anxiety.

The term "attention deficit disorder" refers to a recently classified pediatric neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, distractibility and sometimes hyperactivity, which replaces the less formal diagnoses of hyperactivity syndrome, hyperkinetic syndrome, minimal brain dysfunction and specific learning disability. The disorder is prevalent among pre-adolescent children and is reflected in poor school performance and social behavior and has been described in experimental reports of impaired perceptual, cognitive and motor function.

The term "carbocyclic aryl" as used herein refers to aromatic radicals having five to ten carbon atoms in a single ring system. Further, the single ring system may be substituted to form a multiple fused ring system. Representative examples of aryl substituents are phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, and the like. These compounds may be unsubstituted; or they may be substituted with one or more non-hydrogen substituents for example, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, phenyl or lower alkoxy.

The term "carbocyclic arylalkyl" is used herein to mean straight or branched chain radicals of one to twelve carbon atoms which are substituted with a carbocyclic aryl

group as defined above. Representative arylalkyl groups include benzyl and phenylethyl groups.

The term "carbocyclic aryloxy" refers to carbocyclic aryl groups as defined above linked through oxygen by an ether bond. Examples of such groups include phenoxy, benzyloxy, halo-substituted phenoxy, hydroxy-substituted phenoxy, lower alkyl substituted phenoxy, phenyl substituted phenoxy and the like.

The term "catechol-protecting groups" as used herein refers to groups used to derivatize catechol hydroxyl oxygen atoms in order to prevent undesired reactions or degradation during a synthesis. The term "protecting group" is well known in the art and refers to substituents on functional groups of compounds undergoing chemical transformation which prevent undesired reactions and degradations during a synthesis; see,, for example, T.H. Greene, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981). These derivatizing groups can be selected from phenol-protecting groups or they may be selected from those groups which are particularly suitable for the protection of catechols because of the proximity of the two hydroxyl functions on the catechol ring. Commonly used catechol-protecting groups include dimethyl ethers, dibenzyl ethers, cyclohexylidene ketals, methylene acetals, acetonide derivatives, diphenylmethylene ketals, cyclic borate esters, cyclic carbonate esters, cyclic carbamates and the like.

The term "cognitive impairment" refers to a deficiency in any of the aspects of the cognitive (information processing) functions of perceiving, thinking and remembering.

The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a three- to twelve-carbon monocyclic, bicyclic ortricyclic cyclic group such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclopropane, bicycloheptane, bicyclooctane, adamantane, norbornane, norbornene, camphene, pinene and the like. They can be unsubstituted; they can be substituted with one or more non-hydrogen substituent on the ring, for example, with alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, mercapto, alkylthio or halogen; or they can be fused to a heterocycle, a carbocyclic aryl group or another cycloalkyl group.

The term "dopamine-related cardiovascular disorders" as used herein refers to conditions which can be reversed or improved by administration of dopamine or a dopaminergic agent, either alone or in combination therapy with other classes of cardiovascular agents. The usefulness of dopaminergic agents in cardiovascular diseases, for example in the treatment of shock and congestive heart failure, is based

on the known, but incompletely understood, role of dopamine in the cardiovascular system, especially the effects of dopamine on the heart and the ability of dopamine to produce vasoconstriction while maintaining blood flow through renal and mesenteric beds. Also included are other related, potential uses for dopaminergic agents which, because the role of dopamine in the cardiovascular system is presently incompletely defined, are still under investigation, for example use in renal failure.

The term "dopamine-related neurological and psychological disorders" as used herein refers to behavioral disorders, such as psychoses and addictive behavior disorders; affective disorders, such as major depression; and movement disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome; which have been linked, pharmacologically and/or clinically, to either insufficient or excessive functional dopaminergic activity in the CNS. Also included are miscellaneous indications for which dopaminergic agents have been found to be clinically useful. Examples of such indications are disorders characterized by vomiting, such as uremia, gastroenteritis, carcinomatosis, radiation sickness, and emesis caused by a variety of drugs; intractable hiccough and alcoholic hallucinosis.

The term "fused" is used herein to mean two cyclic groups having at least two atoms in common to both rings.

The term "haloalkyl" refers to a lower alkyl group, as defined below, bearing at least one halogen substituent, for example chloroethyl and trifluoromethyl.

The term "halogen" refers to bromo (Br), chloro (Cl), fluoro (F) and iodo (I).

The term "heterocycle" refers to a three- to twelve-atom monocyclic or bicyclic group containing one to three heteroatoms selected from N, O and S the remaining atoms being carbon. Examples of heterocycles include furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, oxazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazolidine, thiazole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran and the like. These heterocycles may be unsubstituted or they may be substituted, for example with halogen, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.

The term "lower alkoxy" refers to a lower alkyl group, as defined below, which is bonded through an oxygen atom. Examples of lower alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy and the like.

The term "lower alkyl" refers to branched or straight chain alkyl groups comprising one to six carbon atoms, including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl and the like.

"Normal dopamine levels" are those levels of dopamine that are found in the brains of control subjects and are usually measured as levels of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxypheny!acetic acid) and 3,4- dihydroxyphenylaceti-c acid. Abnormal dopamine levels are those levels that are not within the range of dopamine levels found in the brains of control subjects.

The term "parenteral" as used herein includes intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion techniques.

By "pharmaceutically acceptable" it is meant those salts, amides and esters which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, effective for their intended use in the treatment of psychological, neurological, cardiovascular and addictive behavior disorders. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art . For example, S. M Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 66: 1 - 19, 1977. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of Formula (I), or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, bisulfate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, ascorbate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, lauryl sulfate salts and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium salts and the like. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic amides of the compounds of Formula I include amides derived from C1 to C6 alkyl carboxylic acids wherein the alkyl groups are straight or branched chain, aromatic carboxylic acids such as derivatives of benzoic acid and heterocyclic carboxylic acids such as furan-2-carboxylic acid or nicotinic acid. Amides of the compounds of Formula I may be prepared according to conventional methods. It is understood that amides of the compounds of the present invention include amino acid and polypeptide derivatives of the amines of Formula I.

As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carriers" means a non¬ toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of the materials that can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgement of the formulator. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; oil soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol and the like; and the metal chelating agents such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.

The term "phenyl" refers to an unsubstituted benzene radical or a benzene radical substituted with 1 - 3 non-hydrogen substituents, for example, halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or another phenyl group.

The term "readily cleavable group" is used herein to mean substituents which are rapidly cleaved in vivo, for example by hydrolysis in blood, to yield the parent compounds of the Formula (I). Readily cleavable groups include those substituents commonly referred to as prodrug moieties. T. Higuchi and V. Stella provide a thorough discussion of the prodrug concept in "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems", Vol 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, American Chemical Society (1975). Examples of readily cleavable groups include acetyl, trimethylacetyl, butanoyi, methyl

succinoyl, t-butyl succinoyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, 3- aminocyclohexylidenyl and the like.

The term "spirocycloalkyl" is used herein to mean two cycloalkyl groups bonded to each other in such a way that a single carbon atom is common to both rings.

The term "substance abuse" is used herein to mean periodic or continued self- administration of psychoactive substances in the absence of medical indications and despite the presence of persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problems that the person knows are caused by or may be exacerbated by continued use of the substance.

The term "substituted alkyl" as used herein refers to a lower alkyl group as defined above bearing 1-3 non-hydrogen substituents. Examples of contemplated substituents include halogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy as defined above, amino, lower alkyl amino, alkanoylamino as defined above, cycloalkyl as defined above, heterocycle as defined above, carbocyclic aryl as defined above and carbocyclic aryloxy as defined above. Example of heterocycles include piperidine, morpholine, tetrahydrofuran, furan, pyridine, pyrrolidine and piperazine.

By a "therapeutically effective amount" of the dopaminergic agent is meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat dopamine-related disorders at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgement. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidently with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a host in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 15 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise

administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in multiple doses or in a single dose of from 10 mg to 1000 mg.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination or in concurrent therapy with other agents which effect the dopaminergic system such as L-dopa, amantadine, apomorphine or bromocryptine; and with cholinergic agents, for example, benztropine, biperiden, ethopromazine, procyclidine, trihexylphenidyl and the like. The compounds of the present invention may also be co-administered with agents, for example enzyme inhibitors, which block their metabolic transformation outside the CNS.

This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage forms, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (or compounds) of this invention in combination with a conventional pharmaceutical carrier.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1 ,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S. P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or digiycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulation can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of a drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The most common way to accomplish this is to inject a suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility The rate of absorption of the drug becomes dependent on the rate of dissolution of the drug which is, in turn, dependent on the physical state of the drug, for example, the crystal size and the crystalline form. Another approach to delaying absorption of a drug is to administer the drug as a solution or suspension in oil.

Injectable depot forms can also be made by forming microcapsule matrices of drugs and biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer and the composition of the polymer, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly- orthoesters and polyan hydrides. The depot injectables can also be made by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Suppositories for rectal administration of the drug can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable rrønirritating excipient such as cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol which are soli at ordinary temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum and release the drug.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, prills and granules. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least pne inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such as magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings and other release-controlling coatings.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such exipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art such as water. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.

If desired, the compounds of the present invention can be incorporated into slow release or targeted delivery systems such as polymer matrices, liposomes and microspheres. They may be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria- retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can dissolve in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferably, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention further include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulations, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

In general, the compounds of this invention are synthesized by reaction schemes I through XVI as illustrated below. It should be understood that R ¹ - R ³ as used herein correspond to the R groups identified by Formula (I). The oxygens of the catechol groups can be derivatized with "protecting groups" or "leaving groups" which are known in the art and can be prepared by conventional methods. These derivatizing

groups can be selected from among phenol derivatives and derivatives which are suitable to catechols because of the proximity of the two hydroxyl functions. Commonly used phenol derivatives are ethers, for example alkyl, alkenyl, and cycloalkyl ethers (such as methyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl ethers and the like); alkoxyalkyl ethers such as methoxymethyl or methoxyethoxymethyl ether and the like; alkylthioalkyl ethers such as methylthiomethyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ethers, arylalkyl ethers (such as benzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, 9-anthrylmethyl, 4-picolyl ethers and the like); trialkylsilyl ethers such as trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-buty Idi methy Isily I ethers and the like; alkyl esters such as acetates, propionates, n-butyrates, isobutyrates, trimethyiacetates, benzoates and the like; substituted alkyl esters such as 3- (methoxycarbonyl)propionate, 3-aminopropionate, 3-(t-butoxycarbonyl)propionate and the like; carbonates such as methyl ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, vinyl, benzyl and the like; carbamates such as methyl, isobutyl, phenyl, benzyl, dimethyl, and the like; and sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, toluenesulfonate and the like. Commonly used catechol derivatives include cyclic acetals and ketals such as methylene acetal, acetonide derivatives, cyclohexylidene ketal, diphenylmethylene ketal and the like; cyclic esters such as borate esters, cyclic carbonate esters and the like.

The condensation of amino groups (such as those present in the certain of the compounds of this invention) with amino acids and peptides may be effected in accordance with conventional condensation methods such as the azide method, the mixed acid anhydride method, the DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) method, the active ester method ( p-nitrophenyl ester method, N-hydroxysuccinic acid imide ester method, cyanomethyl ester method and the like), the Woodward reagent K method, the DCC-HOBT (1-hydroxy-benzotriazole) method and the like. Classical methods for amino acid condensation reactions are described in "Peptide Synthesis" Second Edition, M. Bodansky, Y.S. Klausner and M.A. Ondetti (1976).

As in conventional peptide synthesis, branched chain amino and carboxyl groups at alpha and omega positions in amino acids may be protected and deprotected if necessary. The protecting groups for amino groups which can be used involve, for example, benzyioxycarbonyl (Z), o-chloro-benzyloxycarbonyl ((2-CI)Z), p- nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(N02)), p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(OMe)), t- butoxycarbonyl (Boc), t-amyloxycarbonyl (Aoc), isobomealoxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), 2-(4-biphenyl)-2-propyloxy carbonyl (Bpoc), 9-

fluorenyimethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), methylsulfonylethoxy carbonyl (Msc), trifluoroacetyl, phthalyl, formyl, 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl (Nps), diphenylphosphinothioyl (Ppt) and dimethylphosphinothioyl (Mpt).

The examples of protecting groups for carboxyl groups involve, for example, benzyl ester (OBn), cyclohexyl ester, 4-nitrobenzyl ester (OBnN02), t-butyl ester (OtBu), 4-pyridylmethyl ester (OPic) and the like.

In the course of the synthesis of certain of the compounds of the present invention, specific amino acids having functional groups other than amino and carboxyl groups in the branched chain such as arginine, cysteine, serine and the like may be protected, if necessary, with suitable protecting groups. It is preferable that, for example, the guanidino group (N^) in arginine may be protected with nitro, p- toluenesulfonyl (Tos), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), adamantyloxycarbonyl (Adoc), p- methoxybenzenesulfonyl, 4-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-benzenesulfonyl (Mts) and the like, and the thiol group in cysteine may be protected with benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, triphenylmethyl, acetomidomethyl, ethylcarbamyl, 4-methylbenzyl (4-MeBn, 2,4,6,- trimethylbenzyl (Tmb) and the like, and the hydroxy group in serine may be protected with benzyl (Bn), t-butyl, acetyl, tetrahydropyranyl (THP) and the like.

Scheme I A

The compounds of Formula I A and I B are synthesized by the method discussed herein. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (which has the two catechol hydroxy groups protected by, for example, alkyl groups preferably methyl groups) and a substituted acetic acid derivative, such as phenyl acetic acid, are condensed in the presence of a dehydrating agent, such as acetic anhydride, and a proton acceptor such as triethylamine (TEA) to give compound 2. The carboxylic acid (or acid derivative such as the methyl or ethyl ester) of compound 2 is reduced by a reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) preferably in an ether solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF). The leaving group ability of the hydroxyl group of compound 3 is enhanced by derivatizing it with, for example, methanesulfonyl chloride, in the presence of a proton acceptor such as TEA, and it is then converted to the cyano compound 4 by nucleophilic displacement with a salt of cyanic acid such as sodium cyanide in a polar solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cyano group is hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acid group under basic conditions using, for example,

aqueous sodium hydroxide, and the naphthalenone derivative (compound 5) is prepared by intramolecular acylation of the protected catechol ring using a dehydrating agent such as polyphosphoric acid or methanesulfonic acid/ tri- fluoroacetic acid. Compound 5 is converted to the corresponding cyanohydrin by treatment with a nucleophilic cyano derivative such as trimethylsilylcyanide and the cyano alcohol is reduced to the amine (compound 6) by treatment with a reducing agent such as LAH, preferably in a ether solvent such as diethyl ether. The 1 -hydroxyl group is eliminated from compound 6 by heating it under acidic conditions, e.g. in isopropyl alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid, to produce the dihydronaphthalene derivative (compound 7). Compound I A is produced when the catechol hydroxyl groups of compound 7 are deprotected with, for example, boron tribromide or boron trichloride in an inert solvent such as dichioroethane or methyiene chloride. Compound 7 is also hydrogenated to the corresponding tetrahydronaphthalene derivative in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium or platinum on carbon and then deprotected with e.g. boron tribromide or boron trichloride to produce IB. In the preferred embodiments of compounds I A and I B, R ³ is phenyl or cyclohexyl and X is bromo or chloro.

Scheme I B

The compounds of Formula I are alternately synthesized by the method discussed herein. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde with both the catechol hydroxyl protected as described in Example I and the aldehyde group derivatized as its dithiane is treated with a base such as n-butyl lithium to generate the anion (compound 8), and condensed with an alpha-beta unsaturated acid derivative such as ethyl cinnamate in the presence of dimet-hyl-2-imidizolidinone to produce compound 9. The dithiane group is removed from compound 9 by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as Raney nickel and converted to compound 5 as described in Scheme IA. Compound 5 is further converted to IA and IB as described in Scheme IA.

Scheme II

The compounds of Formulas II A and II B are prepared by the method illustrated in Scheme II. The naphthalenones of Formula 5 are treated sequentially with a

suitable base such as lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and a haloacetic acid ester, for example ethyl bromoacetate, to afford the compounds of Formula 10. Compounds of Formula 10 are converted to compounds of Formula 11 by treatment with diethylaluminum cyanide under anhydrous conditions, followed by cyclization in aqueous mineral acid, for example aqueous hydrochloric acid. Compounds of Formula 11 are reduced using a suitable reagent such as LAH followed by elimination with an acid such as hydrogen chloride in isopropanol to afford compounds of Formula 12. Compounds of Formula 12 are treated with a suitable reagent for removal of the catechol protecting groups, for example boron tribromide, to yield the compounds of Formula II A.

Alternately, compounds of Formula 11 are converted to compounds of Formula 13 by treatment with a mineral acid in anhydrous alcohol. The compounds of Formula 13 are, in turn, converted to compounds of Formula 14 by treatment with magnesium followed by aqueous mineral acid and reduction using a suitable reagent such as LAH. The compounds of Formula 14 are then treated with a suitable reagent for the removal of the catechol protecting groups, for example boron tribromide to afford the compounds of Formula II B.

Scheme HI

Compounds of Formulas III A - III E are synthesized by the methods illustrated in Scheme III. Naphthalenones of Formula 5 are alkylated to afford the compounds of Formula 15 by treatment with a suitable base(for example lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and a suitable alkylating agent such as allyl bromide. The compounds of Formula 15 are converted to the compounds of Formula 16 by sequential treatment with trimethylsilyl cyanide and a suitable reducing agent such as LAH. The compounds of Formula 16 are, in turn, cyclized to the compounds of Formula 17 by treatment with a suitably reactive carbonic acid derivative such as 1 ,1'- carbonyldiimidazole.

Compounds of Formula III A are prepared by reduction of compounds of Formula 17 with a suitable reagent (for example by hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium on carbon), followed by treatment with a suitable reagent for removal of the catechol protecting groups such as boron tribromide resulting in simultaneous elimination of carbon dioxide to afford the desired amines.

Compounds of Formula III B are prepared by hydrogenation of compounds of Formula 17 using a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide on carbon, followed by treatment with a suitable reagent for removal of the catechol protecting groups such as boron tribromide.

Compounds of Formulas III C, III D and III E are prepared from compounds of Formula 20. Compounds of Formula 17 are converted to compounds of Formula 20 by hydroboration/oxidation under standard conditions. Compounds of Formula 20 are converted to compounds of Formula III C by treatment with 3 equivalents of boron tribromide. Compounds of Formula 20 are converted to compounds of Formula III D by treatment with 4.5 equivalents of boron tribromide. Compounds of Formula 20 are converted to compounds of Formula III E by reductive opening of the oxazolidinone ring followed by treatment with a suitable reagent for removal of the catechol protecting groups such as boron tribromide.

Scheme IV

The compounds of Formula IV A, IV B and IV C are synthesized by the method discussed herein. A catechol (compound 22 wherein R1 is selected from alkyl groups such as methyl or both R1 groups together form a spiro cycloalkyl group such as cyclohexyl) is reacted in the presence of a base, such as n-butyl lithium, with an epoxide such as compound 23 (wherein R4 and R5 are hydrogen and R ³ is preferably selected from cyclohexyl, phenyl, ethyl, p-methoxyphenoxymethyl, phenoxymethyl, o- phenylphenoxymethyl, p-t-butylphenoxymethyl, p-bromophenoxymethyl, adamantyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, n-octyl, n-hexyl, 1-hex-5-enyl, n-decyl, t-butyl or benzyloxymethyl; or R5 is hydrogen and R ³ and R ⁴ together form a spiro cycloalkyl group such as cyclohexyl; or R ⁴ is hydrogen and R ³ and R5 together form a cycloalkyl group fused to the epoxide ring, such as cyclohexyl) to produce compound 24.

Compound 24 can be oxidized to the corresponding ketone with an oxidizing agent such as pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and the resultant ketone can be stereoselectively reduced with, for example, B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane (as described in Example 46) to give the optically active isomers of compound 24.

Compound 24 is condensed with a bromoaldehyde such as bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal or 3-bromopropionaldehyde dimethyl acetal to form the substituted benzopyran derivative 26. Compound 26 is converted to compound 27 by treatment

with a nucleophilic azide such as lithium azide in a polar solvent such as dimethyl formamide, followed by reduction of the azido compound , for example with LAH. Compound 27 is converted to IV A by generation of the amine salt in acidic solution and deprotection of the catechol hydroxyl groups in acid solution. Compound 27 is converted to compound IV B by treatment with ethyl formate followed by reduction with, for example LAH and generation of the amine salt with deprotection of the catechol hydroxyl groups in acidic solution. Compound 26 is converted to IV C by treatment with an amine such as allyl amine, cyclopropylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine or pyrrolidine, followed by deprotection of the catechol hydroxyl groups and generation of the amine salt in acidic solution. In the case wherein the epoxide 23 is substituted with a benzyloxymethyl group (i.e. R ³ = benzyloxymethyl), R ³ is further elaborated as shown in Scheme V.

Scheme V

The compounds of Formula V A, V B, V C, V D and V E are synthesized by the methods illustrated in Scheme V. R1 is defined in Scheme IV. Compound of Formula 28 are alkylated with an epoxide of Formula 29 (wherein Bn is benzyl, z is an integer from 0 to 6, and R ¹² is a substituent selected from the group R ³ ) to afford compounds of Formula 30. Compounds of Formula 30 are condensed with N-formylamino- acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of a catalyst selected from boron trifluoride etherate, zinc triflate, trimethylsilyl triflate, methanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid and polyphosphoric acid to afford the isochromans of Formula 31. The formyl group is removed and replaced with a t-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group and the hydroxy group is deprotected preferably by hydrogenoiysis to afford the compounds of Formula 32.

Compounds of Formula V A are prepared by removal of the amino and catechol protecting groups from the compounds of Formula 32 in acidic solution. Compounds of Formula V B are prepared from the compounds of Formula 32 by the following sequence of reactions: activation of the hydroxymethyl group, for example by reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride; displacement with a nucleophilic azide such as lithium azide to give the azidomethyl compound; followed by reduction of the azido group to give the compounds of Formula 33 and deprotection of the amine and the catechol hydroxyls with an acid such as hydrochloric acid in alcohol.

Compounds of Formula V C are prepared from the compounds of Formula 33 by acetylation of the free amino group followed by simultaneous removal of the amine and catechol protecting groups in acidic solution.

Alternately, compounds of Formula 31 are converted to compounds of Formula 34 by hydrogenolysis followed by activation of the hydroxymethyl group, for example by reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride and displacement with a nucleophilic azide such as lithium azide. The compounds of Formula 34 are, in turn, converted to compounds of Formula V D by reduction of the for yl group and the azido group followed by removal of the catechol protecting groups in acidic solution. The compounds of FormuJa 34 are also converted to the compounds of Formula V E by reduction of the azido group, formylation of the free amino, simultaneous reduction of both formyl groups to methylamino groups and treatment with a suitable reagent for the removal of the catechol protecting groups.

Alternately, compounds of Formula 32 are converted to V F by activation of the 3- hydroxymethyl group, for example by reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride followed by displacement with a nucleophilic amine, NHR9R10 ₍ in which R9 and R10 are independently selected from H and lower alkyl or R9 and R 0 together form a ring containing a nitrogen atom such as pyrrolinyl or piperidinyl or morpholino, followed by deprotection of the amino group and the catechol hydroxyls in acidic solution.

Scheme VI

According to reaction Scheme VI A, compounds of Formula 35, wherein R1 is as defined in Scheme IV, are converted to compounds of Formula 36 by treatment with oxalyl chloride followed by treatment with O-methyl N-methyl hydroxylamine. Compounds of Formula 36 reacted with furan in the presence of a suitable base such as n-butyl lithium to afford the compounds of Formula 37. The furan ring and the ketone are then reduced, for example by hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium on carbon to afford the compounds of Formula 24. Compounds of Formula 24 are valuable intermediates and can be converted to the isochroman and isothiochroman compounds of the present invention by any of the methods shown in Schemes IV, V, VII and VIII.

According to Scheme VI B, compounds of Formula 38, wherein R1 is as defined in Scheme IV, are converted to compounds of Formula 24 by treatment with lithium

acetylide-ethylenediamine complex in a polar solvent such as DMSO. Compounds of Formula 24 are valuable intermediates and can be converted to the isochroman and isothiochroman compounds of the present invention by any of the methods shown in Schemes IV, V, VII and VIII.

Scheme VII

Compounds of Formulas VII A - VII D are synthesized by the methods illustrated in Scheme VII. Compounds of Formula 41 are prepared by oxidation of Compounds of Formula 24 with a suitable reagent such as pyridinium chlorochromate. Compounds of Formula 41 are treated with formaldehyde in the presence of a suitable base such as sodium hydroxide to afford the hydroxymethyl compounds of Formula 42. The compounds of Formula 42 are, in turn, reacted with a reagent suitable for protection of the hydroxyl group, for example (1 ,1-dimethyl)ethyldiphenylsilyl chloride in the presence of a suitable base, for example dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), followed by treatment with a suitable reducing agent such as sodium borohydride to afford the compounds of Formula 43. The compounds of Formula 43 are converted to the isochromans of Formula 44 by treatment with N-formylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal. The formyl group is reduced with a suitable reagent such as LAH and the hydroxy group is treated with an appropriate reagent for removal of the silyl protecting group, for example tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, and finally the catechol hydroxyl groups are deprotected to afford the compounds of Formula VII A.

The compounds of Formula VII B are prepared by treatment of the compounds of Formula 44 with a suitable reagent for the removal of the silyl protecting group, followed by simultaneous hydrolysis of the formyl group and the catechol hydroxy protecting groups.

Alternately ^" , the compounds of Formula 43 are cyclized to the compounds of Formula 45 by condensation with bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetate followed by displacement of the bromine atom with a nucleophilic azido compound such as lithium azide to afford the compounds of Formula 45. The compounds of Formula 45 are converted to the compounds of Formula VII C by deprotection followed by activation of the hydroxymethyl group, for example by reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride, and displacement with a nucleop iiic azide such as lithium azide to give the azidomethyl compound, followed by reduction of both azido groups with LAH and deprotection of

the catechol hydraxyls with an acid such as hydrochloric acid in alcohol. The compounds of Formula 45 are converted to the compounds of Formula VII D by the following series of reactions: 1 ) reduction of the azido group with a suitable reagent, for example LAH, 2) protection of the amino group with, for example a t-butylcarbonyl group, 3) deprotection and 4) activation of the hydroxy group by treatment with a suitable reagent, for example methanesulfonyl chloride, 5) displacement of the activated hydroxy group with a nucleophilic azido compound such as lithium azide, 6) reduction of the azido group with a suitable reagent such as LAH, 7) acetylation of the free amino group, 8) removal of the amino protecting group and 8) removal of the catechol hydroxy protecting groups.

Scheme VIII

The compounds of Formula VIII are synthesized by the methods illustrated in Scheme VIII. Intermediates of Formula 24 are converted to the corresponding thio compounds of Formula 40 by treatment with triphenylphosphine and diisopropylazodicarboxylate, followed by treatment with thioacetic acid to afford an intermediate thiolacetate which was reduced using a suitable reagent such as LAH. The compounds of Formula 40 are valuable intermediates and are converted to the compounds of Formula VIII and the thio equivalents of compounds IV, V, VI and VII by the methods illustrated in Schemes IV - VII.

Scheme IX

The compounds of Formula IX A and IX B are synthesized by the method discussed herein. R1 , R ² and R ³ are defined in Scheme I. Compound 5 is converted to the cyanohydrin by treatment with a nucleophilic cyano derivative such as trimethyisilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalyst such as aluminum trichloride. The cyanohydrin is dehydrated to the α,β-unsaturated nitrile by treatment with a dehydrating agent such as TFA/p-toluenesulfonic acid and the unsaturated nitrile reduced to the saturated nitrile (compound 46) by treatment with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. The nitrile group is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid group (compound 47) and the acid converted to the N-methoxy-N-methyl amide 48 by sequential treatment with a chlorinating agent, such as oxalyl chloride, to generate the

acid chloride, and N-methoxymethylamine. Compound 48 is converted to a mixture of the diastereomeric pyrrolidinyl derivatives 49 and 50 by treatment with 2,2,5,5- tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane-1 -propyl magnesium bromide followed by reduction with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride, and the diastereomers are separated chromatographically. The separated isomers 49 and 50 are converted to IX A and IX B, respectively, by treatment with boron trihalide, preferably boron tribromide.

Scheme X

The compounds X A and X B are synthesized by the method discussed herein. R1 - R ³ are defined in Scheme I. Compound 5 is converted to compound 51 by treatment with dimethyl succinate in the presence of a base such as potassium t- butoxide. Compound 51 is reduced to the corresponding 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaph- thalene and the tricyclic ring system is formed by treating compound 51 , with a dehydrating agent such as polyphosphoric acid. Four isomeric products are obtained. Two of the isomers, compounds 52 and 53, are carried on to X A and X B, respectively. Reduction of the 3-keto group of compounds 52 and 53 with, for example hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon support is followed by hydrolysis of the ester in basic solution to give compounds 54 and 55, respectively. Compounds 54 and 55 are each treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide and benzyl alcohol in the presence of a base such as triethylamine to give the carbobenzyloxy protected amino derivatives, which are deprotected by hydrogenolysis using, for example, palladium on carbon support as a catalyst, and demethylation using, for example, boron tribromide to give X A and X B.

Scheme XI

The compounds of Formula XI are synthesized by the method described herein. R1 - R ³ are defined in Scheme I. Compound 5 is converted to the α-bromoketone by treatment with a brominating agent such as phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide. The bromide undergoes nucleophilic displacement, for example, with the anion of thiophenol to give the α-thiophenylketone compound 56. The ketone is reduced to the alcohol with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride and the hydroxy group is

eliminated with a dehydrating agent such as p-toluenesulfonic acid to give the thio- enolether. The sulfur atom of the thio-enoiether is oxidized to the sulfoxide with an oxidizing agent such as mCPBA to give compound 57. The amine component is made by a nucleophilic displacement on chloromethyltrimethylsilane by an amine (compound 58), such as benzylamine. The imine is formed by treatment of the amine with an aldehyde such as formaldehyde and then an alcohol, such as methanol, is added to form the alkoxymethyl amine compound 60. Compound 60 is then reacted with the sulfoxide (compound 57) in the presence of an acid, such as TFA to generate the azomethine ylid in situ which traps the activated double bond of the α, β- unsaturated sulfoxide to give a 1 ,3-dipolar addition adduct which, on heating, spontaneously undergoes elimination to give the cyclization/eiimination product, compound 61. The nitrogen can be deprotected by treatment with an acylating agent, such as 1-chloroethylchloroformate followed by acyl group removal with a nucleophile, such as methanol to give compound 62. The catechol is deprotected by treatment with a boron trihalide, preferably boron tribromide to give XI.

Scheme XII

The compounds of Formulas XII A, XII B and XII C are synthesized by the methods described herein. R ¹ and R ³ are defined in Scheme I. Compounds of the Formula 12 are reduced by catalytic hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide to afford the compounds of Formula 63. The compounds of Formula 63 are treated with a suitable reagent for protecting the amino group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl chloride, followed by a suitable reagent for activating the hydroxyl group such as methanesulfonyl chloride to afford the compounds of Formula

64. The compounds of Formula 64 are, in turn, cyclized by treatment with a suitable base for example sodium hydride in DMF and deprotected with acid, for example by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford the compounds of Formula XII B.

Alternately, the compounds of Formula 12 are converted to the compounds of Formula 65 by treatment with a suitable reagent for protecting the amino group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl chloride, followed by a suitable reagent for activating the hydroxyl group such as methanesulfonyl chloride to afford the compounds of Formula

65. The compounds of Formula 65 are, in turn, cyclized by treatment with a suitable

base for example sodium hydride in DMF and deprotected with acid, for example by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford the compounds of Formula

XII A.

The compounds of Formula 11 are treated with a suitable reducing agent such as LAH to afford the compounds of Formula 66. The compounds of Formula 66 are treated with an appropriately reactive carbonic acid derivative, for example carbonyl diimidazole to afford the oxazolidinones of Formula 67. The compounds of Formula 67 are reduced by catalytic hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide to afford the compounds of Formula 68. The compounds of Formula 68 are treated with a suitable reagent for protecting the amino group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl chloride, followed by a suitable reagent for activating the hydroxyl group such as methanesulfonyl chloride to afford the compounds of Formula 69. The compounds of Formula 69 are, in turn, cyclized by treatment with a suitable base for example sodium hydride in DMF and deprotected with acid, for example by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford the compounds of Formula XII C.

Scheme XIII

The compounds of Formulas XIII A and XIII B are synthesized by the methods described herein. R ¹ and R ³ are defined in Scheme I. The compounds of Formula 20 are treated with a suitable acid such as hydrogen chloride in a suitable solvent, for example isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol or diethyl ether, in order to open the oxazolidinone ring with the elimination of carbon dioxide. The resultant amino alcohols are treated with a suitable reagent for protecting the amino group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl chloride, followed by a suitable reagent for activating the hydroxyl group such as methanesulfonyl chloride to afford the compounds of Formula 70. The compounds of Formula 70 are, in turn, cyclized by treatment with a suitable base for example sodium hydride in DMF and deprotected with acid, for example by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford the compounds of Formula

XIII A.

The compounds of Formula 21 are treated with a suitable reagent for protecting the amino group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl chloride, followed by a suitable reagent for activating the hydroxyl group such as methanesulfonyl chloride to afford the compounds of Formula 71. The compounds of Formula 71 are, in turn, cyclized by

treatment with a suitable base for example sodium hydride in DMF and deprotected with acid, for example by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford the compounds of Formula XIII B.

Scheme XIV

The compounds of Formulas XIV A and XIV B are synthesized by the methods described herein. Compounds of Formula 5 are converted to compounds of Formula 72 by treatment with dimethyl malonate in the presence of a base such as potassium t- butoxide. The tricyciic ring system is formed by treating a compound of Formula 72, with an acid such as polyphosphoric acid, followed by reduction of the keto group with, for example, triethylsilane in trifluoroacetic acid to afford a compound of Formula 73. Hydrolysis of the ester group in basic solution affords compounds of Formula 74. Compounds of Formula 74 are treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide and benzyl alcohol in the presence of a base such as triethylamine to give the carbobenzyloxy protected amino derivatives, which are deprotected along with the catechol hydroxyl groups using, for example, hydrogen bromide in acetic acid to give XIV A.

Alternately the compounds of Formula 72 are reduced by catalytic hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide to afford the compounds of Formula 75. The compounds of Formula 75 are, in turn, converted to the compounds of Formula XIV B by the same series of chemical tranformations described above for the conversion of compounds of Formula 72 to compounds of Formula XIV A.

Scheme XV

The compounds of Formulas XV A and XV B are synthesized by the methods described herein. R ¹ and R ³ are defined in Scheme I. The compounds of Formula 5 are converted to compounds of Formula 51 by treatment with dimethyl succinate in the presence of a base such as potassium t-butoxide. The compounds of Formula 51 are, in turn, treated with a suitable reducing agent for reducing the acid, for example borane, to afford the corresponding hydroxy compounds of Formula 78. The compounds of Formula 78 are treated with a suitable reagent to activate the hydroxyl group, for example methanesulfonyl chloride, followed by displacement with a nucleophic cyano derivative such as sodium cyanide to afford the compounds of

Formula 79. The tricyclic ring structure is formed by an intramolecular Houben-Hoesch reaction using hydrogen chloride and zinc dichloride to give the compounds of Formula 80. Reduction of the keto group using, for example, triethylsilane in trifluoroacetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group in basic solution affords compounds of Formula 81. Compounds of Formula 81 are treated with diphenylphosphoryl azide and benzyl alcohol in the presence of a base such as triethylamine to give the carbobenzyloxy protected amino derivatives, which are deprotected along with the catechol hydroxyls using, for example, hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to give XV A.

Alternately the compounds of Formula 78 are reduced by catalytic hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide to afford the compounds of Formula 82. The compounds of Formula 82 are, in turn, converted to the compounds of Formula XV B by the same series of chemical tranformations described above for the conversion of compounds of Formula 78 to compounds of Formula XIV A.

Scheme XVI

The process illustrated in Reaction Scheme XVI is a novel and practical method for ring closure in the synthesis of the isochroman and thioisochroman compounds of the present invention. Compounds of the Formula 24 are condensed with either N- formylamino-acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal or 3-(N-formylamino)-propionaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of an acid catalyst to afford the compounds of Formula XVI. The reaction is carried out in an inert solvent, for example a chlorinated solvent such as methylene chloride or 1 ,2-dichloroethane, an ether solvent such as diethyl ether or THF, or a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile. The reaction is carried out in the temperature range of from about 0°C to about 100°C. The preferred reaction temperature is determined by the choice of solvent, the choice of catalyst and the amount of catalyst present. In general, reactions in chlorinated solvents are carried out at lower temperatures than reactions in more polar solvents and larger amounts of catalyst require lower reaction temperatures.The formylamino reagent (compounds of Formula 86) is present in the reaction mixture at from about 1 to about 4 equivalents, preferably from about 1.5 to about 2.0 equivalents. The catalyst is preferably selected from boron trifluoride etherate, trimethylsilyl triflate, zinc triflate, polyphosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid. The amount of catalyst present in

the reaction mixture depends on the catalyst used, the solvent and reaction temperature. Generally, the catalyst is present in the range of from about 1 mole % to about 3 equivalents. Most preferably the reaction is carried with either 1 mole % trimethylsilyl triflate in refluxing acetonitrile or with 5 mole % boron trifluoride etherate in refluxing acetonitrile. The reactions are monitored by TLC analysis to determine the optimum reaction time for good yields with minimum product degradation and this time varies with choice of solvent, catalyst and reaction temperature.

The compounds of Formula XVI are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of the compounds of Formula I in which A is an oxygen or a sulfur atom (isochromans and thioisochromans). Compounds of Formula XVI can be either hydrolyzed or reduced to give certain compounds of Formula I directly. Alternately, the formyl group can be replaced with an amtno protecting group and the intermediate further modified to give other compounds of Formula I, for example as illustrated in Scheme V below.

Scheme I A

Scheme I B

3 steps

3 steps

Scheme II

2 steps

2 steps

ΠA

ΠB

Scheme

Scheme IV

Scheme V

Scheme VI A

24 R ³ = tetrahydrofuranyl 37

Scheme VI B

24 R = propargyl

Scheme VII

2 steps

Scheme VIII

Scheme IX

Scheme X

3 steps

XA

XB

Scheme XI

Scheme XII

Scheme XIII

3 steps

2 steps

2 steps ' ^° tC .OMs

NHCBZ

2 steps

XIII B

Scheme XIV

72 75

2 steps

2 steps

3 steps 3 steps

Scheme XV

Scheme XVI

NHCHO

24 86 AisOorS

NHCHO

The foregoing may be better understood by reference to the following examples which are provided for the illustration and not the limitation of the invention.

Example 1

S.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-1 ,2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalen-1 -one

Method A

Step 1 ; fE,Z)-3-f2',3'-Pi 9t Pxyp 9nyl)-2-p 9nylprop9npic acid

A solution of 202 g (1.21 mol) of 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co.), 200 g (1.47 mol) of phenyl acetic acid (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co.), 600 mL of acetic anhydride and 204 mL (1.46 mol) of triethylamine (TEA) was heated at reflux temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and 1 L of water was added, followed by the addition of 2 L of ethyl acetate and another 4 L of water. The layers were separated and the organic layer was extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The combined aqueous layers were acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with 4 L of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 250 g (72% yield) of the title compound as a 30 70 mixture of the E and Z isomers, m.p. 115-160°C; DCI MS: 285 (M+H)+, 302 (M+NH4)+.

Step 2: 3-(2'.3'-DimethoxvDhenvn-2-phenvlpropanol

A solution of 15 g (395 mmol) of lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) in 500 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was cooled to 0°C. A solution of (E,Z)-3-(2',3'- dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropenoic acid (50 g, 176 mmol), from step 1 , in 100 mL of THF was added to the LAH solution dropwise over a 30 min period. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2 hand then cooled to 0°C . The reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of 15 mL of water, 15 mL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 45 mL of water. The precipitate was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 46.6 g (97% yield) of the title compound as an oil; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.8-.19 (m, 1H),

2.1-2.2 (m, 1 H), 2.7-2.95 (m, 1H), 3.0-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.8 (m, 1 H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.63 (d, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1 H), 6.9 (t, 1 H), 7.15-7.4 (m, 5H).

Step 3: 3-f2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-2-phenvlpropane 1 -methanesulfonate

3-(2',3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropanol (41.5 g, 152 mmol), from step 2, and 30.5 g (301 mmol) of TEA were dissolved in 300 mL of THF. Methanesulfonyl chloride (34.5 g, 301 mmol) was added slowly to this solution at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After stirring the reaction mixture for 1 h at ambient temperature, it was diluted with 300 mL of diethyl ether and washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 40.8 g (76% yield) of 3- (2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropane 1 -methanesulfonate as an oil; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 2.7 (s, 3H), 2.96 (dd, 1 H), 3.1 (dd, 1 H), 3.35-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.78

(s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 6.62 (dd, 1H), 6.77 (dd, 1H), 6.9 (t, 1H), 7.2- 7.35 (m, 5H).

Step 4: 4-(2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-3-phenvlbutanenitrile

3-(2 ^* ,3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)2-phenylpropane 1 -methanesulfonate (40.5 g, 116 mmol), from step 3, and 17 g (347 mmol) of sodium cyanide were dissolved in 100 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the resultant solution was heated to 80°C. After being stirred at 80°C for 18 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with water and brine. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give 25 g (77% yield) of the title compound as an oil; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.56

(d, 2H), 3.02 (d, 1H), 3.05 (d, 1H), 3.25-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 6.65 (dd, 1H), 6.8 (dd, 1H), 6.93 (t, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

Step 5: 4-f2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-3-pheπvlbutvric acid

4-(2',3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutanenitrile (20 g, 71 mmol), from Step 4, was dissolved in 1.5 L of ethanol. Sodium hydroxide (20 g, 0.5 mol) and 200 mL of water were added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 24 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and 1 L of water plus 1 L of methylene chloride were added to the residue. The layers were separated

and the organic layer discarded. The aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with 3 L of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 21 g (98% yield) of the title compound as an oil; ^" I H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.6-2.7 (m, 2H), 2.9 (d, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H),

3.82 (s, 3H), 6.6 (dd, 1H), 6.73 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (t, 1H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 5H).

Step 6: 5.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalen-1-one

4-(2\3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyric acid (37 g, 123 mmol), from Step 5, was added dropwise to 200 g of polyphosphoric acid heated to 100°C. The resultant mixture was stirred and heated at 100°C for 0.25 h. A mixture of 100 g of ice and 200 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture. The precipitate which formed was filtered, washed with 3 X 75 mL of water and dissolved in 300 mL of methylene chloride. The methylene chloride solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 28 g (81% yield) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 _f 2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one, m.p; 127- 128°C; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.75-3.0 (m, 3H), 3.3-3.5 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.93 (d, 1 H), 7.25-7.4 (m, 5H), 7.9 (d, 1H).

Method B

Step 1 : 2-f2 ^* .3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-1.3-dithiane

A solution of 49.5 g (298 mmol) of 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 48.4 g (447 mmol) of propane-1 ,3-dithiol in 800 mL of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C. Boron trifluoride etherate (7.5 mL, 61 mmol) was added dropwise to the cooled solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 h, then at ambient temperature for 18 h. The methylene chloride solution was washed with 2 X 200 mL of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, 200 mL of water and 100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give 75 g (98% yield) of 2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1 ,3-dithiane, m.p. 119-120°C; ^" Η NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.8-2.0 (m, 1H), 2.1-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, 1H), 2.91 (t, 1H), 3.05-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 6.86 (dd, 1 H), 7.07 (t, 1 H), 7.19 (dd, 1 H).

Step 2; Ethyl 4-(2',3'-dimgthPχγp gπyl)-4-(r,3''-ςiit iaπg)-3-pheπylbutyrate

A solution of 2-(2' _f 3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1 ,3-dithiane (57 g, 222 mmol), from Step 1 , in 273 mL of dry THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added 92.2 mL of a 2.5 M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred for 0.75 h at -78°C. 1 ,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (75 mL, 686 mmol), commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company, was added to the reaction mixture in one portion, followed by 39 g (221 mmol) of ethyl cinnamate (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company) added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at -78°C then quenched with 50 mL of 10% aqueous acetic acid and allowed to warm to 0°C. The reaction mixture was diluted with 150 mL of diethyl ether and the layers separated. The organic layer was washed with 2 X 100 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 100 mL of water and 100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give a crude oily product. The crude product was crystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to give 32 g (48% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 125-126°C. A second crop of crystals yielded an additional 11 g (total yield 59%) of ethyl 4-(2 ^, ,3 ^, -dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(1",3"-dithiane)-3- phenylbutyrate, m.p. 124.5-125°C; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 0.8 (t, 3H), 1.75-1.9 (m,

2H), 2.5-2.85 (m, 4H), 3.05-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 4.0 (s, 3H), 4.45-4.5 (m, 1H), 6.8-6.9 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.4 (m, 6H).

Step 3: Ethvl 4-f2'.3'-dimethoxvphenvn-3-phenvlbutvrate

Ethyl 4-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(r,3"-dithiane)-3-phenylbutyrate (14.5 g, 39 mmol), from Step 2, and 145 g Raney nickel and 300 mL of absolute ethanol were mixed together and heated at reflux temperature under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 3.25 h. The stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to cool slightly before the solvent was decanted from the catalyst. An additional 300 mL of absolute ethanol was added to the catalyst and the mixture stirred and heated to reflux. The stirring was again stopped and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool slightly before the solvent was decanted from the catalyst. The combined supernatants were filtered through Celite® filter aid and concentrated in vacuo to give 10.8 g (97% yield) of ethyl 4-(2\3'- dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate as a clear oil; H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.11 (t,

3H), 3.07 (dd, 1H), 3.35 (dd, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 3H), 6.65 (dd, 1H), 6.77 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (t, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

Step 4: 4-(2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-3-phenvlbutvric acid

Ethyl 4-(2\3 ^, -dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate (40.3 g, 123 mmol), from Step 3, was dissolved in 400 mL of methanol and 62 mL of 3 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was partitioned between 300 mL of diethyl ether and 200 mL of water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 6 with 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and extracted with 3 X 200 mL of diethyl ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 37 g (100% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil. The ¹ H NMR spectrum was identical to the spectrum reported for the product of Step 5 of Method A, Example 1.

Step 5: 5.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalen-1-one

4-(2',3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyric acid (13.3 g, 44.3 mmol), from Step 4, was treated with 14 mL (216 mmol) of methanesulfonic acid and 200 mL of trifluoroacetic acid at 60°C for 1.5 h. After cooling the reaction mixture, the trifluoroacetic acid was removed in vacuo and ice water was added to the residue. Methylene chloride was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was recrystallized three times from methanol to give 9.6 g (77% yield) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydrpnaphthalen-1-one, m.p. 126-128°C; ¹ H NMR spectrum was identical to the spectrum reported for the product of Step 6 of Method A, Example 1.

Example 2

1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene

Step 1 : 1-Aminomethvl-5.β-dimethoxv-1-hvdroxv-3-phenvl-1.2.3.4- tetrahydronap thalene

5,6-Dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one (14.6 g, 51.7 mmol), from Example 1 , 24 mL of acetonitrile, 10.3 g (104 mmol) of trimethylsilylcyanide, commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company, and 100 mg of aluminum chloride were mixed together and heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated. The residue was added dropwise to a solution of 4.3 g (113 mmol) of lithium aluminum hydride in 101 mL of diethyl ether. After the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 h, 4.3 mL of water was added dropwise, followed by 4.3 mL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, followed by a second 4.3 mL of water. The reaction mixture was stirred until a granular precipitate formed. The solid was filtered and washed with 3 X 80 mL of methylene chloride. The filtrate was concentrated and the resultant solid was triturated with ethyl acetate/hexane to give 11.9 g (73% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 175-176°C; 1H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.03 (t, 1H), 2.28 (dt, 1H),

2.65 (dd, 1H), 2.83 (dd, 1H), 2.95-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.28 (dd, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 6.87 (d, 1 H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 6H).

Ste ^p 2: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxv-3-phenyl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene hvdrochloride

1 -Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1 -hydroxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene (11.5 g, 37 mmol), from Step 1 , was heated at reflux temperature in 300 mL of isopropyl alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid for 2 h. The resultant solution was concentrated and the solid residue was triturated with hot toluene to give 10.6 g (98% yield) of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3- phenyl-3,4-dihydroπaphthalene hydrochloride, m.p. 189.5-190°C; H NMR {OQ-

DMSO) δ 2.78 (dd, 1H), 3.11 (dd, 1H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H + H ₂ 0), 3.6 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.93 (d, 1H), 6.1 (d, 1H), 6.93 (d, 1H), 7.12 (d, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

Step 3; 1-Amiπpmgthyl-5.6-dihγdrpχy-3-phgπyl-3,4-dihydroπaphtha lβπe hvdrobromide ^Example 2A)

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne hydrochloride (6.0 g, 20.2 mmol), from Step 2, was suspended in 200 mL of methylene chloride and boron tribromide ( 90.5 mL of 1 M solution of BBr3 in methylene chloride) was added dropwise while the reaction mixture was being cooled (to -78°C) in a dry ice/acetone bath. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0°C and stirred for 0.5 h, then again cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. Methanol (50 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture, which was allowed to warm to ambient temperature then concentrated in vacuo. Methanol was added to the residue and the solution was reconcentrated. This residue was dissolved in a small amount of methanol and the methanol solution was added to 700 mL of diethyl ether. The precipitate which formed was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and recrystallized from methanol/ether to give 2.5 g (45% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 223-225°C. H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.68

(dd, 1H), 3.09 (dd, 1H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.9 (s, 2H), 5.97 (d, 1H), 6.69 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.35 (m, 5H), 8.1 (brs, 3H), 8.4 (s, 1H), 9.5 (s, 1H).

Step 4: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenyl-3.4-dihvdronaρhthalene hydrochloride ^Example 2B^

A slurry of 10 g (25 mmol) of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4- dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride, from Step 2, in 150 mL of 1,2- dichloroethane vyas cooled to 10°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Boron trichloride was passed through the reaction mixture until 27 g (230 mmol) had been added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled in ice and 100 mL of methanol was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was again allowed to warm to ambient temperature and concentrated in vacuo. Twice, 500 mL portions of methanol were added to the residue and it was reconcentrated. The resultant foam was dissolved in 40 mL of ethanol, filtered and the solution was treated with 40 mL of methylene chloride and 80 mL of heptane. Off-white crystals of 1 -aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (5.1 g, 56% yield) were collected by filtration, m.p. 204-205°C.

The ¹ H NMR spectrum was identical to the spectrum for the product of Example 2A.

Example 3

5.6-Bis acetoxvV1-aminomethvl-3-phenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

A suspension of 7.6 g (25 mmol) of 1*aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl- 3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (Example 2B) in 400 mL of acetic anhydride saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride was stirred at ambient temperature for 48 h. Approximately 2 L of diethyl ether was added and a solid was collected by filtration and washed with diethyl ether. Crystallization of the crude material (6.7 g) was achieved by dissolving the powder in 400 mL of hot ethanol, adding 100 mL of water, filtering the solution hot and allowing it to cool. The white crystals which formed were filtered and dried to give 2.8 g (29% yield) of 5,6-bis(acetoxy)-1-aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne hydrochloride, m.p. 207-208°C. ^" Η NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.62 (dd,

1 H), 2.95 (dd, 1H), 3.7-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 6.25 (d, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.2- 7.4 (m, 6H), 8.41 (brs, 3H).

Example 4

5.6-Bis(acetoxvV1-(alanvl-alanvhaminomethvl-3-phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride (general procedure for preparation of amino prpc-rygs)

Step 1 : 5.6-Bis(acetoxy -1-(N-t-butoxycarbonyl-alanyl-alanvπaminomethyl-3- phenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene

N-t-Butoxycarbonyl-alanyl-alanine (BocAla-Ala) (2.01 g, 7.74 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-bis(acetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4- dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (3 g, 7.74 mmol), the product of Example 3, in 35 mL of DMF. The resultant solution was cooled to 0°C. To the cold solution was added 1.56 g (8.13 mmol) of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), followed approximately 10 minutes later by 1.1 g (8.13 mmol) of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT) and, after

allowing the HOBT to dissolve, by 1.8 g (16 mmol) of 4-methylmorpholine (NMM). The resultant solution was stirred for 3 h at 0°C and then stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 100 mL of water and the resultant milky mixture was extracted with 3 X 75 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed successively with 50 mL of 1 M aqueous phosphoric acid solution, 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 2 X 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a light yellow colored foam. The foam (5.06 g) was purified by flash chromatography using C-j βODS (Ci β-octadecylsilane) on silica as the solid phase and a 50% solution of 1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in acetonitrile as the eluent to give 2.03 g (44% yield) of the title compound as a light yellow colored solid, m.p. 114-116°C; H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.23 (q, 3H), 1.35 (q, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.95 (dd, 1H), 3.68 (m, 1H), 4.05 (q, 1H), 4.2-4.47 (m, 3H), 6.01 (d, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 7.17 (d, 1H), 7.26 (m, 5H).

Step 2: 5.6-Bis(acetoxvH -fclanvl-alanynaminomethyl-3-phenyl-3.4- dihvdroπaphthalene hydrochloride

5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(N-t-butoxycarbonyl-alanyl-alanyl)amin omethyl-3- phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (2.00 g, 3.36 mmol) from Step 1 was dissolved in 25 mL of diethyl ether. The resultant solution was cooled and saturated with hydrogen chloride. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h. The precipitate was filtered and washed thoroughly with dry diethyl ether. The solid was dried overnight at 60°C in vacuo to give 1.69 g (95% yield) of the title compound as an off-white solid, m.p. 145-161 °C (dec); 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.35 (dd, 3H), 1.41 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.70 (dt, 1H), 2.95 (dd, 1H), 3.69 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (dq, 1H), 4.17-4.45 (m. 3H), 6.11 (d, 1 H), 7.07 (d, 1 H), 7.25 (m, 6H), 8.27 (m, 1 H). Analysis calculated for C27H33N3O6+I.3HCI: C, 59.73; H, 6.37; N, 7.74. Found: C, 59.94; H, 6.08; N, 7.64.

Examples 5 - 14

Following the procedures described in Example 4 using the appropriate aminomethyl compound of Formula I with both catechol hydroxyl group protected as shown in the table and the appropriate (D) or (L) amino acid or peptide having the N-terminal amino group protected preferably as a carbamate, and more preferably as the t-butoxycarbonyl derivative, Examples 5 - 14 were prepared as disclosed in Table 1.

Table 1 ; Examples 5 - 14

Example B ¹ Ep HLPi M S. ^a Jd H

acetyl Cθ2CH(CH3)OCOCH3 oil 499 calc: 64.85 5.65 2.91

(M+NH4J+ found: 64.68 5.99 2.74

acetyl COCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH 142-177°C 481 calc: 481.1975°

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 481.1969

acetyl COCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2 187-192°C 451 calc: 62.01 6.30 5.48

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 62.39 6.54 5.60

8 acetyl COCH(NH2)CH2COOH 150°C 467 calc: 57.32 5.33 5.33

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 57.44 5.63 5.36

acetyl COCH(NH2)CH3 150-158°C 423 calc: 61.28 5.93 6.15

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 61.60 6.03 5.99

Table 1 continued

Sam le B1 β6 m,p, M.S.a Ω id U

10 acetyl COCH(NH2)CH3 150-157°C 423 calc: 61.06 5.89 6.0

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 61.13 6.07 5.9

11 acetyl COCH(NH2)CH2CH2CH3 136°C 451 calc: 62.95 6.47 5.7

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 62.96 6.50 5.6

12 acetyl

13 acetyl COCH2CH2SCH3 135-142°C 483 calc: 59.19 6.00 5.4

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 59.14 6.11 5.3

14 PhCO COCHCH3NHCOCH(NH2)CH3 184-185°C 618 calc: 63.55 5.00 5.7

(dec) (M+H)+ found: 63.54 4.96 5.7

a. D.C.I. M.S. (M Z) b. high resolution mass spectral analysis

Example 15

1-Amiπomethvl-5.β-bis(trimethvlacetoxv 3-phenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

Step 1 : N-t-Butvloxvcarbonvl-1-aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-3. 4- dihvdronaphthalene

Triethylamine (7 mL) was added to a solution of 15 g (56 mmol) of 1- aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride, from Example 2 in 100 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was cooled to 0°C and a solution of di-t-butyl-dicarbonate (18 g, 82.5 mmol) in 50 mL of DMF was added over a period of 1 h. After the addition was complete, 250 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture and it was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers from the extraction were washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The brown residue was triturated with boiling hexanes to give 16.7 g (99% yield) of the title compound as an off- white solid, m.p. 175-177°C, ^H NMR δ 1.45 (s. 9H). 2.74 (dd, 1H), 3.19 (dd, 1 H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 1 H), 4.1 -4.25 (m, 2H), 4.71 (br s, 1 H), 5.4 (br s, 1 H), 5.88 (d, 1 H), 6.0 (br s, 1 H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 7.2-7.35 (m, 5H).

Step 2: N-t-Butvloxvcarbonvl-1 -aminomethvl-5.6-bisftrimethylacetoxyϊ-3- phenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene

N-t-Butyloxycarbonyl-1-aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl -3,4- dihydronaphthalene (3 g, 8.16 mmol), from Step 1 , and 11 mL of triethylamine were combined and cooled to 0°C. A solution of trimethylacetyl chloride (2.1 mL, 17 mmol) in 13 mL of dioxane was added to the cooled solution dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. Water (25 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the pH was adjusted to 4 with concentrated phosphoric acid. The reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 4.26 g (89% yield) of N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-1-aminomethyl-5,6-

bis(trimethylacetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene as an off-white solid, m.p. 64-69°C; H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 1.34 (s, 9H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 2.68 (dd,

1H), 2.93 (dd, 1H), 3.6-3.75 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.3 (m, 2H), 4.63 (br s, 1H), 6.03 (d, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 7.15-7.35 (m, 6H).

Step 3; 1-Λmiπomet yl-δ.g-big(trimet ylacetc ^χ y)-3-pheηyl-3,4- dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride

N-t-Butyloxycarbonyl-1-aminomethyl-5,6-bis(trimethylaceto xy)-3-phenyl-3,4- dihydronaphthalene (14 g, 26 mmol), from Step 2, was dissolved in 75 mL of dioxane and saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h and concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and the methanol solution was added dropwise to an excess amount (500 mL) of diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 9.1 g (90% yield) of 1- aminomethyl-5,6-bis(trimethylacetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydrona phthalene hydrochloride as a white powder, m.p. 210-212°C; ^" Η NMR (de-DMSO) δ 1.25

(s, 9H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 2.61 (dd, 1H), 2.89 (dd, 1H), 3.75-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 6.28 (d, 2H), 7.15 (d, 1 H), 7.2-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.37 (d, 1 H), 8.37 (brs, 3H).

Example 6

1-Aminomethvl-5.6-bis(benzoyloxy 3-phenyl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

Following the procedures described in Example 15, replacing trimethylacetyl chloride with benzoyi chloride the title compound was prepared, m.p. 173-182°C; ^H NMR (CD3OD) δ2.88 (t, 1H), 3.05 (dd, 1H), 3.65-3.8 (m, 2H), 4.0-4.1 (br s, 1 H+CH30H), 6.35 (d, 1 H), 7.05-7.35 (m, 10H), 7.35-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.9-8.0 (m, 4H), 8.5-8.65 (br s, 3H).

Example 17

f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronapht halene hvdrobromide

Step 1 : f1 R.3S 1-Aminomethvl-5.β-dimethoxv-3-Dhenv l .2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

To 0.2 g (0.67 mmol) of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4- dihydronaphthaiene hydrochloride, from Step 2, of Example 2, was added 0.05 g of 10% palladium supported on carbon. The reaction mixture was sealed under hydrogen and stirred overnight at ambient temperature.The reaction mixture was flushed with nitrogen before it was filtered through Celite® filter aid and washed with 15 mL of absolute ethanol and 15 mL of methylene chloride.

The filtrate was concentrated to give 0.2 g (100% yield) of [1B.3≤] 1- aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroπaphthalene hydrochloride, m.p. 230-231 °C; ¹ H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.15-2.25 (m, 1 H), 2.5-

2.65 (m, 1 H), 2.8-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.1 (m, 1H), 3.1-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.5 (m, 1H),

3.66 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 6.95 (d, 1 H), 7.12 (d, 1 H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.45 (m, 4H), 8.0 (br s, 3H).

Step 2: [1 R.3S1 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenyl-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

[1B.32] 1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (0.2 g, 0.67 mmol), from Step 1 , was suspended in 13 mL of methylene chloride and the suspension was cooled to - 78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. Boron tribromide (3 mL of a 1 M solution in methylene chloride, 3 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature, kept at ambient temperature for 1.5 h then cooled to -78°C. Methanol (3 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and it was again allowed to warm to ambient temperature then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was redissoived in methanol and reconcentrated. The residue was again redissoived in methanol and the methanol solution was added to a large excess of diethyl ether. The resultant precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol/diethyl ether to give 0.14 g (64% yield) of the title compound as a white powder, m.p. 256-259°C; H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 1.63 (q, 1H), 2.1-2.25 (m,

1 H), 2.4-2.5 (m, 1 H), 2.75-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.02 (dd, 1 H), 3.15-3.3 (m, 1 H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 1 H), 6.68 (s, 2H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 1 H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 4H), 7.8 (br s, 3H), 8.2 (br s, 1H), 9.1 (br s, 1 H).

Example 18

1-Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3.4-dihvdronapht halene hydrcbrcmide

Step 1 ; Ethyl 3-cyclo exytprcpencate

Sodium hydride (2.6 g, 108 mmol) was added to 100 mL of THF and 19.8 mL (98.9 mmol) of triethylphosphonoacetate, commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company, was added dropwise at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature and 12.1 mL (99.9 mmol) of cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company, was added. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 15 min then cooled and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the product was distilled at 140°C (15 Torr) to give 15.2 g (84% yield) of ethyl 3-cyclohexylpropenoate as a clear liquid; H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.1- 1.4 (m, 6H), 1.3 (t, 3H), 1.6-1.8 (m, 5H), 2.05-2.2 (m, 1H), 4.2 (q, 2H), 5.75 (d, 1H), 6.92 (d, 1H).

Step 2: 1 -Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-5.6-dimethoxv-3.4-dihvdronaphthale ne hydrochloride

2-(2',3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1 ,3-dithiane, from Step 1 of Example 1 , Method B, and ethyl 3-cyclohexylpropenoate, from Step 1 of this Example, were condensed as described in Step 2 of Example 1 , Method B. The adduct was treated with Raney nickel and sodium hydroxide to give the corresponding acid. The acid was cyclized with polyphosphoric acid as described in Step 6 of Example 1 , Method A, to give 3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthaien-1-one. This ketone was treated with trimethylsilylcyanide in the presence of aluminum chloride and reduced with lithium aluminum hydride as described in Step 1 of Example 2 to give 1-aminomethyl-5,6- dimethoxy-1-hydroxy-3-cyclohexyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The hydroxy group was eliminated by treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol as described in Step 2 of Example 2 to give 1 -aminomethyl-3- cyclohexyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride, m.p. 178-

179°C; ¹ H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 1.0-1.4 (m, 7H), 1.5-1.9 (m, 6H), 2.0-2.2 (m, 1H), 2.5 (dd, 1H), 2.7 (dd, 1H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 5.8 (d, 1H), 6.6 (m, 2H).

Step 3: 1 -Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3.4-dihvdronaphthale ne hvdrobromide

1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronapht halene hydrochloride (2.7 g, 8.9 mmol), from Step 2, was dissolved in 72 mL of methylene chloride and cooled to -78°C. Boron tribromide (36 mL of a 1 M solution in methylene chloride) was added and the reaction mixture was warmed to 0°C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled again to -78°C and 30 mL of methanol was added. After stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with methanol and reconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in methanol and the methanol solution was added dropwise to an excess amount of diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol/ether to give 2.2 g ( 79% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 212-213°C; ¹ H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 1.0-1.4 (m, 7H), 1.55-1.9 (m, 6H), 2.05-

2.15 (m, 1H), 2.47 (dd, 1H), 2.74 (dd, 1H), 5.83 (d, 1H), 6.60 (m, 2H).

Example 19

H R. 3S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

Stee l: H R- 3S] 1-Amiπomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-5.6-dimethoxy-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronapht halene hydrochloride (1 g, 3.3 mmol), from Step 2 of Example 18, was dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol and 0.25 g of 10% palladium on carbon was added to the ethanol solution. The reaction mixture was sealed under one atmosphere of hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst and concentrated to give 1 g (100% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 282-283°C; ¹ H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 1.0-1.5 (m, 8H), 1.5-1.9 (m,

5H), 2.0-2.2 (m, 2H), 2.7-3.1 (m, 3H), 3.3-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 6.4- 6.8 (m, 2H).

Step 2: f1 R. 3S] 1-Aminomethv!-3-cvclohexvl-5.β-dihvdroxy-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

[1B, 3≤] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (0.7 g, 2.3 mmol), from Step 1 , was suspended in 20 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C. Boron tribromide (9.7 mL of a 1 M solution in methylene chloride, 9.7 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and 10 mL of methanol was added. The reaction mixture was again allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and methanol was added to the residue. The methanol solution was concentrated and the residue dissolved in a minimal amount of methanol and added dropwise to a large excess of diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol/diethyl ether to give 0.48 g (65% yield) of [1fi, 3£] 1-aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide, m.p. 203-204°C; H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ

0.9-1.5 (m, 8H), 1.6-1.9 (m, 5H), 2.0-2.1 (m, 2H), 2.7-3.0 (m, 3H), 3.3-3.4 (m, 1H), 6.5-6.7 (m, 2H).

Examples 20 - 22

Following the synthesis outlined in Example 18, using the appropriate aldehyde, Examples 20 - 22 were made, as their hydrobromide salts, as disclosed in Table 2. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point (m.p.), elemental analysis and mass spectra as designated. Example 22, as disclosed in Table 2, was prepared, using the appropriate aldehyde, as described in Examples 18 and 19, as its hydrobromide salt. The structure was confirmed by melting point (m.p.), elemental analysis and mass spectra as designated.

Table 2: Examples 20 - 22

Example # Compound **

Aldehyde m.p. MS Elemental Analysis

20

21

Example 23

1-Aminomethyl-5.6-dihydroxy-2-(2 ^, -hvdroxy-1'-ethvn-3-phenyl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

Step 1 : 2-rCarboethoxv)methvl-5.6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahv dronaph- thaieπ-1-Qne

To a solution of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaien-1 - one (5 g, 17.7 mmol, 1.0 equivalents), the product of Example 1 , in 150 mL of dry THF cooled to -78°C, was added 19.5 mL of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1M solution in THF, 19.5 mmol, 1.1 equivalent). The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 1 h and then ethyl bromoacetate (2.2 mL, 19.5 mmol, 1.1 equivalent) was added in one portion. The reaction solution was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of saturated ammonium chloride solution. The resultant light yellow colored THF layer was separated and evaporated to an oil. The oil was taken up into 200 mL of methylene chloride and the methylene chloride solution was washed with 2 X 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :6) to give 5.4 g (83% yield) of the title compound as a white solid; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.2 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.45 (m, 2H), 3.03 (m, 1 H), 3.30

(m, 2H), 3.43 (m, 1 H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.07 (m, 2H), 6.92 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.32 (m, 5H), 7.89 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz). Analysis calculated for C22H24 5: C,

71.72; H, 6.57. Found: C, 71.39; H, 6.63.

Step 2: 9b-Cvano-6.7-dimethoxv-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2.3.3a.4.5.9b- hexahvdronaphthofl .2b]furan

To a solution of 2-(carboethoxy)methyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one (1.0 g, 2.7 mmol, 1.0 equivalent) from Step 1 , in 10 mL of anhydrous toluene at ambient temperature was added 5.4 mL of diethylaiuminum cyanide (1M solution in toluene, 5.4 mmol, 2.0 equivalents). The resultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h and then poured with vigorous stirring into a mixture of 15 mL of concentrated

hydrochloric acid and 70 mL of ice water. The organic layer was diluted with 75 mL of methylene chloride and then separated from the aqueous layer. The organic layer was washed with 25 mL of 2 M anhydrous hydrochloric acid solution, 25 mL of water and 25 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 1 g (105% crude yield) of the title compound as an oily residue. The crude product was carried on to the next step without purification; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 2.45 (d, 1 H, J=18.0 Hz), 2.72 (m, 2H),

3.05 (m, 1 H), 3.23 (φ, 1 H), 3.37 (m, 1 H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.0 (d, 1 H), 7.30 (m, 5H), 7.52 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz).

Step 3: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxy-2-(2'-hvdroxv-1 '-ethvn-3-phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

To a stirred solution of 9b-cyano-6,7-dimethoxy-2-oxo-4-phenyl- 2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydronaphtho[1 ,2b]furan (1.0 g, 2.86 mmol, 1.0 equivalent), from Step 2, in 30 mL of anhydrous THF, was added lithium aluminum hydride (0.22 g, 5.7 mmol, 2.0 equivalents) from a solid addition funnel. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled, poured into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and was diluted with 50 mL of anhydrous THF. The reaction was quenched by the addition of excess sodium sulfate decahydrate. The resultant suspension was filtered through Celite® filter aid and the filter cake was washed with 100 mL of hot THF. The filtrate was concentrated to a light amber colored foam. This foam was dissolved in a solution of 3 M anhydrous hydrochloric acid in isopropanol and the resultant solution was heated at reflux for 18 h. The solution was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with methylene chloride/diethyl ether (1 :1) to give 250 mg (25% yield) of the title compound; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.03 (m, 1 H), 2.63 (m, 1 H), 3.12 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m,

3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.80 (m, 1 H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 5.28 (br s, 1 H), 6.23 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 6.95-7.4 (m, 6H). Analysis calculated for C21 H26CINO3+1.5 H2O: C,

54.16; H, 6.40; N, 2.87. Found: C, 54.15; H, 6.01 ; N, 3.01.

Step 4: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxy-2-(2'-hvdroxy-1 '-ethyl -phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

To a solution of 1-aminomethyl-5.6-dimethoxy-2-(2'-hydroxy-1'-ethyl)-3- phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (60 mg, 0.177 mmol, 1.0 equivalent), from Step 3, in 2 mL of anhydrous methylene chloride cooled to -78°C was added 350 μL of boron tribromide (1.0 M solution in methylene chloride, 0.35 mmol, 2.0 equivalents). The resultant solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature gradually over a period of 2 h and then it was again cooled to -78°C and quenched by the addition of 20 mL of anhydrous methanol. The solid was filtered and recrystallized from a mixture of methanol, methylene chloride and diethyl ether to give 50 mg (80% yield) of the title compound as a white powder, m.p. 252-255°C; DCI MS M/Z: 312 (M+H)+; I.R. (KBr): 3400, 1600, 1490, 1280, 1200, 700 cnr ^" - ; ^" - H NMR (CD ₃ OD) δ 2.22 (m,

1 H), 2.75 (m, 1 H), 2.93 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 1 H), 3.70 (m, 3H), 4.13 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 4.28 (d, 1 H, J=13.5 Hz), 6.70 (d, 1 H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.85 (d, 1 H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.10 (m, 5H). Analysis calculated for CιgH ₂ 2BrNθ3+0.5 CH2CI2: C, 53.87; H, 5.33;

N, 3.22. Found: C, 53.54; H, 5.24; N, 3.21.

Example 24

[1 R.2S] 1 -Aminomethyl-5.6-dihvdroxy-2-r2 ^, -hvdroxy-1 '-ethvlV3-phenvl-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene formic acid salt

Step 1 : [1 R.2S] 2-(Carboethoxy^methyl-1-cvano-5.6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3.4- dihydrpnaphthalene

9b-Cyano-6,7-dimethoxy-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexah ydro- naphtho[1 ,2b]furan (5.0 g, 14.31 mmol, 1.0 equivalents), the product of Step 2 of Example 23, was dissolved in 120 mL of a solution of 2 M anhydrous hydrochloric acid in ethanol and the resultant solution was heated at reflux for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 120 mL of methylene chloride. The methylene chloride solution was washed with 2 X 25 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 25 mL of water and 25 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 5 g (93% yield) of the title compound as a

colorless oil; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.22 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 3.24 (m, 3H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, 1 H, J=15 Hz), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.90 (m, 1 H), 4.08 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, 1 H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.03 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, 1 H, J=7.0 Hz).

Step 2: [1 R.2S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxv-2-(2'-hvdroxv-1'-ethvn-3-phenvl- 1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene

To a stirred solution of 2-(carboethoxy)methyl-1-cyano-5,6-dimethoxy-3- phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene (2 g, 5.3 mmol, 1.0 equivalent), from Step 1 , in 50 mL of anhydrous methanol at ambient temperature, was added 5.13 g (212 mmol, 40 equivalents) of magnesium powder. The resultant mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h and then it was cooled to 0°C. The reaction was quenched by the slow addition of 150 mL of 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The aqueous solution was extracted with 4 X 50 mL of methylene chloride. The combined organic layers were washed with 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to a colorless oil. The oil was dissolved in 75 mL of anhydrous THF. To this solution at 0°C was added 0.4 g (10.5 mmol, 2.0 equivalents) of lithium aluminum hydride. The resultant mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h and then diluted with 100 mL of anhydrous THF. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sodium sulfate decahydrate. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite® filter aid and the filter cake washed thoroughly with hot THF. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with methylene chloride/methanol/ ammonium hydroxide (89:9;1) to give 1.15 g (63% yield) of the title compound as a 1 :1 mixture of diastereomers; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.15-1.5 (m, 4H), 1.67 (m, 1 H), 1.90 (m, 1 H),

2.20 (m, 1 H), 2.35 (m, 1 H), 2.45 (m, 1 H), 2.55-3.05 (m, 6H), 3.18 (m, 4H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.75 (m, 1 H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 6.80 (m, 2H), 6.92 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 10H).

Step 3: [1 R.2S] 1-Aminomethyl-5.6-dihvdroxy-2-(2'-hvdroxy-1'-ethvn-3-phenyl- 1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene formic acid salt

To a stirred solution of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-2-(2'-hydroxy-1 '- ethyl)-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (0.6 g, 1.76 mmol, 1.0 equivalents), from Step 2, in 18 mL of anhydrous methylene chloride cooled to

-78°C, was added 3.52 mL of boron tribromide (1M solution in methylene chloride, 3.52 mmol, 2.0 equivalents). The resultant reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 h and then it was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h and cooled again to -78°C. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of anhydrous methanol. The resultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/formic acid/water (18:1 :1) to give the title compound as a light tan colored powder, m.p. 190°C (dec); DCI MS M/Z: 312 (M+H)+; I.R. (KBr): 3400, 3240, 1600, 1490, 1290, 1050, 700 cm"1 ; ^" - H NMR (CD3OD) δ

1.21 (m, 1H), 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 1 H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1 H), 2.53 (m, 1 H), 2.63 (m. 1 H), 3.10 (m, 8H), 3.43 (m, 2H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 7.6 (m, 2H), 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 7.35 (m, 6H), 8.51 (s, 2H). Analysis calculated for C ₁₉ H ₂ 3N03+2.5 HCO2H: C, 56.96; H, 6.37; N, 2.45. Found: C, 56.72; H, 6.08;

N, 3.30.

Example 25

1 -Aminomethyl-5.6-dihvdroxy-3-phenyl-2-n-propyl-3.4-dihvdrona phthalene hvdrobromide

Step 1 ; 5,6-Dim$thQ ^χ y-3-phenyl-2-(1-prpp-2-enyl)-1.2.3,4- tetrahvdronaphthalen-1 -one

To a solution of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1 - one (5 g, 17.7 mmol, 1.0 equivalents), the product of Example 1 , in 70 mL of dry THF cooled to -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 19.5 mL of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1M solution in THF, 19.5 mmol, 1.1 equivalent). The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 0.75 h and then allyl bromide (2.25 g, 18.6 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to ambient temperature. After stirring at ambient temperature for 16 h, the reaction was quenched by the addition of 200 mL of 2 M aqueous ammonium chloride solution and the mixture was extracted several times with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :1). The combined organic layers were washed with 200 mL of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 6.7 g of an oil. The oil was purified by flash

chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.4 g (42% yield) of the title compound as a 2:1 mixture of diastereomers; DCI MS M/Z: 323 (M+H)+; ^H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.05-2.19 (m, 3H), 2.4-2.52 (m, 1H)

2.65-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.85-3.00 (m, 5H), 3.20-3.42 (m, 7H), 3.65-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 6H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.80-5.00 (m, 6H), 5.65-5.80 (m, 3H), 6.92 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz), 6.94 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.18-7.40 (m, 15H), 7.89 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz), 7.92 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz).

Step 2: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxv-1 -hvdroxv-3-phenvl-2-M -prop-2-envn- 1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthatene

To a solution of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2-(1-prop-2-enyl)-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one (15.9 g, 49.4 mmol) in 100 mL of THF at ambient temperature, was added 7.0 mL of lithium cyanide (0.5 M in DMF, 49.4 mmol) followed by 9.8 g (98.8 mmol) of trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN). The resultant mixture was stirred for 24 h and then solvents and excess TMSCN were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in 100 mL of THF. The THF solution was added dropwise over a 40 min period to a suspension of (4.2 g, 110 mmol) of lithium aluminum hydride in 100 mL of refluxing THF under a nitrogerf atmosphere. The resultant mixture was heated at reflux for 6 h, cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with THF. The reaction was quenched by the portion-wise addition of sodium sulfate decahydrate. The addition was complete when the evolution of hydrogen gas was no longer observed. The mixture was filtered through Celite® filter aid and the filtrate concentrated to give 21 g of a dark yellow colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 1% concentrated ammonium hydroxide in ethyl acetate to give 10.01 g (57% yield) of the title compound as a mixture of diastereomers; DCI MS M/Z: 323 (M+H)+.

Step 3: 5-f5'.6'-Dimethoxv-3'-phenvl-2'-(1-prop-2-envn-1'.2'.3'.4'-t etrahvdro-1'- naphthvl]-2-oxo-1.3-oxazolidine

To a solution of 1-aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-(1- prop-2-enyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (3.98 g, 11.3 mmol), from Step 2, in 50 mL of acetonitrile at ambient temperature was added 2.3 g (14 mmol) of 1 ,1'- carbonyidiimidazole. The resultant solution was stirred for 6 h. Aqueous

hydrochloric acid (200 mL of a 0.5 solution) was added and the resultant mixture was extracted with 3 X 100 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 5.7 g of a yellow colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 15% ethyl acetate in methylene chloride to give 4.21 g (98% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M/Z: 380 (M+H)+, 397 (M +NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.03-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.64 (m,

1 H) 2.73-2.97 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.25 (m, 1 H) _f 3.47 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.8 (s, 1/2H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 1 H), 3.92 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 4.75-4.93 (m, 2H), 5.30-5.32 (m, 1/2H), 5.37 -5.42 (m, 1 H), 5.02-5.18 (m, 1 H), 6.87-6.93 (m, 1 H), 7.17-7.40 (m, 6H).

Step 4: 5-[5^■6^-Dimethoxy-3^-phenyl-2'-n-propyl-1^■2^■3^■4' -tetrahvdro-1^- naphthyl]-2-oxo-1.3-oxazolidine

To a solution of 205 mg (0.54 mmol) of 5-[5',6 ^, -dimethoxy-3'-phenyl-2'-(1- prop-2-enyl)-1 ^* ,2',3\4'-tetrahydro-1 '-naphthyl]-2-oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidine (the product of Step 3 of Example 25) in 50 mL of ethyl alcohol at ambient temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 205 mg of 10% palladium on carbon. The reaction flask was purged with hydrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred for 8 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give a white solid. The solid was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate to give 77 mg (37% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M Z: 382 (M+H)+, 399 (M +NH4)+; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.65 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 0.89-1.01 (m, 1 H), 1.08-1.27

(m, 2H), 1.37-1.49 (m, 1 H), 2.32-2.40 (m, 1 H), 2.68-2.79 (m, 1 H) 2.96 (dd, 1 H, J=18 Hz, 10.5 Hz), 3.16 (dd, 1 H, J=18 Hz, 6 Hz), 3.48 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.87 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 3.88 (s, 3H), 5.28-5.32 (m, 1 H), 6.88 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.19 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.23-7.38 (m, 5H).

Step 5: 1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-2-n-propvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

To a solution of 68 mg (0.18 mmol) of 5-[5',6'-dimethoxy-3'-phenyl-2'-n- propyl-l'.Σ'.S'.^-tetrahydro-l'-naphthylj^-oxo-I .S-oxazoIidine, from Step 4, in 2 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 0.5

mL of a 1 M.solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride. The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 45 min, warmed to ambient temperature, and then stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -78°C and 50 mL of cold methanol was added. The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chased with 2 X 50 mL of methanol and then dried in vacuo to give a tan colored glass. The glass was dissolved in methanol and precipitated by the addition of methylene chloride and diethyl ether to give 39 mg (56% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M Z: 310 (M+H)+; 327 (M +NH4)+; !.R.

(KBr): 3410, 3230, 2960, 1600, 1490, 1285, 1185, 805, 695 cm" ¹ ; ¹ H NMR (CD ₃ OD) δ 0.93 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.36-1.56 (m, 2H), 2.03-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.35-

2.48 (m, 1H), 2.92 (dd, 1H, J=16 Hz, 7 Hz), 3.26 (dd, 1H, J=16 Hz, 3 Hz), 4.13 (d, 1H, J=15 Hz), 4.22 (d, 1H, J=15 Hz), 6.70 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.01-7.16 (m, 5H). Analysis calculated for C2θH24BrNθ2+0.7H2θ: C,

59.62; H, 6.35; N, 3.48. Found: C, 59.48; H, 6.27; N, 3.48.

[1 R.3R] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-2-n-proρvl-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaphthalene formic acid salt

Step 1 : f1 R.3R] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxv-3-phenvl-2-n-propvl-1.2.3.4- tetrahydrcnap t alene

To a solution of 225 mg (0.59 mmol) of 5-[5',6'-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2 ^, -(1- prop-2-enyl)-1 ^, ,2 ^, ,3 ^, ,4'-tetrahydro-1 '-naphthyl]-2-oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidine, the product of Step 3 of Example 25, in 50 mL of ethyl alcohol at ambient temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 225 mg of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon. The reaction flask was purged with hydrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at ambient temperature. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give 113 mg of a colorless solid. The solid was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with concentrated ammonium hydroxide/methanol/ethyl acetate/methylene chloride (1 :3:50:50) to give 63 mg (31% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M/Z: 340 (M+H)+; ^" Η NMR (CDCI3) δ

0.75 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.12-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.90-1.99 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.60 (dd, 1H, J=15 Hz, 12 Hz), 2.73-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.93-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.14 (dd,

1 H, J=15 Hz, 3 Hz), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 6.79 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.20-7.40 (m, 5H).

Step 2: M R.3R1 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-2-n-propvl-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdronaohthalene formic acid salt

To a solution of 75 mg (0.22 mmol) of [1B.3B] 1-aminomethyl-5,6- dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2-n-propyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, from Step 1 , in 3 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added boron tribromide (0.7 mL of a 1 M solution in methylene chloride, 0.7 mmol). The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 40 min, warmed to ambient temperature and then stirred for 4 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and the reaction was quenched by the addition of cold methanol. The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chased with methanol (2 X 50 mL) and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with formic acid/water/ethyl acetate (1 :1 :18) to give 57 mg (73% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M Z: 312 (M+H)+; I.R. (KBr): 3420, 1600, 1380, 1350, 765, 700 cm" ¹ ; ^" - H NMR (CD ₃ OD) δ 0.79 (t, 3H, J=6 Hz), 1.17-1.44

(m, 4H), 1.93-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.96-3.13 (m, 4H), 6.62 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 6.72 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.19-7.37-7.40 (m, 5H), 8.53 (br s, 1.5H). Analysis calculated for C21 H ₂ 7NO4+0.6HBr+0.7 HCO2H: C, 59.48; H,

6.67; N, 3.20. Found: C, 59.52; H, 6.45; N, 3.40.

Example 27

1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-2-(3'-hvdroxv-1'-propyn-3-phe nyl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene formic acid salt

Step 1 : 5-r5'.6 ^, -Dimethoxv-2'-(3-hvdroxv-1-n-propvn-3'-phenyl-1'.2'.3' .4'- tetrahvdro-1 '-naphthvl]-2-oxo-1.3-oxazolidine -

To a solution of 1.02 g (2.6 mmol) of 5-[5',6 ^, -dimethoxy-2'-(1-prop-2-enyl)- 3'-phenyl-1-,2\3\4 etrahydro-1'-naphthyl]-2-oxo-oxazolidine, the product of Step 3 of Example 25, in 8 mL of THF at -78°C under nitrogen, was added 2.3 mL of a 1 M solution of borane in THF (2.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h. At

this time 9 mL of 3 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added, followed by 9 mL of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and then 10 mL of THF. The resultant mixture was stirred for 5 h and excess 10% aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite was added. The resultant mixture was added to 1 M aqueous hydrogen chloride solution and the aqueous mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 1 g of a white solid. The solid was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/methylene chloride

(1 :1) to give 359 mg, (35% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M/Z: 398 (M+H)+, 415 (M +NH4)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.13-1 ,43 (m, 4H), 2.33-2.42 (m,

1 H), 2.70-2.82 (m, 1H), 3.18 (dd, 1H, J=15 Hz, 6 Hz), 3.31-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.48 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.89 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 5.43 (br s, 1 H), 6.89 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.19 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.24-7.40 (m, 5H).

Step 2: 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-2-f3'-hvdroxv-1 '-propvlV3-phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalane formic acid salt

To^a solution of 200 mg (0.5 mmol) of 5-[5\6'-dimethoxy-2'-(3-hydroxy-1-n- propyl)-3'-phenyM '^'.S'^'-tetrahydro-l '-naphthyl]-2-oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidine, from Step 1 , in 6 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 1.5 ml of a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride (1.5 mmol). The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 8 h and then it was stirred at -30°C for 14 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and cold methanol was added to quench the reaction. The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was chased with 2 X 50 mL of methanol. The residue was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with formic acid/water/ethyl acetate (1 :1 :18) to give 47 mg (25% yield) of the title compound; FAB MS M Z: 326 (M+H)+, 348 (M +Na)+; I.R. (KBr): 3390, 2930, 1618, 1350, 1290, 770, 700 cnr ^" - ; 1 H NMR (CD3OD) δ 1.70 (m, 2H), 2.20 (m,

1 H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.93 (dd, 1 H, J=15 Hz, 7.5 Hz), 3.27 (m, 1 H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.67 (m, 1 H), 4.17 (d, 1 H, J=14 Hz), 4.25 (d, 1 H, J=14 Hz), 6.70 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.02-7.16 (m, 5H), 8.47 (br s, 2H). Analysis calculated for C2i H ₂ 5rNO5+0.7HBr+0.9 HCO2H: C, 56.03; H, 5.90; N, 2.98. Found: C, 56.18;

H, 5.64; N, 2.97.

xampe

1 -Aminomethvl-2-(2'-bromo-1 '-propvn-5.β-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

To a solution of 85 mg (0.21 mmol) of 5-[5',6'-dimethoxy-2 ^, -(3-hydroxy-1-n- propylJ-S'-phenyl-l'.Z.S'.^-tetrahydro-l'-naphthylj^-oxo-I .S-oxazolidine, the product of Step 1 of Example ^" 27, in 3 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 0.9 mL of a 1 solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride (0.9 mmol). The resultant solution was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 7 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and cold methanol was added to quench the reaction. The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was chased with 2 X 50 mL of methanol. The residue was then dried in vacuo and dissolved in methanol. Methylene chloride and diethyl ether were added to the methanol solution to precipitate 40 mg (40% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M Z: 398 (M+H)+, 415 (M +NH4)+; I.R. (KBr): 3310, 3220, 3030, 1495, 1290, 1185, 810, 700 cm-1 ; ¹ H NMR (CD ₃ OD) δ 1.84-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.30 (m, 1H),

2.53-2.65 (m, 1 H), 2.94 (dd, 1H, J=15 Hz, 7.5 Hz), 3.26 (m, 1 H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 3.65 (dd, 1 H, J=7.5, 2 Hz Hz), 4.19 (d, 1 H, J=14 Hz), 4.28 (d, 1 H, J=14 Hz), 6.72 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 6.78 (d, 1 H, J=8 Hz), 7.02-7.17 (m, 5H). Analysis calculated for ^c 20 ^H 23 ^Br 2NO ₂ +0.5H2θ: C, 50.23; H, 5.06; N, 2.93. Found: C, 50.29; H, 4.96;

N, 2.84.

Example 29

[1 R. 3R] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-2-(3'-hvdroxy-1 ^, -propyn-3-phenyl- 1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene formic acid salt

Step 1 : f1 R. 3R] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dimethoxv-2-(3'-hvdroxv-1'-propvn-3- phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene

To a solution of 230 mg (0.58 mmol) of 5-[5',6'-dimethoxy-2 ^, -(3-hydroxy-1- n-propyl)-3'-phenyl-1 '^'.S'^'-tetrahydro-l '-naphthyl]-2-oxo-1 ,3-oxazolidine, from Step 1 of Example 27, in 50 mL of ethyl alcohol under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 100 mg of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon. The

reaction flask was purged with hydrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred for 36 h at ambient temperature. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give 200 mg of a solid. The solid was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with concentrated ammonium hydroxide/methanol/ethyl acetate/methylene chloride (1 :4:50:50) to give 129 mg (63% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M Z: 356 (M+H)+; H NMR (CD3OD) δ 1.30-1.52 (m, 4H), 2.00-2.10 (m, 1 H), 2.42-2.53 (m, 1 H), 2.57-

2.68 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.81 (m, 1 H), 2.83-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.15 (dd, 1 H, J=15 Hz, 3 Hz), 3.47 (t, 2H J=7.5 Hz), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.80 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 6.96 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.18-7.37 (m, 5H).

Step 2: [1 R. 3R] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-2-(3'-hvdroxv-1'-propvn-3- phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdroπaphthalene formic acid salt

To a solution of 130 mg (0.37 mmol) of [1fi, 3B] 1-aminomethyl-5,6- dimethoxy-2-(3 ^l -hydroxy-1'-propyl)-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, from Step 1 , in 4 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere, was added 1.1 mL of a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride (1.1 mmol). The resultant solution was stirred at -78°C for 3.5 h and then it was stirred stirred at 0°C for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and 50 mL of cold methanol was added to quench the reaction. The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was chased with 2 X 50 mL of methanol. The residue was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with formic acid/water/ethyl acetate (1 :1 :18) to give 32 mg (23% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M/Z: 328 (M+H)+; I.R. (KBr): 3320, 2930, 1605, 1350, 1290, 765, 700 cm ^" 1 ; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.26-

1.60 (m, 4H), 1.98-2.08 (m, 1 H), 2.50-2.59 (m, 1 H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 1 H), 2.98-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.35-3.46 (m, 2H), 6.63 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 6.73 (d, 1 H, J=9 Hz), 7.19-7.37 (m, 5H), 8.40-8.48 (br s, 2H). Analysis calculated for C21 H27BrNO5.fl.3HBr: C,

52.70; H, 5.96; N, 2.93. Found: C, 52.93; H, 5.68; N, 2.91.

Example 3Q

1 -Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvlnaphthalene hydrochloride

Step 1 : 1-(N-t-Butoxvcarbonvnaminomethyl-5.6-bis(acetoxy 3-phenvl-3.4- dihvdronaphthalene hydrochloride

Triethylamine (0.33 mL, 2.37 mmol) was added to a cold solution of 1 g (2.58 mmol) of 1 -aminomethyl-5,6-bis(acetoxy)-3-phenyl-3,4- dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride, the product of Example 3, in 10 mL of DMF. The resultant solution was added dropwise to a solution of 1.27 mL (5.52 mmol) of trimethylacetic anhydride (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) in 2 mL of DMF. The solution was allowed to stir at 0°C for approximately 0.5 h and then at ambient temperature for 3 h. Water (25 mL) was added and the resultant mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed successively with 2 X 15 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, 2 X 15 mL of water and 15 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with hexane/ethyl acetate (3:1) to give 0.84 g (72% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS M/Z: 469 (M+NH4)+; ^" Η NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.45 (s, 9H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.91-3.03 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.74 (m, 1H), 4.08-4.34 (m, 2H), 4.65 (br s, 1H), 6.02 (d, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 7.22-7.37 (m, 6H).

Step 2: 5.6-Bis(acetoxv l-(N-t-butoxvcarbonvnaminomethyl-3- phenvlnaohthalene

To a solution of 1.59 g (3.52 mmol) of 5,6-bis(acetoxy)-1-(N-t- butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, from Step 1 , in 50 mL of toluene was added 0.80 g (3.52 mmol) of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano- 1 ,4-benzoquinone as a solid. The reaction mixture was heated to 70°C under a nitrogen atmosphere and allowed to stir overnight. After cooling the reaction mixture to ambient temperature, the orange colored mixture was filtered through a bed of Celite® filter aid. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in 50 mL of methylene chloride and the methylene chloride solution was washed with 2 X 25 mL of 1 M aqueous phosphoric acid solution, 2 X 25 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 25 mL of water and 25 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 3:1 hexane/ethyl acetate to give 0.77 g (49% yield) of the title compound as a white

solid; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.47 (s, 9H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 4.81 (d, 2H), 4.89 (br s, 1H), 7.36-7.43 (m, 5H), 7.64-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.94 (d, 1 H), 8.01 (d, 1 H).

Step 3: 5.6-Bis(acetoxvV1 -aminomethvl-3-phenvlnaphthalene hydrochloride

5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1-(N-t-butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-3-phen ylnaphthalene (300 mg, 0.67 mmol) from Step 2 was dissolved in 10 mL of dioxane saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The resultant solution was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was recrystallized from ethanol/hexane to give 130 mg (50% yield) of the title compound as a white solid; DCI MS M/Z: 350 (M+H)+, 367 (M+NH4)+; ¹ H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.51 (m, 3H + DMSO), 4.65 (s, 2H), 7.44-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.61 (m, 3H), 7.78 (d, 2H), 8.07 (s, 1 H), 8.13-8.19 (m, 2H), 8.39 (br s, 3H).

Step 4: 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dlhvdroxv-3-Phenvinaphthalene hydrochloride

5,6-Bis(acetoxy)-1 -aminomethyl-3-phenylnaphthalene hydrochloride (130 mg, 0.34 mmol) from Step 3 was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol saturated with hydrogen chloride. The resultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The solid residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of ethanol. The ethanol solution was added slowly to 30 mL of dry diethyl ether and the precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was dried at 60°C in vacuo to give 77 mg (76% yield) of the title compound as a white solid, m.p. 205-212°C (dec); DCI MS M Z: 266 (M+H)+, 283 (M+NH4)+; 1 H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 4.50 (d, 2H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.36-7.60 (m, 4H), 7.77 (s, 1 H), 7.83 (d, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1 H), 8.49 (br s, 3H), 9.22 (br s, 1 H), 9.60 (br s, 1 H).

Example 31

[1 R.3S]-1 -Bromomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro- 1 H-2- beπzepyran

Step 1 : Epoxide Synthesis

- u y e y ene ox e, e ox e use n e syn es s , - bromomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran, is commercially available. Epoxides necessary for the synthesis of other benzopyran derivatives of the present invention which are not commercially available were synthesized by either Method A or Method B described below.

Method A: 1-Cvclohexvl ethvlene oxide

Sodium hydride (4.5 g, 187.5 mmol) and trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (41.25 g, 187.5 mmol) were combined in a 3-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an addition funnel. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added slowly, over a 30 min period, until 200 mL had been added. Gas was evolved throughout the addition. A solution of cyclohexane carboxaldehyde (21.8 mL, 180 mmol) in 50 mL of DMSO was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over a 15 min period. The reaction mixture was heated to 55°C and stirred at 55°C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and poured into 500 mL of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 100 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was distilled (44°C, 0.1 mm) to give 14 g (62% yield) of 1 -cyclohexyl ethylene oxide as a clear colorless liquid.

Method B: 1-Benzyl ethylene oxide

A solution of m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA; 17 g, 0.1 mol) in 120 mL of methylene chloride was added (at ambient temperature) dropwise to a solution of allyl benzene (10 g, 85 mmol) in 200 mL of methylene chloride. After the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h with a mechanical stirrer, 5 additional grams of m-CPBA were added and the reaction mixture stirred for another 2 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 200 mL of ether, washed with 2 X 100 mL of aqueous sodium bisulfite solution, 1 X 100 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 1 X 100 mL of brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by bulb-to-bulb distillation (60°C, 0.1 mm) to give 8.5 g (77% yield) of 1 -benzyl ethylene oxide as a clear colorless liquid.

Step 2: 3.3-Dimethvl-1-(spiro-r(1 ■3-ben2oriioxoleV2.1 ^, -cvclohexanel 2-butanol

n-Butyl lithium (12.6 mL of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 32 mmol) was added to a solution of spiro[1,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane] (5 g, 26.3 mmol), prepared as described by Boeckmann and Schill in Chemische Berichte. 110,

703 (1977), in 40 mL of THF at 0°C. After 4 h, 3,3-dimethyl-1 ,2-epoxybutane (2.5 g, 25 mmol), commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company, was added dropwise and the reaction mixture- was warmed to 25°C. After 3 h at 25°C, the reaction mixture was poured into saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and extracted with 3 X 75 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 50 mL of aqueous ammonium chloride solution and 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in uacuo. to an oil. The oil was purified on silica gel eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 3.5 g (48% yield) of the title compound as a viscous oil DCI MS: 308 (M+NH4)+. 1H NMR (dδ-DMSO) δ 0.89 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 2.27 (dά, 1H, J=14.4, 9.3 Hz), 2.75 (dd, 1H, J=14.4, 3.0 Hz), 3.3 (m, 1H), 4.38 (d, 1H, J=6.3 Hz), 6.18 (m, 3H).

Step 3A: H R.3Sl-1-Bromomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4- dιhydrc-1 H-2-benzcpyran

Boron trifluoride etherate (2.88 mL, 23.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of the product of Step 2 (3.4 g, 11.7 mmol) and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.4 mL, 11.7 mmol) in 15 mL of methylene chloride at -25°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0°C. After 1 h at 0 ^α C, the reaction mixture was diluted with 20 mL of diethyl ether and poured into 50 mL of aqueous sodium carbonate solution. The resultant mixture was extracted with 3 X ^* 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 2.5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.85 g (61% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid, m.p. 113-114°C. DCI MS: 414 (M+NH4)+. ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.0 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.6 (m, 2H), 3.28 (dd, 1H, J=9.3,

5.4 Hz), 3.52 (dd, 1H, J=1.25, 7.5 Hz), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J=11.25, 3.0 Hz), 4.87 (m, 1 H), 6.5 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 6.6 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz).

Alternate Step 3B: f1R.3SH-(2-Bromoethvl 3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy-

3,4-dihydrp-1 H-2-benzcpyran

The title compound was prepared following the procedure described in Step 3 above and using 3-bromopropionaidehyde dimethyl acetal instead of bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal.

Example 32

f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl 3-t-butvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : [1 R.3S] 1-Azidomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro - 1 H-2-benzopvran

Lithium azide (1.6 g, 31 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Example 31 (2.5 g, 6.35 mmol) in 12 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25°C. The reaction mixture was heated at 75°C for 2h then cooled and poured into 50 mL of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 50 mL of water, 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 2.5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.56 g (69% yield) of the title compound as a colorless syrup; MS DCI: 358 (M+H)+, 375 (M+NH4)+; ^" Η NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.1 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.6 (m, 2H), 3.3 (dd, 1H, J=8.7, 6.0 Hz), 3.42 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 7.5 Hz), 3.52 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 3.0 Hz), 4.9 (m, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 6.59 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz).

Ste ^p 2: f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro - 1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

Lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) solution (4.2 mL of 1 solution in ether, 4.2 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of [1fi,3j≥] 1-azidomethyl-3-t-butyl- 5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran (1.5 g, 4.2 mmol) in 25 mL of dry diethyl ether at 0°C. After 15 min, the reaction mixture was allowed to

warm to 25°C and was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and the reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of.0.16 mL of water, 0.16 mL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 0.48 mL of water. The precipitate was removed by filtration and washed with ether. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The crude amine product was dissolved in 15 mL of diethyl ether and diethyl ether saturated with hydrogen chloride was added in excess. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration , washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 1.48 g (96% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid, m.p. 164-167°C; DCI MS: 332 (M+H)+; ^H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ

1.0 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 2.6 (m, 2H), 2.9 (dd, 1H, J=14.7, 10.5 Hz), 3.2 (m, 2H), ^' 3.5 (dd, 1H, J=14.7, 3.0 Hz), 4.82 (brd, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.7 (m, 2H), 7.9 (br s, 2H).

Step 3: f1R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-3-t-butvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-1H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

A solution of [1B,3j≥J 1-aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride, from Step 1 , (1 g, 2.72 mmol) in 15 mL of ethanol was saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The solution was heated to reflux temperature. After 2 h at reflux temperature, the solution was concentrated to approximately 2 mL. A solid was precipitated with diethyl ether, filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C to give 630 mg (81 % yield) of the title compound as a colorless powder, m.p. 258°C; IR 3200, 1620, 1490, 1300, 1060 cm" ¹ ; DCI MS: 252 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 1.0 (s, 9H), 2.38 (dd, 1 H, J=16.5, 12 Hz), 2.63 (dd, 1 H, J=16.5, 2.8 Hz), 2.85 (m, 1H), 3.22 (dd, 1H, J=12.0, 4.2 Hz), 3.45 (m, 1H), 4.8 (br d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.5 (d, 1 H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.65 (d, 1 H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.9 (br s, 2H), 8.46 (br s, 1 H), 9.22 (br s, 1H). Analysis calculated for C14H22CINO3: C, 58.43; H, 7.70; N, 4.9. Found:

C, 58.37; H, 7.69; N, 4.77.

Examples 33 - 68.

Following the synthesis outlined in Examples 31 and 32, using the appropriate epoxide and the appropriate aldehyde diacetal, Examples 33 - 68 were made as disclosed in Table 3. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point (m.p), elemental analysis and mass spectra as designated.

Example # Compound Epoxide* m.p. MS** Elemental Analysis

33

C H N calc: 64.42 6.82 3.95 Found: 64.08 6.69 3.93

.£ H N

225°C 278 calc: 61.24 7.71 4.46

35 ? Found: 61.23 7.83 4.34

C H N calc: 55.5 6.99 5.39 Found: 55.85 7.15 5.31

C H N calc: 60.10 7.40 4.67 234°C 264 Found: 60.20 7.53 4.63

1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31 ) 3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31 )

DCI MS (M+H) ^{+ ***} formic acid salt ^**** free base

Example # Compound Epoxide" ΠLC- MS** Elemental Analysi

38

^' 220-221 C 332 calc: 58.786.03 3.81 Found: 58.39 6.20 3.

calc: 60.60 6.05 4.4 Found: 60.63 6.27 4.2 (C=0.405, 1N HCI)

^* 1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31 )

3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31 ) ^** DCI MS (M+H) ^{+ ***} formic acid salt ^**** free base

# Prepared by the procedure described in Examples 31 , 32 and 130 using (-) B-chlorodi- isopinocampheylborane.

Example •# Compound EpΩXidS* H β. MS** Elemental Analysi

^* 1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31 ) 3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31)

" DCI MS (M+H) ^{+ ***} formic add salt ^**** free amine base

Example # Compound Epoxide* ma- MS' ** Elemental Analysis

C H N calc: 62.878.79 4.07

51 Found: 62.80 8.69 4.03

calc: 55.496.99 5.39 Found: 55.166.86 5.29

/3H ₂ 0): 59.71 8.34 4.35

Found: 59.41 8.14 4.2

^* 1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31 ) 3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31)

^** DCI MS (M+H) ^{+ ***} formic acid salt ^** " free base

Example # Compound Epoxide* mβ. MS ^! **

Elemental Analysis

56

1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31) 3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31 )

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

' formic acid salt ' ^* free base

# The benzyl protecting group was removed by hydrogenolysis prior to removal of the cyclohexylidene protecting group from the catechol.

calc: 58.43 7.71 4.8

calc: 48.93 5.903. Found: 49.18 5.863.

1 = commercially available 2 = synthesized by Method A (Example 31) 3 = synthesized by Method B (Example 31) ^** DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

xampe

1-Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-(2'-tetrahvdrof uranvn-1 H-2- benzopvran hvdrobromide

Step 1 : 1-(2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvl -N-methoxv-N-methvl-acetamide

Oxalyl chloride (0.45, 5.1 mmol) and 2 - 3 drops of N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF) were added to a chilled (0°C) solution of 2,3- dimethoxyphenylacetic acid in 25 mL of THF. The resultant solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 4 h period. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 50 mL of chloroform. N- methoxy-N-methyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.55 g, 5.61 mmol) was added and the resultant solution was chilled to 0°C. Pyridine (0.91 mL, 11.23 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 h at 0°C. The solution was then washed twice with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.65 g (53% yield) of the title compound as an oil; MS DCI: 240 (M+H)+, 257 (M+NH4)+; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 5H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.80-6.87 (m, 2H), 6.98-7.4 (m, 1H).

Step 2: 2-(2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-1 -furanvlethanone

n-Butyl lithium (1.87 mL, 3.76 mmol of a 1.75 M solution in hexanes) was added to a chilled (0°C) solution of furan (0.2 mL, 2.72 mmol) in 5 mL of THF. The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 4 h period. The mixture was then chilled again to 0°C and a solution of 0.65 g (2.72 mmol) of 1- (2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-acetamide, from Step 1 , was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 2 h period and was then quenched with a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were washed once each with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and brine. The extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.5 g (75% yield) of the title compound as an oil; MS DCI: 247 (M+H)+, 264 (M+NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s,

3H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 6.51-6.53 (m, 1H), 6.82-6.88 (m, 3H), 6.99-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.25- 7.28 (m, 1H).

Step 3: 2-(2'.3'-Dimethoxvphenvn-1 -tetrahydrofuranyl ethanol

A solution of 450 mg (1.8 mmol) of 2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1- furanylethanone, from Step 2, and 20% palladium on carbon (225 mg) in 75 mL of methanol was shaken under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen until hydrogen uptake ceased. The solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 320 mg (69% yield) of the title compound as an oily solid. This product was carried on without purification to the next step.

Step 4: 1-Aminomethvl-3-(2'-tetrahvdrofuranvn-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdr oxv-1 H-2- beπzopyraπ hydrobromide

2-(2',3'-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1 -tetrahydrofuranyl ethanol, from Step 3, was converted to the title compound using the procedures described in Step 3 of Example 31 and Steps 1 and 2 of Example 32. The dimethoxy protecting groups were removed with boron tribromide by the procedures described in Step 3 of Example 2 to afford the title compound, m.p. >250°C; FAB MS (M/Z): 266 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 1.75-1.93 (m, 4H), 2.37-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.50- 2.60 (m, 1 H), 2.60-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.71-2.79 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.72 (m, 1 H), 3.76-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.90-4.00 (m, 1 H), 4.84-4.91 (m, 1H), 6.48 (d, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 7.72- 7.84 (m, 2H), 8.41-8.49 (m, 1H), 9.20-9.28 (m, 1H). High resolution mass spectral analysis calculated for C14H20 O4: 266.132. Found: 266.1391

Example 70

1 -Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-(3'-prop-1 '-vnviVI H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : 3-(Spiro-f(1.3-benzodioxoleV2.r-cvclohexanelVpropene oxide

n-Butyl lithium (30 mL of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 75 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of spiro[1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane] (5 g, 26.3 mmol), prepared as described by Boeckmann and Schill in Chemische

. , , . was stirred at 0°C for 2 h and then a solution of 4.8 g (52 mmol) of epichlorohydrin in 10 mL of THF was added via cannula over a 15 minute period. The reaction mixture was heated to ambient temperature and stirred for 60 minutes at ambient temperature and heated at 65°C for 75 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and poured into 150 mL of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 75 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 75 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an amber colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 8% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 6.81 g (53% yield) of the title compound as a clear oil.

Step 2: 1-(Spiro-r(1.3-benzodioxole 2.1'-cvclohexanelV4-pentvn-2-ol

Crude 3-(spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-propene oxide (8.29 g, 33.7 mmol), from Step 1, was added to a chilled (0°C) suspension of lithium acetylide-ethylenediamine complex (4.65 g, 45.5 mmol of a 90% solid) in 50 mL of methyl sulfoxide. The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 3 h period during which the mixture became a homogeneous solution. The reaction was quenched with 50 mL of water and the aqueous layers were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 15% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.08 g (23% yield) of the title compound as an oil; MS DCI: 273 (M+H)+, 290 (M+NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.45-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 4H), 2.09 (t, 1 H), 2.28 (d, 1H), 2.32-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.93 (m, 2H), 4.00- 4.15 (m, 1H), 6.62-6.77 (m, 3H).

Step 3: 1-Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-3-(3'-prop-1 '-vnvH-l H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

1-(Spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1 ^* -cyclohexane])-4-pentyn-2-ol, from Step 2, was converted to the title compound using the procedures described in Step 3 of Example 31 and Steps 1 - 3 of Example 32 to afford the title compound, m.p. >250°C; DCI MS (M Z): 234 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 2.34-2.47 (m,

1 H), 2.52-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.84-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.95 (t, 1H), 3.39- 3.47 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.81 (m, 1H), 4.87-4.91 (m, 1H), 6.2 (d, 1H), 6.69 (d, 1H), 7.88 (s, 2H), 8.53 (s, 1 H), 9.31 (s, 1 H). Analysis calculated for Ci ₃ H-| 6CINO3: C,

57.89; H, 5.98; N, 5.19. Found: C, 57.73; H, 6.15; N, 5.09.

Example 71

[1 R.3S.4R] 1-AmJnomethvl-3-t-butvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-4- hvdroxvmethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

Step ^' 1 : 3.3-Dimethvl-1-fspirp-fn .3-benzodioxoleV2.1'-cvclohexane -2- butanone

Pyridinium chlorochromate (12.9 g, 60 mmol) and Celite® filter aid (15 g) were suspended in 150 mL of methylene chloride. To the suspension was added a solution of 7.0 g (24.1 mmol) of 3,3-dimethyl-1-(spiro-[(1 ,3- benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclσhexane])-2-butanol, the product of Step 2 of Example 31 , in 50 mL of methylene chloride. After stirring for 5 h at ambient temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with 600 L of diethyl ether and filtered through silica gel. The filtrate was washed with 150 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, 2 X 150 mL of water and 150 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an amber colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 7% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 5.85 g (84% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid.

Step 2: 3.3-Dimethvl-1-hvdroxvmethvl-1-fcpiro-fπ .S-benzodioxole^.l'- cvclohexane]V2-butaπone

Formaldehyde (37% solution in water, 12.7 mmol) was added to a solution of 2.03 g (7.03 mmol) of 3,3-dimethyl-1 (spiro-1 ,3[benzodioxole,2,1'- cyclohexane])2-butanone, from Step 1 , and 310 mg (7.74) mmol of sodium hydroxide in 40 mL of THF/water (3:1 ). After 3 h the reaction was diluted with 60 mL of diethyl ether and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with 30 mL of aqueous ammonium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to 2.24 g of

+ , (M+NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.1 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.05 (t, 1H), 3.7 (m, 1 H), 4.1 (m, 1 H), 4.54 (dd, 1H), 6.55-6.73 (m, 3H).

Step 3: 1-frn\1 ^, -Dlmethvlethvndiphenvlsilvnoxym-athylV3.3-dim^hyl-1-fs piro-

1.3[(benzpdioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexaπe3)-2-butaπol

(1 ,1-Dimethylethyl)diphenylsilyl chloride (2.2 mL, 8.2 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2.24 g (7.03 mmol) of 3,3-dimethyl-1-hydroxymethyl-1- (spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-2-butanone, from Step 2, and 3.1 mL (22.3 mmol) of triethylamine in 40 mL of methylene chloride. A catalytic amount of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 200 mL of diethyl ether and the resultant solution was washed with 2 X 50 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, 50 mL of water and 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to a pale yellow colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 8% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 3.7 g of the desired silyl ether intermediate. The silyl ether (3.7 g, 6.64 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol and 125 mg (3.32 mmol) of sodium borohydride was added to the solution. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 8.5 h and then diluted with 100 mL of diethyl ether. The resultant solution was washed with 30 mL of 2 N aqueous sulfuric acid solution, 2 X 30 mL of water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a syrup. The syrup was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.15 g (55% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid; MS DCI: 559 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.8 (s, 9H) 1.0 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 2.4 (br s, 1 H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 2H), 4.04 (dd, 1 H), 6.6-6.8 (m, 3H), 7.3-7.45 (m, 6H), 7.55-7.65 (m, 4H).

Step 4: f1R.3S.4R] 3-t-Butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-riihyriro-4-^nM'- dimethvlethvndιphenvlsilvnoxvmethvn-1-fN-formvnaminomethvl- 1H-2- benzopvran

Boron trifluoride etherate (0.60 mL, 5.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 0.91 g (1.63 mmol) of 1-(((1\1'-dimethylethyl)diphenylsilyl)oxy- methyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1 -(spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1 '-cyclohexane])-2-butanol, from Step 3, and N-formylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (322 mg, 2.44 mmol) in 12 mL of diethyl ether at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to gradually warm to ambient temperature and then stirred for 46 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into 80 mL of a 1 :1 solution of diethyl ether and aqueous sodium carbonate. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 20 mL of diethyl ether and the combined organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to a white foam. The foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 30% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 470 mg (46% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 628 (M+H)+, 646 (M+NH4)+.

Step 5: ri R.3S.4R] 3-t-Butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro-1-fN- formvnaminomethvl-4-hvdroxvmethvl-1 H-2-benzopyran

Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1.50 mL, 1.50 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.47 g (0.749 mmol) of [1B,3£,4β] 3-t-butyl-5,6- cyclohexy!idenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-(((1',1 ^, -dimethylethyl)diphenylsilyl)oxy- methyl)-1-(N-formyl)aminomethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran, from Step 4, in 10 mL of THF. After 6 h at ambient temperature the reaction mixture was poured into 10 mL of water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 2 X 20 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to a colorless oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% methanol in methylene chloride to give 186 mg (64% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 390 (M+H)+, 407 (M+NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.0 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.64 (m, 3H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 4.45 (m, 1H), 5.9 (br s, 1H), 6.6 (m, 2H), 8.2 (d, 1H).

Step 6: [1R.3S.4R] 1-Ammomethvl-3-t-butvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-4- hvdroxvmethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1B.3S.4B] 3-t-Butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1-(N- formyi)aminomethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1H-2-benzopyran (171 mg, 0.44 mmol), from Step 5, was taken up in 10 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4.5 h and then cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and the solution was added slowly with stirring to diethyl ether. The white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give 81 mg (58% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 150-154°C; MS DCI: 282 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.0 (s, 9H), 3.15 (dd, 1H), 3.5-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.67- 3.82 (m, 3H), 4.62 (dd, 1H), 6.4 (d, 1 H), 6.6 (d, 1 H). Analysis calculated for C15H24CINO4+O.5H2O: C, 55.13; H, 7.71 ; N, 4.29. Found: C, 54.97; H, 7.52; N, 4.03.

Example 72

ri R.3S.4R] 3-t-Butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-4-hvdroxymethyl-1-(N- methvnaminomethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : f1 R.3S.4R] 3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-4- hvdroxvmethvl-1 -( N-methvnaminomethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran

Lithium aluminum hydride (2.10 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF, 2.10 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 0.66 g (1.05 mmol) of [1B,3£,4B] 3-t- butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-(((1 ^, ,1'-dimethylethyl)di- phenylsilyl)oxymethyl)-1-(N-formyl)aminomethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran, the product of Step 4 of Example 71 , in 15 mL of THF. The resultant solution was heated at reflux temperature for 2.25 h and then cooled to 0°C. The reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of 80μL of water, 80μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 240μL of water. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with

10% methanol in methylene chloride to give 155 mg (39% yield) of the title compound as a white solid; MS DCI: 376 (M+H)+.

Step 2: f1 R.3S.4Rl 3-t-Butvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-4-hvdroxvmethvl-1-fN- methvnaminomethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1B,3≤,4β] 3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4- hydroxymethyl-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl.-1H-2-benzopyran (153 mg, 0.407 mmol), from Step 1 , was dissolved in 15 mL of ethyl alcohol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The solution was heated at reflux temperature for 7.5 h and then concentrated to approximately 3 mL. Diethyl ether was added and the precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give 130 mg (96% yield) of the title compound as a fluffy powder, m.p. 133-136°C; MS DCI: 376 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for C16H26CINO4+O.6H2O: C, 56.09; H, 8.00; N, 4.09. Found: C, 55.98; H, 7.89; N, 3.97.

Example 73

f1 R.3S.4R] 1 ^-Bisfaminomethvn-S-t-butyl-S^-dihvdro-S.e-dihvdroxy-l H-2- benzopyraπ dihydrochloride

Step 1 : f1 R.3S.4R] 1-Bromomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxy-3.4- dihvdro^- π'.r-dimethvlethvndiphenvlsilvnoxvmethvh-IH^-benzopvran

Boron trifluoride etherate (5.87, 47.7 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 1 -(((1 \1 '-dimethylethyl)diphenylsilyl)oxymethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1 - (spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-2-butanol, the product of Step 3 of example 71 , and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.7 mL, 14.3 mmol) in 40 mL of diethyl ether. After 4.5 h at ambient temperature the reaction was quenched by pouring the reaction mixture into 200 mL of 1 :1 diethyl ether/aqueous sodium carbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a brown oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in

hexane to give .5 g o t e tt e compoun as a w te oam; : 662, 664 (M+H)+, 680, 682 (M+NH4)+; 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.59 (dd, 1 H), 3.66 (dd, 1H), 3.87-3.97 (m, 3H), 4.71 (dd, 1 H), 6.62 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.55 (m, 10H).

Step 2: [1 R.3S.4R] 1-Azidomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4- dihvdro^-ffπ'.l'-dimethvlethvndiphenvlsilvnoxvmethvl I H^-benzopvran

Lithium azide (2.06 g, 42.0 mmol) and 5.58 g (8.41 mmol) of [1B,3£,4B] 1 -bromomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro- 4-(((1 ',1 '- dimethylethyl)diphenylsilyl)oxymethyl)-1 H-2-benzopyran, from Step 1 , were dissolved in 50 mL of DMF and the solution was heated to 75°C. After 3 h at 75°C the reaction mixture was poured into a 1 :1 mixture of 150 mL of water and diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether and the combined organic layers were washed with 75 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a red oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 3.51 g (67% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 643 (M+NH4)+; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.94. (s, 9H), 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 3.23 (m, 1 H), 3.5 (dd, 1 H), 3.63-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 4.7 (dd, 1 H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1 H), 7.23-7.55 (m, 10H).

Step 3: f1 R.3S.4R] 1-Azidomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4- dihvdro-4-hvdroxymethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran

Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1.2 mL, 11.2 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 3.51 g (5.61 mmol) of [1B.3S.4B] 1 -azidomethyl-3-t- butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-(((1',1'-dimeth ylethyl)diphenyl- silyl)oxymethyl)-1H-2-benzopyran, from Step 2, in 30 mL of THF at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 4.5 h the reaction mixture was poured into 50 mL of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether and the combined organic layers were washed with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.71 g (78% yield) of the title compound as a

white foam; MS DCI: 388 (M+H)+, 405 (M+NH4) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.2 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.5 (dd, 1H), 3.55-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.72 (dd, 1H), 3.39 (ddd, 1H), 4.53 (dd, 1 H), 6.51 (d, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H).

Step 4: f1R.3S.4R] 1-Bis(azidomethvn-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4- dihvdro-1 H-2-benzoovran

Methanesulfonyl chloride (157 μL,,2.03 mmol) was added to a solution of [1 B,3£.4BJ 1 -azidomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexyiidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro- 4- hydroxymethyI-1H-2-benzopyran, from Step 3, and 471 μL (3.38 mmol) of triethylamine in 15 mL of methylene chloride at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred for 45 min at ambient temperature. The solution was then diluted with 75 mL of diethyl ether and the ether solution was washed with 2 X 30 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, 30 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 30 L of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 15 mL of DMF and lithium azide (306 mg, 6.25 mmol) was added. The solution was heated to 80°C. After stirring at 80°C for 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 50 mL of water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 3 X 30 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 30 mL of water and 30 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 520 mg (93% yield) of the title compound as a yellow oil; MS DCI: 430 (M+NH4)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.1 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 3.25- 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.73 (dd, 1H), 3.8 (dd, 1H), 4.6 (dd, 1H), 6.51 (d, 1 H), 6.61 (d, 1H).

Step 5; [1R.3S.4R] l ,4-Bisfaminomethyπ-3-t-butyl-5.6-cyclohexylideπedioxy-

3.4-dihvdro-1 H-2-benzopvran dihvdrochloride

Lithium aluminum hydride (2.5 mL of a 1 solution in diethyl ether, 2.5 mmol) was added to a solution of [1fi,3£,4B] 1 ,4-bis(azidomethyl)-3-t-buty 1-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran, from Step 4, in 15 mL of diethyl ether at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 40 min at ambient temperature the reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of 94μL of water, 94μL of 15% aqueous sodium

hydroxide solution and 282 μL of water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. The oil was dissolved in diethyl ether and diethyl ether saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride was added dropwise to the ether solution. The white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give 498 mg (91% yield) of the title compound; MS DCI: 430 (M+NH4)+.

Step 6: f1 R.3S.4R] 1.4-BisfeminomethylV3-t-butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-

1 H-2-beπzopyran dihydrochloride

[1fi.3S.4B] 1 ,4-Bis(aminomethyl)-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran dihydrochloride (485 mg, 1.12 mmol), from Step 5, was dissolved in 20 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2.5 h and then cooled and concentrated in vacuo to approximately 3 mL The concentrated solution was added dropwise to 150 mL of vigorously stirred diethyl ether. The resultant pale yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and then dissolved in a minimal amount of ethyl alcohol and reprecipitated from diethyl ether. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give 345 mg (87% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 205°C; MS DCI: 281 (M+H)+, 298 (M+NH4)+; H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 0.9 (s, 9H), 2.7 (m, 1 H), 2.85-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.51 (d, 1 H), 3.55-3.65 (m, 2H), 4.58 (m, 1 H), 6.54 (d, 1 H), 6.72 (d, 1 H), 7.9 (br s, 3H), 8.12 (br s, 3H), 8.97 (br s, 1 H), 9.65 (br s, 1H). Analysis calculated for C 5H26Cl2N2θ3+o.5EtOH- C, 51.07; H, 7.77; N, 7.44. Found: C, 50.71 ; H, 7.44; N, 7.37.

Example 74

H R.3S.4R] 4-(N-Acetvhaminomethyl-1 -aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6- dihvdroxy-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride

Step 1 ; [1 R.3S.4R] l-(N-t-ButPxycarboπyl)aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5.6- cvclohexv[idenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-4-hvdroxvmethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran

Lithium aluminum hydride (0.95 mL of a 1 M solution in diethyl ether, 0.95 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of [1fi.3S.4B] 1 -azidomethyl-3-t-

butyI-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxymethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran, the product of Step 3 of Example 73, in 10 mL of diethyl ether at 0°C. The resultant solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 40 min. The reaction was then quenched by the sequential addition of 36 μL of water, 36 μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 108 μL of water. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a white foam. The foam was dissolved in 10 mL of acetonitrile. Di-t-butyldicarbonate (203 mg, 0.93 mmol) and 114 mg, 0.93 mmol) of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were added to the solution. After 5 min the acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 75 mL of ethyl acetate. The resultant solution was washed with 3 X 30 mL of 1 M aqueous phosphoric acid solution, 3 X 30 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 30 mL of water and 30 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 380 mg (88% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 462 (M+H)+; ¹ H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 1.0 (s, 9H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.5-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.82- 4.03 (m, 2H), 4.38 (dd, 1H), 4.88 (brs, 1H), 6.55-6.65 (m, 2H).

Step 2; [1R.3S.4R] 4-Azidomethyl-1-(N-t-butoχyoarbonyl)aminomethyl-3-t-butyl- 5,6-cyclohexy|ideπedioxy-3.4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyraπ

A solution of 380 mg (0.82 mmol) of [1fi,3≤,4fi] l-(N-t-butoxycarbonyl)- aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-4 -hydroxymethyl- 1 H-2-benzopyran, from Step 1 , and 287 μL (2.06 mmol) of triethylamine in 10 mL of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C. Methanesulfonyl chloride (96 μL, 1.23 mmol) was added dropwise and the solution was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. The solution was then diluted with 50 mL of diethyl ether and washed with 2 X 25 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, 25 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 25 mL of brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of DMF and lithium azide (200 mg, 4.08 mmol) was added to the solution. The reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at 80°C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into 50 mL of water and the aqueous mixture was extracted with 3 X 30 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 25 mL of water and 25 mL of brine, dried over

anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 312 mg (70% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 487 (M+H)+, 504 (M+NH4)+; 1H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 0.99 (s,

9H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 3.23-3.39 (m, 3H), 3.51 (d, 1 H), 3.70-3.82 (m, 1 H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.43 (dd, 1H), 4.87 (br s, 1H), 6.6 (s, 2H).

Step 3: f1 R.3S.4R] 4-(N-Acetvnaminomethvl-1-fN-t-butoxvcarbonvnamino- methvl-3-t-butvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-1 H-2-ben2opvran

To a solution of 312 mg (0.64 mmol) of [1fi,3≤,4B] 4-azidomethyl-1-(N-t- butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenediox y-3,4-dihydro- 1 H-2-benzopyran, from Step 2, in 50 mL of ethyl acetate was added 31.2 mg of 10% palladium on carbon. The reaction mixture was sealed under hydrogen at 4 atmospheres and the reaction mixture was shaken overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to a white foam. The foam was dissolved in 10 mL of DMF and the DMF solution was cooled to 0°C. Triethylamine (134 μL, 0.96 mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of acetic anhydride (61 μL, 0.64 mmol) via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1.25 h and then poured into 50 mL of water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 4 X 40 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 2 X 40 mL of water, 2 X 40 mL of aqueous 1 N hydrochloric acid solution, 40 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 307 mg (95% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; MS DCI: 503 (M+H)+, 520 (M+NH4)+; ^" Η NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.98 (s, 9H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.45- 1.95 (m, 10H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 3.2-3.5 (m, 5H), 3.93-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.25 (dd, 1H), 4.88 (br s, 1 H), 5.64 (br s, 1 H), 6.55-6.65 (m, 2H).

Step 4: f1 R.3S.4R] 4-(N-Acetvnaminomethvl-1-aminomethvl-3-t-butvl-5.6- cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1 fi,3£,4fi] 4-(N-Acetyl)aminomethyl-1 -(N-t-butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl- 3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyr an (0.3 g, 0.6 mmol), from Step 3, was dissolved in 10 mL of diethyl ether and to this solution was added 10 mL of diethyl ether saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride.

The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 5.5 h. The white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give 204 mg (78% yield) of the title compound as a white powder; MS DCI: 403 (M+H)+, 420 (M+NH4)+.

Step 5: f1 R.3S.4R] 4-fN-AcetvnaminomethvM-aminomethvl-3-t-butvl-3.4- dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1fi.3S.4fi] 4-(N-Acetyl)aminomethyl-1 -aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride (172 mg, 0.39 mmol) was dissolved in 12 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 2.25 h and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The solution was concentrated to approximately 3 mL and then added slowly to 150 mL of vigorously stirred diethyl ether. The white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum at 80°C overnight to give 132 mg (94% yield) of the title compound as a fluffy powder, m.p. 187°C; MS DCI: 323 (M+H)+, 340 (M+NH4)+; 1H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 0.88 (s, 9H), 1.77 (s, 9H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 1H), 3.0-3.3 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.65 (m, 3H), 4.47 (dd, 1H), 6.47 (d, 1H), 6.63 (d, 1H), 7.74 (t, 1H), 7.94 (br s, 3H), 8.57 (m, 2H), 9.39 (s, 1H).

Example 75

M R.3S1 3-Cvclohexyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1 -(N-methvnaminomethyl-1 H- 2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1fi,3≤] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyi-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihy dro- 1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride (synthesized as described in Steps 1 and 2 of Example 32 for [1fi,3≤] 1-aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexyϋdenedioxy-3,4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride) (0.82 g, 2.3 mmol) was partitioned between methylene chloride and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The methylene chloride layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 25 mL of ethyl formate. The ethyl formate solution was heated to reflux temperature. After 1 h at reflux temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated to a white solid. The solid was dissolved in 15 mL of THF and 175 mg (4.6 mmol) of lithium aluminum

hydride (LAH) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 3 h then cooled to 0°C. The reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of 0.175 mL of water, 0.175 mL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 0.525 mL of water. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake washed with diethyl ether. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol and the alcohol solution was saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride then heated at reflux temperature for 2 h. The ethanol was evaporated to approximately 2 mL and ether was added until a solid precipitate was formed. The solid was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 504 mg (67% yield) of the title compound as a colorless powder, m.p. 244°C; DCI MS: 292 (M ⁺ H) ⁺ . Analysis calculated for C17H26CINO3: C, 62.28; H, 7.99; N, 4.27. Found: C, 62.24; H, 7.90; N, 4.21.

Example 76

f 1 R.3S] 3-t-Butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1 -( N-methvnaminomethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran hydrpohloπde

Following the synthesis outlined in Example 75 and starting with [1fi,3f£] 1- aminomethyl-3-t-butyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride from Step 2 of Example 32, [1fi,3≤] 3-t-butyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6- dihydroxy-1-(N-methylaminomethyl)-1 H-2-benzopyran hydrochloride was prepared, m.p. 246°C; DCI MS: 266 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for C-15H23CINO3: C.59.70; H, 8.00; N, 4.64. Found: C, 59.64; H, 8.10; N, 4.45.

Example 77

f 1 R.3S] 1 -^N-Allvhaminomethyl-3-cvclohexyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy- 1 H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : f1 R.3S] 1-fN-Allvnaminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6- cvclohexvlidenedioxv-1H-2-benzopvran

[1fi,3S] 1-Bromomethy!-3-cyclohexyl -3.4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H-2- benzopyran (1.1 g, 2.6 mmol) (prepared as described in Example 31 , using cyclohexyl ethylene oxide) and dissolved in 10 mL of allyl amine. The reaction

mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 5 h then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The solution was washed with 2 X 25 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 1 X 25 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 30% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 928 mg (90% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil; DCI MS: 398 (M+H)+; ^" - H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.0 (m, 20H), 2.05 (br d,

1H, J=11.0 Hz), 2.4 (br s, 1 H), 2.5 (dd, 1R, J=13.5, 9.0 Hz), 2.7 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 2.8 Hz), 2.82 (dd, 1 H, J=10.0, 7.5 Hz), 3.18 (dd, 1 H, J=10.0, 3.0 Hz), 3.48 (m, 3H), 4.7 (br d, 1 H, J=7.5 Hz), 5.2 (m, 2H), 5.95 (m, 1 H), 6.5 (d, 1 H, J=6.3 Hz), 6.58 (d, 1 H, J=6.3 Hz).

Step 2: f1 R.3S] 1- N-Allvnaminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy- 1 H-2-benzopvran hydrochloride

[1fl,3S] 1-(N-Allyl)aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-cyclohex yli- denedioxy-1 H-2-benzopyran (920 mg, 2.3 mmol), from Step 1 , was dissolved in 15 mL of ethanol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The acidic solution was heated at reflux temperature for 2 h then concentrated to ~ 2 mL Diethyl ether was added and the precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 590 mg (72% yield) of the title compound as an off-white powder, m.p. 217-219°C; DCI MS: 318 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for ^C 19 ^H 28 ^CIN0 3 ^{: c} ' ⁶⁴ - ⁴⁹ : H, 7.98; N, 3.96. Found: C, 64.34; H, 8.02; N, 3.82.

Examples 78 - 100

Following the syntheses described in Examples 31 and 77, using the appropriate epoxide and the appropriate amine, Examples 78 - 95 were prepared as disclosed in Table 4. Examples 96 - 100 were prepared by the procedures described in Examples 31 , 32 and 75. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point, mass spectra and elemental analysis as designated.

Example f Compound Amine Π U» MS* Elemental Analysi

78

^* DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Table 4 continued

Example # Compound Amine m.p. MS* Elemental Analysis

82

H N 230-232°C 391 calc: 55.93 7.89 5.93

Found: 56.28 7.81 5.8

84

^* DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Example # Compound Amine m.p. MS* Elemental Analysi

86

87

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Table 4 continued

Example # Compound Amine I3 P-- MS* Elemental Analysis

90

91

92

93

^* DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Example # Compound Amine m.p. MS* Elemental Analysi

94

95

.. ^" DCI MS (M+H) ⁺ To a solution of 172 mg (0.421 mmol) of Example 91 (with the hydroxyl groups protected as the cyclohexylidene derivative) in 3 mL of THF at -78°C was added 185 mL of a 2.5 M solution of n-butyl lithium in THF (0.463 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and 15 mg (0.5 mmol) of paraformaidehyde was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 1 h period, it was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h and then the reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated ammonium chloride solution. The aqueous mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 170 mg (92% yield) of the 5,6-cyclohexylidenyl derivative of Example 95. The protecting group was removedand the hydrochloride salt was generated by treating with ethyl alcohol saturated with hydrogen chloride at reflux for 3 h. The alcohol was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dis¬ solved in water. The aqueous solution was extracted with diethyl ether. Aqueous sodium carbonate was added to generate the amine free base and the aqueous mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was treated with diethyl ether saturated with hydrogen chloride. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of water and the aqueous solution was lyophylized to give Example 95.

Example # Compound ULβ. MS* Elemental Analysis

OH

96

221 °C 264 H N

H' ^' f ^H caic(0.3H ₂ O): 59.03 7.46 4.59 Found: 59.20 7.32 7.49

100 1

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

5.6-Pihydrpχy-1-(N-methyl)aminomethyl-3-pheπyl-3,4-dihydro πaphthalene

1-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthale ne, the product of Step 2 of Example 2, was N-methylated as described in Example 75 and deprotected as described in Step 4 of Example 2 to give the title compound as its hydrochloride salt, m.p. 131 -133°C; DCI MS: 282 (M+H) ⁺ . Analysis calculated for C ₁₈ H ₂ oCINθ2: C, 68.03; H, 6.34; N, 4.41. Found: C, 67.64; H,

6.54; N, 4.31.

Example 1Q2

π R. 3S] 5.6-Dihvdroxv-1-(N-methvnaminomethvl-3-phenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrah vdro- naphthalene

[1fi, 3S] 1-Aminomethyl-5,6- imethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronanhthalene, the product of Step 1 of Example 17, was N-methylated as described in Example 75 and deprotected as described in Step 4 of Example 2 to give the title compound as its hydrochloride salt, m.p. 211-213°C; DCI MS: 284 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for C- ₈ H22CIN0 ₂ : C, 65.75; H, 7.05; N, 4.26.

Found: C, 65.54; H, 6.89; N, 4.04.

Examples 103 - 105

Following the synthesis described in Examples 1A and 2, the 1- aminomethyl precursors to Examples 103 - 105 were prepared with the catechol hydroxyl groups protected as dimethyl ethers. The 1-aminomethyl compounds were N-acylated. The N-acyl derivatives reduced as described in Example 75 and deprotected as described in Step 4 of Example 2, using the appropriate acylating agent and lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) as the reducing agent to give Example 103 -105 as their hydrochloride salts unless otherwise noted. In the case of Example 104, the acylation/reduction sequence was repeated to give the dialkylamino derivative. Examples 103 - 105 are disclosed in Table 5. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point (m.p.), elemental analysis and mass spectra, as designated.

Table 5: Examples 103 - 105

Example # Compound Acvi chloride m.p. MS ^* -RRMg

198°C 310 calc: 309.1725 Found: 309.1722

352 calc: 351.2198 Found: 351.2203

122°C 296 calc: 295.1572 Found: 295.1571

methanesulfonic acid salt DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

High Resolution Mass Spectrum

f1 R.3S] 1.3-Bisfaminomethvn-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-1 H-2-benzopyran dihydrochloride

Step 1 : 1-Benzvloxv-3-fepiro-fπ ■3-benzodioxoleV2.1'-cvclohexane]V2- propanol

Glycidol (3.1 g, 42 mmol) was added dropwise to a suspension of sodium hydride (1.0 g, 42 mmol) in 25 mL of dry dimethyl formamide (DMF) at 0°C. After stirring the suspension for 30 min at 0°C, 7.1 g (42 mmol) of benzyl bromide was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 40 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 75 mL of diethyl ether, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 2 X 30 mL of 2 N aqueous sulfuric acid solution, 2 X 30 mL of water and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated at reduced pressure to give 5.3 g of the protected epoxy alcohol as an oil.

N-Butyl lithium (18.5 mL of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 46 mmol) was added to a solution of spiro[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane] (7.4 g, 39 mmol) in 75 mL of THF at 0°C. After 4 h, the protected glycidol (5.3 g, 32 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 10% aqueous ammonium chloride solution and extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with ammonium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 4.4 g (38% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil. DCI MS: 372 (M+NH ₄ )+, 355 (M+H)+. ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.4-

1.9 (m, 10H), 2.46 (d, 1H, J=3.9 Hz), 2.79 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 3.4 (dd, 1H, J=9.9, 7.2 Hz), 3.52 (dd, 1 H, J=9.9, 3.0 Hz), 4.12 (m, 1 H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 6.6-6.73 (m, 3H), 7.34 (m, 5H).

Step 2: [1R.3S] 3-Benzoxvmethvl-1-bromomethvl-5.6-cyclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran

A solution of 1-benzyloxy-3-(spira-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-2- propanol (4.3 g, 12 mmol), from Step 1 , and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.7 mL, 14 mmol) in 25 mL of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C. Boron trifluoride etherate (3.6 mL, 29 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The resultant dark brown solution was poured into 50 mL of 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution and the aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 4.2 g (75%) of the title compound as a colorless syrup; DCI MS: 476 (M+NH4)+. 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.57 (dd, 1H, J=16.5, 11.4 Hz), 2.71 (dd, 1 H, J=16.5, 3 Hz), 3.59 (dd, 1 H, J=11.4, 6 Hz), 3.63 (dd, 1H, J=10.8, 4.2 Hz), 3.73 (dd, 1 H, J=10.8, 6 Hz), 3.87 (dd, 1 H, J=11.4, 2.7), 4.65 (d, 1 H, J=12 Hz), 4.72 (d, 1 H, J=12 Hz), 5.0 (m, 1 H), 6.52 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.62 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.42-7.25 (m, 5H).

Ste ^p 3: M R.3S1 1-Bromomethvl-3-hvdroxvmethvl-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy-3.4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran

5% Platinum on carbon (1.0 g) was added to a solution of [Ifi^S] 3- benzyloxymethyl-1-bromomethyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-d ihydro-1H-2- benzopyran (4.0 g, 8.7 mmol), from Step 2, in 150 mL of methanol and 5 mL of ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture was sealed under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and shaken overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst and. concentrated to a light brown oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 30% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.2 g (68% yield) of the title compound as a white foam. 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4- 1.95 (m, 10H), 2.25 (dd, 1H, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz), 2.62 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 3.57 (dd, 1H, J=11.4, 6.9 Hz), 3.65-3.9 (m, 4H), 4.98 (m, 1 H), 6.52 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.63 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz).

ep : - z omet v - . -cvc o exv ene oxv-3- v roxvmet v - . - v ro-

1 H-2-benzopyran

Lithium azide (1.0 g, 20 mmol) was added to a solution of [1fi,3≤J 1- bromomethyl-5,6-cyclohexyfidenedioxy-3-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dih ydro-1 H-2- benzopyran (2.17 g, 5.87 mmol), from Step 3, in 20 mL of DMF. The reaction mixture was heated to 70°C for 1.5 h then cooled to ambient temperature and poured into 50 mL of diethyl ether and 5Q mL of water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.38 g (70% yield) of the title compound as a colorless glass. H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H),

2.14 (dd, 1H, J=9.0, 4.8 Hz), 2.63 (d, 2H, 7.5 Hz), 3.5 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 7.0 Hz), 3.62 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 2.7 Hz), 3.65-3.9 (m, 3H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.45 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz).

Step 5: f1 R.3S] 1.S-BisfczidomethvlVS.e-cvclohexylidenedioxy-S^-dihvdro-l H- 2-benzopvran

Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.128 mL, 1.65 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 1 -azidomethyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3-hydroxymethyl-3,4- dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran (500 mg, 1.5 mmol), from Step 4, and 0.314 mL (2.25 mmol) of triethylamine (TEA) in 15 mL of methylene chloride at 0°C. After stirring for 30 min at 0°C, the reaction mixture was transferred to a separately funnel and diluted with diethyl ether. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with 2 X 20 mL of water, 2 X 15 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and brine, dϊϊed over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a white foam. The foam was dissolved in 20 mL of DMF and 440 mg (9 mmol) of lithium azide was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80°C and stirred at 80°C for 4 h then cooled and poured into 50 mL of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 30 mL of diethyl ether and the combined ether extracts were washed with 30 mL of waterand brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel eluted with diethyl ether to give

450 mg (84% yield) of the title compound as a pale yellow oil; DCI MS: 374 (M+NH4)+. 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.45-1.95 (m, 10H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 3.38 (dd, 1H,

J=13.5, 3.9 Hz), 3.5 (m, 2H), 3.7 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 2.7 Hz), 3.9 (m, 1H), 5.0 (m, 1 H), 6.47 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz), 6.62 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz).

Step 6: f1 R.3S] 1.3-Bisfeminomethvl)-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro-

1 H-2-benzopyran

Lithium aluminum hydride (2.4 mL of 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether, 2.4 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of [1fi,3SJ 1 ,3-bis(azidomethyl)-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran (430 mg, 1.2 mmol), from Step 5, in 10 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 45 min. The reaction was then quenched by the sequential addition of 91 μL of water, 91 μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 273 μL of water. The solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 212 mg (85% yield) of the title compound as a colorless glass; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4-1.95 (m, 14H), 2.5 (dd, 1H, J=17.1 Hz), 2.65 (dd, 1 H, J=17.1 , 3

Hz), 2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0 (dd, 1H, J=13.8, 6 Hz), 3.21 (dd, 1H, J=13.8, 2.4 Hz), 3.66 (m, 1H), 4.7 (m, 1H), 6.51 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz).

Step 7: f1 R.3S] 1.3-Bis(aminomethylV3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1H-2- benzopvran dihydrochloride

Absolute ethyl alcohol was saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride and added to 212 mg (0.96 mmol) of [1fi,3S] 1 ,3-bis(aminomethyl)-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H-2-benzopyran from Step 6. The solution was heated to reflux temperature. After 45 min at reflux temperature, a precipitate formed and the volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to 5 mL. Diethyl ether was added until precipitation was complete and the precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration. The solid was washed with diethyl ether and dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C ovemight to give 280 mg (96% yield) of the title compound as a fine white powder, m.p. >260°C; IR 3320, 3040, 1590, 1500, 1290 cm-1; DCI MS: 225 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.38 (dd, 1H, J=16.5,

12 Hz), 2.76 (m, 2H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 3.52 (m, 2H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.83 (m, 1H), 6.54 (d, 1 H, 8.1 Hz), 6.7 (d, 1 H, J=8.1 Hz), 8.25 (br s, 6H), 8.6 (s, 1 H), 9.4 (s, 1 H).

y 1 18 2 2 3 , . ; , . ; , . . u , 44.70; H, 6.04; N, 9.22.

Example 107

f 1 R.3S] 1 -Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-hvdroxvmethyl-1 H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-3- hvdroxymethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran

Lithium aluminum hydride (1.1 mL of 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether, 1.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 370 mg (1.1 mmol) of 1-azidomethyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-1H-2-benzop yran, the product of Step 4 of Example 106, in 10 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperatυre and stirred for 40 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and quenched by the sequential addition of 42 μL of water, 42 μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 126 μL of water. The solution was dried over anhydrous, magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give

263 mg (77% yield) of the title compound as a white powder; DCI MS: 306 (M+H)+; H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.4-1.95 (m, 13H), 2.6 (m, 2H), 3.03 (dd, 1H,

J=13.5, 5.7 Hz), 3.23 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 2.7 Hz), 3.7 (dd, 1H, J=11.7, 7.5 Hz), 3.77- 3.9 (m, 2H), 6.52 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz).

Step 2: f 1 R.3S1 1-Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-3-hvdroxymethyl-1 H-

2-benzopyran hydrochloride

Absolute ethyl alcohol was saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride and added to a suspension of 256 mg (0.83 mmol) of [1B.3S] 1-aminomethyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-1H-2-benzop yran from Step 1 in 2 mL of ethanol. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux temperature. After 1.5 h at reflux temperature, a precipitate had formed. The solvents were evaporated down under reduced pressure to approximately 5 mL Diethyl ether was added until the precipitation was complete and the solid was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried in a

vacuum oven at 80°C overnight to give 160 mg (73% yield) of the title compound as an off-white powder, m.p. 235°C; DCI MS: 226 (M+H)+; IR: 3200, 1590, 1500, 1295, 1050 cm ^" 1 ; ^" I H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.28 (dd, 1 H, J=16.8,

11.4 Hz), 2.66 (dd, 1H, J=16.8, 3.0 Hz), 2.83 (dd, 1H, J=12.3, 9.3 Hz), 3.45-3.7 (m, 4H), 4.8 (m, 2H), 6.51 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.67 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.05 (br s, 3H), 8.48 (br s, 1 H), 9.3 (br s, 1 H). Analysis calculated for Ci - H-| ₆ CIN04 _: C,

50.48; H, 6.16; N, 5.35. Found: C, 50.64; H, 6.24; N, 5.20.

Example 108

f1 R.3S]1 -Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-pvrrolidinvlmethvl- 1 H-2- benzopyran dihydrochloride

Step 1 : f1 R. 3S] 1-Azidomethvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-3- pvrrolidiπvlmethvH H-2-benzopvran

Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.146 mL, 1.89 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 0.57 g (1.72 mmol) of [1fi, 3≤]1-azidomethyl-5,6-cyclohexylidene- dioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran, the product of Step 4 of Example 106, and 0.36 mL (2.58 mmol) of triethylamine in 15 mL of methylene chloride at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0°C then transferred to a separatory funnel and diluted with 45 mL of diethyl ether. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with 2 X 20 mL of water, 2 X 20 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid and 20 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to 405 mg of white foam. The foam was dissolved in 20 mL of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and an excess amount of pyrrolidine was added to this solution. The reaction mixture was heated at 95°C for 2.5 h then poured into 75 mL of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 40 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 2 X 30 mL of water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% methanol in methylene chloride to give 210 mg (55% yield) of the title compound as a white foam; DCI MS: 385 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4-1.9 (m, 14H), 2.5-2.9 (m, 8H), 3.45 (dd, 1 H, J=13.2, 6.6 Hz), 3.68 (dd, 1 H, J=13.2, 2.4 Hz), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.97 (m, 1 H), 6.45 (d, 1 H, J=8.1 Hz). 6.6 (d, 1 H, J=8.1 Hz).

Step 2: M R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-3- pyrrolidinylmethyl-1H-2-benzopyran

Lithium aluminum hydride (0.52 mL of a 1.0 M solution, 0.52 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 20 mg (0.52 mmol) of 1-azidomethyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-pyrrolidinylmethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran, from Step 1 , in 10 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and it was stirred at ambient temperature for 40 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and quenched by the sequential addition of 20 μL of water, 20 μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 60 μL of water. The resultant solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and the precipitate filtered. Diethyl ether saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride was then added dropwise to the filtrate to precipitate the hydrochloride salt of [1fi,3S] 1-aminomethyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-pyrrolidinylmethyl-1H-2-b enzopyran which was collected by vacuum filtration yielding 220 mg (98% yield) of the title compound as its hydrochloride salt, a white solid; DCI MS: 359 (M+H) ⁺ .

Ste ^p 3: [1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-pvrrolidinvlmethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran dihydrochloride

Absolute ethanol (10 mL) was saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride and added to 187 mg (0.44 mmol) of the product of Step 2, [1B.3S] 1- aminomethyl-5,6-cyclohexylidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-3-pyrrolidi nylmethyl-1 H-2- benzopyran. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux temperature. After 2 h at reflux temperature, a precipitate formed and the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced under reduced pressure to approximately 5 mL. Diethyl ether was added to the concentrate to precipitate the product which was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with diethyl ether. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C overnight to give 146 mg (96% yield) of the title compound as a fine white powder, m.p. > 280°C; IR 3400, 3200, 2960, 1510, 1295 cm ^"1 ; DCI MS: 279 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (D ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.0 (m, 4H), 2.33 (dd, 1 H, J=16.2, 10.8 Hz), 3.1

(m, 2H), 3.4 (m, 2H), 3.6 (m, 3H), 4.05 (m, 1 H), 4.93 (m, 1 H), 6.54 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz), 6.7 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz), 8.4 (br s, 3H), 8.6 (s, 1 H), 9.4 (s, 1 H), 10.6 (br s, 1 H).

Analysis calculated for C15H24CI2N2O3: C, 51.29; H, 6.89; N, 7.97. Found: C, 50.94; H, 6.82; N, 7.76.

Examples 109 - 112

Following the synthesis described in Example 108, using 3- (benzyloxy)propylene oxide and the appropriate alkyl or cycloalkyl amine, Examples 109 and 110 were prepared as disclosed in Table 6, as their dihydrochloride salts. Following the procedures described in Examples 106 and 107, using 4-(benzyloxy)butylene oxide, Examples 111 and 112 were prepared as disclosed in Table 6. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point, mass spectra and elemental analysis as designated.

Examples 113 -124

Following the synthesis illustrated in Scheme V using the appropriate acylating agent Examples 113 - 124 were prepared as disclosed in Table 7, as their hydrochloride salts. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point, mass spectra and elemental analysis as designated.

Examples 125 - 127

Following the synthesis described in Examples 106 and 107, using 4- (benzyloxy)butylene oxide and the procedure for N-methylation described in Example 75, Examples 125 - 127 were prepared as disclosed in Table 8, as their hydrochloride salts. The structure of each was confirmed by melting point, mass spectra and elemental analysis as designated.

Table 6: Examples 109-112

Example # Compound Amine m.p. MS* Elemental Analysis

7 Found: 52.80 7.21 7.53

112

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

E a pl # Com o nd Acyl chloride m.p. MS* Elemental Analysi

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Example # Compound Acyl chloride m.p. MS* Elemental Analysi

4 4

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

Example # Compound Ώ SL- MS* Elemental Analysis

OH Η

127 ^NHCH3 >260°C 253 H N κ' «. calc(0.3CH ₂ CI ₂ ): 45.55 6.50 7.99 Found: 45.55 6.29 8.37

DCI MS (M+H) ⁺

f1 R.3S] 1 -Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-7.8-dihvdroxv-1 H-2-benzoxepin hydrochloride

Step 1 : Spiroff4-methvl-1.3-benzodioxole 2.1 '-cyclohexane]

A catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid (approximately 50 mg) was added to a solution of 2,3-dihydroxytoluene (10g, 80.7 mmol) and cyclohexanone (8.3 mL, 81 mmol) in 150 mL of cyclohexane. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux temperature and the water produced in the condensation reaction was removed using a Dean Stark trap. After 6 h, the solution was concentrated to approximately 50 mL and purified on a silica gel column (10 cm X 6 cm) eluted with hexane to give 14 g of the title compound as a colorless liquid; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.7 (m, 4H), 1.9 (m, 4H), 2.2

(s, 3H), 6.6 (m, 3H).

Step 2: 1 -Cvclohexvl-2-r2'.3'-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-4'-methvlphenvπet hanol and 1 -Cvclohexvl-3-f 2'.3'-cvclohexvlidenedioxvphenvn-1 -propanol

N-Butyl lithium (23 mL of a 2.1 M solution in hexane, 49 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of spiro[(4-methyl-1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1 '-cyclohexane] (9 g, 44 mmol), from Step 1 , in 60 mL of THF at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25°C and stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and 1 -cyclohexylethylene oxide was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 25°C and 30 min at 50°C then poured into 100 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and extracted with 3 X 100 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The title compounds were separated by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 5.12 g (35% yield) of 1-cyclohexyl-2-(2',3'-cyclohexyiidenedioxy-4'- methylphenyl)ethanol and 3.63 g (25% yield) of 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2',3'- cyclohexylidenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanol.

Step 3: f1 R.3S1 1-Bromomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-6.7-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-1.3.4.5- tetrahvdro-2-benzoxepin hydrochloride

Boron trifluoride etherate (1.47 mL, 12 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2 g (6.06 mmol) of 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2',3'-cyciohexylidenedioxy- phenyl)-1-propanol from Step 2 and bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (0.716 mL, 6.06 mmol) in 30 mL of methylene chloride at -20°C. The temperature of the reaction mixture was maintained between -10°C and -5°C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was theist diluted with 100 mL of diethyl ether and washed with 2 X 50 mL of aqueous sodium carbonate solution and 50 mL of brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 2% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.2 g (46% yield) of the title compound as a colorless foam.

Step 4: f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethyl-3-cvclohexyl-6.7-cvclohexylidenedioxy-1.3.4.5- tetrahvdro-2-benzoxepin hydrochloride

Lithium azide (590 mg, 12 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.05 g (2.4 mmol) of [1 R,3S] 1-bromomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-6,7-cyclohexylidenedioxy- 1 ,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzoxepane hydrochloride, from Step 3, in 10 mL of DMF at 25°C. The reaction mixture was heated to 65°C, stirred at 65°C for 2.5 h, cooled to ambient temperature and poured into 100 mL of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with 75 mL of water and 75 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 2% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 850 mg (89% yield) of [1fi,3S]-1-azidomethyl-3- cyclohexyl-6,7-cyclohexylidenedioxy-1 ,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzoxepin hydrochloride. This azide intermediate was dissolved in 25 mL of diethyl ether and lithium aluminum hydride (2.1 mL of a 1 M solution in diethyl ether) was added to the solution at 0°C. After warming the reaction mixture to ambient temperature and stirring for 1 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and the reaction quenched by the sequential addition of 80 μL of water, 80 μL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 240 μL of water. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether. The filtrate was concentrated and the

res ue re sso ve n e y e er. e e er so u on was rea e w e y ether saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and dried to give 770 mg (90% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid, m.p. 250°C; DCI MS: 372 (M+H)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.9-1.9 (m, 23H), 2.7 (m, 1 H), 3.02 (m, 1 H), 3.3 (t, 1 H, J=11.4 Hz),

3.52 (m, 2H), 4.97 (dd, 1H, J=11.4, 2.9 Hz), 6.45 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.5 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 8.5 (brs, 2H).

Step 5: f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-6.7-dihvdroxv-1.3.4.5-tetrahvdro- 2- benzoxepin hydrochloride

[1fi,3S] 1 -Aminomethyl-3-cyclohexyl-6,7-cyclohexylidenedioxy-1 ,3,4,5- tetrahydro-2-benzoxepin hydrochloride (200 mg, 0.49 mmol), from Step 4, was added to a 1 N solution of anhydrous hydrogen chloride in ethyl alcohol. The reaction mixture was heated to 50°C and monitored by TLC analysis. After two hours the solution was concentrated to approximately 1 mL and the residue triturated with diethyl ether. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 62 mg (40% yield) of the title compound as a colorless powder, m.p. 216-219°C; DCI MS: 292 (M+H) ⁺ . Analysis calculated for C17H26CINO3: C, 62.28; H, 7.99; N, 4.27. Found: C,

62.22; H, 8.05; N, 4.14.

Example 129

f1 R.3S] 1-Aminomethvl-3-cvclohexvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-7-methy l-1 H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

1-Cyclohexyl-2-(2',3 ^* -cyclohexylidenedioxy-4'-methylphenyl)ethanol, from Step 2 of Example 128, was converted to the title compound by the procedures described in Example 128 above, Steps 3 - 5, m.p. 168-170°C; DCI MS: 292 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for C 7H26CINO3+I/2H2O: C, 60.61 ; H, 8.077; N,

4.16. Found: C, 60.39; H, 7.92; N, 4.12.

Example 130

IlS ^* ^fi ^* J 1-Aminomethyl-3-phenyl-5.6-dihydrpχy-1 H-2-benzopyraπ hydrochloride

Step 1 ; 2-(2',3'-CyplPhexylidenediPχyphenyl)-1 -phenylethanone

A solution of 15.5 g (50 mmol) of 2-(2',3'-cyclohexylidenedioxyphenyl)-1- phenylethanol prepared from styrene oxide (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company) by the procedure described in Step 2 of Example 31 , in 60 mL of methylene chloride was added dropwise to a mixture of 60 g (28 mmol) of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and 35 g of Celite® filter aid in 300 mL of methylene chloride at ambient temperature. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with 200 mL of diethyl ether and filtered through silica gel. The chromium-containing residue was washed several times with diethyl ether. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 14 g (90% yield) of the title compound as a yellow syrup; DCI MS: 326 (M+NH4)+, 309 (M+H)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 4.2 (s, 2H), 6.7 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m,

1 H), 8.05 (m, 2H).

Step 2: MR ^* ] 2-f2'.3'-cvclohexvlidenedioxvphenvn-1-phenylethanol

A solution of 754 mg (2.45 mmol) of 2-(2\3'-cyclohexylidenedioxyphenyl)-1- phenylethanone, from Step 1 , in 1 mL of THF was added to a solution of 936 mg (2.9 mmol) of (-) B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company) in 3 mL of THF at -20°C. After storing the resultant solution for 12 h at -15°C, the solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in 15 mL of diethyl ether and 565 mg of diethanolamine was added. The stirred for 30 min. The precipitate was removed by filtration through Celite® filter aid. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with methylene chloride/hexane/dlethyl ether (100:20:1) to give 546 mg (72% yield) of the title compound; DCI MS: 328 (M+NH ₄ )+; ⁱ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4-1.9 (m, 10H), 2.3

(br s, 1 H), 3.0 (m, 2H). 4.98 (dd, 1 H, J=7.5, 5.0 Hz), 6.62 (m, 3H), 7.3 (m, 5H).

Step 3: [IS . 3R ] 1-Aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxv-3-phenvl-1H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

[1fi ^* ] 2-(2',3'-Cyclohexylidenedioxyphenyl)-3-phenyiethanol was converted to [1S ^* . 3fi ^* ] 1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-2- benzopyran by the procedures detailed in Step 3 of Example 31 and Steps 1 - 3 of Example 32, m.p. 158-160°C; [alphajD = +110° (c 0.52, 1N HCI); DCI MS: 272 (M+H)+. Analysis calculated for C ₁₆ H ₁₈ CIN0 ₃ : C, 60.60; H, 6.05; N, 4.42.

Found: C, 60.71 ; H, 6.2; N, 4.31.

Example 131

[1 R ^* . 3S ^* ] 3-Adamantvl-1-aminomethvl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1 H-2- benzopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : 1-Aza-2-boro-3-oxa-1.4.4-triphenvl-bicvclof3.3.0]octane

Diphenyl-(2fi ^* -2'-pyrrolidinyl)methanol (610 mg, 2.41 mmol) and phenylboronic acid (294 mg, 2.41 mmol) were taken up in 25 mL of toluene.

The diphenyl-(2fi ^* -2'-pyrrolidinyl)methanol was prepared as described by E.J. Corey, etal. in J American Chem Soc. 109: 5551-3 (1987).The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 4 h under a nitrogen atmosphere using a Dean Stark trap filled with 4 A molecular sieves to remove water. The reaction was then cooled and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound as a colorless oil. The product was carried on to the next step without purification.

Step 2 : f1 R ^* ] 1-(1 '-adamantvlV2-bromo-1-hvdroxyethane

Diborane in THF (5.2 mL of 1.0 M THF solution , 5.2 mmol) was added dropwise ovef a period of 10 min to a solution of 2.22 g (8.63 mmol) of 1- adamantyl-bromomethyl ketone (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) and 2.1 mL of a 0.2 M solution in THF (0.43 mmol) of 1-aza-2-boro-3-oxa- 1 ,4,4-triphenyl-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane, from Step 1 , in 16 mL of anhydrous THF. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min at ambient temperature and then cooled to -0°C in an ice bath and then the reaction was quenched by the careful addition of 3 mL of methanol. Diethyl ether saturated with hydrogen

chloride (2 mL) was added and the solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 0.5 h and then it was poured into 100 mL of diethyl ether and 100 mL of water. The organic layer was washed with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 216 mg (96% yield) of the title compound as a white solid.

Step 3: f1R ^* ] 1-f -adamantvn-ethvlene oxide

A 15% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to a solution of 1.9 g (7.34 mmol) of [1fi ^* ] 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-bromo-1-hydroxyethane, from Step 2, in 50 mL of diethyl ether The mixture was stirred vigorously at ambient temperature for ~18 h. The mixture was then diluted with 100 mL of diethyl ether and 50 mL of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with 2 X 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.3 g of the title compound. The product was carried on to the next step without purification.

Ste ^p 4: f1S ^* ] 1-f1'-Adamantvn-2-fepiro-fM .3-benzodioxole)-2.1'-cvctohexane] -ethanol

n-Butyl lithium (6.7 mL of a 1.48 M solution in hexane, 9.9 mmol) was added over a 10 min period to a solution of spiro[(1,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'- cyclohexane] in 14 mL of THF at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a 0.5 h period and then it was stirred for 3.5 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C and a solution of 1.2 g (6-,7-4 nαmol) of [1fi ^* ] 1 -(1 '-adamantyl)-ethylene oxide, from Step 3, in 5 mL of THFwas added. Boron trifluoride etherate (1.15 mL, 9.44 mmol) was then added dropwise over a 7 min period. After 30 minutes, 25 mL of aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added, followed by 25 mL of ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and transferred to a separatory funnel. Ethyl acetate (50 mL ) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (25 mL) were added to the funnel and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The

combined organic layers were washed with 2 X 50 mL of aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to an oil. The crude product was dissolved in 20 mL of methanol and the solution was cooled to 0°C. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with cold methanol to give 2.21 g (89% yield) of the desired product. The title compound was recrystallized from methanol to give 1.6 g of the title compound, m.p. 72-73°C; [alphajo = - 27.75° (c 1.63, CHCI3); DCI MS: 386 (M+NH4) ⁺ . ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.9 (q, 0.25 H, J=6 Hz, MeOH solvate), 1.5-2.1 (m, 25H), 2.5 (dd, 1 H, J=13.5, 10.5 Hz), 2.87

(dd, 1 H, J=13.5, 2.0 Hz), 3.3 (m, 1 H), 3.5 (d, 0.75H, J=6 Hz, MeOH solvate). Analysis calculated for C24H32θ3+0.25MeOH: C, 77.35; H, 8.83. Found: C,

77.09; H, 8.77.

Step 5: f1 R ^* . 3S ^* ] 3-(1'-Adamantyl)-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro-1-fN- formvnaminomethyl-1 H-2-benzopyran

Tri methy Isi ly Itrif late (73 μL, 0.38 mmol) was added to a mixture of 3.5 g (9.5 mmol) of [1S ^* ] 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'- cyclohexane])-1 -ethanol, from Step 4, and N-formylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (2 g, 15.2 mmol) in 20 mL of acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was heated at a gentle reflux for 2 h and an additional 50 μL (0.26 mmol) of trimethylsilyltriflate was added. A precipitate formed and after 4 h the reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with cold acetonitrile and dried to afford 2.92 g (70% yield) of the title compound as colorless crystals, m.p. 220-221 °C; [aipha]D = -33.15° (c 1.63, CHCI3); DCI MS: 438 (M+H)+. H NMR (d6-DMSO) δ <g> 140°C 1.5-2.05 ( , 25H), 2.5 (m, 2H), 2.8 (m, 1 H), 3.1 (dd, 1 H, J=7.5, 3.0 Hz), 3.32 (m, 1H) 3.71 (br s, 1H). 4.65 (br s, 1 H), 6.6 (m, 2H), 8.05 (br s, 1 H).

Step 6: M -.-6S ^* ] 3-M'-AdamantvlH-aminomethvl-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy- 3.4-dihvdro-1 H-2-benzopyran

[1 fi ^* . 3S ^* ] 3-(1 '-Adamanty l)-5,6-cyclohexy lidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 -(N- formyl)aminomethyl-1H-2-beπzopyran (2.8 g, 6.41 mmol) was mixed together with 20 mL of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, 30 mL of methanol and 20 mL of THF. The mixture was heated at ~50°C for 3 h and then it was

concentrated in vacuo to ~30 mL The concentrated mixture was diluted with 150 mL of ethyl acetate/methylene chloride (2:1) and 50 mL of water. The organic layer was washed with 2 X 50 mL of water and 50 mL of brine. The combined aqueous layers were extracted with ethyl acetate/methylene chloride (2:1) and discarded. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.64 g of the title compound as a light tan colored foam. The product was earned on to the next step without purification.

Step 7: [1 R ^* . 3S ^* ] S-fl'-AdamantvlH-aminomethvl-S^-dihvdro-S.e-dihvdroxv- 1H-2-benzopvraπ hydrochloride

A solution of hydrochloric acid in 10:1 THF/water (20 mL of a 4 N solution) was added to [1fi ^* , 3S ^* ] 3-(1'-adamantyl)-1-aminomethyl-5,6- cyclohexylidenedloxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran (1.1 g, 2.7 mmol) from Step 6, and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and 10 mL of diethyl ether was added. At the onset of crystallization an additional 10 mL of diethyl ether was added. After 30 min the precipitate was removed by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give 0.81 g (82% yield) of the title compound as a colorless solid; DCI MS: 330 (M+H)+. ¹ H NMR (CD3OD) δ 1.65-2.05 (m, 15H), 2.6 (dd. 1H, J=16.5,

12.0 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H, J=16.5, 3.0 Hz), 3.08 (dd, 1H, J=12.6, 7.5 Hz), 3.15 (dd, 1 H, J=12.0.3.0) 3.54 (dd. 1H, J=12.6, 3.2 Hz), 4.85 (m, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.69 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz).

Example 132

[1 R.3R] 1-Aminomethyl-3-n-butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1 H-2- benzothiopvran hydrochloride

Step 1 : 1-Spirofπ .3-benzodioxole 2.1'-cvclohexane]-2-hexanol

n-Butyl lithium (34.8 mL of a 2.5 M solution in hexane, 87.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 15.1 g (79.2 mmol) of spiro[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)- 2,1 '-cyclohexane] in 100 mL of THF at 0°C. After 4 h, 7.40 g (75.4 mmol) of 1,2- epoxy-5-hexene (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co.) was

added dropwise. The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and the mixture was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with 50 mL of aqueous ammonium chloride solution and 50 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 12.9 g (59% yield) of the intermediate unsaturated alcohol. The intermediate (6.12 g, 21.2 mmol) was dissolved in 150 mL of methanol and 0.30 g of 10% palladium on carbon was added to the methanol solution. The reaction mixture was sealed under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen and shaken overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 5.61 g (91% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil; DCI MS: 291 (M+H) ⁺ , 308 (M+NH ₄ )+; ^" Η NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 0.9 (t, 3H), 1.24-1.95 (m, 16H), 2.67 (dd,

1H), 2.80 (dd, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 6.7-6.85 (m, 3H).

Step 2: 1 -Spiroff 1.3-benzodioxoleV2.1 '-cvclohexane]-2-hexanethiol

A solution of triphenylphosphine (4.32 g, 16.5 mmol) in 70 mL of dry THF was cooled to 0°C. Diisopropylazodicarboxylate (3.33 g, 16.5 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min resulting in a yellow suspension. A solution of 2.39 g (8.23 mmol) of 1- spiro[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane]-2-hexanol, from Step 1 , and thiolacetic acid (1.57 g, 20.5 mmol) in 20 mL of THF was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 h, warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature, after which the reaction mixture was a homogeneous solution. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and hexane was added to the residue. The resultant mixture wasJ&ered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified byrftash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 2.28 g (79% yield) of the intermediate thiolacetate as a yellow oil. The thiolacetate was dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether. The resultant solution was added dropwise to a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (7.45 mmol) in 30 mL of diethyl ether. After stirring for 20 min at ambient temperature the reaction was quenched by the careful addition of 40 mL of 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The diethyl ether layer was separated,

dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, Tittered and concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 1% ethyl acetate in hexane to afford 1.2 g (60% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil; DCI MS: 307 (M+H)+, 324 (M+NH ₄ )+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ θ.9 (t,3H), 1.2-1.9 (m, 16H), 2.747 (dd, 1H), 2.92 (dd, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 6.6-6.75 (m, 3H).

Step 3: f1 R.3Rl 3-n-Butyl-5.6-cvclohexylidenedioxy-3.4-dihvdro-1-fN- formvnaminomethvl-1 H-2-benzothiopvran

Boron trifluoride etherate (2.40 mL, 19.6 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 1.2 g (3.92 mmol) of 1-spiro[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1 ^* - cyclohexane]-2-hexanethiol and 1 ,55 g (11.7 mmol) of N-formylaminoacet- aldehyde dimethyl acetal in 25 mL of methylene chloride at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 5.5 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 100 mL of diethyl ether and the reaction was quenched by pouring the reaction mixture into 100 mL of 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 X 50 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with 2 X 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a white foam. The foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with 5% methanol in methylene chloride to give 1.1 g (75% yield) of the title compound as a white foam which was found to be a 4:1 mixture of the c/s and trans diastereomers; DCI MS: 376 (M+H)+, 393 (M+NH4)- ¹ -.

Step 4: f1 R.3R] 1-Aminomethyl-3-n-butyl-3.4-dihvdro-5.6-dihvdroxy-1 H-2- benzothiopvran hydrochloride

[1 fi;3B]- 3-n-Buty l-5,6-cyclohexy lidenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1 -(N- formyl)aminomethyl-1H-2-benzothiopyran (1.1 g) was dissolved in 5 mL of absolute ethyl alcohol. To the ethanol solution was added 20 mL of ethyl alcohol saturated with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The solution was heated at reflux temperature for 2 h and then cooled and concentrated to approximately 5 mL Diethyl ether was added and a precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to give

281 mg (65% yield) of the title compound as a crystalline mixture of diastereomers (8:1 cis.irans); DCI MS: 268 (M+H)+, 285 (M+NH4)- ¹ -; IR (KBr) 3420, 3200, 1500, 1290 cm"1 ; ^H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.93 (t, 3H), 1.3-1.8 (m, 6H), 2.32 (dd, 1H, J=15 Hz, 11.4 Hz), 2.97 (m, 1H), 3.1 (dd, 1H, J=12.3 Hz, 9.0 Hz)), 3.21 (dd, 1H, J=12.3 Hz, 6.9 Hz), 3.56 (dd, 1 H, J=15 Hz, 3.9 Hz), 4.13 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, 6.9 Hz), 6.6 (d, 1 H, J=7.8 Hz), 6.7 (d, 1 H, J=7.8 Hz).

Example 133

[1R, 3S] 5.6-Pihydroxy-3-phenyl-H2'R-pyrrplidinyl)-1.2,3,4- tetrahvdronaphthalene hvdrobromide

Step 1 :1-Cvano-5.6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3.4-dihvdronaphthalene

To a suspension of 10 g (35 mmol) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one, the product of Example 1 , was added 7.5 g (75.6 mmol) of trimethylsilyl cyanide (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Company) and approximately 50 mg of anhydrous aluminum chloride (AICI3). The reaction mixture was heated at 60°C for 3 h then cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with 150 mL of toluene. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced in vacuo to approximately 50 mL. The resultant trimethylsilyl adduct was dehydrated by treatment with 15 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and 100 mg of p-toluenesulfonic acid in 200 mL of toluene at reflux temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, the layers separated and the organic layer washed with water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to a colorless oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane-to^μve 8.5 g (83% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 109-110°C.

Step 2; 1-Cyanp-5,6-dimethρχy-3-ρhenyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahydronaphthal ene

Sodium boronydride (6.8 g) was added to a suspension of 6.8 g (23.3 mmol) of 1-cyano-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, from Step 1 , in 100 mL of absolute ethanol and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and

the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to an oil. The oil was triturated with heptane to give 5.63 g (82% yield) of the title compound as a white crystalline solid, m.p. 118- 121°C.

Step 3: 5.6-Dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphthalene-l-carbo xylic acid

A mixture of 5.6 g (19.1 mmol) of 1-cyano-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene, from Step 2, 40 mL of 5% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and 90 mL of ethylene glycol was heated at reflux temperature for 8 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -20°C and made acidic by the addition of cold concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The acidic solution was extracted with methylene chloride and the organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 5 g (84% yield) of the title compound which was used in the next step without purification.

Step 4: N-Methoxv-N-methvl-5.6-dimethoxv-3-phenyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdro - naphthalene-1 -carboxamide

5,6-Dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1.,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1 -carboxylic acid (5 g, 16 mmol), from Step 3, was suspended in 100 mL of toluene and 5 mL of oxalyl chloride was added. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux temperature for 1.5 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solvent was evaporated and excess reagents removed from the residue as an azeotrope with toluene^X 40 mL). The acid chloride and 2g (20 mmol) of N.O- dimethylhydrσxylamine hydrochloride was dissolved in 80 mL of ethanol-free chloroform. The solution was cooled to 0°C and 3.3 mL of pyridine was added slowly. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for approximately 4 h then evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in a 1 :1 mixture of diethyl ether and methylene chloride and washed with brine. The layers were separated and the organic layer dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and

concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as an oil in 98% yield. The product of Step 4 was used in the next step without purification.

Step 5: 5.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-1-f2 ^* -pvrrolidinvn-1.2.3.4- tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaph- thalene-1-carboxamide (3.3 g), from Step 4, was dissolved in 80 mL of dry THF and the solution was cooled to 0°C. An excess (3-4 equivalents) of 2,2,5,5- tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disiiacyclopentane-1 -propyl magnesium bromide was added and stirred overnight. The 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclo- pentane-1 -propyl magnesium bromide was prepared as described by Basha and DeBemardis in Tetrahedron Letters. 25, 5271-5274 (1984). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C, 10% hydrochloric acid solution in ethanol was added slowly, and it was allowed to warm to ambient temperature again. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 50 mL of methanol, cooled to 0°C and treated with an excess of sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was redissoived in diethyl ether and washed with water. The layers were separated and the acidic aqueous layer was made basic and extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride extract was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate/formic acid/water (18:1 :1) to give a total yield, after concentration in vacuo, of 2.42 g (42% yield) of the title compound as individual diastereomers as their formate salts. Each diastereomer was converted to its hydrochloride salt as follows: the formate salt was dissoived-in water and the aqueous solution was made basic with sodium hydroxiderTha ^' free base was extracted with methylene chloride and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether and a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride gas in methanol was added to precipitate the hydrochloride salt. The first compound to elute from the column gave 274 mg (7% yield) of the [1fi, 3S, 2'fi] isomer, m.p. 105-

106°C. The structure was confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis (after recrystallization from acetone by slow evaporation).

The final product to elute from the column gave 400 mg (11 % yield) of the [1fi, 3fi, 2'fi] isomer, m.p. 150-152°C. The structure was confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis after recrystallization from acetone by slow evaporation.

Step 6: f1 R. 3S] 5.6-Dihvdroxy-3-phenyl-1-f2'R-pyrrolidinvn-1.2.3.4- tetrahydronaphthaleπe hydrobromide

[IB, 3S] 5,6-Dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (200 mg, m.p. 105-106°C), from Step 5, was dissolved in 10 mL of methylene chloride and the solution was cooled to - 78°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Boron tribromide (0.25 mL of a 1 M solution in methylene chloride) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at -78°C. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to -20°C for 1 h, cooled to -78°C and quenched with 10 mL of methanol. The solution was evaporated to dryness and distilled with methanol three times to azeotrope methyl borate from the residue. The solid residue was crystallized from methaπol/ethyl acetate to give 130 mg (67% yield) of the title compound, m.p. 265°C (with decomposition). Analysis calculated for C2θH24BrNθ2 ⁺ 1/2H2θ: C, 60.16; H, 6.31 ; N, 3.51. Found: C, 60.06; H, 6.17; N, 3.42.

Example 134

π R. 3R1 5.6-Dihvdroxy-3-Dhenyl-1- 2'R-pyrrofidlnvn-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaph- thalene hvdrobromide

Accordingjø the procedures described in Step 6 of Example 133, [1fi, 3fi] 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1-(2'-pyrrolidinyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrochloride (350 mg), from Step 5 of Example 133, in 10 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C, was treated with 472 μL of a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride. The title compound was obtained (213 mg) in 61% yield after crystallization from methanol/ethyl acetate, m.p. 250°C (with decomposition). Analysis calculated for C2θH24BrNθ2 ⁺ 1/2H2θ: C, 60.16; H, 6.31 ; N, 3.51. Found: C, 60.23; H, 6.24; N, 3.38.

xamp e 135

f 1 R.8S.9aR] 1 -Amino-5.6-dihvdroxv-8-phenvl-2.3.7.8.9.9a-hexahvdro- phc nalene hvdrobromide

Step 1 : 1-f3'-f3'-Carbomethoxvpropanoic acid)-5.6-dimethoxv-3-phenvl-3.4- dihydronaphthalene

To a suspension of 4.0 g. (14.2 mmol) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one, the product of Example 1, in 5 mL of t-butyl alcohol was added dropwise a mixture of 13 mL (99.4 mmol) of dimethyl succinate, 9.6 g (86 mmol) of potassium t-butoxide, and 65 mL of t-butyl alcohol. After 10 mL of the mixture was added, the reaction was heated to 55°C and maintained at this temperature for the duration of the reaction. When the addition was complete, the reaction was heated for an addition 60 minutes and then cooled and poured into 50 mL of ice cold 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with 5 X100 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were extracted with 5 X 100 mL of aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The combined aqueous layers were acidified to pH 3 with 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and the product was extracted with 2 X 200 mL of 1 :1 diethyl ether/ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo . The title compound (5.0 g, 86% yield) was obtained as an oil; MS DCI: 397 (M+H)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCIg) δ 2.6-2.8 (m, 4H), 3.1-3.3 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s,

3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 4.1-4.25 (m, 1H), 5.9-6.0 (m,1H), 6.7-6.8 (m, 1H), 7.0-7.5 (m, 6H).

Step 2: 1-f3'-('3'-Carbornethoxvpropanoic acid)-5.6-dimethoxv-3-phenyl-1.2.3.4- tetrahvdrpngpfithalene

To a solution of 15.8 g (39.9 mmol) of 1-(3'-(3'-carbomethoxypropanoic acid)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, from step 1 , in 200 mL of ethyl acetate was added 3.16 g. of 10% palladium supported on carbon. The reaction mixture was shaken under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen until hydrogen uptake ceased. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated under

reduced pressure to give 12.2 g (74% yield) of the title compound as an oil. The product was carried on without further purification to the next step.

Step 3: 1-Carbomethoxv-5.6-dimethoxv-3-hvdroxv-8-phenvl-7.8.9.9a- tetrahvdrophenalene

1 -(3'-(3'-Carbomethoxypropanoic acid)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthaJene (3.5 g, 8.5 mmol), from Step 2, was added to 11 g of polyphosphoric acid at 0°C. The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The aqueous solution was extracted with 3 X 50 mL of 1 :1 ethyl acetate/diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by chromatography on silica gel, eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Four diastereomeric products were obtained of which two were characterized.

The first diastereomer, [1fi,8S,9afi]-1-carbomethoxy-5,6-dimethoxy-3- hydroxy-δ-phenyl^.δ.θ.θa-tetrahydrophenalene (135-3A), was obtained in 18% yield (0.59 g) as a solid, m.p 170-172°C; DCI MS: 381 (M+H) ⁺ , 398 (M+NH ₄ )+;

¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.6-1.7 (m, 1H), 2.1-2.2 (m, 1 H), 2.6-2.7 (m, 1H), 2.9-3.1 (m,

4H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H), 7.53 (s, 1 H).

The secohd diastereomer, [1S,8S.9afi]-1-carbomethoxy-5,6-dimethoxy- 3-hydroxy-8-phenyl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydrophenalene (135-3B) was obtained in 18% yield (0.60 g) as a solid, m.p 160-161 °C; DCI MS: 381 (M+H) ⁺ , 398 (M+NH ₄ )+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.0-2.1 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.6-2.8 (m,

2H), 3.0-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.2-3.3 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 1 H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H), 7.54 (s, 1 H).

Step 4: f1R. ^~ 8SV9aR] 1-Carbomethoxy-5.6-dimethoxy-8-phenyl-2.3.7.8.9.9a- hexahvdrophenalene

To a solution of 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of [1fi,8S,9afi]-1-carbomethoxy-5,6- dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-8-phenyl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydrophenalene (135-3A) in 50 mL of methanol, 50 mL of ethyl acetate, and 0.1 mL of concentrated aqueous

hydrochloric acid was solution was added 0.2 g of 5% palladium supported on carbon and the mixture was shaken under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen until the gas uptake had ceased. The palladium catalyst was removed by filtration through Celite® filter aid and the filtrate concentrated to give a white solid, which was carried on to the next step without purification.

Step 5: f1 R.8S.9aR] 5.6-Dimethoxv-8-phenyl-2.3.7.8.9.9a- hexahydropheπaleπe-1 -carboxylic acid

Crude [1fi,8S.9afi] 1-Carbomethoxy-5,6-dimethoxy-8-phenyl- 2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrophenalene (0.8 g., 2.1 mmol), from Step 4, was dissolved in 100 mL of methanol and 8 mL of 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added. After stirring for 3 days at ambient temperature, the methanol was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between 50 mL of diethyl ether and 75 mL of water. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 with 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and extracted with 3 X 25 mL of 1 :1 ethyl acetate/diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.74 g (100% yield) of the title compound as an oil; DCI MS: 253 (M+H)+. ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 2.0-2.3 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 6H), 3.2-3.3 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 7.2- 7.4 (m, 5H).

Step 6: f1 R.8S.9aR] 1-Carbobenzvloxvamino-5.6-dimethoxy-8-phenyl- 2.3.7.8.9.9a-hexahvdrophenalene

[1fi,8S,9afi] 5,6-Dimethoxy-8-phenyl-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrophenalene- 1 -carboxylic acid (0.8 g, 2.3 mmol), from Step 5, and triethylamine (0.32 mL, 2.3 mmol) were lissolved in 16 mL of toluene and 0.55 mL (2.5 mmol) of azide was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80°C for 2.5 h then 0.5 mL (4.8 mmol) of benzyl alcohol was added and heating was continued at 80°C for an additional 3 h and at 65°C for 15 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 25 mL of diethyl ether and the ether solution was washed with 10 mL of 1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The product

was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 0.4 g (39% yield) of the title compound as a white solid; DCI MS: 475 (M+NH ) ⁺ , 458 (M+H) ⁺ , 367 (M-benzyl+H)+, 324 (M-benzyloxy- carbonyl+2H) ⁺ . ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 1.6-1.7 (m, 3H), 2.2-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.6-2.75

(m. 2H). 2.9-3.0 (m, 3H), 3.2-3.3 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 4.65-4.7 (m, 1 H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1 H).7.2-7.4 (m, 10H).

Step 7: f1 R.8S.9aR] 1-Amiπo-5.6-dimethoxv-8-phenvl-2.3.7.8.9.9a- hexahydrpphenalene

A suspension of 0.65 g ( 1.4 mmol) of [1fi,8S,9afi] 1-carbobenzyloxy- amino-5,6-dimethoxy-8-phenyl-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrophenalene , from Step 6, in 50 mL of methanol and 0.1 g of 10% palladium supported on carbon was stirred under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 1 hour. The solid dissolved as the reaction proceeded. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 0.4 g ( 87% yield) of crude title compound which was carried on to the next step without further purification.

Step 8: f1 R.8S.9aR1 1-Amino-5.6-dihvdroxv-8-phenvl-2.3.7.8.9.9a- hexahvdrophenalene hvdrobromide

To a solution of 0.4 g (1.2 mmol) of [1fi,8S,9afi] 1-amino-5,6-dimethoxy- 8-phenyl-2,3,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrophenalene in 9 mL of methylene chloride at -78°C, was added dropwise 4.4 mL (4.4 mmol) of a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride . The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature for 1 hour and cooled to -78°C and the reaction was quenched by the addition of 5 mL of methanol. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo . Methanol (5JQL) was added and the solution was concentrated to remove methyl borate-by azeotropic distillation. The title compound was obtained (0.32 g, 69% yield) after recrystallization from ethanol/diethyl ether as a white solid; DCI MS: 279 (M+H)+ 296 (M-NH ₄ ) ⁺ . ¹ H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 1.4-1.6 (m, 1H),

1.7-1.9 (m, 1 H), 2.1-2.2 (m, 1H), 2.2-2.3 (m, 1H), 2.4-2.5 (m, 2H), 2.7-3.2 (m, 5H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H), 8.0 (br s, 5H). Analysis calculated for

- , . . . , . . , . , . N, 3.59.

Example 136

f1 S.8S.9aR] 1-Amino-5.6-dihvdroxv-8-phenvl-2.3.7.8.9.9a- hexahvdrophenalene hvdrobromide

[1S.8S,9afi] 1-Amino-5,6-dimethoxy-8-phenyl-2,3,7,8,9,9a- hexahydrophenalene hydrobromide was prepared from the second isomeric product of Step 3 of Example 135 (135-3B) according to the procedures described in Steps 4 through 8 of Example 135; DCI MS 279 (M+H) ⁺ , 296 (M- NH ₄ ) ⁺ . ¹ H NMR (dβ-DMSO) δ 1.6-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.8-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.7 (m,

5H), 2.85-3.05 (m, 3H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 5H), 7.7 (br s, 5H). Analysis calculated for C ₁₉ H ₂ 2BrN0 ₂ +1 H2O: C, 57.88; H, 6.14; N, 3.55. Found: C,

57.82; H, 5.74; N, 3.56.

Example 137

6.7-Pihydrpxy-4-phenyl-2.3.4.5-tetrahydro-lH-benz[e]isoin dole formic acid salt

Step 1 : 5.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-2-thiophenvl-1.2.3.4-tetrahvdronaphth alen-1- one.

To a solution of 28.9 g (0.102 mol) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one, the product of Example 1 , in 240 mL of THF was added 40.4 g (0.107 mol) of phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide. After stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h, 960 mL of water was added. The solution was extracted with 3 X 250 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed wjtfLl X 250 mL of water, 250 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried-over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil which was carried on without further purification or characterization.

A solution of sodium methoxide was prepared by the addition of 3.28 g (0.143 mol) of sodium metal to 97 mL of methanol with cooling to 0°C. Thiophenol (14.6 mL, 0.143 mol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes and

then stirred an additional 0 minutes at 0°C. A solution of the above crude oil in 60 mL of THF was added dropwise over 30 minutes and the reaction was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature for 4 h. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in a mixture of 250 mL each of methylene chloride and water. The organic phase was collected and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 33.15 g (83% yield from the ketone) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2-thiophenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen- 1-one as a white solid; MS DCI: 391 (M+H) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 3.35 (dd, 1H,

J=6,18 Hz), 3.55 (dd, 1H, J=6,18 Hz), 3.71 (q, 1H, J=6 Hz), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.19 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.91 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.1-7.3 (m, 8H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d,1H, J=9 Hz).

Step 2: -5.6-Dimethoxv-3-phenvl-2-sulfoχpphenvl-3.4-dihvdronaphthal ene

A solution of 20.96 g (53.7 mmol) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2- thiophenyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one in 320 mL of ethanol was treated with 20.03 g. (0.529 mol) of sodium borohydride. The reaction was heated to reflux temperature for 2 h, then cooled and 500 mL of water was added. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was taken up in 500 mL of 1 :1 diethyl ether/methylene chloride and 500 mL of water. The organic layer was removed and washed with 100 mL each of water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude resultant alcohol was dehydrated by the addition of 700 mL of toluene and 3.6 g (18.9 mmol) of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and heating to reflux with azeotropic removal of water for 30 minutes. After cooling, the solution was washed with 3 X 100 mL of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate _^ DO mL of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo . The crude thio-enolether was carried on directly by first, dissolution in 360 mL of methylene chloride. This solution was cooled to -15°C and a solution of 12.1 g of 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) in 160 mL of methylene chloride was added dropwise over 30 minutes. After the addition was complete, the reaction was quenched by the addition of 100 mL of aqueous saturated sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was separated, and

was e wt m o saturate aqueous so um car onate, 100 m o water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 18.65 (89% yield) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3- phenyl-2-sulfoxophenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene as a white solid as a mixture of diastereomers; MS DCI: 391 (M+H)+; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 2.9-3.1 (m, 1H), 3.1-

3.3 (m, 1 H), 3.46 and 3.51 (2 x s, 3H total), 3.55 and 3.7 (2 x m, 1 H total), 3.83 and 3.86 (2 x s,3H total), 6.75-7.15 (m, 7H), 7.3-7.6 (m, 6H).

Step 3: N-Trimethvlsilvlmethvl benzvlamine

A mixture of 264 mL (2.42 mol) of benzylamine and 97.7 g. (0.796 mol) of chloromethyltrimethylsilane was heated to 200°C for 2.5 h then cooled to 10°C.

A 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution (400 mL) was added and the product was extracted with 3 X 200 mL of diethyl ether. The combined organic phase was washed with 100 mL of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was distilled at 115-

125°C. and 5 mm of Hg to give 125.4 g (81% yield) of N-trimethylsilylmethyl benzylamine as a clear liquid; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 0.0 (s, 9H), 1.1 (br s,1H),

2.01 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 5H).

Step 4: N-Methoxymethyl-N-trimethylsilylmethyl benzylamine

N-Trimethylsilylmethyl benzylamine (125.4 g, 0.649 mol), from Step 3, was added dropwise over a 10 minute period to a solution of 69.5 mL of 37% aqueous formaldehyde at 0°C. After an additional 10 minutes, 75.2 mL of methanol was added. The solution was then saturated with solid potassium carbonate and stirred at 0°C for 1 h. The layers were separated and the organic phase was stiαed over solid potassium carbonate at ambient temperature for 18 h. The solution was filtered and fractionally distilled at 20 mm of Hg to give a 145-155°C. fraction as a viscous oil, identified as N-methoxymethyl-N- trimethylsilylmethyl benzylamine. ¹ H NMR (CDCI3) δ 0.0 (s, 9H), 2.13 (s, 2H),

3.18 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 5H).

Step 5: 2-Benzvl-6.7-dimethoxv-4-phenvl-2.3.4.5-tetrahvdro-1H- beπz[e]isoiπdole

To a solution of 1.22 g (3.13 mmol) of 5,6-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2- sulfoxophenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene in 10 mL of methylene chloride was added 1 g (4.21 mmol) of N-methoxymethyl-N-trimethylsilylmethyl benzylamine, from Step 4, and 0.1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid. At 12 h intervals, the amine and acid additions were repeated 7 more times. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure with heating to 100°C and the product was chromatographed on silica gel, eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 0.14 g (11% yield) of 2-benzyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-phenyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydrobenzo[e]isoindole; MS DCI: 398 (M+H) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCI ₃ ) δ 3.0-

3.15 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.8-3.9 (m.2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 6.68 (m, 1 H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 11 H).

Step 6: 6.7-Dimethoxv-4-phenvl-2.3.4.5-tetrahvdro-1 H-benzfe]isoindole hydrochloride

To a solution of 1.0 g (2.52 mmol) of 2-benzyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-phenyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-benz[e]isoindole, from Step 5, in 22 mL of 1 ,2- dichioroethane was added 0.11 g (0.05 mmol) of 1 ,8-bis(dimethylamino)- πaphthalene and 0.33 mL (3.15 mmol) of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate at 0°C. The solution was heated to reflux for 2 h and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was filtered through silica gel eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes. After concentration under reduced pressure, methanol (20 mL) was added and the solution was heated to reflux for 30 minutes, before the solvent was removed in vacuo. The product was crystallized from ethanol/ether to give 0.46 g. (75% yield) of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-benz[e] isoindole hydtschloride as a white solid.; MS DCI: 308 (M+H) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (d ₆ -

DMSO) δ 3.05=3,25 (m, 2H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.88 (m, 1 H), 4.0-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.45 (m.2H), 6.91 (m. 1H), 7.15-7.3 (m, 3H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 3H).

ep : . - v roxv- -p env - . . . - e ra v ro- - enz e so n o e orm c acid salt

A suspension of 54.5 mg (0.159 mmol) of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-phenyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H-benz[e]isoindole hydrochloride, from Step 6, in 2 mL of methylene chloride was cooled to -78°C and 0.64 mL of a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in methylene chloride was added. The reaction was warmed to ambient temperature for 1 h and cooled to -78°C before 1 mL of methanol was added. After warming to ambient temperature for 1 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo. Additional methanol (5 mL) was added and removed in vacuo. The product was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with ethyl acetate formic acid/ water (18:1 :1 ) to give 29.8 mg (58% yield) of the title compound as an off-white powder, m.p. 144°C; MS DCI: 279 (M+H) ⁺ ; ¹ H NMR (d ₆ -DMSO) δ 2.95-3.15 (m, 2H). 3.6-3.9 (m.3H), 4.1-4.3 (m, 2H), 6.43 (d,

1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.1-7.3 (m, 5H), 8.3 (s, 1H).

Example 138

π R. 3S1 3-n'-Adamantvn-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-1-(N- formvhaminomethvl-l H-2-benzopvran (Method A)

A mixture of 185 mg (0.5 mmol) of 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3-benzo- dioxole)-2,1'-cycIohexane])-1 -ethanol, 110 mg (0.83 mmol) N-formyl- acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal and 46 mg (0.13 mmol) of zinc triflate in 3.0 mL of dry 1 ,2-dichloroethane was heated at reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 18 h. The 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3-benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-1- ethanol was preapred from 1-(1-adamantyl)-ethylene oxide by the procedures described in Step 2 of Example 82. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient teraparature and the reaction was quenched with~30 mL ethyl acetate and saturated-aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was washed with v-tter and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentra.cd to an oil. The oil was triturated with methanol to give 191 mg (87% yield) of the title compound as a solid, m.p. 182-184°C.

Example 139

p R. 3S] 3-π'-Adamantvn-5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-1-fN- formvnaminomethvl-1 H-2-benzopvran (Method )

To a mixture of 94 mg (0.26 mmol) of 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3- benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyciohexane])-1 -ethanol and 100 mg (0.75 mmol) of N- formyiacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal in 2.0 mL of dry acetonitrile was added 3 μL (~0.1 equivalent) of methanesulfonic acid and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to 0°C. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold acetonitrile and dried to give 79 mg (70% yield) of the title compound as a beige solid, m.p. 185-187°C.

Example 140

n R. 3S] 3-(1'-AdamantvlV5.6-cvclohexvlidenedioxv-3.4-dihvdro-1-(N- formvnaminomethvl-1H-2-benzopvran (Method C)

To a mixture of 50 mg (0.14 mmol) of 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3- beπzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-1 -ethanol and 60 mg (0.45 mmol) of N- formylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal was added a solution of 3 mg of polyphosphoric acid in -0.5 mL of acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 48 h and then was cooled to 0°C for 0.5 h and filtered. The solid was washed with cold acetonitrile and dried to give 10.9 mg (18% yield) of the title compound as an off-white solid, m.p. 185-187°C.

Example 141

f1 R. 3S] 3- ⁽ 1'-AdamantvlV5.6-cvclohexvlideπedioxy-3.4-dihvdro-1-( N- formvnam nomethvl-1H-2-benzopvran (Method D)

To a mixture of 181 mg (0.5 mmol) of 1-(1'-adamantyl)-2-(spiro-[(1 ,3- benzodioxole)-2,1'-cyclohexane])-1 -ethanol and 107 mg (0.83 mmol) of N- formylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal was added 25 μL of a 1.0 M a solution of trimethylsilyl triflate in methylene chloride. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h and then was cooled to 0°C for 0.5 h and filtered through a

sintered glass funnel. The solid was washed with cold acetonitrile and dried to give 198 mg (92% yield) of the title compound as a white solid, m.p. 187-189°C.

Competitive Binding

D-1 and D-2 Receptor Binding Assays

Homogenized rat caudate was incubated in the presence of [ ¹²⁵ l]SCH-23982 (a selective antagonist of the dopamine D-1 receptor) and the compounds of this invention, according to procedures described by A. Sidhu, et al. in European J Pharmacology. 113: 437 (1985) and in European J. Pharmacology. 128: 213 (1986).

The compounds compete with the radiolabeled ligand for occupancy of the receptors and the molar potency of each compound was quantified. The affinity of the compound for the receptor (Ki) was calculated as described by Y.C. Cheng and W.H. Prusoff in Biochemical Pharmacology. 22: 3099 (1973) from the relationship Ki = IC50O +[L]/KQ) where IC50 is the concentration of test compound which produces a 50% inhibition in the specific binding of the radioligand, L; [L] is the concentration of radioligand; and KD is the affinity of the radioligand for the receptor.

The procedure for the dopamine D-2 receptor binding assay was similar to that used for the D-1 receptor assay. Homogenized rat caudate was the source of the D-2 receptors. The tissue homogenate was incubated in the presence of [ ¹²⁵ l]-p- aminophenylethyl spiroperidol (a selective antagonist of the dopamine D-2 receptor) and the compounds being evaluated, according to the protocol described by T. Agui, N. Amlaiky, M.G. Caron and J.W. Kebabian in Molecular Pharmacology. 33: 163

(1988). The molar affinity of the compound for the receptor binding site was calculated by the same method used for the D-1 receptor assay, assuming a competitive interaction between the compound and the radiolabeled ligand.

The competitive binding data (Ki values) from the D-1 and D-2 receptor binding assays are shown in Table 9. The Ki values are inversely proportional to the affinity of the compound fonthe receptor.

Table 9

Competitive Binding for D-1 and D-2 Receptors

Example # P-1 Ki (μM) D-2 Ki (uM dopamine 8.005 6.310

2A 0.151 >10

17 0.030 0.759

18 0.195 -

19 0.138 1.479

20 0.100 22.3872

21 1.380 -

22 0.045 3.780

24 3.802 -

30 1.211 -

32 0.0367 13.6458

33 0.0025 0.5754

34 2.6915 12.5893

35 0.0038 1.6032

36 0.1023 3.8019

37 0.1396 6.3096

38 6.9183 -

39 0.2154 0.6166

40 0.0011 0.4898

41 0.2917 1.8408

42 2.1627 1.2882

43 0.9333 0.7161

44 0.2483 1.1885

45 0.0146 1.9055

46 0.443 1.470

47 0.248 0.671

48 0.2089 3.1261

49 112.2018 -

50 71.6143 •

Example # P-1 Ki (uM). D-2 Ki (μM)

51 3.1989 0.4786

52 12.0226 10.1158

53 0.5623 0.6026

54 2.3174 -

55 0.7328 5.5377

56 0.0219 3.7154

57 0.0006 0.7943

58 0.5309 2.5704

59 0.0153 4.5186

60 1.0646 16.4059

61 0.0881 1.9724

62 0.3126 2.8184

63 0.0501 0.3415

64 2.2909 0.3861

65 0.0304 0.7762

66 0.8710 0.8254

67 0.0137 1.0552

68 0.2089 4.4327

70 0.4074 1.0715

75 0.0141 0.7244

76 0.1549 5.5590

77 1.5370 0.6506

78 0.8318 0.6358

79 350.7519 2.1878

80 3.3113 0.9772

81 7.4989 3.0200

88 1.8058 0.9120

90 4.7315 1 1.4815

91 2.5119 -

96 0.0861 0.4786

98 0.0741 6.2135

99 1.9800 1.1840

100 0.0902 2.3442

Example # D-1 Ki (uM) D-2Ki (μM)

101 0.4571 3.0903

102 0.0224 9.7724

103 6.5313 2.5119

104 54.3250 12.3027

105 0.8511 -

106 0.9333 16.7880

107 0.1679 9.5499

108 4.6238 15.8489

109 1.3490 15.8489

110 1.5488 5.6234

111 1.9953 3.7440

113 0.8777 0.1622

114 0.5580 0.6658

115 0.2531 0.5980

116 3.2112 0.1778

117 1.6469 16.9824

118 4.7863 1.5971

119 0.2775 0.0021

120 5.7544 -

121 4.8978 -

122 0.4713 0.1096

123 0.4043 0.4536

128 0.6546 2.5902

129 0.1148 6.5063

130 6.6069 -

131 0.0330 1.0633

133 0.0259 1.3490

134 0.8318 4.6238

135 0.1059 2.1878

136 2.9512 -

137 0.0575 _

Intrinsic Activity

The interaction of dopamine or a dopamine D-1 receptor agonist with the D-1 receptor causes a dose-dependent increase in the adenylate cyclase-catalyzed conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The functional activity of the compounds of the- invention was determined by assaying, in vitro, their ability to either stimulate the enzyme adenylate cyclase to produce more cAMP (agonist activity) or to antagonize a dopamine-induced increase in cAMP levels.The protocol for the adenylate cyclase assays was described by K.J. Watling and J.E.Dowling in J Neurochemistrv. 36: 559 (1981) and by J.W. Kebabian, et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 69: 2145 (1972). In order to determine agonist activity, cell-free tissue homogenates are incubated in an ionic buffer solution containing ATP and the compound being evaluated. The tissue was obtained from either goldfish retina or rat striatum.

Table 10 shows the intrinsic activity in an adenylate cyclase assay indicating that the compounds of the present invention are dopamine agonists

Tapie iQ

Antagonist Activity in Adenvlate Cvclase Assav

Example # EC5Q (μM) Intrinsic Activity dopamine 2.474 100.00

2A 0.0425 55.75

17 0.010 65.60

18 0.074 56.50

19 0.029 73.55

20 0.0334 91.33

21 0.0437 84.03

22 0.0046 97.73

24 0.0525 62.33

30 0.2175 68.58

32 0.0169 58.66

Example # EC5Q (μM) Intrinsic Activity

33 0.0024 65.98

35 0.0031 70.64

36 0.1423 88.47

37 0.0687 64.87

38 5.5377 77.47

39 0.0227 66.63

40 0.0019 60.06

41 0.0240 50.93

42 0.4299 46.23

43 0.0295 55.70

44 0.0188 63.20

45 0.0038 106.76

46 0.0344 92.73

47 0.0052 75.93

48 0.1334 1 10.70

49 1.5668 19.87

50 0.6607 42.73

51 0.0311 78.20

52 0.2512 91.43

53 0.0127 84.30

54 0.2326 92.17

55 0.0136 89.77

56 0.0005 1 19.00

57 0.0073 86.50

58 0.0617 70.00

59 0.0398 80.33

60 0.1549 138.00

61 0.8414 105.00

62 0.2851 60.00

63 0.0058 121.67

64 0.0891 107.00

65 0.0067 146.80

66 0.0063 150.77

Example # EC50 (μM) Intrinsic Activity

67 0.0020 160.80

68 0.0513 60.97

70 0.0671 135.00

75 0.0013 106.00

76 0.0120 63.74

77 0.0465 60.35

78 0.0724 74.70

79 2.7332 77.60

80 0.7762 59.57

81 2.0261 68.20

88 0.0703 75.33

90 0.0125 86.67

91 0.0376 66.00

93 20.733 51.00

96 0.7943 106.00

98 0.0005 107.00

99 0.0063 136.00

100 0.0030 152.00

101 0.0355 78.13

102 0.0044 102.03

103 6.9716 58.93

105 3.1381 53.87

106 0.0972 95.50

107 0.1216 95.20

-I ⁰⁸ 3.5755 127.33

. L09 0.5188 111.00

1 10 0.3311 100.70

1 1 1 0.1514 129.00

1 13 0.2630 58.20

1 14 0.1175 141.50

1 15 0.1116 178.50

1 16 0.1884 142.25

1 17 0.0224 105.00

Example # EC50 (μM) Intrinsic Activity

118 0.1609 97.50

119 0.1096 125.33

120 0.2399 103.71

121 0.1920 150.33

122 0.1113 151.00

123 0.1738 124.67

128 0.3162 90.75

129 0.1634 62.33

130 8.5770 99.07

131 0.0087 107.40

133 0.0012 64.68

134 0.0753 71.27

135 0.0211 64.67

136 0.6026 56.37

137 0.0188 46.80

Rotation Behavior

The behavioral assay used was based on the rat rotational model. Striatal dopamine was depleted by the intracranial injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, a neurotoxin which specifically destroys catecholamiπergic neurons. The intracranial injection was conducted on anesthetized animals using standard stereotaxic techniques (U. Ungerstedt and G.W. Arbuthnott, Brain Research. 24: 485, 1970 and U. Ungerstedt, Acta Phvsiol. Scand. Suppl. j67, 69: 1973). This unilateral lesioning of dopamine-coήtaTning neurons causes the post synaptic dopamine receptors to become supersensitive to dopaminergic stimulation in behavioral assays. When these striatal dopamine receptors are stimulated by the test compounds, the rats rotate or physically turn, in a direction that is away from the side of their body that receives the greater dopaminergic activation due to the receptor supersensitivity. Agonist activity was measured by the ability of the test compound to induce rotation.

Tables 11 and 12 show the rotation behavior of selected compounds of the present invention.

Table 11

Example No. ED50 (rngftcq) s.c! ED50 fmg/kp^ oral

2A 0.45 9.5

3 0.45 12.5

17 - 7.5

18 1.75 60.0

19 1.5 40.0

32 0.063

33 0.125 5.0

35 0.20 6.25

41 5.0

45 0.375 6.25

47 2.0

51 20.0

75 0.25 6.25

76 0.10

^* injected subcutaneously

Table 12

Example Number mean rotations over 360 minutes ¹

4 3329

-. -6- 2564 ^**

9 1516

13 3653

1-4 1760

16 4844 micromoles/kg p.o. ^** mean rotations over 20 hours

CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Hemodynamic Studies in Anesthetized Dogs:

Male Beagle dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg. i.v.) and maintained with i.v. infusion (Abbott/Shaw Life Care Pump, Model ll/D) to maintain stable cardiovascular function. The dogs were incubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube and ventilated with room air by means of a positive pressure respiratory pump. Expired respiratory CO2 was monitored with a Beckman LB-2 gas analyzer and maintained at 5% by appropriate pump adjustments. The dogs were maintained at a body temperature of 37.5 _ 1.0°C with a thermostatically controlled animal table. Polyethylene catheters were placed in the abdominal aorta via the femoral and carotid arteries for blood pressure and left ventricular pressure recordings. A Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter with a 15 cm proximal port was placed in the jugular vein for central venous and pulmonary arterial recordings and for determination of cardiac output (American Edwards Cardiac Output Computer, Model COM-1 ). Heart rate and electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were made from a Lead II ECG connection. With the dog on its right side the abdominal cavity was surgically entered laterally, immediate inferior to the rib cage, to expose the left renal artery. A calibrated electromagnetic flow probe (Carolina Medical Electronics) was positioned around the renal artery. The abdominal cavity is closed with wound clips. Recordings were made on a Grass polygraph.

An additional small polyethylene catheter was inserted into a branch of the left femoral artery and the tip positioned in the aorta above the renal arteries. Compounds were continuously infused intrarterially (Harvard Infusion Pump, Model 975) for approximately 5 minutes per dose. A thirty-fold dose-response-curve was administered ]?y_yarying flow rate from 0.01 to 0.30 mL/minute.

Table 13 shows the effects of selected compounds of the present invention on cardiovascular pharmacology.

Table 13

EFFECTS OF SELECTED DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS ON THE RENAL BLOOD FLOW (RBF) AND MEAN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (MAP) IN ANESTHETIZED

DOGS

Dose range Max Increase RBF Max Decrease MAP

Example # fl/Kg/min m.

2A 3 - 10 27 32

3 1 - 10 83 8

17 1 - 3 35 26

18 1 - 10 94 13

19 1 - 30 48 39 Cumulative intraaortic (above renal) infusion

DIURETIC EFFECTS OF EXAMPLE 2A IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

Male, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), weighing 285-350 grams were used. Following an overnight fasting period with free access to drinking water, the rats received an intragastric fluid load of 0.9 saline at 5% of their body weight. Simultaneously with the load, the rats were dosed with a test compound or vehicle and placed individually in stainless steel metabolic cages where they had access to drinking water throughout the duration of the experiment. For intravenous administration, the rats were instrumented with indwelling cannulas placed into the jugular vein at least one week prior to the experiment.

Urine was collected at 2 and 4 hours following drug administration. The volume of excreted urine alaach collection interval was measured accurately and the samples were analyzed for sodium, potassium and chloride ions. Sodium and potassium were measured using a Digital Readout Flame Photometer (Instrumentation Labs). Chloride was measured by the method of Shales and Shales, J Biol Chem, 140:879 (1941).

The statistical analysis of the data was computed by an off-line computer program. In this program, a comparison test is made between the vehicle (control) group and each treatment group for all variables at each time interval of the experiment. The test of

statistical significance is based on the Student's t-test, where the calculated t is a measure of the probability density function.

The compound of Example 2A was administered to six rats intravenously at a dose of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg. A control group of six rats received 0.1 mg/kg of saline solution acidified by ascorbic acid (0.3 mL). This solution was also the vehicle for the test compound.

Table 14 shows the diuretic and saliuretic effects of the compound of Example 2A.

TABLE 14

DIURETIC EFFECTS OF THE COMPOUND OF EXAMPLE 2A GIVEN INTRAVENOUSLY AT THE DOSE OF 3.0 mg/kg TO HYDRATED SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

URINE ANALYSIS AT 2 HOUR INTERVAL FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION

Volume Sodium Potassium Chloride Na/K (mL/tø) ( eq/Kg) (meg/Kg) ⁽ meq/kςri Ratio

Control Group 13.02 1.60 0.29 1.87 9.99

Example 2A Group 22.57 2.35 0.55 2.71 5.06

Control Group SD 4.29 0.59 0.17 0.83 10.27

Example 2A Group SD 8.30 0.84 0.22 0.75 2.85

p < = 0.05 0.0313 0.1043 0.0423 0.0950 0.28134

statistically significant n = 6