BACKGROUND

[0001] Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission station) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device). Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink (DL) transmission and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in uplink (UL). Standards and protocols that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for signal transmission include the third generation partnership project (3 GPP) long term evolution (LTE), the Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1902.16 standard (e.g., 1902.16e, 1902.16m), which is commonly known to industry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), and the IEEE 1902.11 standard, which is commonly known to industry groups as WiFi.

[0002] In 3GPP radio access network (RAN) LTE systems, the node can be a

combination of Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node Bs (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs) and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs), which communicates with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE). The downlink (DL) transmission can be a

communication from the node (e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL) transmission can be a communication from the wireless device to the node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] Features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the disclosure; and, wherein:

[0004] FIG. 1 A illustrates a procedure for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell in accordance with an example;

[0005] FIG IB illustrates a legacy Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell detection time in accordance with an example; [0006] FIG. 2 illustrates Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) sync issues when legacy GSM and EC-GSM coexists in one Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) in accordance with an example;

[0007] FIG. 3 illustrates a comparison of a legacy Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) frequency correction channel (FCCH) and a novel Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) FCCH design in accordance with an example;

[0008] FIG. 4 illustrates a filter utilized for an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) frequency correction channel (FCCH) in accordance with an example;

[0009] FIG 5 illustrates various components for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell using a double tone in accordance with an example;

[0010] FIG. 6 illustrates an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile

Communications (EC-GSM) network detection performance in a static channel in accordance with an example;

[0011] FIG. 7 illustrates an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile

Communications (EC-GSM) network detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel in accordance with an example;

[0012] FIG. 8 illustrates a legacy Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network detection performance in a static channel in accordance with an example;

[0013] FIG. 9 illustrates a legacy Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel in accordance with an example;

[0014] FIG. 10 illustrates an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile

Communications (EC-GSM) and a legacy GSM network detection time in a static channel in accordance with an example;

[0015] FIG. 11 illustrates a 51 multi -frame (MF) boundary detection performance in a static channel in accordance with an example; [0016] FIG. 12 illustrates a 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel in accordance with an example;

[0017] FIG. 13 illustrates a 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection time performance in a static channel in accordance with an example;

[0018] FIG. 14 illustrates a 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection time performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel in accordance with an example;

[0019] FIG. 15 depicts functionality of a user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell in accordance with an example;

[0020] FIG. 16 depicts functionality of a base station configured for Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) in accordance with an example;

[0021] FIG 17 depicts a flowchart of a machine readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell at an Internet of Things (IoT) device in accordance with an example;

[0022] FIG. 18 depicts functionality of a user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell in accordance with an example;

[0023] FIG 19 illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example; and

[0024] FIG 20 illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (e.g., UE) in accordance with an example.

[0025] Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the technology is thereby intended.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Before the present technology is disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this technology is not limited to the particular structures, process actions, or materials disclosed herein, but is extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numbers provided in flow charts and processes are provided for clarity in illustrating actions and operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence.

EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[0027] An initial overview of technology embodiments is provided below and then specific technology embodiments are described in further detail later. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the technology more quickly but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the technology nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0028] With the growth of cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) devices in recent years and the expected growth of CIoT devices in upcoming years, Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) is being utilized to support CIoT devices. As non-limiting examples, IoT devices can include smart meters, smart sensors, etc. The use of cellular networks for IoT devices is advantageous in terms of global reach, reliability and security using a licensed spectrum. EC-GSM can reduce device complexity and thus lower costs, enabling large-scale IoT deployments. Another advantage of EC- GSM is enablement by software upgrades of existing cellular networks, thus providing nationwide IoT coverage without additional hardware investments.

[0029] One objective of EC-GSM is to support a Maximum Coupling Loss (MCL) of 164 decibels (dB), which is 20dB larger than legacy General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) solutions. At the same time, EC-GSM can be designed to reduce complexity at the CIoT devices and limit energy consumption at the CIoT devices, which can enable up to a ten year battery lifetime for each of the CIoT devices. To satisfy the 164dB MCL objective, a CIoT device (or EC-GSM device) can work down to a -6.3dB signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, in such low SNR conditions, distinguishing an empty absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) from a workable ARFCN can be difficult. Therefore, traditional received signal strength indicator (RSSI) scanning may not be effective for an EC-GSM initial cell search procedure.

[0030] FIG 1 A illustrates an exemplary procedure for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell. To perform the procedure, a user equipment (UE), such as a cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) device or an EC-GSM device, can determine whether a given cell is an EC-GSM cell by decoding an extended coverage synchronization channel (EC-SCH). As shown in FIG. 1, a special frequency correction channel (FCCH) partem can be used to determine a 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary. The special FCCH pattern can include FCCH distances of 10, 10, 10, 10 and 11 frames, respectively. At -6.3dB SNR, approximately two 51-MFs can be utilized by the CIoT device to detect the 51-MF boundary. In addition, the EC-SCH can be mapped in the two or four 51-MFs with 14 or 28 repetitions, respectively. A modulation index in an odd 51-MF can be different than a modulation index in an even 51-MF. Therefore, two or three or even more 51-MFs can be utilized to receive one complete EC-SCH block at the UE.

[0031] Moreover, since plural weak cells can exist in a current GSM band, which can possibly be used for EC-GSM, the UE can search plural fake cells. The UE may determine whether a given cell is a real EC-GSM cell by decoding the EC-SCH channel.

[0032] The approximately five 51-MFs (or 1.2 seconds) can be a reasonable when determining whether a given cell supports EC-GSM when a relatively small number of ARFCNs are checked. However, one advantage of EC-GSM is the ability to coexist with a legacy GSM network, so potentially all GSM ARFCNs can be used for EC-GSM. As EC-GSM can operate down to -6.3dB SNR, there may be plural weak cells in the current GSM band, such that UEs may search plural fake cells. In addition, legacy RSSI scanning does not work for EC-GSM, as noise can be a dominant signal in -6.3dB SNR. Thus, a cell (legacy GSM cell or EC-GSM cell) may only be determined by searching the FCCH. This low efficient cell searching procedure can lead to increases in time and power consumption, which is especially prohibitive to the long expected battery life for CIoT devices (e.g., 10 years of battery life).

[0033] FIG. IB illustrates an example of a legacy Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell detection time. As shown in FIG IB, a legacy frequency correction channel (FCCH) extended coverage synchronization channel (EC- SCH) synchronization can take approximately 2.2 seconds to achieve a 99% detection rate.

[0034] FIG 2 illustrates an example of Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) sync issues when legacy GSM and EC-GSM coexists in one Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN). In a legacy frequency correction channel (FCCH) design, if there is one slightly stronger co-channel legacy GSM cell, a user equipment (UE), such as a cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) device or an EC-GSM device, may not be able to sync to the EC-GSM cell as a multi-frame (MF) boundary detection is based on a strongest FCCH. Therefore, a detected FCCH that does not match a 10 or 11 time division multiple access (TDMA) frame distance constraint can be treated as a false alarm and can be discarded.

[0035] As described in further detail below, the present technology utilizes one double tone FCCH design and detection technique, such that the UE can determine whether a given cell supports EC-GSM with a single FCCH detection.

[0036] FIG 3 illustrates an exemplary comparison of a legacy Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) frequency correction channel (FCCH) and a novel Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) FCCH design. In other words, the FCCH burst design can be modified for detection of the EC-GSM cell.

[0037] With respect to a legacy GSM FCCH, a single unique tone at +67.7 kHz can be sent from a base transceiver station (BTS). The single tone at +67.7 kHz can be derived based on a calculation of +1625 kHz divided by +24. In general, the FCCH is a downlink- only control channel in the GSM Um air interface. The FCCH burst is an all-zero sequence that produces a fixed tone in a Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulator output. This tone can enable a user equipment (UE) to lock its local oscillator to a BTS clock. In other words, the tone can be used to synchronize a local clock of the UE with that of the BTS. In addition, the FCCH can be transmitted in frames immediately before a shared channel (SH).

[0038] With respect to the novel EC-GSM FCCH, in addition to the first tone, a second unique tone can be sent from the BTS. The second tone can be at -67.7 kHz. The second tone at -67.7 kHz can be derived based on a calculation of -1625 kHz divided by 24. In other words, the EC-GSM FCCH can utilize a double tone that includes a first tone and a second tone, wherein the first tone is at a selected frequency and the second tone is at a negative of the selected frequency. More specifically, the first tone can be at +67.7 kHz and the second tone (or mirror tone) can be at -67.7 kHz.

[0039] In one example, an EC-GSM BTS can support both legacy GSM devices and EC- GSM devices simultaneously. By using the double tone technique, a UE can determine whether a given cell formed by a BTS supports EC-GSM by detecting the tone at - 67.7kHz, which can minimize an EC-GSM network search time. In other words, the EC- GSM BTS can transmit a double tone that includes both the first tone at +67.7 kHz and the second tone at -67.7 kHz, and if the UE detects the -67.7 kHz tone, then the UE knows that the cell supports EC-GSM. When the UE does not detect the -67.7 kHz tone (e.g., the UE only detects the +67.7 kHz tone), the UE knows that the cell does not support EC-GSM.

[0040] In one example, by utilizing the double tone that includes both the first tone at +67.7 kHz and the second tone at -67.7 kHz, the UE can determine whether the cell supports EC-GSM in a reduced period of time as compared to if the UE merely uses a single tone at +67.7 kHz to determine whether the cell supports EC-GSM. Therefore, the double tone enables the UE to perform an EC-GSM network search procedure to identify the EC-GSM cell(s) in a reduced amount of time as compared to the single tone.

[0041] In one example, the first tone at +67.7 kHz and the second tone at -67.7 kHz can be time aligned at defined positions. The UE can determine whether the second tone (also referred to as negative tone or mirror tone) exists at a defined position, and if so, the UE can determine that a given cell supports EC-GSM. In this example, the UE may only search for the second tone to determine whether a given cell supports EC-GSM (i.e., the UE does not search for the first tone at the defined position).

[0042] In one example, in order to satisfy a power limitation in one ARFCN (200kHz), which is 43dBm, the double tone technique can decrease the power level of a +67.7kHz tone by 3dB. Although this decrease in power level can result in some negative impacts to legacy GSM devices in the EC-GSM cell, the FCCH is generally the most robust channel in the cell and the negative impacts are acceptable.

[0043] FIG 4 illustrates an example of a filter utilized for an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) frequency correction channel (FCCH). The filter can be utilized to alleviate concerns of an impact of a novel second tone at - 67.7kHz to a user equipment (UE), such as a legacy GSM device. In other words, the filter can be useful for UEs that are not EC-GSM capable. The UE can implement a narrow filter that filters out noise and/or interference away from the +67.7kHz tone. For example, with a 20 parts per million (ppm) frequency error assumption, one 36kHz band pass filter can be used for a 900MHz band. In addition, the band filter can be realized by a low pass filter with a frequency shifter.

[0044] In one configuration, the double tone FCCH solution can provide a number of advantages over the legacy single tone FCCH solution. First, one EC-GSM cell can be identified can be identified with only one double tone FCC detection, which is shorter in time as compared to the legacy single tone FCCH solution which involves detecting a 51- MF boundary and decoding an EC-SCH. The reduced amount of time to identify the EC- GSM cell results in lower power consumption at the UE, which is especially important in view of the 10 year battery life target for certain types of UEs, such as EC-GSM CIoT devices. Second, with the double tone FCCH solution, the UE can sync to the EC-GSM network even when a stronger legacy GSM exists in the same ARFCN, thereby improving the robustness of the EC-GSM network. Third, with the double tone FCCH solution, the UE can almost obtain a same multi-frame boundary detection performance level as compared to the legacy single tone method, so there is minimal performance degradation at the UE. Fourth, with the double tone FCCH solution, legacy UEs (e.g., legacy GSM devices) can operate with an EC-GSM BTS with a limited impact on performance. Fifth, a number of legacy FCCH detection operations can be reused for the double tone FCCH solution.

[0045] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of various components for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell using a double tone. A user equipment (UE), such as a cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) device or an EC-GSM device, can receive a double tone from a base transceiver station (BTS). The double tone can include a first tone at +67.7 kHz and a second tone at -67.7 kHz. Based on the double tone, the UE can determine whether or not a cell associated with the BTS supports EC-GSM. More specifically, the UE can use two approaches for determining whether or not the cell supports EC-GSM based on the double tone. In a first approach, the UE can use a multi-frame (MF) boundary detection technique. The MF boundary detection technique can also be referred to as a legacy +67.7 kHz tone detection technique. In a second approach, the UE can use a -67.7 kHz tone detection technique.

[0046] In one example, the double tone can be processed by radio frequency (RF) circuitry of the UE. After the tone is processed, the tone can be provided to a baseband processor. In the baseband processor, frequency correction channel (FCCH) detection can be duplicated for the -67.7 kHz tone. In addition, a notch module can be used to remove a direct current (DC) offset from the double tone.

[0047] With respect to the MF boundary detection technique, a +pi/2 phase de-rotation can be applied to the double tone. By performing the +pi/2 phase de-rotation, the +/-

67.7kHz tone can be moved to OHz. Next, the double tone can be filtered via a half-band filter, such that the first and second tones of the double tone do not impact each other. Next, a normalization function can be performed to avoid fading or power level impact for peak detection. Next, a low pass filter (LPF) can remove noise and/or interference, and a bandwidth is determined by a maximum possible frequency error. As the initial frequency error assumption is 20 ppm, the maximum frequency error in a 900MHz band is approximately +/-18kHz, so one selection of the LPF bandwidth is 18kHz. Next, an FCCH correlation can be performed. Since the FCCH carries all 0 bits, content for the FCCH is a constant value, and differential decoding can be used before the FCCH correlation to avoid a frequency offset impact. The FCCH correlation can produce a correlation value magnitude, which is sent to a peak detection module to detect whether the FCCH is real, and thresholds can be used in the peak detection module to balance detection rate and false alarms. For the MF boundary detection technique, correlation value magnitudes from both tones can be combined prior to the peak detection to improve performance. Detected peaks can be compared to a defined threshold, and based on the comparison, the cell formed by the BTS can be determined as being an EC-GSM capable cell in an EC-GSM network. Therefore, peak detection for the -67.7kHz tone is used to detect whether or not the cell formed by the BTS is part of the EC-GSM network.

[0048] With respect to the -67.7 kHz tone detection technique, a -pi/2 phase de-rotation can be applied to the double tone. By performing the -pi/2 phase de-rotation, the -

67.7kHz tone can be moved to OHz. Next, the double tone can be filtered via a half-band filter, such that the first and second tones of the double tone do not impact each other. Next, a normalization function can be performed to avoid fading or power level impact for peak detection. Next, a low pass filter (LPF) can remove noise and/or interference, and a bandwidth is determined by a maximum possible frequency error. As the initial frequency error assumption is 20 ppm, the maximum frequency error in a 900MHz band is approximately +/-18kHz, so one selection of the LPF bandwidth is 18kHz. Next, an FCCH correlation can be performed. Since the FCCH carries all 0 bits, content for the FCCH is a constant value, and differential decoding can be used before the FCCH correlation to avoid a frequency offset impact. The FCCH correlation can produce a correlation value magnitude, which is sent to a peak detection module to detect whether the FCCH is real, and thresholds can be used in the peak detection module to balance detection rate and false alarms. Detected peaks can be compared to a defined threshold, and based on the comparison, the cell formed by the BTS can be determined as being an EC-GSM capable cell in an EC-GSM network. Therefore, peak detection for the - 67.7kHz tone is used to detect whether the cell formed by the BTS is part of the EC-GSM network.

[0049] FIG 6 illustrates an exemplary Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) network detection performance in a static channel. The EC- GSM network detection performance is shown using a double tone detection technique. As shown in FIG 6, the EC-GSM network can be detected at about 100% in the static channel when using the double tone detection technique. In contrast, a legacy GSM detection rate is about 0% in the static channel.

[0050] FIG 7 illustrates an exemplary Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) network detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel. The EC-GSM network detection performance is shown using a double tone detection technique. As shown in FIG 7, the EC-GSM network can be detected at over 95% in the TU 1.2 km/h channel when using the double tone detection technique. In contrast, a legacy GSM detection rate is less than 10% in the static channel.

[0051] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary legacy Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network detection performance in a static channel. A double tone detection technique can be used to detect a legacy GSM network with a 95% detection rate. In addition, a detection rate of 100% can be achieved when a signal to noise ratio (SNR) is greater than -2.3 dB.

[0052] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary legacy Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel. A double tone detection technique can be used to detect a legacy GSM network with a detection rate larger than 90% when a signal to noise ratio (SNR) is greater than - 6.3 dB. In addition, a detection rate of 100% can be achieved when the SNR is greater than -1.7 dB.

[0053] In one example, the performance of the legacy GSM detection rate can be less than the performance of the EC-GSM cell detection rate. However, the number of missed detections of EC-GSM cells can be reduced, which is advantageous for EC-GSM devices.

[0054] FIG 10 illustrates an exemplary Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) and a legacy GSM network detection time in a static channel. An average sync time for detecting a legacy network or an EC-GSM network can be determined. At an SNR of -6.3dB, the average time is approximately 35 TDMA frames. In other solutions, an averaged multi-frame detection time can be provided. As the EC-SCH decoding can use two or three 51-MFs, an averaged sync time for a legacy multi-frame detection technique adds 2.5 MF (which is approximately 0.59 seconds). Therefore, the legacy multi-frame detection technique results in an average sync time that is approximately 8 times a sync time achieved when using a double tone detection technique.

[0055] FIG 11 illustrates an exemplary 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection performance in a static channel. As shown in FIG 11, a double tone solution can achieve a comparable performance as compared to a legacy single tone FCCH solution. In this example, the detection rate is defined based on whether an EC-GSM device can detect the 51 MF boundary in ten 51-MFs.

[0056] FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel. As shown in FIG 12, a double tone solution can achieve a comparable performance as compared to a legacy single tone FCCH solution. In this example, the detection rate is defined based on whether an EC-GSM device can detect the 51 MF boundary in ten 51-MFs. [0057] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection time performance in a static channel. A mean detection time performance comparison can be identified for the multi-frame boundary detection. As shown in FIG 13, a mean time can be less for the double tone detection technique as compared to the legacy technique.

[0058] FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary 51 multi-frame (MF) boundary detection time performance in a typical urban (TU) 1.2 kilometers/hour (km/h) channel. A mean detection time performance comparison can be identified for the multi-frame boundary detection. As shown in FIG. 14, a mean time can be less for the double tone detection technique as compared to the legacy technique.

[0059] In one example, a rate of false alarms for the multi-frame (MF) boundary detection technique is less than 0.3%, and a rate of false alarms for the double tone detection technique is slightly above the rate of false alarms for the MF boundary detection technique. However, various thresholds for the double tone detection technique can be adjusted to achieve at least a similar performance as the MF boundary detection technique with a single tone FCCH in terms of a detection rate and false alarm rate.

[0060] Another example provides functionality 1500 of a user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, as shown in FIG. 15. The UE can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a double tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency, as in block 1510. The UE can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: detect, at the UE, the second tone to determine that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC- GSM capable cell, as in block 1520.

[0061] Another example provides functionality 1600 of a base station configured for

Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM), as shown in FIG 16. The base station can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: generate, at the base station, a double tone that includes a first tone and a second tone that mirrors the first tone, as in block 1610. The base station can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the base station, the double tone for transmission to an EC-GSM device via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein detection of the second tone at the EC-GSM device enables the EC-GSM device to determine that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell, as in block 1620.

[0062] Another example provides at least one machine readable storage medium having instructions 1700 embodied thereon for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell at an Internet of Things (IoT) device, as shown in FIG 17. The instructions can be executed on a machine, where the instructions are included on at least one computer readable medium or one non-transitory machine readable storage medium. The instructions when executed perform: processing, using one or more processors of the IoT device, a double tone received from a base station via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency, as in block 1710. The instructions when executed perform: determining, using the one or more processors of the IoT device, that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell based on a detection of the second tone at the IoT device, as in block 1720.

[0063] Another example provides functionality 1800 of a user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, as shown in FIG. 18. The UE can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the tone is at a selected negative frequency, as in block 1810. The UE can comprise one or more processors and memory configured to: determine, at the UE, that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC-GSM capable cell based on the tone at the selected negative frequency, as in block 1820.

[0064] FIG. 19 provides an example illustration of a user equipment (UE) device 1900, such as a wireless device, a cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) device, a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The UE device 1900 can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node 1920 or transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband unit (BBU), a remote radio head (R H), a remote radio equipment (R E), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), a remote radio unit (RRU), a central processing module (CPM), or other type of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point. The node 1920 can include one or more processors 1922 and memory 1924. The UE device 1900 can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard including 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The UE device 1900 can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The UE device 1900 can communicate in a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN.

[0065] In some embodiments, the UE device 1900 may include application circuitry 1902, baseband circuitry 1904, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 1906, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 1908 and one or more antennas 1910, coupled together at least as shown.

[0066] The application circuitry 1902 may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry 1902 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with and/or may include a storage medium, and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the storage medium to enable various applications and/or operating systems to run on the system.

[0067] The baseband circuitry 1904 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry 1904 may include one or more baseband processors and/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1906 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1906. Baseband processing circuity 1904 may interface with the application circuitry 1902 for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 1906. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1904 may include a second generation (2G) baseband processor 1904a, third generation (3G) baseband processor 1904b, fourth generation (4G) baseband processor 1904c, and/or other baseband processor(s) 1904d for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation (5G), 6Q etc.). The baseband circuitry 1904 (e.g., one or more of baseband processors 1904a-d) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 1906. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1904 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation

mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1904 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality.

Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

[0068] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1904 may include elements of a protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resource control (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU) 1904e of the baseband circuitry 1904 may be configured to run elements of the protocol stack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 1904f. The audio DSP(s) 104f may be include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1904 and the application circuitry 1902 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC).

[0069] In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1904 may provide for

communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1904 may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 1904 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

[0070] The RF circuitry 1906 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 1906 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 1906 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1908 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 1904. RF circuitry 1906 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1904 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 1908 for transmission.

[0071] In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 1906 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1906 may include mixer circuitry 1906a, amplifier circuitry 1906b and filter circuitry 1906c. The transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1906 may include filter circuitry 1906c and mixer circuitry 1906a. RF circuitry 1906 may also include synthesizer circuitry 1906d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1908 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 1906d. The amplifier circuitry 1906b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 1906c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 1904 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0072] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 1906d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 1908. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 1904 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 1906c. The filter circuitry 1906c may include a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0073] In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1906a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature down-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1906a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1906a may be arranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1906a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1906a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

[0074] In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 1906 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 1904 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 1906.

[0075] In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

[0076] In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1906d may be a fractional -N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+l synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 1906d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

[0077] The synthesizer circuitry 1906d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1906a of the RF circuitry 1906 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1906d may be a fractional N/N+l synthesizer.

[0078] In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 1904 or the applications processor 1902 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor 1902.

[0079] Synthesizer circuitry 1906d of the RF circuitry 1906 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+l (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

[0080] In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 1906d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 1906 may include an IQ/polar converter.

[0081] FEM circuitry 1908 may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas 1910, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 1906 for further processing. FEM circuitry 1908 may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 1906 for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas 1910.

[0082] In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 1908 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 1906). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 1908 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 1906), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas 1910.

[0083] FIG. 20 provides an example illustration of the wireless device, such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile

communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The wireless device can include one or more antennas configured to communicate with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN), or, transmission station, such as a base station (BS), an evolved Node B (eNB), a baseband processing unit (BBU), a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio equipment (RRE), a relay station (RS), a radio equipment (RE), or other type of wireless wide area network (WWAN) access point. The wireless device can be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3 GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The wireless device can communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The wireless device can communicate in a wireless local area network

(WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN), and/or a WWAN. The wireless device can also comprise a wireless modem. The wireless modem can comprise, for example, a wireless radio transceiver and baseband circuitry (e.g., a baseband processor). The wireless modem can, in one example, modulate signals that the wireless device transmits via the one or more antennas and demodulate signals that the wireless device receives via the one or more antennas. [0084] FIG. 20 also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that can be used for audio input and output from the wireless device. The display screen can be a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, or other type of display screen such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. The display screen can be configured as a touch screen. The touch screen can use capacitive, resistive, or another type of touch screen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor can be coupled to internal memory to provide processing and display capabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also be used to provide data input/output options to a user. The non-volatile memory port can also be used to expand the memory capabilities of the wireless device. A keyboard can be integrated with the wireless device or wirelessly connected to the wireless device to provide additional user input. A virtual keyboard can also be provided using the touch screen.

Examples

[0085] The following examples pertain to specific technology embodiments and point out specific features, elements, or actions that can be used or otherwise combined in achieving such embodiments.

[0086] Example 1 includes an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a double tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency; and detect, at the UE, the second tone to determine that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC-GSM capable cell.

[0087] Example 2 includes the apparatus of Example 1, further comprising radio frequency (RF) circuitry to receive the double tone from the BTS.

[0088] Example 3 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 2, further comprising baseband circuitry to detect the second tone to determine that the cell formed by the BTS is the EC-GSM capable cell.

[0089] Example 4 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the first tone is received from the BTS at +1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by +24 kHz, or +67.7 kHz, and the second tone is received from the BTS at -1625 kHz divided by +24 kHz, or -67.7 kHz.

[0090] Example 5 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 4, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: apply a -π/2 phase de-rotation to the double tone received from the BTS; filter the double tone via a half-band filter to produce a filtered tone; normalize the filtered tone; remove noise or interference from the filtered tone via a low pass filter (LPF); perform an FCCH correlation with respect to the filtered tone, wherein the FCCH correlation produces a correlation value magnitude that is utilized to verify that the filtered tone received from the BTS is associated with the FCCH; compare detected peaks in the filtered tone to a defined threshold; and determine that the cell formed by the BTS is the EC-GSM capable cell based on a comparison between the detected peaks in the filtered tone and the defined threshold.

[0091] Example 6 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 5, wherein the filtered tone corresponds to the second tone and the filtered tone is approximately -67.7 kilohertz (kHz).

[0092] Example 7 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 6, wherein the UE is an EC-GSM capable UE.

[0093] Example 8 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 7, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to prioritize syncing with the EC- GSM capable cell formed by the BTS based on a detection of the second tone over syncing with a legacy GSM cell with a greater signal quality than the EC-GSM capable cell.

[0094] Example 9 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 1 to 8, wherein the UE includes at least one of an antenna, a touch sensitive display screen, a speaker, a microphone, a graphics processor, an application processor, a baseband processor, an internal memory, a non-volatile memory port, and combinations thereof.

[0095] Example 10 includes an apparatus of a base station configured for Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM), the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: generate, at the base station, a double tone that includes a first tone and a second tone that mirrors the first tone; and format, at the base station, the double tone for transmission to an EC-GSM device via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein detection of the second tone at the EC-GSM device enables the EC-GSM device to determine that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell.

[0096] Example 11 includes the apparatus of Example 10, further comprising radio frequency (RF) circuitry to transmit the double tone to the EC-GSM device.

[0097] Example 12 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 10 to 11, wherein the first tone is transmitted from the base station at +67.7 kilohertz (kHz) and the second tone is transmitted from the base station at -67.7 kHz.

[0098] Example 13 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 10 to 12, wherein the base station is configured to support EC-GSM devices and legacy GSM devices.

[0099] Example 14 includes at least one machine readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell at an Internet of Things (IoT) device, the instructions when executed perform the following: processing, using one or more processors of the IoT device, a double tone received from a base station via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency; and determining, using the one or more processors of the IoT device, that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell based on a detection of the second tone at the IoT device.

[00100] Example 15 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 14, wherein the first tone is received from the base station at +67.7 kilohertz (kHz) and the second tone is received from the base station at -67.7 kHz.

[00101] Example 16 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 14-15, further comprising instructions which when executed perform the following: applying a -π/2 phase de-rotation to the double tone received from the base station; filtering the double tone via a half-band filter to produce a filtered tone;

normalizing the filtered tone; removing noise or interference from the filtered tone via a low pass filter (LPF); performing an FCCH correlation with respect to the filtered tone, wherein the FCCH correlation produces a correlation value magnitude that is utilized to verify that the filtered tone received from the base station is associated with the FCCH; comparing detected peaks in the filtered tone to a defined threshold; and determining that the cell formed by the base station is the EC-GSM capable cell based on a comparison between the detected peaks in the filtered tone and the defined threshold.

[00102] Example 17 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 14-16, wherein the filtered tone corresponds to the second tone and the filtered tone is approximately -67.7 kilohertz (kHz).

[00103] Example 18 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 14-17, further comprising instructions which when executed perform the following: prioritizing syncing with the EC-GSM capable cell formed by the base station based on the detection of the second tone over syncing with a legacy GSM cell with a greater signal quality than the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00104] Example 19 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 14-18, wherein the IoT device is configured for EC-GSM.

[00105] Example 20 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 14-19, wherein the second tone enables the IoT device to identify the EC-GSM capable cell in accordance with a reduced EC-GSM network search time as compared to only utilizing the first tone to identify the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00106] Example 21 includes an apparatus of an user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the tone is at a selected negative frequency; and determine, at the UE, that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC-GSM capable cell based on the tone at the selected negative frequency.

[00107] Example 22 includes the apparatus of Example 21, further comprising radio frequency (RF) circuitry to receive the tone at the selected negative frequency from the BTS.

[00108] Example 23 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 21 to 22, wherein the tone is received from the BTS at -1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by 24 kHz, which is equal to - 67.7 kHz.

[00109] Example 24 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 21 to 23, wherein the tone is time aligned with a second tone, wherein the second tone is at +1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by +24 kHz, or +67.7 kHz, wherein the UE is configured to detect the first tone at a detected position and not detect the second tone.

[00110] Example 25 includes an Internet of Things (IoT) device operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, the IoT device comprising: means for processing a double tone received from a base station via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency; and means for determining that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell based on a detection of the second tone at the IoT device.

[00111] Example 26 includes the IoT device of Example 25, further comprising: means for applying a -π/2 phase de-rotation to the double tone received from the base station;

means for filtering the double tone via a half-band filter to produce a filtered tone; means for normalizing the filtered tone; means for removing noise or interference from the filtered tone via a low pass filter (LPF); means for performing an FCCH correlation with respect to the filtered tone, wherein the FCCH correlation produces a correlation value magnitude that is utilized to verify that the filtered tone received from the base station is associated with the FCCH; means for comparing detected peaks in the filtered tone to a defined threshold; and means for determining that the cell formed by the base station is the EC-GSM capable cell based on a comparison between the detected peaks in the filtered tone and the defined threshold.

[00112] Example 27 includes the IoT device of any of Examples 25 to 26, further comprising means for prioritizing syncing with the EC-GSM capable cell formed by the base station based on the detection of the second tone over syncing with a legacy GSM cell with a greater signal quality than the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00113] Example 28 includes an apparatus of an user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a double tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency; and detect, at the UE, the second tone to determine that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC-GSM capable cell.

[00114] Example 29 includes the apparatus of Example 28, further comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to receive the double tone from the BTS; and baseband circuitry to detect the second tone to determine that the cell formed by the BTS is the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00115] Example 30 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 28 to 29, wherein the first tone is received from the BTS at +1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by +24 kHz, or +67.7 kHz, and the second tone is received from the BTS at -1625 kHz divided by +24 kHz, or - 67.7 kHz.

[00116] Example 31 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 28 to 30, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to: apply a -π/2 phase de-rotation to the double tone received from the BTS; filter the double tone via a half-band filter to produce a filtered tone; normalize the filtered tone; remove noise or interference from the filtered tone via a low pass filter (LPF); perform an FCCH correlation with respect to the filtered tone, wherein the FCCH correlation produces a correlation value magnitude that is utilized to verify that the filtered tone received from the BTS is associated with the FCCH; compare detected peaks in the filtered tone to a defined threshold; and determine that the cell formed by the BTS is the EC-GSM capable cell based on a comparison between the detected peaks in the filtered tone and the defined threshold, wherein the filtered tone corresponds to the second tone and the filtered tone is approximately -67.7 kilohertz (kHz).

[00117] Example 32 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 28 to 31, wherein the UE is an EC-GSM capable UE.

[00118] Example 33 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 28 to 32, wherein the one or more processors and memory are further configured to prioritize syncing with the EC- GSM capable cell formed by the BTS based on a detection of the second tone over syncing with a legacy GSM cell with a greater signal quality than the EC-GSM capable cell. [00119] Example 34 includes an apparatus of a base station configured for Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM), the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: generate, at the base station, a double tone that includes a first tone and a second tone that mirrors the first tone; and format, at the base station, the double tone for transmission to an EC-GSM device via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein detection of the second tone at the EC-GSM device enables the EC-GSM device to determine that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell.

[00120] Example 35 includes the apparatus of Example 34, wherein: the first tone is transmitted from the base station at +67.7 kilohertz (kHz) and the second tone is transmitted from the base station at -67.7 kHz; and the base station is configured to support EC-GSM devices and legacy GSM devices.

[00121] Example 36 includes at least one machine readable storage medium having instructions embodied thereon for detecting an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell at an Internet of Things (IoT) device, the instructions when executed perform the following: processing, using one or more processors of the IoT device, a double tone received from a base station via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the double tone includes a first tone at a selected frequency and a second tone at a negative of the selected frequency; and determining, using the one or more processors of the IoT device, that a cell formed by the base station is an EC-GSM capable cell based on a detection of the second tone at the IoT device.

[00122] Example 37 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of Example 36, wherein the first tone is received from the base station at +67.7 kilohertz (kHz) and the second tone is received from the base station at -67.7 kHz; or the IoT device is configured for EC-GSM; or the second tone enables the IoT device to identify the EC-GSM capable cell in accordance with a reduced EC-GSM network search time as compared to only utilizing the first tone to identify the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00123] Example 38 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 36 to 37, further comprising instructions which when executed perform the following: applying a -π/2 phase de-rotation to the double tone received from the base station; filtering the double tone via a half-band filter to produce a filtered tone; normalizing the filtered tone; removing noise or interference from the filtered tone via a low pass filter (LPF); performing an FCCH correlation with respect to the filtered tone, wherein the FCCH correlation produces a correlation value magnitude that is utilized to verify that the filtered tone received from the base station is associated with the FCCH; comparing detected peaks in the filtered tone to a defined threshold; and determining that the cell formed by the base station is the EC-GSM capable cell based on a comparison between the detected peaks in the filtered tone and the defined threshold, wherein the filtered tone corresponds to the second tone and the filtered tone is approximately -67.7 kilohertz (kHz).

[00124] Example 39 includes the at least one machine readable storage medium of any of Examples 36 to 39, further comprising instructions which when executed perform the following: prioritizing syncing with the EC-GSM capable cell formed by the base station based on the detection of the second tone over syncing with a legacy GSM cell with a greater signal quality than the EC-GSM capable cell.

[00125] Example 40 includes an apparatus of an user equipment (UE) operable to detect an Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications (EC-GSM) cell, the apparatus comprising one or more processors and memory configured to: process, at the UE, a tone received from a base transceiver station (BTS) via a frequency correction channel (FCCH), wherein the tone is at a selected negative frequency; and determine, at the UE, that a cell formed by the BTS is an EC-GSM capable cell based on the tone at the selected negative frequency.

[00126] Example 41 includes the apparatus of Example 40, further comprising radio frequency (RF) circuitry to receive the tone at the selected negative frequency from the BTS.

[00127] Example 42 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 40 to 41, wherein: the tone is received from the BTS at -1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by 24 kHz, which is equal to - 67.7 kHz; or the tone is time aligned with a second tone, wherein the second tone is at +1625 kilohertz (kHz) divided by +24 kHz, or +67.7 kHz, wherein the UE is configured to detect the first tone at a detected position and not detect the second tone.

[00128] Various techniques, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, compact disc-read-only memory (CD-ROMs), hard drives, non-transitory computer readable storage medium, or any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the various techniques. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium can be a computer readable storage medium that does not include signal. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. The volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements may be a random-access memory (RAM), erasable

programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash drive, optical drive, magnetic hard drive, solid state drive, or other medium for storing electronic data. The node and wireless device may also include a transceiver module (i.e., transceiver), a counter module (i.e., counter), a processing module (i.e., processor), and/or a clock module (i.e., clock) or timer module (i.e., timer). One or more programs that may implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controls, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.

[00129] As used herein, the term "circuitry" may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable in hardware.

[00130] It should be understood that many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like.

[00131] Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module may not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.

[00132] Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network. The modules may be passive or active, including agents operable to perform desired functions.

[00133] Reference throughout this specification to "an example" or "exemplary" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in an example" or the word "exemplary" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

[00134] As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and example of the present technology may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as defacto equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate and autonomous representations of the present technology.

[00135] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of layouts, distances, network examples, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the technology. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the technology can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, layouts, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the technology.

[00136] While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present technology in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the technology. Accordingly, it is not intended that the technology be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.