INCLUDING DIRECTIONAL DOWEL

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

fOOOl] This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional

Application Serial No. 62/836,219 filed April 19, 2019 and U.S. Nonprovisional Application Serial No. 16/842,450 filed April 7, 2020, entitled,“Dowel With Directional Expanding Portion And Wall System Including Directional Dowel’ which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

10002] Wood expands and contracts when its moisture content changes. When wood fibers absorb moisture, they swell. When wood fibers lose moisture, they shrink. Such wood movement can occur in response to certain environmental changes, especially changes in humidity. Ambient moisture content can also be affected by artificially-induced changes in relative humidity and temperature, such as found in buildings having controlled heating, cooling, and humidity. Wooden items can also encounter moisture as compounds, such as stains and adhesives, applied to wood-containing assemblies such as wails, pallets, and furniture.

|0003] Expanding and contracting wood generally does not move equally in all directions. The degree of moisture-related movement a wooden item can experience can be affected by the grain of the wood, the item’s shape, and the part of the tree it was harvested from. T!iese characteristics are described in; Udo Schmidt, Predicting Wood Movement, Woodcraft Magazine, Issue 13, pp. 73-76 (Oct. 2, 2006); Nick Engler, Wood Movement, Workshop Companion; Jeff Lefkowitz, Grain Orientation and Wood Movement, Part 1: Chaimiaking Techniques; which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Those factors also affect which portions of the wooden item experience the greatest amounts of movement, as well ϊ as the direction of that movement, relative to that wooden item.

fO0O4J A piece of wood that is large enough to encompass portions of multiple adjacent growth rings can be subject to expansion or contraction or movement in multiple planes or axes, but not to equal degrees. For example, in response to changes in moisture content, wood tends to move the least along its longitudinal direction, the up-and-down direction paralleling the core of the tree or branch.

[0005] In comparison, wood tends to move more along the plane perpendicular to the tree’s longitudinal core. It can move more in the radial direction, going from the core outward, taking the shortest distance between neighboring growth rings in the trunk or branch, in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. In this same plane, wood can move even more in directions tangential to its gr owth rings, that is, in the directions of the pathways defined between neighboring growth rings. Such tangential movement can be described as sideward, rather than outward or inward.

[0006] As a tree gr ows, water is transported by the oute portion of the tree, also called the sapwood. Compared to tire wood of the inner portion of the tree, the heartwood, the sapwood can absorb more water. Thus, the sapwood can expand ami contract to a greater degree than die heartwood, and wooden items obtained from sapwood can experience greater amounts of water- related movement than identically-sized and -shaped items harvested from heartwood.

[0007] There is a need for wooden items harvested from specific portions of trees and harvested in specific orientations relative to the tree’s grain, so that the finished wooden item can predictably provide the greatest amount of moisture-driven movement in predetermined directions relative to other portion of the wooden item.

[0008] There is a need for wooden items that can be used in multi-component assemblies and configured in those assemblies so that the moisture-related expansion forces of the wooden components can be directed into predetermined directions, relative to the rest of the assemblies, in directions suited tor absorbing or withstanding such expansion and contraction forces,

[00091 Wood products made of layers of wood, such as glue laminated timber, can include laminating multiple layers of wood or lumber together wish adhesives. Glue laminated timber (GLT) can be subject to less moisture-related movement than sawed lumber. Other wood products made of layers of wood, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) is made from gluing sawed pieces of lumber together, wit some or all of the layers having the same orientation. CLT is a group of wood panel products that are subject to less moisture-related movement than sawed lumber.

[0010] There is also a need for wooden items made from these sources, having portions subject to moisture-related movement in predictable directions and amounts, though the items made from composite woods like GLT or CLT can experience can lesser amounts of movement, compared to simple sawed lumber, for example.

[0011] Depending on how a wooden item, such as a plank or a dowel, is cut from a tree, the wooden item can be cut in an orientation so that the direction of the or can be restricted to moving in certain directions. There is a need, for example, for wooden dowels fashioned to expand and contract in a predicted or predetermined direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the dowel. There is also a need for such a dowel having predictable directions and degrees of moisture-related movement, to align the dowel within a dowel-receiving component so that the moisture-related movement of the dowel occurs in directions suitable to maintain a secure connection between the mating components.

[0012] When incorporated into certain structures, such wooden items can be oriented to direct the moisture-related forces of movements in a desired direction relative to the structure.

[0013] There is also a need for dowels and dowel-receiving structures that are pre- marked to enable an individual to align those items in a predetermined, structurally stable configuration. There is a further need for markings that facilitate alignment of those components by mere visual or tactile inspection, for example, without the need for special tools. There is also a need for a marking system that informs a user as to the size or type of wooden component, such as a dowel, that will fit into a cavity meant to receive that wooden component.

[0014] There is also a need for wall systems incorporating such dowels to create a wall system that can remain stable when the dowel expands or contracts in response to changes in moisture content. There is also a need for assembly systems, such as wall systems, employing such dowels in particular configurations within individual components, to orient individual components to buttress each oilier and to enhance the overall stability of such systems.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The present invention relates to a dowel fashioned to expand and contract in a predetermined direction, particularly movement caused by changes in moisture content. An aspect of the invention relates to a stepped dowel made of wood so that certain portions of die dowel are subject to maximum amounts of moisture-related expansion and contraction.

[0016] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a connection system including a directional dowel and a component such as a board or panel having openings for receiving the directional dowels, wherein the directional dowels and the dowel-receiving portions are marked so as to enable an individual to position the dowel in the board so that the dowel expands a d contracts in a preferred direction relative to the component.

[0017] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of making the connection system.

[0018] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a wall system made of wall panels and directional dowels, configured to direct maximum dowel movement in preferred directions relative to the wall system. An aspect of the invention relates to a wall system configured so that at such moisture-related movement can be aimed or directed in one or more desired directions relative to components of the wall system.

[0019] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a wall system multiple wall panels having specific configurations of dowel-receiving portions, configur ed for improving the stability' of the wall system. An aspect of the invention relates to a wall system including a central wall panel with one or more flanking wall panel on each side, the different panels having specific configurations of dowel-receiving openings for improving the stability' of the wall system.

[0020] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to methods of making the wall systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE. DRAWINGS

[0021] The accompanying drawings illustrate the present invention and together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to make and use the invention.

[0022] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, claims, and accompanying drawings.

[0023] FIG. 1 shows relative amounts and directions of moisture-related expansion and shrinkage experienced by components of var ious shapes cut from wood or lumber.

[0024] FIG. 2 shows a wooden plank and the amounts of expansion that the wooden plank can experience in its longitudinal, radial, and tangential directions.

[0025] FIG. 3 shows top views of a cylinder: harvested from wood, cut from a section of wood that is parallel to the core of a tree trunk or tree branch, encompassing portions of wood from multiple adjacent growth rings, with each growth ring definin a curved pathway through the cylinder. The cylinder can be subject to the greatest degree of shrinkage (and expansion) in the portions of the cylinder containing the end portions of the growth ring layers.

10026] FIGS. 4A-4C shows top and sides views of a wooden dowel showing portions of adjacent growth rings of a tree or branch, the dowel harvested in an orientation such that the growth rings define vertically-oriented layers throughout the dowel. FIG. 4A shows a finished, painted or coated dowel. FIG. 4B shows an unfinished wooden dowel, with first and second end portions of the growth ring layers extending to the outer surface of the dowel, and the first end portions facing the viewer. FIG. 4C shows tire dowel views of FIG. 4B rotated about 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the dowel, so that the first and second end portions extend in a plane substantially perpendicular to the viewer.

[0027] FIGS. 5-10 show perspective views of a wall system incorporating oriented, directional dowels.

[0028] FIG. 11 shows a planned view of an embodiment of a wall system or wail assembly including a central wall panel flanked by first and second flanking wail panels, the top ends of the panels held together by a top surface member and the bottom ends of the panels held together by a bottom surface member. The bottom end of the central wall panel has a dowel- receiving cavity for receiving a dowel oriented substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface member. The dowel cavities in the botom ends of the flanking wall panels are oriented at a transverse angle with respect to the bottom surface member; the dowel cavities extend toward the central wall panel. Hie top end of each wall pane! includes a pan of top dowel cavities, angled at transverse angles and extending toward each other. Dowels are inserted into the dowel- receiving cavities to assemble the wall panels and the surface members together into the wall system.

[0029] FIG. 12 shows a side cross-sectional view of an assembly system incorporating a directional wooden dowel and another component including a dowel-receiving cavity. Hie directional dowels can include an expanding portion (heavily shaded) that can be inserted into the assembly system to aim the expansion forces of the dowel in a predetermined direction or orientation; here, so that the dowel s expanding portions move outward toward die outer ends of the components.

[0030] FIG. 13 shows top views of exemplary embodiments of assembly systems incorporating a directional dowel and another component including a dowel-receiving cavity. In these embodiments, the dowel and the dowel cavity include marks that align when the dowel is positioned with its expansion forces aimed in a predetermined direction. In some embodiments, the dowel cavity can include marks that indicate, via sight or touch, the size of die dowel that fits the dowel-receiving cavity.

[0031] Before explaining the disclosed embodiment of the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown, since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than limiting. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0032] While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and will be described in detail herein specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is an exemplification of the principles of the invention. It is not intended to limit the invention to the specific illustrated embodiments. The features of the invention disclosed herein in the description, drawings, and claims can be significant, both individually and in any desired combinations, for the operation of the invention in its various embodiments. Features from one embodiment can be used in other embodiments of the invention.

[0033] Referring to die Figures, FIGS. 1-13 show embodiments of dowels, preferably harvested from wood in orientations that direct moisture-related dowel expansion and contraction in predetermined directions, and other embodiments such as assemblies or systems that incorporate such directional dowels into dowel-receiving components. For example a wall system can be assembled using wall panels, surface members, and dowels, incorporating the directional dowels. Assembly systems can include markings on the dowels and dowel-receiving components to align the components so, that when assembled, moisture-related wood movement is directed toward predetermined directions, which can provide for assembly systems of enhanced stability. Finally, such directional dowels and dowel-receiving components can be oriented into configurations that can also provide for assembly systems of enhanced stability or strength.

Embodiment 1: Directional stepped dowel

[0034] As shown in FIG. 4, the dowel 42 can comprise a first portion and a second portion. The dowel 42 can have a plurality of dowel sections 74, a first section 76, middle sections 78, and a last section 80. The dowel 42 can have two middle sections; in some other s embodiments, it can have no middle section, one middle section, or three or more middle sections. The first and last sections can have sidewalls and end walls, respectively. Each of the middle sections can have sidewalls and step walls, respectively. Each of the dowel sections 74 can he contiguous to another dowel section 74. The sidewalls can define a cross-sectional size for their respective sections.

[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the cross-sectional size of the sidewalls can decrease as one progresses from the first section to the Iasi section in a number of steps. In such embodiments, the overall profile of the dowel 42 can generally taper, while individual dowel sections decrease in size in a stepwise fashion, providing a stepped dowel. In some other embodiments, the dowels can have a smoothly tapering profile,

[0036] The cross-sectional size of the sidewalls can be any suitable size or shape. The length of each individual dowel section can vary considerably , and the ra tios of the lengths of the dowel sections can also vary considerably. For example, the dowel section with the smallest cross-sectional size can be as long as or longer than the length of any of the other dowel sections. The overall length of the dowel 42 can be any suitable length for fastening particular components or particular combinations of components.

[0037] The first dowel section 76, which can be the dowel section 74 having the largest circumference or perimeter or cross-sectional size, or have the greatest width, can define a base portion 71. The last dowel section 80, which can have the smallest circumference or perimeter or cross-sectional size, or have the smallest width, can comprise or define a tip portion 73.

[0038] A dowel 42 can have dowel sections with a circular configuration, such as shown in FIG. 4. Other embodiments can be constructed so that each dowel section has a substantially square, triangular, or other cross-section. Further embodiments can mix and match different types of sections. The dowel 42 can have other configurations, such as the dowel shown and described hi U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,527, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0039] It is preferred that the dowels he constructed of similar, or even the same, materials as other components of wall systems 10 or other assemblies. For example, in wall systems 10, the wall panels 20, the surface members 46, 48, and dowels 42 can be constructed of similar, or even the same, wooden materials.

[0040] Where the dowel is constructed from wood, it i preferred that the dowel be cut, sawed, or otherwise constructed from a single integral piece of wood, such as shown in FIG. I . Such wooden dowel is preferably made substantially of birch, but can also he made of red oak, cherry, ash, beech, or other suitable tree or shrub, preferably hardwood varieties.

[0041] It is preferred that all, or a majority, of the dowel be made from the sapwood of a tree or branch, rather than the heartwood.

[0042] A tree or branch can have a core portion surrounded by a series of growth rings.

In a cross section of a tree trunk (or branch), in a plane placed substantially perpendicular to a central longitudinal axis of the tree (or branch), the central core portion of the tree (or branch) can be surrounded by a plurality of generally concentrically arranged growth rings, although those growth rings can contain irregularities in shape, as shown in FIGS. 1-3.

[0043] T!ie dowel 42 can be cut from a piece of wood so the dowel encompasses portions of wood from a plurality of adjacent growth rings. Each growth ring can define a layer, so that the dowel includes a plurality of layers defined by a plurality of growth rings, each dowel layer 70 made of an adjacent portion of an adjacent growth ring, as shown for example in FIGS, 3-4, Hie centra! longitudinal axis L of the dowel 42 can be located generally parallel with the dowel layers 70 defined by the growth rings. When the dowel is viewed in cross-section, through plane placed substantially perpendicular to a central longitudinal axis of the dowel, the growth ring layers can define the dowel layers 70 visible as a series of generally parallel lines or curves. Depending on the size of the tree and the size of the free rings from which the dowel is fashioned, those dowel layers 70 can define substantially straight lines or curved lines. Because trees are living organisms, the growth ring layers can define irregular paths and individual growth rings can have shapes that vary from other growth ring layers in the tree.

10044] As shown in FIG. 4, each dowel layer 70 can be made of a portion of a single growth ring. Neighboring dowel layers 70 can include adjacent portions of wood from adjacent tree rings. Each dowel layer 70 can include an elongated structure defining opposing flat surfaces, each opposing flat surface having a first or base or top end portion, which can be located in the first portion or first section of the dowel, and providing a portion of the upper exterior surface of the dowel. Each opposing fiat surface of the dowel layer 70 can have an opposite second or bottom or tip end portion, which can extend to a lower surface of the dowel, and providing a portion of the bottom exterior surface of the dowel. Each dowel layer 70 can include generally opposing first and second side portions that can comprise portions of the exterior sidewall surfaces of the dowel.

[004S] Each dowel layer 70 can extend between the upper and lower surfaces of a dowel or between the upper and lower surfaces of a dowel section. It is preferred that the dowel layers 70 be arranged in a substantial!)? vertical orientation throughout the dowel, fire layers defining surfaces or strata that run substantially parallel to the central longitudinal axis L of the dowel. The dowel layers 70 can include elongated, sheet like structures with neighboring layers stacked contiguously or continuously against each other.

[0046] Tire opposing flat surfaces of each dowel layer 70 can be substantially fiat or curved. Each dowel layer 70 can have a central portion 82 extending between a top end and a bottom end _* the central portion 82 including a central longitudinal axis. Each dowel layer 70 can include a side portion 84 on either side of the central portion 82, which can he contiguous with the central portion 82. Some dowel layers 70 can include an end portion 86 on either side of each side portion 84. and each dowel layer end portion 86 can be contiguous with a dowel layer side portion 84.

10047] Where dowel sections decrease in cross-sectional size, the dowel layers 70 in a central portion of the dowel can extend from the top end of the dowel to the base end of the dowel, and dowel layers 70 located distal from the central longitudinal axis L of the dowel can extend through one or more of the uppermost dowels.

[0048] The vertical orientation of the plurality of dowel layers 70 can define or indicate the directions in which the dowel 42 expands when exposed to moisture (as well indicating the directions in which the dowel contract when moisture is removed or lost). When the dowel is viewed in cross-section, or from above, the dowel can be expected to expand to the greatest degree in the dowel layer side portions 84. fir each layer, the wood can move from a central longitudinal axis in the dowel layer 70 outward in the direction of the side portions 84 and toward both end portions 86. The primary direction of moisture-related expansion for each dowel layer 70 can originate in a central portion 82 of the dowel layer 70 and result in expansion outward toward each side portion 84 of the dowel layer 70. In some embodiments, the expansion can continue outward from the end portions 86 of each dowel layer 70.

[0049] When the dowel experiences a decrease in water content, it can he expected to experience the greatest degree of shrinkage in the opposite direction— with the dowel layers 70 contracting from then· side portions 84 inward toward a central longitudinal axis of the dowel layer 70 In some embodiments, ike end portions 86 contract inward toward the side portions or toward the central portion 82 of the dowel layer 70.

[0050] While wood movement hi other directions is possible, the majority of the moisture-related movement in these dowels can be found in the expanding portions 72 of the dowels.

[0051] When the dowel layers move in conceit, hi response to changes in moisture content, the side portions 84 of the dowel layers 70 can expand or contract h similar outward directions contemporaneously or near-contemporaneously Together, a first expanding portion 72 can encompass the side portions of the dowel surface containing the first sides of the dowel layers 70, to expand from or contract toward a central longitudinal axis of the dowel or dowel section, while a second expanding portion 72 can encompass the side portions of the dowel surface containing the opposed second sides of the dowel layers 70 can expand from or contract toward a central longitudinal axis of the dowel or dowel section. However, the expanding portion 72 comprising the first sides of the dowel can expand and contract in a substantially opposite direction as the expanding portion 72 comprising the second sides of the dowel layers 70. Thus, the outer surface of the dowel can be provided with two sides or two side portions, on approximately opposite sides of the dowel, which can achieve a greater amount of moisture- induced movement than rest of the outer surface of the dowel.

[00523 The portions of the dowel containing the side portions 84 of the dowel layers 70 can define the locations of the dowel subject to the greatest degree of expansion or water-related movement. Such expanding portions 72 can be located on the exterior surface of the dowel, on the dowel sidewall. Thus the dowels can be identified as subject to expansion in the directions of the expanding portions 72, and considered as a directional dowel. Such directional dowels can be subject to movement in one or more predetermined directions relative to fee longitudinal axis of fee dowel, in the directions defined by the expanding portions 72. As shown in FIGS. 4B-4C, fee expanding portions 72 can be located on substantially opposite sides of the directional dowel. The expanding portions 72 can also be expected to define die portions of die dowels 42 that are subject to water-related shrinkage or contraction.

[0053] Although preferred embodiments incorporate a stepped dowel 42, other wooden dowels 42 having a generally tapering profile can be used, as can other commonly-used fasteners such as nails, screws, shanks, and the like.

Embodiments 2 and 3: Directional dowel with mark for identifying direction of do wel movement and marked dowel-receiving component

[0054] A directional dowel can be inserted into a dowel-receiving item and positioned or aligned in such a way as to direct fee moisture-related expansion (and contraction) of the dowel in a particular direction wife respect to fee dowel-receiving item. Some embodiments of the dowels can be marked, to identify' the expanding portions 72 to a user.

10055] Such dowels can include an orientation member 92 for indicating the orientation of the dowel layers 70, and signaling which side portions of fee dowel are subject to significant outward expansion, such as shown in FIG. 13. An orientation member 92 can include one or more marks to identify the locations of the expanding portions 72 of the dowel. Such orientation members 92 can be used in conjunction with an alignment member 94 located on a dowel- receiving component.

10056] For example, a board or a surface member can include an opening for through which a dowel can be inserted, the dowel and opening of sizes that allow the dowel to fit snugly or closely within the opening. The base portion 71 of fee dowel can include an orientation member 92 in the form of a bar, an arrow, a spindle, an oval, or a series of dots, for example, to indicate the locations of one or both expanding portions 72 on the dowel. Such marks can he drawn, painted, or otherwise applied to the upper surface of the base portion 71, for example. Such marks can be carved, etched, laser-cut, or filed into the base portion 71, or applied by any oilier commonly-used method. Other examples include cutting notches or grooves in the base portion 71 (or the portion of the sidewall abutting the base portion 71) to show an individual the locations of the expanding portions 72 of the dowel.

[00573 Similar marks can be made to define a corresponding alignment member 94 in the corresponding dowel-receiving component, preferably at the mouth or opening of the dowel cavity, and preferably on an outward-facing surface or structure of the dowel-receiving component.

[0058] When a dowel is inserted into a dowel-receiving component having a dowel- receiving cavity, an individual can align the orientation member 92 of the dowel with the alignment member 94 on the corresponding dowel-receiving component. ^" When the alignment and orientation members 94. 92 ate aligned together, the dowel can be positioned within the dowel-receiving component so that the directional expansion forces of the dowel are directed in a desired or predetermined direction, relative to the dowel-receiving component.

[0059] The dowel-receiving component can include an alignment member 94 having a mark in a variety' of forms. The dowel-receiving component can contain a dowel cavity that includes a mouth around its opening. Such mouth can include the alignment member 94 as a marking that communicates with the orientation member 92. For example, the orientation and alignment members 92, 94 can each include a marking in the shape of a bar, the bars forming a straight line when the dowel is positioned in its preferred position. As another example, the orientation member 92 can include a single dot that is positioned between a pair of dots on the alignment member 94. As another example, the orientation member 92 can include a colored segment of a sphere at an edge of the dowel base portion 71, while the alignment member 94 can include a sphere missing a segment of Hie same size at an edge of the dowel receiving portion mouth, so that when the dowel and the dowel receiving component are placed in the preferred position with respect to each other, the orientation and alignment members 92, 94 form a complete sphere.

[0060] In general, the alignment member 94 and the orientation member 92 can each include a mark having a design or pattern that creates a composite visual image or tactile impression that occurs only when the dowel and the dowel-receiving component are positioned to aim the expanding portions 72 of the dowel toward the portions of the dowel receiving portion where it is desired to direct such expansive force. The expansive force can be directed relative to the dowel-receiving component or relative to another component in a wall or assembly system.

[0061] This feature can enable an individual to align the components (and to direct the moisture-related expansion forces of the dowel) by mere visual or tactile inspection, for example, without the need for special tools.

Embodiment 4: Dowel-receiving component marked to indicate mating dowel

10062] In some cases, the size of dowel cavity might not be readily discernable to casual inspection. It can be difficult or impossible to see which size dowel fits into a particular dowel cavity. It can be beneficial for the assembly system to be marked in such a way that a user can readily discern which dowels fit into a given dowel-receiving cavity 44, especially in assembly systems using dowels of more than one size or type.

f0063] As shown in FIG. 13, for example, some embodiments of the dowel-receiving component can include markings 96 that indicate the size or type of dowel 42 that fits into the dowel cavity; lii some embodiments, the month or opening defining the dowel cavity can be surrounded by a solid or broken ring, the marking ring having a specific colo or patern that indicates to a user that a specific type or size of dowel fits into the dowel cavity.

[0064] In some embodiments, the dowel cavity can include markings 96 that indicate die length of the dowel cavity. In some embodiments, the dowel cavities can include markings 96 that indicate the size of the diameter of dowels that fits into the dowel-receiving cavities in some embodiments, the markings 96 can identify specific dowels that fit into the dowel- receiving cavities.

Embodiment 5: Assembly system with oriented directional dowel and oriented dowel receiving

component

[0065] Dowels are typically used in conjunction with a panel, board or other item configured to receive the dowel. The dowel can be used to connect two or more items or components to each other, with the configured items defining a cavity for receiving the dowel. The dowel- receiving member or component can define a dowel-receiving space 44, or dowel cavity, into which the dowel can be inserted for connecting or joining components of an assembly system 200.

[0066] Hie assembly system 20(3 can be made of a dowel-receiving component and a dowel 42, such as shown in FIGS. 11-12. For example, it can be preferred for the dowel 42 to be positioned so that the expanding portions 72 expand toward the most stable portions of the dowel receiving component (or away from its weakest or least stable portions). Where a plurality of dowels are arranged in a row, it can be preferred that the dowels 42 be positioned so that the expanding portions 72 all expand in the same directions; in other situations, it can be preferred to position the dowels to expand outward in different directions, to avoid placing excessive stress upon a single part in the dowel receiving component or the assembly system 200.

[0067] For assembly systems using directional dowels 42 having orientation members 92 to mark the direction in which the dowels move when moisture content changes, the dowel- receiving components can include corresponding alignment members 94 that include marks for guiding a user to position the dowel 42 within the dowel cavity so that the dowel 42 expands in a preferred direction relative to the dowel receiving component.

[0068] The alignment member 94 and the orientation member 92 can be aligned, or otherwise arranged to communicate with each other. Thus, these members can be positioned into coordinated alignment before the dowel 42 and dowel-receiving component are joined or fixed together.

[0069] As can be seen in FIG. 12. for example, a pair of dowels 42 can be inserted into an assembly system 200. An upper dowel can be placed into an upper dowel-receiving cavity 44 and a lower dowel can be placed into a lower dowel-receiving cavity 44 so that the expanding portions 72 of each dowel are positioned to expand in a direction away from the other dowel.

[0070] The dowel receiving component or member can include an alignment member 94 for communicating with the orientation member 92 of the dowel 42. The alignment members 94 can include a mark or marking for indicating the preferred position or orientation of the dowel within the dowel cavity. Those mark can identify the locations at which it is preferred to position the dowel within respect to the dowel receiving component, and communicate to the individual the preferred location on the dowel receiving component for communication wit the expanding portions 72 of the dowel.

[0071] In other embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 10, the dowels 42 can be oriented in a wall assembly so that their expanding portions 72 are oriented to expand toward the side portions of the wall assembly, such as dowel 42a as opposed to dowel 42b. Thus, the dowels can direct expansion and contraction forces away from the portion of the wall system 10 that faces the interior of a room, and can minimize the risk of the interior-facing wall, buckling when changes in moisture content cause the wooden dowels to expand or contract.

Wall systems

10072] As shown in FIGS. 5-11, a wall system 10 can comprise one or more wall panels

20 in arranged in a line or a row, with one end of the wall panels 20 aligned together by a first surface member 46, and with the opposite end of the wall panels aligned together by a second surface member 48, with the wall panels 20 and surface members 46, 48 held together by a plurality of dowels 42. As shown in the figures, in an assembled wail system 10, the first surface member 46 can define an upper side or end of the wall, while the second surface member 48 can define an lower side or end of the wall.

[0073] Each wall pane! 20 can have a first end portion 22 and an opposing second end portion 24, each providing opposing surfaces for attachment to a surface member. The wail panel 20 can have an elongated longitudinal, or substantially planar first attachment surface 32 and opposing elongated, substantially planar second attachment surface 34. Each wall panel 20 can comprise a board; for example, a wooden board or plank of any standard size used in construction. Other sizes or materials can he used, depending on an individual’ s requirements.

[0074] Each wall panel 20 can have a plurality·' of predrilled bores or openings 30 defined therein. Each bore 30 can comprise a depression on an outer surface of the wall panel 20 and extending inward into an interior portion of the wall panel 20, defining an indentation or hollow space within the wall panel. The bores 30 can be positioned in the first and second end portions 22, 24, OΏ the opposing first and second atachment surfaces 32, 34 of tlie first and second endportions 22, 24.

[0075] It is preferred that each predrilled bore 30 traverses the wall panels 20 at a non- perpendicular angle, or acute or transverse angle, with respect to fee first and second end portions 22, 24 of fee wall panels 20. Each bore 30 can be positioned on an outer Surface 32, 34 of the wall panel 20, including an opening that extends inward into the wall panel 20 and defines an elongated cavity inside the wall panel 20.

[0076] Each surface member 46, 48 can have include elongated first and second surfaces

38, 40. Each surface member 46, 48 can include a plurality of predrilled holes or channels 41 defining a passageway extending between the first and second surfaces 38, 40 of the surface member 46, 48. It is preferred that the channels 41 be arranged at non-perpendicular angles, acute, or transverse angles, with respect to fee first and second surfaces 38, 40, although in some instances, the channels 41 can be placed at a substantially right angle with respect to the first and second surfaces 38, 40.

[0077] When a surface member 46, 48 is placed against a wall panel 20, it is preferred that each channel 41 align with a corresponding bore 30 so feat fee two structures aligned to together define a space or cavity' suitably shaped 44 for receiving a dowel 42. In preferred embodiments, the defined space or cavity· 44 forms a space suitable for a stepped dowel 42, as described above.

[0078] A plurality of wall panels 20 can be arranged parallel to each other, and can be placed side-by-side as shown in FIGS. 5-11. Tire firs† end portion 22 of the wall panel 20 can be placed in communication with a first or bottom surface member 46, while the second end portion 24 of the wall panel 20 can be placed in communication with a second or top surface member 48. Each wall panel 20 is preferably positioned so that each bore 30 can communicate with a corresponding channel 41. When the wall panels 20 are aligned with i) the bottom surface member 4b communicating with the first end portion 22 of the wall panels 20, and ii) the top surface member 48 communicating with the second end portion 24 of the wall panels 20, the corresponding bores 30 and channels 41 can form dowel cavities 44 into which dowels 42 and/or adhesives can be inserted. Tms, the components of the wail system 10 can be fixed together to form hie wall system 10.

Embodiment 6: Improved wall systems with directional dowels

[0079] Embodiments of the wall system 10 can include wall panels 20 having special configurations and dowel cavities 44 (lor example, comprising communicating channels 41 in surface members 46, 48 and bores 30 in wail panels 20) having particular placements and orientations, such as shown in FIG. 11. Some embodiments can include directional dowels 42 as components.

[0080] A plurality of wall panels 20 can be configured to be adjacent and parallel to each other jn the wall system 10. Between its first and second end portions 22, 24, the wall panel 20 can have a fust planar surface for facing outward in the assembled wall system 10, with an opposed second planar surface for facing inward in the assembled wall system 10. Each of the planar surfaces can have opposing first and second sides.

[0081] The wall panels 20 can include a central wall panel 50, for placement in a central portion of the completed wall system 10. The wall panels 20 can include one or more flanking wall panels 54, at least one flanking wall panel located to each side of the central wall panel 5Q. Some configured wall systems 10 can include a central wall panel 50 with a single flanking wall panel 54 to either side of the central wall panel 50. Other wall systems can include multiple Hanking wall panels 54 to one or both sides of the central wall panel 50.

[0082] It is preferred that the central and flanking wall panels 50, 54 form a continuous or contiguous wall surface in the completed wall assembly or wall system 10.

10083] Each end portion 22, 24 can include at least one bore 30 located in the each endportion, but preferably includes more than bore 30. The bore 30 can define a transverse angle with respect to the surface of the end portion, or with respect to the attachment surface. It is preferred that the bore 30 define a passageway that extends away from a longitudinal axis of the central wall panel 50. Where there are multiple bores 30, it is preferred that they define passageways parallel to each other. Together the corresponding bores 30 and channels 41 can define dowel-receiving cavities 44 hi the top end of the assembled wail system 10, such as shown in FIG. 11.

[0084] Tire first or bottom end portion 22 of the central wall panel 50 can be placed in communication with a first or bottom surface member 46, while the second end portion 24 of the wall panel 20 can be placed in communication wit a second or top surface member 48.

[0085] Tire first end portion 22 can include at least one bore 30 located in a central portion of the tils† end portion 22, It is preferred that the at least one central bore 30 define a substantially right angle with respect to the surface of the first end portion 22, particularly with respect to the first attachment surface 32. The bottom surface member 46 can include a channel 41 having a corresponding and substantially right angle with respect to the bottom surface member 46.

[0086] When wall panels 20 and surface members 46, 48 are aligned together, corresponding bores 30 and channels 41 can communicate with each other to define dowel- receiving cavities 44, such as shown in the assembled wall system 10, such as shown in FIG. 11. For example, the central dowel-receiving cavity 44 in the botom end of the cental wall panel 50 can be parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the central wall panel 50. The dowel-receiving cavities 44 in the bottom end of the flanking wall panel can angle inward and upward toward the central wall panel 50 or toward a central longitudinal axis of the wall system 10.

[0Q87] The cental bore 30 and corresponding channel 41 can align to form a dowel- receiving space or cavity' 44 and that dowel-receiving cavity' 44 can be oriented at a substantially right angle with respect to a longitudinal central axis of the central wail panel 50. As shown in FIG. 11, the cental wall panel 50 can include a bore 30 placed substantially perpendicular to the fust end portion 22, while the bottom surface member 46 can include a corresponding channel 41 placed substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface member 46. The channel 41 can be placed in a centra! portion or at the center point of the bottom surface member 46.

[0088] The wall panels 20 and surface members 46. 48 can also include corresponding bores 30 and channels 41 that communicate with each other to define dowel-receiving cavities 44 oriented at transverse, non-right angles with respect to the bottom surface member 46.

[0089] The bottom end of the central wall panel 50 can form part of a central dowel- receiving cavity 44 for receiving a dowel oriented substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface member 46. Other dowel-receiving cavities 44 (made, for example by other dowels and channels aligned to communicate with each other) in the bottom ends of the central and flanking wall panels 50, 54 can be oriented at transverse angles with respect to the bottom surface member 46; those dowel-receiving cavities 44 can angle upward and inward, extending toward the central wall panel 50. The dowels placed in those dowel-receiving cavities can also define transverse angles with respect to the wall panels or bottom surface member 46.

[0090] The second or top end portion 24 of each wall panel 20, which can be placed in communication with a second or to Surface member 48, can include one or more bores 30, each bore 30 distal from a longitudinal axis of the wall pane! 20. Pairs of bores 30 can be placed at transverse angles to the to end portion 24. In the top end of each wail panel, a pair of bores 30 can be configured to extend from the top end portion 24 toward the bottom end of fee wall panel 20. Of each paired set of bores, the first and second bores can extend inward toward each other or can extend inward toward a central longitudinal axis of the wall panel 20.

10091] When wall panels 20 and surface members 46, 48 are aligned together, corresponding bores 30 and channels 41 in the top ends of die wall panels 20 can communicate wife each oilier to define dowel-receiving cavities 44 in fee top ends of the wall panels 20, such as shown hi the assembled wall system 10, such as shown in FIG. 11. The bores 30, channels 41, and dowel-receiving cavities 44 in the top end of the wall panels 20 can angle downward, toward the bottom ends of fee wall panels 20 or toward a central longitudinal of fee wall panel 20.

10092] Each surface member 46 can include a channel 41 having a corresponding transverse orientation with respect to an adjacent surface member 46. in particularly preferred embodiments, fee flanking wall panel 54 can include a pair of bores 30 placed transverse to the first end portion 22, while the bottom surface member 46 can include a corresponding pair of transversely-placed channels 41 in the bottom surface member 46. Where multiple bores 30 define passageways parallel to each other, so too can the corresponding channels 41 define cavities feat are parallel to each other, and corresponding bores and channels can communicate to define dowel-receiving cavities that are parallel to each other.

10093] In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 11 , the central wall panel 50 can be flanked by one or more first flanking wall panels 54a on one side and one or more second flanking wall panels 54b on the opposite side. On its bottom end, lire central wall panel 50 can include a central bore 30 extending upward, oriented parallel to a longitudinal axis of the central wall panel 50. On its top end, the central wail pane! 50 can include a pair of bores extending downward that define passageways extending toward each other within the central wail panel 50.

[00941 On its bottom end, each flanking wall panel 54 can include one or more bores 30 angled upward each bore oriented at an angle toward one of the side walls of the thinking wall panel 54. Where there is a plurality of bores 30, it is preferred that they define passageways that are located parallel to each other.

[0095] On its top end, each flanking wall panel 54 can include one or more bores 30 angled downward, each bore oriented at an angle toward one of the side walls of the flanking wall panel 54. Where there is a pair of bores 30, it is preferred that they define passageways that extend toward each.

[0096] When the bottom end portions 22 of the wall panels 20 are placed in communication with a bottom surface member 46, and the top end portions 24 of the wall panels 20 are placed in communication with a top surface member 48, communicating bores 30 and channels 41 can define dowel-receiving cavities 44 for receiving dowels, especially the directional dowels described herein. Adhesive can be added to the cavities 44 or dowels to fix the aligned components of the wall system 10 components into a predetermined or preferred position.

[0097] In such embodiments, the bottom bores 30 located in the bottom end portions 22 can extend away from the central wall panel 50 in a first direction. The bottom bores 30 located in the top end portions 24 can extend away from the central wall panel 5(3 in a second direction. That is, the bottom bores 30 on one side of the wall system 10 can extend away from the bottom bores on the other side of the wall system 10. So, too, can the corresponding channels 41 in the bottom surface member 46 be set at transverse angles angling away from the central wall panel 50 or away from a central longitudinal axis of the wall system. 10.

[0098] When the wall members and surface members are configured in proper alignment wife each other, dowels 42 can be placed hi the dowel cavities 44 to fasten fee components of the wall system 10 together.

[0099] The dowels of fee assembled wall system 10 such as shown in FIG. 11 can b fixed in preferred configurations. The wall system 10 can have a central bottom dowel that is oriented parallel to a central longitudinal axis of fee wall system 10. Other bottom dowels can be aligned to extend from a surface of the wall system 10 toward fee central longitudinal axis of the wall system 10. The flanking bottom dowels on one side of the wall system 10 can angle inward at a common first angle, while the flanking bottom dowels on other side of fee wall systems 10 can angle inward at a second angle. Each wall panel can include a pair of upper dowels, where one dowel extends into the wall panel toward the other dowel.

[0100] In particularly preferred embodiments, the wall system 10 includes wooden components and adhesive. The use of wooden dowels 42 and wooden surface members 46, 48, which, along with adhesive, can be constructed into a wall system 10 that exceeds industry requirements for strength and stiffness. Such wall systems 10 can resist rough handling during construction, and can resist moisture-related weakening after construction and installation.

Embodiment 7: Assembling an improved wall systems with directional dowels

[0101] An assembly system 200 such as described in Embodiment 7, and such as shown in FIG. 11 , can be made using one or more wall panels 20, a bottom surface member 46, and a top surface member 48, with fee components held together by a plurality of directional dowels

42. [0102] The bottom surface member 46 can have an inward-lacing surface opposite an outward-facing surface, where the inward-facing surface communicates with the bottom ends of the wall panels 20. The to surface member 48 can have an inward-facing surface opposite an outward-lacing surface, where the inward-facing surface communicates with the top ends of the wall panels 20. When the wall panels 20 are aligned between the surface members 46, 48 into a predetermined configuration, the directional dowels can be used to join the components together .

[0103] Ti e improved wall system 10 can include a central wall panel 50 located i a central portion of the assembled wall system 10, plus at least one flanking wall panel 54a positioned on one side of tire central wall panel 50 and at least one flanking wall panel 54b positioned on the opposite side of the central wall panel 50. In the assembled wall system 10, the centr al wall panel 50 is between and adjacent to a parr of flanking wall panels 54a, 54b.

[0104] To assemble such a wall system 10, directional dowels can be inserted into the plurality of channels of the bottom surface member 46; prefer ably all of the dowels are inserted into the outward-facing side of the bottom surface member 46, with the dp portions 73 of the bottom dowels protruding out of the inward- facing side of the bottom surface member 46.

[0105] The orientation member 92 of each dowel can be aligned with an alignment member 94 on the corresponding channel, so that the expanding portion 72 of the dowel 42 is aimed in a preferred direction relative to the finished wall system 10.

[0106] One or more flanking wall panels 54 can be slid onto to the protruding tip portions 73 of the bottom dowels, and configured so that the bottom end of the flanking wall panel 54 connects or joins to the top end of the bottom surface member 46. The bottom side of each flanking wall panel 54 can include bores 30 for receiving the tip portions 73 protruding from the bottom surface member 46; the tip portions 73 can engage the corresponding bores 30. 10107] The central wall panel 50 can be attached to the protruding tip portion 73 of a centrally-located bottom dowel. The central wall panel 50 can fee oriented so that its bottom end connects or joins or lies flush against the top end of the bottom surface member 46.

101081 After a wall panel 20 is aligned against the bottom surface member 46, the bottom dowels 42 can join the two components together.

[0109] The wall panels 20 can be adjusted to define an elongated surface. The wall panels 20 can fee configured so that adjacent sides are continuous or contiguous with each other.

[0110] The top surface member 48 can be aligned to the partially-assembled wall panels so that the channels 41 of the top surface member 48 communicate with corresponding bores 30 in the top surfaces of the wail panels 20, thus creating top dowel-receiving cavities 44.

[0111] Directional dowels 42 can fee inserted into the top dowel-receiving cavities 44.

Where the top ends of the wall panels 20 are configured to accept a pair of dowels 42, the dowels can fee oriented so that the dowels are positioned so as to extend toward each. Preferably, pairs of top dowels 42 are configured to angle from a top comer of the wall panel 20 toward a central longitudinal axis of that wall panel.

[0112] The orientation member 92 of each dowel can be aligned with an alignment member 94 on the corresponding channel, so that the expanding portion 72 of the dowel 42 is aimed in a preferred direction relative to the finished wall system 10.

[0113] After a wall panel 20 is aligned against the top surface member 48, the top dowels

42 can join tire two components together.

[0114] Adhesive can be added to the dowels, bores, channels, or dowel-receiving cavities as and when desired during the assembly of the wall system 10.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, the components can be assembled in a particular orientation and particular order that facilitates easier assembly of the system. The bottom surface member 46 is be oriented so that its outward-facing surface faces downward and its inward-facing surface faces upward. The bottom surface member 46 can be placed on a substantially flat surface, such as the ground, floor, pallet, or table top, though any surface can be used so long as it orients the bottom surface member 46 so its outward-feeing surface faces downward and its inward-facing surface faces upward. Tire component can be fixed into the desired orientation by a tool such as a scaffold, or vise, or the like; it can even be held in the desired orientation by hand.

[0116] The bottom dowels 42 can be inserted into the bottom surface member 46 before, dining, or after being placed in the preferred orientation, so that the tip portions 73 of the dowels 42 extend upward. The orientation member 92 of each dowel 42 can be aligned with an alignment member 94 on the corresponding channel 41. so that the expanding portion 72 of the dowel 42 is aimed in a preferred direction relative to the finished wall system 10.

[0117] The wall panels 20 are manipulated to engage the bottom surface member 46.

When the bottom surface member 46 is in the preferred configuration, each wall panel 20 can be oriented in an upright position, with its central longitudinal axis oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface member 46. in tills orientation, each wall panel 20 can be positioned above the bottom surface member 46 and chopped or moved onto the bottom surface while moving hi a vertical direction.

[0118] At least two flanking wall panels 54 are added to the assembly before the central wall pane! 50 is added. The flanking wall panels 54 are dropped fro above onto the tip portions 73 of the bottom dowels 42.

[0119] The bottom bores of a flanking wall panel 54 can slide onto or engage corresponding bottom dowels 42, Because the bottom dowels are angled toward the central longitudinal axis of the wall system 1G„ the flanking wall panel 54 cannot be dropped in a directly vertical line or path onto the dowels. Instead, to accommodate the transversely-angled bottom dowels, the flanking wall panel 54 must he dropped or moved in a vertical direction from a central portion of the wall system until the tip portions 73 of the dowels 42 meet the openings of the bottom bores 30. When the tip portions 73 and bores 30 engage, the flanking wall panel’s vertical descent alters its angle of descent, moving both downward and away from the longitudinal central axis of the wall system 10.

[0120] A first flanking panel 54a can be placed to one side of the wall system 10, and a second flanking panel 54b can be added to the other, opposite side of the wail system 10, leaving a gap in the central portion of the wall system 10. Additional flanking wall panels 54 can be added to either or both sides at this time, so long as a central space is left for accepting the central wall panel 50.

[0121] The central wall panel 50 can be dropped or moved from above in a substantially vertical direction, so that its central bottom bore engages the central bottom dowel. The central bottom bore 30 and central bottom dowel 42 are configured to define pathways that are perpendicular to the bottom surface member 46, to allow the central wall panel 50 to descend in a vertical line or path to engage the bottom surface member 46.

[0122] The top surface member 48 can be positioned to be dropped onto the top ends of the wall panels 20, or otherwise manipulated against the wall panels 20 in a predetermined configuration. The inward-facing surface of the top surface member 48 can engage the top ends of the wall panels. Adopting the predetermined configuration causes corresponding bores and channels to align and communicate with each other, to define dowel-receiving cavities at the top side of the wall system 10. Additional directional dowels can be inserted into the dowel- receiving cavities, and all of the dowels 42 can be positioned to aim their expanding portions 72 in desired directions.

10123] Hie top dowels 42 can inserted into the top surface member 48 before, during _* or after being placed in the preferred orientation so that the tip portions 73 of the dowels 42 extend upward. The orientation member 92 of each dowel 42 can be aligned with an alignment member 94 on the corresponding channel 41, so that the expanding portion 72 of the dowel 42 is aimed in a preferred direction relative to the finished wall system 10.

10124] Adhesive can be added to the dowels, bores, channels, or dowel-receiving cavities as and when desired during the assembly of the wall system 10.

[0125] In some embodiments, the directional dowels 42 can be preslimnk before their addition to the wall system 10. For example, the directional dowels could be subjected to drying or desiccation, to make the dowels shrink to a smaller-tban-normal size. Such preshrmking activity could make it easier to insert and orient the dried dowels 42 into die dowel-receiving cavities 44, which are typically sized to accept a dowel of a similar size or volume. After being seated within the dowel-receiving cavity 44, the dowel 44 would be subject to expansion when it encounters moisture, creating a tighter or snugger connection between the dowel 42 and corresponding cavity 44.

Embodiment 8: CLT made with directional dowels

[0126] Certain wood products such as glue laminated timber (GLT) and cross-laminated timber (CLT) are made of a plurality of wooden sheets or layers stacked together and can be held together with an adhesive compound. Such timbers can be made by securing the wooden layers with directional dowels, either hi lieu of or hi addition to use of adhesive compounds. 10127] Much as channels 41 or dowel-receiving cavities 44 can be introduced into wail system components, similar channels 41 or dowel-receiving cavities 44 caa. be drilled, cut, or otherwise introduced into some or all of the layers of wood that make up the GLT or CLT.

101281 Wooden layers including channels can be stacked and configured so that channels

41 in adjacent layers align to define a dowel-receiving cavity 44. In some cases, dowel -receiving cavities 44 can be formed in stacks of wooden layers.

[0129] Multiple wooden layers can be fixed together by inserting a directional dowel into a dowel-receiving cavity 44 that spans adjacent wooden layers.

[0130] A section or piece of GLT or CLT can be assembled using one or more directional dowels, the dowels configured to direct the expanding forces of the dowels in desired directions. A user could prefer to direct the expansion forces in a variety of directions, to disperse die directional water-related forces of the dowels and minimize warping in an assembled timber hi other embodiments, it may be preferred to orient the directional dowels to expand toward or away from a common point or structure. For example, it could be preferred to direct the water- related expansion of the dowels toward the center of the assembled timber or away fr om the outer edges of the assembled timber.

(01311 In some embodiments, the directional dowels can he positioned so that their expanding portions expand in the direction of the grain of the top layer or panel. When such dowels undergo water-related expansion, the expanding portions are expected to direct expanding portions in a direction parallel to adjacent growth rings. Thus, the expanding forces are less likely to separate neighboring growth ring layers, and less likely to create splits in the wooden layers or panels.

[0132] Specific embodiments of a wall system 10 and a directional dowel 42 according to the present invention have been described for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention can be made and used. It should he understood that the implementation of other variations and modifications of this inventio and its different aspects will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and that this invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described. Features described in one embodiment can be implemented in oilier embodiments. It is understood to encompass the present invention and any and all modifications, variations, or equivalents that fall within the spirit and scope of the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein.