Inventor:

Matthew L. Ginsberg

Pamela D. Kinion

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation in part of co-pending U.S. patent application serial number 12/886,100, filed September 20, 2010, entitled "Driver Safety System Using Machine Learning", which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application serial number 12/821,349, filed June 23, 2010, entitled "Traffic Routing Display System", which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application serial number 12/639,770, filed December 16, 2009, entitled "Traffic Routing Using Intelligent Traffic Signals, GPS And Mobile Data Devices" which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120 upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/233,123 filed August 11, 2009, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to traffic control systems and traffic routing.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Significant reductions in vehicle emissions can be achieved, congestion can be limited, safety can be enhanced and travel times reduced by helping commuters and other drivers choose uncongested routes to their destinations. Numerous schemes have been proposed in the past for informing drivers of traffic conditions and presenting them with proposed alternatives when congestion is found. For example, traffic helicopters have been used for decades by radio stations to spot areas of congestion and suggest alternate paths that drivers may wish to consider.

[0004] With the growing popularity of GPS and hand-held computing devices, particularly those connected to cellular networks or the internet, other approaches have been used, such as graphical representations of maps with routes being color-coded to indicate levels of congestion.

[0005] Another approach to the traffic congestion problem involves "smart" traffic signals. For instance, railroad crossings have for decades been tied to traffic signals to help ease the flow of traffic on routes adjacent to railroad crossings when a train approaches. Further, certain systems have been installed that allow emergency vehicles such as fire trucks to change the state of a light from red to green so that the emergency vehicle can cross the intersection quickly with, rather than against, the signal.

[0006] In still another related area, various attempts have been made to collect traffic information from drivers who have, for example, GPS-enabled smartphones with them in their vehicles. Typically, such drivers do not find sufficient incentive to start up, and keep running, an application that will transmit their speed and location information to a remote traffic database.

[0007] Systems are emerging that take advantage of the integration of technologies that are available to report traffic information to drivers and suggest routes based on that information, to communicate with traffic signals, and to collect traffic information from drivers. In one particular area addressed by this disclosure, it would be advantageous to provide a system that further enhances driver safety by warning drivers automatically when their current course and speed suggest that they are going to pass a traffic control illegally (e.g., go through an intersection when a traffic light is red).

SUMMARY

[0008] A driver safety enhancement system includes a traffic routing display system with a destination display, a routing display, and a settings display. The display system is used in conjunction with a routing system providing communications among vehicles and traffic controls, such as traffic lights. In one aspect, a vehicle receives a warning that, based on its location and current rate of speed, it is predicted to enter an intersection when a traffic signal controlling the intersection would make it illegal to do so. In a further aspect, the warning is provided with an intensity that varies as the prediction becomes more certain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of the computing environment in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0010] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a user device, in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0011] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a traffic signal, in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a controller, in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0013] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer for use as a user device, a traffic signal, or a controller, in accordance with an embodiment described herein. [0014] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method of providing improved traffic routing, in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0015] FIG. 7 is a destination display in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0016] FIG. 8 is a routing display in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0017] FIG. 9 is a settings display in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0018] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method of providing a warning to a vehicle that it is predicted to enter an intersection illegally, in accordance with an embodiment described herein.

[0019] One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0020] Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, methods, and computer- readable storage media that use location-based technologies such as GPS or cellular to provide improved traffic routing and driver safety. Embodiments include one-way or two- way communication between traffic signals and drivers, and between drivers and a traffic database. Drivers are equipped with user devices that report their location to a controller for at least one traffic signal and optionally also report the driver's destination. The traffic signals are controlled by the controller to advantageously cycle through green and red lights according to a desired impact on traffic conditions for vehicles moving through the controlled intersection. In one implementation, the controller also sends information to the user devices to suggest the fastest route to the driver's destination, the time until a traffic signal turns green or red, a suggested speed to travel to arrive at a controlled intersection when the light is green, a warning that the vehicle appears likely to enter the intersection on a red light, and/or a variety of other directions to improve traffic routing and safety.

[0021] FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system 100 in accordance with one embodiment of a routing system. The system 100 includes a plurality of user devices 110A-N, that are coupled to a network 101. In various embodiments, user devices 110 may include a computer terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless telephone, an on- vehicle computer, or various other user devices capable of connecting to the network 101. In various embodiments, the communications network 101 is a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless network, an intranet, or the Internet, for example. In one specific embodiment, user device 110 is an iPhone® device provided by Apple, Inc. and programmed with a user-downloadable application providing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0022] The system 100 also includes a plurality of traffic signals 130A-N that are connected to the network 101 and at least one controller 120. In one embodiment, the traffic signals 130A-N are all the traffic signals for all the controlled intersections in a local area. In one implementation, the controller 120 controls the operation of all the traffic signals 130A-N in the system. Alternatively, one controller 120 may control a subset of all the traffic signals 130A-N, and other controllers may control a portion or all of the remaining traffic signals. In still another embodiment, system 100 does not control any traffic lights.

[0023] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a user device 1 10, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The user device 110 is in the vehicle with the driver when in operation in the system 100. The user device 110 includes a GPS receiver 111, a user interface 112, and a controller interaction module 113.

[0024] The GPS receiver 111 of the user device 110 functions to identify a precise location of the user device 110 from GPS satellite system signals received at the user device 110. Suitable GPS receivers are commonly found in handheld computing devices such as cell phones, on-board navigation systems, and other electronics. The GPS receiver 111 determines the location of the user device 110 for communication to the controller 120. Alternatively, cellular signals or other known location-determining technologies may be used to determine the position of the user device 110. For clarity, the location is discussed herein as having been determined from GPS signals although GPS signals, cellular signals or other technologies can be used in alternate embodiments.

[0025] The user interface 112 of the user device 110, discussed in greater detail below with respect to FIGS 7-9, allows the user to input information into the user device 110 and displays information to the user. For example, the user may input a desired destination into the user interface 112 of the user device 110. The user interface 112 may display directions or a route to travel to arrive at the desired destination. The user interface 112 may also display other information relevant to the driver derived from the GPS signals received by the GPS receiver 111, received from the controller 120, or from other sources, such as current rate of speed, upcoming traffic signals, the light status of such traffic signals, and the like.

[0026] The controller interaction module 113 of the user device 110 manages the communication between the user device 110 and the controller 120. Specifically, the controller interaction module 113 sends the location information determined by the GPS receiver 111 to the controller 120 and receives the controller's messages to the user device 110 regarding traffic, navigation routes, traffic signals, and the like.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a traffic signal 130, in accordance with an embodiment of a routing system. The traffic signal 130 includes a signal module 131 and a controller interaction module 134.

[0028] The signal module 131 processes instructions to turn the traffic signal lights off and on and processes instructions regarding the timing of the light cycles (e.g., from green to red back to green, or in other cases from green to yellow to red and back to green). The signal module 131 may be programmed with a set of default rules for timing of the light cycles based on time of day, day of week, etc. In one embodiment, these default rules are subject to be changed based on instructions received from the controller 120. In other embodiments, the controller 120 instructs the signal module 131 of the traffic signal 130 with respect to every change in status of the light. In yet another embodiment, the controller 120 does not influence the operation of the traffic signal.

[0029] The controller interaction module 134 of the traffic signal 130 manages the communication between the controller 120 and the traffic signal 130. Specifically, in one embodiment, the controller interaction module 134 receives the instructions from the controller 120 and passes them to the signal module 131 for controlling the status of the light. (In another embodiment, the controller 120 does not send instructions for controlling the status of the light.) In some embodiments, the controller interaction module 134 sends a report to the controller 120 on the updated status of the lights of the traffic signal 130.

[0030] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a controller 120, in accordance with an

embodiment of the routing system. The controller includes a user device interaction module 123, a traffic signal interaction module 124, a traffic module 125, a routing module 126, a traffic signal instruction module 127, an advertisement module 128 and a database 129.

[0031] The user device interaction module 123 of the controller 120 manages the communication with the user device 110 from the controller's side. The user device interaction module 123 receives location information and optionally destination information from the controller interaction modules 113 of the user devices 110 and sends traffic, routing, or traffic signal related information to the user devices 110 via the user device interaction module 123. Likewise, the traffic signal interaction module 124 of the controller manages the communication with the traffic signal 130 from the controller's side. The traffic signal interaction module 124 may send instructions to the traffic signals 130 and may receive status updates regarding the status of the lights of the traffic signals 130 in various embodiments. [0032] The traffic module 125 receives the location information identifying the location and, in some embodiments speed, of the user devices 110 from the user device interaction modules 123 and stores the information in a database 129. The traffic module 125 may also store information regarding traffic conditions from other sources such as other users with user devices 110, traffic services, news reports, and the like. The traffic module 125 may also receive data regarding events likely to influence traffic such as construction projects, emergency vehicle activity, and the like. The traffic module analyzes the received traffic data to determine current and in some embodiments predicted future traffic conditions, and the traffic module 125 may report traffic conditions through the user device interaction module 123 to the user devices 110.

[0033] The routing module 126 combines the information communicated to the controller 120 about the locations of the user devices 110 and optionally their destinations with the traffic conditions assessed by the traffic module 125 to prepare routing instructions for the user devices 110. In some embodiments the assessment includes observed traffic conditions, predictive analysis, or both. The routing module 126 may also consider the status and timing of the traffic signals 130 to recommend routes and speeds that result in less time for drivers spent waiting at red lights or that are otherwise advantageous, as well as to provide predicted speeds for all or part of a recommended route.

[0034] In embodiments in which the controller 120 influences traffic signals, the traffic signal instruction module 127 combines information communicated to the controller 120 about the locations of the user devices 110 and optionally their destinations with the traffic conditions assessed by the traffic module 125 to prepare instructions regarding when to turn lights off and on and the appropriate timing for the cycle of lights. The traffic signal instruction module 127 may be programmed with a set of rules regarding constraints. For example, emergency responder vehicles may be given priority to reach their destinations without interruption by stoplights. Further constraints may include a maximum limit to the time length of a light, the maximum number of cars waiting for a light to change, the relative timing or synchronization between lights, and so forth. In one embodiment yet another constraint is presence of one or more other vehicles being routed and tracked by the system 100. For example, it may be known that a tracked vehicle will trigger a light's proximity sensor and cause it to cycle, because the system 100 is routing the vehicle on a known path and is aware of the vehicle's position.

[0035] The advertisement module 128 is included in certain embodiments to present the user with advertising related to a route request. For example, if routing module 126 has determined a route that passes nearby to an advertiser, advertisement module 128 is configured to present an advertisement, such as a coupon, to the user. In one embodiment, advertisement module 128 is configured to detect a destination request from the user that is related to an advertiser, because the advertiser has specifically requested activation upon that destination request (e.g., entry of a competitor's destination) or because the advertiser has requested activation upon any destination request of a particular type (e.g., electronics store). In still another embodiment, mere proximity of a route to a sponsored location triggers an advertisement. Once it is determined that a requested destination relates to an advertiser by one of these mechanisms, advertisement module 128 generates an appropriate coupon or other advertisement for display on user device 110.

[0036] Advertisement module 128 is configured in certain embodiments to provide information about an advertiser to a user even in circumstances where the advertiser's location and the requested destination are in dissimilar directions. In some instances, the advertiser's location may be in another direction but closer or quicker in driving time than the originally requested destination. In other instances, the information about an advertiser (such as a discount coupon) may provide an incentive for a user to go to that advertiser's location even if it is not closer or quicker.

[0037] If the user originally selected an advertiser's location as a destination, it may still be appropriate to provide the user with a coupon or other information about that advertiser, for instance to ensure that the user actually decides to go to that location or to encourage the user to make additional purchases from the advertiser.

[0038] In some embodiments, in addition to or instead of an advertisement, other relevant information is generated for display on user device 110. For example, should a user input a destination location corresponding to a retail store and that store will be closed at the estimated arrival time (as determined by review of the store's web site or as populated in a database of such information), a message warning the user that the store will be closed is displayed on user device 110 and the user is asked to verify whether that destination is still desired. In some embodiments, an alternate proposed destination (i.e., a store that will not be closed) is suggested to the user via display on user device 110 as well.

[0039] A single database 129 is shown in FIG. 4 as internal to the controller 120, however in other embodiments, the database 129 may comprise a plurality of data stores, some or all of which may reside remotely from the controller 120. For example, the data stores may be elsewhere on the network 101 as long as they are in communication with the controller 120. The database 129 is used to store user device locations, traffic conditions, alternative navigation routes and maps, traffic signal information including locations and traffic signal instructions, and any other data used by the controller for purposes such as analysis or communication with user devices 110 or the traffic signals 130.

[0040] FIG. 5 is high-level block diagram illustrating an example of a computer 500 for use as a user device 110, a controller 120 or a traffic signal 130, in accordance with an embodiment of the routing system. Illustrated are at least one processor 502 coupled to a chipset 504. The chipset 504 includes a memory controller hub 550 and an input/output (I/O) controller hub 555. A memory 506 and a graphics adapter 513 are coupled to the memory controller hub 550, and a display device 518 is coupled to the graphics adapter 513. A storage device 508, keyboard 510, pointing device 514, and network adapter 516 are coupled to the I/O controller hub 555. Other embodiments of the computer 500 have different architectures. For example, the memory 506 is directly coupled to the processor 502 in some embodiments.

[0041] The storage device 508 is a computer-readable storage medium such as a hard drive, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), DVD, or a solid-state memory device. The memory 506 holds instructions and data used by the processor 502. The pointing device 514 is a mouse, track ball, or other type of pointing device, and in some embodiments is used in combination with the keyboard 510 to input data into the computer system 500. The graphics adapter 513 displays images and other information on the display device 518. In some embodiments, the display device 518 includes a touch screen capability for receiving user input and selections. The network adapter 516 couples the computer system 500 to the network 101. Some embodiments of the computer 500 have different and/or other components than those shown in FIG. 5.

[0042] The computer 500 is adapted to execute computer program modules for providing functionality described herein. As used herein, the term "module" refers to computer program instructions and other logic used to provide the specified functionality. Thus, a module can be implemented in hardware, firmware, and/or software. In one embodiment, program modules formed of executable computer program instructions are stored on the storage device 508, loaded into the memory 506, and executed by the processor 502.

[0043] The types of computers 500 used by the entities of FIG. 1 can vary depending upon the embodiment and the processing power used by the entity. For example, a user device 110 that is a PDA typically has limited processing power, a small display 518, and might lack a pointing device 514. The controller 120, in contrast, may comprise multiple blade servers working together to provide the functionality described herein.

[0044] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method of providing improved traffic routing. In step 601, the current locations (and in some embodiments, speeds) are received from a plurality of user devices 110 in vehicles. The current locations may be ascertained using GPS or other signals by the user devices 110 and communicated to the controller 120 via the network 101, for example. In some embodiments, the destinations of the users are also communicated from the user devices 110 to the controller 120.

[0045] In step 603, the traffic conditions are determined responsive to the received locations of the user devices 110. In some cases, the traffic conditions are also determined responsive to other sources of traffic information such as traffic websites, traffic services, etc. In one embodiment, roadwork and emergency vehicle activity are also considered in determining the traffic conditions. In one embodiment, system 100 provides predictive modeling of anticipated traffic speeds based on the various sources of information provided to system 100.

[0046] In step 605, optionally, traffic signals are controlled responsive to the determined traffic conditions. For example, instructions are sent from controller 120 to individual traffic signals 130 to turn them on or off or adjust the timing of the light cycles to ease congestion identified in the traffic conditions.

[0047] In step 607, vehicles are routed according to the controlled traffic signals and other traffic information. For example, the controller 120 may send route information or speed information to the user devices 110 to enable the drivers of the vehicles in which the user devices 110 reside to avoid red lights and/or avoid congested areas if the instructions from the controller 120 with respect to the route information or speed information are obeyed.

[0048] Embodiments that provide systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media that use location-based technologies such as GPS to provide improved traffic routing have been described above. Benefits of these embodiments include:

1. Better synchronization of drivers and traffic lights. As a result, people can spend less time waiting at traffic lights. Additionally, better synchronization results in drivers being able to maintain a more constant speed and avoid abrupt accelerations and decelerations caused by stopping at traffic lights. Reduced acceleration/deceleration while driving results in increased miles per gallon of gas for cars and reduced carbon emissions. The better synchronization of drivers and traffic lights results in tangible benefits to everyone, including drivers who do not use the user devices 110, because embodiments of the invention avoid gridlock and generally improve the flow of traffic. Thus, helping a relative handful of drivers who use the user devices 110 to proceed smoothly will also help alleviate the burdens of traffic to the rest of the drivers.

Improved ability to clear roads for emergency responders. Not only can traffic lights be informed of an emergency response vehicle approaching in order to block cross traffic to avoid an accident, but also can turn appropriate lights green to relieve congestion in the path of an emergency response vehicle. Non-emergency traffic, meanwhile, is routed elsewhere so that by the time an emergency vehicle arrives at an intersection, there are fewer other vehicles in contention with it.

Improved ability to support mass transit. The traffic lights can be preferentially managed to support buses, trolleys, and trains to avoid having these mass transit vehicles wait for traffic lights. In addition, cars can be managed to avoid having to wait for trains or other mass transit vehicles.

Load balancing during busy periods. The traffic lights and signals to drivers can be managed so as to balance the traffic between a number of known traffic bottlenecks or popular routes (such as multiple bridges across a single river, and main thoroughfares into or out of an urban area).

Synchronization of drivers with each other. In one particular embodiment, drivers are directed among a plurality of routes according to characteristics of the vehicle, the driver, or the desired destination. For example, all trucks are directed to one

thoroughfare and all cars are directed to another. This helps avoid the inconveniences to car and truck drivers of travelling on the same route. Namely, trucks reduce the visibility that smaller cars have of the road and trucks' longer acceleration times can frustrate car drivers. The shorter braking distance of cars compared to trucks increases the risk of collisions when both are travelling the same route. Also, truck drivers prefer to travel near other trucks to save on fuel by drafting off of each other. As another example, everyone on route A plans to exit in no less than 5 miles, whereas everyone on route B plans to exit in less than 5 miles. This may improve traffic flow through congested areas.

Prediction and avoidance of congestion. Drivers can be routed around congested areas, thus easing congestion. This results in less driving time and lower carbon emissions. Improved traffic monitoring. The results of accurate traffic monitoring can be used in many applications, such as to plan new roads and improvements to infrastructure, or to coordinate the timing of construction projects on infrastructure to lessen the impact on drivers.

8. Accurate real-time traffic information, including on city streets. Accurate traffic

information is useful for trip planning and commuting. The real-time traffic conditions could be used as inputs into various other scheduling systems to ensure timely arrivals for meetings, events, etc. For example, based on the traffic conditions for any given day, an alarm clock may be programmed to wake a person up 30 minutes before he needs to leave for work in order to arrive on time.

[0049] The discussion above addresses a system in which there is two-way

communication among vehicles and traffic systems. In other embodiments, even simpler one-way communications are used. Specifically, a location-aware user device 130 such as a smart phone in a vehicle sends a message to traffic signal 130 indicating that the vehicle is approaching the traffic signal 130 from a particular direction and may also transmit the vehicle's destination. If appropriate, traffic system 130 changes its operation so as to allow the vehicle to pass with minimal slowdown. As a specific example, consider a smart phone such as the iPhone® device provided by Apple, Inc. and mentioned above. Such device is location-aware and is readily programmed by software applications to perform a variety of functions. In one specific embodiment, a software application directs the device to periodically send its location and optionally the vehicle's destination to a specified site via the Internet, for example controller 120. Depending on the vehicle's location and heading, controller 120 then sends traffic signal 130 a signal indicating that traffic is approaching from a particular direction. If appropriate (for instance during late-night hours with little expected traffic), traffic signal 130 then changes the state of its lights so as to allow the vehicle to pass without having to stop.

[0050] Such one-way communications can also be used effectively in environments having multiple vehicles with user devices 110. For example, controller 120 can compare the number of eastbound/westbound vehicles at a particular intersection with the number of northbound/southbound vehicles and cause traffic signal 130 to adjust its light cycles accordingly.

[0051] One-way communications in the other direction (i.e., from the traffic signal to vehicles) may also be effective. For instance, a software application on user device 110 may obtain from the traffic signal 130, via controller 120, an indication that a light has just turned red and will not turn green again for one minute. If the intersection is not visible to the driver, for instance because the approach is hilly or on a curve, this information can be used to tell the driver that there is no point in approaching the intersection quickly, since the vehicle will only need to wait for the green light anyway. Thus, safety can be enhanced near "blind" or otherwise dangerous intersections. In addition, knowledge of the cycle of a traffic signal from a distance can help drivers time their approaches to controlled intersections to coincide with a green light. Thus, drivers can reduce the time they spend waiting at red lights.

[0052] In one specific embodiment, users are provided incentives to keep their devices in active operation while enroute, rather than just at the outset of a journey. This is advantageous to all users of the system because the more users who are "live" on the system (e.g., have the appropriate application operating on their user devices 110), the more information can be collected from such users regarding traffic information at various locations. Using the example of an iPhone, for instance, if an "app" implementing the system is kept on during transit, not only will the user obtain updated information, but the system will obtain ongoing information from that user, such as traffic speed at the user's location.

[0053] In order to provide such incentive, a user interface of the application running on user devices 110 provides updated information during travel. In one particular embodiment discussed in greater detail in connection with FIGS 7-9, the predicted state of a light that the user is approaching is presented to the user differently depending on the certainty of the prediction. For example, a visual display of the light's predicted state can start out, when the prediction is relatively uncertain, as a rather faded color, and increase in intensity as the certainty grows. As another example, a change in a light's predicted state can be announced to the user by audio as well as visual messaging, and the proposed route can likewise be altered on the fly if an originally preferred route now appears suboptimal due to changes in the predicted state of one or more lights.

[0054] In some embodiments, multiple types of displays are presented to users indicating information regarding a light's predicted state, such as minimum speed to reach the intersection while the light is still green, maximum speed to reach the intersection above which increased speed would only result in waiting for the light to turn green, colored indicators showing predicted state of the light that do not suggest a speed but are based on not exceeding the speed limit, and simple "SPEED UP" or "SLOW DOWN" messages for a current route. In these embodiments, data regarding a user's actual speed is collected from user devices 110 over time and used to determine which information display leads to the safest behavior (greatest conformance to speed limit least running of red lights, etc.). In one embodiment, this is done by a machine learning module (not shown) implemented, for example, by controller 120 If it is found that one type of indicator results in safer driving then that display is used. Over time, it may be that for one driver a first type of display results in safer driving while for another driver a second type of display results in safer driving. In such case, the display is individualized for each driver accordingly.

[0055] Various alternate embodiments permit a range of such processing to be employed. In one alternate embodiment, machine learning for system 100 is implemented by providing different drivers with different types of displays, and then determining after a period of time which of the displays results in the safest driving averaged over all users. In another embodiment, different displays are presented to a driver at different times, and the safest design for each driver eventually becomes the one that is presented most often or, in some embodiments, the only one that is displayed. To accomplish the machine learning, system 100 is configured in one environment to sometimes provide only a first display to a user device 110 and other times only provide a second display to the user device 110. In another possible embodiment using a more subtle approach, user device 110 is instructed to provide a first display initially followed by a second display, such as a green dot followed by a proposed speed. Using data uploaded from user device 110, inferences are made as to whether a driver began to exceed the speed limit only after the second display appeared. The order in which the displays are updated is in some embodiments switched while in a learning phase to allow for more complete testing of which displays lead to safer driving.

[0056] In some embodiments, traffic data collected from user devices 110 over a period of time is stored in database 129 and processed further by controller 120 to determine or refine routes proposed by routing module 126. In one specific embodiment, vehicle speed information collected over a period of time is used to determine the presence of stop signs that were not previously known by the system. Knowledge of where such stop signs are located allows the system to build in appropriate delays when considering routes that include intersections with those stop signs. Similarly, over a long period of time it may be evident that no user devices 110 have traversed a given portion of a mapped road. Such data may indicate that the road was planned but never built, that the road has been closed, or that the road is unavailable for use for some other reason. Based on such collected data, in some routing module 126 ignores such road segments as being available for a proposed route. Conversely, location and speed data from user devices 110 may indicate that a new road has been built that is not on the base map loaded into database 129, and if there is enough vehicular use of such a route, then routing module 126 assumes such a path, even though not mapped, is available for a proposed route. [0057] Still more detailed collected and real-time information from user devices 110 is used by system 120 in certain embodiments. Real-time average vehicle speed from other vehicles, historical average vehicle speed, vehicle speed variance over time, deviation of a given user's vehicle speed compared to other vehicles' speeds over the same route (indicating an aggressive or conservative driving manner) and best/worst case speed data are all used as inputs by system 120 to predict the time it will take a vehicle corresponding to a particular user device 110 to traverse a specific segment of a possible path.

[0058] As one example, by collecting data system 100 may determine that a particular segment of road is subject to 25 mph speed limits during certain times and 40 mph speed limits during other times, for instance indicating a school zone with a reduced speed limit sign that flashes to invoke the lower limit during times when children are present. Further, system 100 determines that some users tend to be conservative and drive according to the 25 mph sign regardless of whether the lights are flashing, while others reduce speed only when the lights are flashing. For users who reduce speed all of the time, system 100 routes them based on a lower expected speed regardless of the actual speed limit; other users get routed based on an expectation that they will match the actual speed limit in effect at the time.

Changes in speed limit also occur on some roadways based on time of day, vehicle type (truck or automobile), construction activity and the like. In some embodiments system 100 detects patterns in collected data indicating such changes and accounts for them in determining routes and estimating transit times.

[0059] In certain embodiments, system 100 adaptively segments routes into smaller pieces over time when collected data suggest such smaller segmentation will yield more accurate estimates of travel time. For example, system 100 may start out by considering the entirety of a street as one segment, but data collected over time may indicate that there is a school zone impacting a certain portion of the road. In response, system 100 divides the road into three segments, so that those who exit the road well before the school zone are not considered subject to the reduced speed limit that would affect a driver going past the school.

[0060] Further extending this example, school bus routes often slow traffic

considerably, but only for a small portion of each day. By collecting information from user devices 110 over a period of time, system 100 may infer that during school days, certain routes that otherwise have a much higher average speed will be congested at specific known times. During those times, preference is given to routes that avoid approaching or following a school bus. Not only does such routing improve transit times, but it also increases safety by reducing the number of conflict points between vehicles and children getting on or off a bus. [0061] Other factors that can be considered for such correlations include rush hour, weekday/weekend differences in travel, large sporting events or conventions, holiday shopping times, freight or commuter train crossings, ferries, radar speed enforcement and the like. A particular advantage of using data collected from user devices 110 for this purpose is that temporal changes in estimated segment transit times and correlations do not need to be calculated for all road segments, but only those showing significant time-dependent variations. Processing requirements for system 100 are thus dramatically reduced compared with a system configured to make temporal predictions for all road segments.

[0062] In some instances, external data sources are used instead of, or in addition to, the collected data referenced above. For example, in one embodiment significant periodic changes in observed traffic at a particular location trigger system 100 to search external data sources (such as through a location-based internet search) to determine a cause of such changes, such as presence of a school, railroad crossing or sports venue; notice of a period of road construction; or public warning that a road is only seasonal and is not maintained in winter. In such embodiments, system 100 is programmed to then search for information that correlates with the observed data and can be used to make predictions for transit time in the future. In an exemplary embodiment, should system 100 determine, by a location-based search, that a school is located where there are large variations in transit time, system 100 then searches the Internet for a school calendar and extracts information as to what days the school is open so that the system can predict when traffic is likely to be slowed down in the vicinity of the school.

[0063] Referring now to FIGS. 7-9, the user interface 112 of user device 112 from FIG. 2 is implemented via a display system that includes a destination display 710 shown in FIG. 7, a routing display 810 shown in FIG. 8, and a settings display 910 shown in FIG. 9.

[0064] Specifically, destination display 710 is configured to be a starting place for a driver's use of the system. A search bar 711 allows a user to enter a new destination by entering text to represent a street address, intersection, or business name; alternatively the system allows a user to select a destination from a list of previous destinations 712. In one embodiment, if no destination is selected, the system will be in a "cruising" mode in which it is assumed that the driver will remain traveling as straight as possible; once the driver turns, the system again assumes that the driver will travel as straight as possible.

[0065] Upon user selection of route button 713, user device 110 switches to routing display 810 shown in FIG. 8. Routing display 810 is configurable to show a user's current position, starting location and ending location, as well as speed, traffic light and route information. A speed limit indicator 811 shows the speed limit at the driver's current location, based on known data as discussed above. This indicator normally has a white background, but in one embodiment gradually turns to red as the driver's speed exceeds the legal limit. Also provided are a traffic light indicator icon 812 and an information bar 813. Indicator icon 812 is intended to be large enough for a driver to easily see at a quick glance, and is color-coded to show the state of an upcoming traffic light. In one embodiment, the color coding relates to the current state of the light; in another embodiment the color coding relates to the system's prediction as to whether an upcoming traffic light will be red or green upon the user's arrival. In one embodiment, predictions of the state of an upcoming light may be more or less certain, as discussed above, and the icon will be colored more intensely to show a strong prediction and in a more faded manner to show a weak prediction.

Information bar 813 is also color coded, with a background color indicating both a predicted state of the light and confidence in that prediction at the time the user is expected to arrive. The user's actual speed is shown by a surrounding box and a range of speeds surrounding the current speed limit is also displayed. The ETA in this instance indicates that the user would arrive at the light in seven seconds if traveling at 20 mph, as opposed to six seconds at the driver's current rate of 26 mph. The name of the upcoming intersection is also provided at the bottom of bar 813. Drivers can use bar 813 to determine, for example, whether to slow down because the light will be red at the time of arrival regardless of the current speed.

Display 810 also shows the states of other nearby traffic lights (e.g., 816), the driver's current location 815, and the selected route 814. The duration of the route is also shown 817, as well as the destination 818. In some circumstances in which a user has moved the map display so that the current location 815 is off the screen or perhaps disabled indication of the current location, user tracking button 819 allows the user to once again display current location 815.

[0066] In another embodiment, routing display 810 includes an indicator that displays the time remaining before an upcoming light changes state. If the upcoming light is changing to red and there is time to spare, the driver would, among other things, be able to save fuel by driving only as fast as necessary to pass the light in time. If the timer indicates that the driver will not reach the green light, the driver may slow down to save fuel since he will be stopping at the red light regardless of the speed he travels. A timer that shows how long until a light turns green can also provide impetus for a driver to slow down. A driver may be inclined to slow down and save fuel if he knows that he will still arrive at the next light by the time it turns green. [0067] As noted above, system 100 is also capable of determining and storing how certain indicators affect the behavior of drivers. In one embodiment this data is used to determine whether the indicator should be displayed to the driver in the future. If an indicator promotes unsafe behavior, it may no longer be shown to the driver. On the other hand, if an indicator causes a driver to adhere to the speed limit, it will continue to be shown. For example, if displaying the time remaining before a light turns red causes the driver to go as fast as is necessary to reach the light in time, the indicator may no longer be shown.

Similarly, if the information bar 813 indicates that the traffic light will be green when the driver reaches it if the driver exceeds the speed limit, the driver may choose to travel faster than the speed limit. Given a driver's history, the system can choose to not display certain indicators that are found to promote unsafe driving. Rules determining which indicators should be displayed can be applied to multiple drivers or to specific drivers based on their actions. In some embodiments, the user may be given a choice of whether indicators promoting unsafe behavior such as speeding should be displayed or suppressed.

[0068] In one embodiment, routing display 810 also includes location-based

advertisements 820, such as a coupon and prominent arrow showing the location of an advertiser. Selection of an advertisement 820 is, in various embodiments, dependent upon context. In one embodiment, an advertisement is selected for display based on the destination that the user has selected. In the example shown in Fig. 8, a coupon for an electronics store is displayed. This may be in response to the user entering a destination location that is a competing electronics store, for instance. In another embodiment, location-based

advertisements are selected based on the projected path of the user. In other embodiments, location-based advertisements are selected based on keywords used while in the destination display 710, recent web searches, user profile information and other characteristics that can be gleaned from historical use of user device 110.

[0069] In one embodiment, advertisements based only on proximity of the user's location, or a proposed route, to a sponsored business are displayed on user device 110. Thus, a user seeking an electronics store may be provided with an advertisement for a coffee shop not far from the proposed route to the electronics store. In some embodiments, other information relating to destinations is provided as well. As one example, if a destination is an electronics store and that store will be closed at the expected arrival time of the user, a warning message to that effect is displayed on the user device 110. Likewise, if the user has input a parking facility as a destination and that facility is full, such information is provided on the user device 110. In these instances, in certain embodiments alternate destinations are suggested via display on user device 110 (e.g., a store that will still be open or a parking facility that is not full). Display of such suggested destinations is in some embodiments influenced by sponsorship such that certain alternate destinations are favored over others based on such destinations paying for that benefit.

[0070] Referring now to FIG. 9, a settings display 910 provides user selection of various display-related features. A map rotation control 911 determines whether the displayed map is oriented to the direction of travel or in a conventional "North-up" mode. A "Predictions HUD" control 912 determines whether the traffic light indicator 812 and color bar 813 are displayed to the user. "Lights on map" control 913 is used to enable or disable display of traffic lights, e.g., 816. In addition to display-oriented controls such as these, settings display 819 provides controls that determine the behavior of routing system 100. "Lights" control 914 is used to determine whether delays due to traffic lights will be considered in estimating transit times. "Stops" control 915 likewise relates to whether delays for stop signs will be considered. "Turns" control 916 similarly enables or disables delay calculations for time spent making right or left turns.

[0071] In addition to providing helpful routing and speed control information, user devices 110 are in one embodiment also configured to warn drivers when they are about to pass a traffic control illegally, for instance go through an intersection when a traffic light is red. FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method of providing such a warning. In step 1001, the current location and speed of a vehicle is determined and communicated to controller 120 as described above.

[0072] In step 1002, a correspondence is generated (i.e., determined) with an upcoming traffic control, e.g., traffic signal 130A. In one embodiment, routing information already provided by the driver is used to predict the next traffic control that the vehicle is expected to encounter; in another embodiment a simple geographical search is made for the next traffic control likely to be encountered based on the vehicle's current location and direction of travel. In one embodiment, a subsystem of controller 120, e.g., routing module 126, is programmed to generate the correspondence.

[0073] Once this correspondence is developed, information regarding the location and speed of the vehicle is used to estimate its time of arrival at the traffic control, and information regarding the current and historical states of the traffic control (for example, how long a traffic signal's light stays yellow before turning red) is used to predict the likely state of the traffic control at the time of arrival. In one embodiment, this information is updated from time to time. In one specific embodiment, the update is accomplished at regular intervals (e.g., every three seconds). In another embodiment, the update is accomplished based on changes in state (e.g., change of the state of the traffic signal, change in the speed of the vehicle). In yet another embodiment, the update is accomplished based on a factors, such as distance from the vehicle to an intersection (more updates as the vehicle gets closer). In various embodiments, combinations of such updating factors are used to balance processor and communications bandwidth loading against accuracy of prediction. In one embodiment, the estimated time of arrival is generated by routine module 126, and the likely state of the traffic signal at that time is generated by traffic signal interaction module 124.

[0074] In step 1004, controller 120 sends a warning signal to a vehicle's user device 110 if the vehicle is getting sufficiently close to a traffic control (e.g., traffic signal 130) without slowing down (i.e., without indicating that the driver is preparing to stop) such that it seems likely that the vehicle will enter the intersection at a time when the traffic signal 130 will already have turned red. Not only absolute speed, but related dynamic factors such as trend of speed over time (i.e., acceleration/deceleration) and activation of the vehicle's braking system are used in certain embodiments to predict whether the driver of the vehicle is planning to stop at the intersection or proceed through it. In one embodiment, the warning is progressive, such as with short, low volume beeps at first transitioning to a loud continuous alarm tone as the vehicle approaches the intersection and the prediction of running a red light becomes more certain. In various embodiments, audible warnings (e.g., tones, voice), visual warnings (e.g., on a display 112 of user device 110, on a dashboard indicator light, on a heads up windshield display) or both are provided. In one specific embodiment, warnings begin at approximately 500 meters from an intersection when the vehicle is traveling at high speed or on a divided highway but at only 100 meters from an intersection when the vehicle is traveling at lower speed or on a small two-lane road. Other adjustments in the distance at which a warning is triggered include, in various embodiments, factors such as applicable speed limits, presence of blind curves in front of a traffic control, whether it is day or night, whether it is rush hour, and weather conditions. In some embodiments, operational parameters such as type of notification and operational distance are user-selectable based on personal preference. In one embodiment, the warnings are generated by user device interaction module 123.

[0075] It should be noted that the discussion above has focused on traffic lights as the traffic controls, but the disclosure here applies to other types of traffic controls as well. For instance, some school areas have speed limits that change over the course of a day; some freeway entrances have metering lights that may be on or off depending on how much traffic is present. The disclosed systems and methods here can also be applied to static traffic controls, such as stop signs and railroad crossing signs. Some such controls are static in and of themselves but their applicability is not static. For instance, some intersections allow a right turning lane to continue without a stop except during rush hours. A different dynamic impact comes from the fact that certain vehicles are subject to certain controls while others are not— consider for instance that some vehicles are required to stop at railroad crossings while others are not.

[0076] The present invention has been described in particular detail with respect to several possible embodiments. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced in other embodiments. The particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms, the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structural aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names, formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via a combination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely in hardware elements. Also, the particular division of functionality between the various system components described herein is merely exemplary, and not mandatory; functions performed by a single system component may instead be performed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiple components may instead performed by a single component.

[0077] Some portions of above description present the features of the present invention in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules or by functional names, without loss of generality.

[0078] Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "determining" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

[0079] Certain aspects of the present invention include process steps and instructions described herein in the form of an algorithm. It should be noted that the process steps and instructions of the present invention could be embodied in software, firmware or hardware, and when embodied in software, could be downloaded to reside on and be operated from different platforms used by real time network operating systems.

[0080] The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored on a computer readable medium that can be accessed by the computer and run by a computer processor. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. Furthermore, the computers referred to in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs for increased computing capability.

[0081] In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It is appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the present invention as described herein, and any references to specific languages are provided for enablement and best mode of the present invention.

[0082] The present invention is well suited to a wide variety of computer network systems over numerous topologies. Within this field, the configuration and management of large networks comprise storage devices and computers that are communicatively coupled to dissimilar computers and storage devices over a network, such as the Internet.

[0083] Finally, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention.