This invention relates to suspended cables and the like, and in particular but not exclusively to suspended transmission lines.

For above ground routes cables, known in this context as drop cables, may be suspended from poles in a catenar . Typically drop cables comprise a strength member made of tensile steel which supports the load, and a carried member or lines, which may for example be a more delicate transmission line, is attached either continually or at intervals to the strength member. For transmission lines the typical distance between poles is 200 feet, that is 69 metres. Between the poles the drop cable sags due to its own weight; the extent of the sag on installation is determined by the tension in the drop cable and is designed to be within a range of values determined by the acceptable drop cable tension and the acceptable extent of eventual sag to avoid hazard. In addition to the suspension load of the weight of the drop cable itself, externally mounted drop cables are subject to additional variable loading due to wind force and settling of moisture or ice formation. This additional loading results in strain in the drop cable which will affect all the elements of the cable including the carried lines.

Optical fibre or other lightweight transmission lines may be conveniently installed in a previously suspended drop cable in which the strength member supports a duct along which a lightweight package can be installed by the technique known as fibre blowing described in our European Patent 108590.

This technique involves blowing compressed fluid, usually gas, along a duct into which the transmission line is to be installed and feeding the transmission line into the duct at the same time so that it is urged along by the viscous drag of the fluid flow. A particular feature of this technique is that it enables sensitive transmission lines, especially those containing optical fibres, to be installed after the laying, or suspending, of the duct and the transmission line is therefore free from any stress resulting from installation or suspension of the duct itself. Alternatively the carried line may be lashed to a previously suspended strength member but this is less convenient. However, even if a transmission line is installed after suspension of the strength member it is in present systems still subjected to the additional, variable strains resulting from ice and/or wind loading on the drop cable.

The present invention is directed in a first aspect towards providing a convenient means for suspending a carried member from a strength member and to inhibit environmentally produced strain on sensitive elements in a catenary. In a second aspect the invention is directed towards providing a means for reducing the strain experienced by sensitive elements in a catenary system.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a drop cable arrangement for a catenary which comprises a tensile load supporting strength member and a carried member, the arrangement comprising a tubular member for disposing around the strength member, the tubular member supporting the carried member and being of a sufficient internal size to enable relative longitudinal movement between the strength member and the tubular member.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a drop cable arrangement for a catenary in which the drop cable comprises a tensile load supporting strength number and a carried member, the arrangement comprising an elastic linkage in the strength member having an extension rate per unit length substantially greater than the extension rate of the strength member and a slackening in the carried member sufficient to take up the extension of the elastic linkage without strain.

The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 schematically illustrates a general embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the invention suitable for use in primary installations; and

Figure 3 schematically illustrates a second embodiment of the invention which may be utilised for installation of a duct on to a previously suspended supporting line;

Figure 4 schematically illustrates a sprung catenary according to a second aspect of the invention;

Figure 5 schematically illustrates a cross section through a simple drop cable for use with the second aspect of the invention; and

Figure 6 schematically illustrates an alternative element for the elastic linkage.

Referring to Figure 1, a catenary system comprises poles 1 which each have a connection ring 2 to which a tensile load supporting strength member 3 of a drop cable 4 is attached via a connection stopper member 5. Alternative means for attaching the strength member to the poles may be utilised, the arrangement shown being typical of presently used transmission line attachments. The strength member 3 supports a carried member 6. A tubular member 7 which may be made integrally with the carried member or attached to it by other means extends around the strength member (more clearly seen by reference to Figures 2 and 3) and is sufficiently loose to enable relative longitudinal movement between the tubular member 7 and the strength member 3. Prior to attachment of the strength member to the poles the carried member 6 separates from the strength member and is left slack as it bypasses the pole and then rejoins the strength member of the next span after its attachment to the pole.

In an external suspended drop cable system there are initial loading and tension factors which are determined by the drop cable weight and the selected installation tension, and superimposed on this there are changes in loading due to factors such as ice and wind. Typical values may be a total drop cable weight of 0.3 to 0.5 Newtons per metre run, but environmental loading caused for example by a cladding of ice to a thickness of 5mm and the ice clad cable being subjected to wind loading may increase the weight respectively by of the order of up to 2 to 3 and 5 to 6 Newtons per metre run. Thus the environmental loading may greatly exceed the cable weight loading, and the increased load imposes increased tension and consequent elongation in the suspended cable. The total loading on a cable is given by:

V(ice clad weight ² + wind load )

and for the values mentioned above strains of the order of 0.3% or greater are experienced, the precise value depending on the cross sectional size and ϊoungs Modulus of the strength member. Strains of this extent can not be tolerated in delicate transmission lines such as those containing optical fibres.

With the arrangement shown in Figure 1, it can be assumed that the load of the complete drop cable 4 is taken by the strength member 3. When the load increases the strain is solely experienced by the strength member 3 because the tubular member 7 slides upon the strength member by virtue of its loose fit and the tubular member's resistance to relative movement with respect to the strength member is less than its own resistance to extension. The slackening in the carried member 6 is sufficient to take up the extension of the strength member without strain. Thus the tubular member and any line carried within it remain substantially free from environmentally induced strain thereby enabling elements that are sensitive to strain such as optical fibres or other delicate transmission lines, may be carried in a drop wire system.

Referring now in more detail to Figure 2, the drop cable 4 comprises two side by side passageways constituting the carried member 6 and tubular member 7. As shown the two passageways are of equal size, but it is possible for them to differ in size or for a greater plurality of passageways to be provided, as shown for example in Figure 2a. Conveniently the passageways may be formed by an integral plastics extrusion of side by side tubes. The

strength member passes along the passageway 7: this would normally be achieved by threading the strength member through the passageway 7, although forming the passageway around the strength member may also be possible. The passageway 6 carries a transmission line 9 which, when installed, also forms part of the carried line: the line 9 may be installed in the duct 6 prior to installation of the catenary or subsequently installed. In the case of lightweight transmission lines, and especially those containing optical fibres, it is convenient to install the lines 9 in the passageway 6 by the fibre blowing technique described in EP108590, and this technique is conveniently utilised after suspension of the drop cable in the catenary.

To enhance blowability when using a fibre blowing technique, and for long term retention of good blowing characteristics it is convenient to use a lubricant impregnated plastic for the drop cable. It may not be possible to obtain good blowability and the mechanical properties desired for the drop cable from a single plastic or blend of plastics. Optimum or more nearly optimum properties can be achieved if the passageway 6 is lined with a different plastics material from that used for the rest of the drop cable structure. The lining and the drop cable structure may be formed simultaneously or almost simultaneously using a co-extrusion or series extrusion process respectively. Alternatively, the lining of the passageway 6 may be formed in a first operation, the remainder of the drop cable body being formed subsequently (minutes, hours or days later as appropriate) by extrusion about the lining. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a preferred lining material. Particularly preferred is HDPE incorporating a solid lubricant such as antistatic grade

carbon. A concentration in the range of 5% to 10% antistatic grade carbon is preferred, most preferably 8%. Typical co-extrusion rates are of the order of 10 metres per minute. Where the lining is co-extruded it will typically be 0.2 to 0.5mm in thickness, more typically o.25 to 0.35 mm. Where the lining is produced other than in a co-extrusion process, the lining wall thickness may preferably be somewhat greater, for example up to 1 mm.

Typical internal diameters for the passageway 6 are in the range 3 to 7mm, preferably 5 to 6mm. These dimensions are particularly suitable for use of fibre blowing processes for installation of transmission lines such as suitably packaged multimode or monomode optical fibres. In Figure 3 a modified tubular member 7 is illustrated which has an openable side to enable the tubular member 7 to be engaged around a strength member where threading is not convenient. This has applicability to retro-fitting around a previously suspended line (which may be a strength member only or a drop cable including a strength member) where access to the ends is not available. In the embodiment shown the side of the tubular member 7 is openable by virtue of a parting line at the base of the right hand side (as viewed) and the natural resilience of the material of the tube effectively forming a hinge at the top of the tubular member. The confronting sides of the parting line are provided with a cooperating ball and cup catch 10.

As previously mentioned it is necessary for the resistance of the tubular member 7 to extension to be less than the sliding resistance which enables the strength member to expand without stretching the tubular member.

To this end it is desirable to incorporate means to reduce the possibility of the strength member becoming caught or otherwise stuck in the tubular member. In general the strength member will be made of a corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel which may be further coated or oiled (for example silicone oiled) to ease friction between the strength member and tubular member and/or further aid corrosion resistance. Low friction coatings such as silicone or PTFE may also be utilised for the inside surface of the tubular member 7, which in general will comprise a plastics material. A potential source of sticking is for the strength member to become iced within the tubular member, and for this purpose vents 11 (Figure 1) to enable egress of water from the tubular member may be provided at the low point of each catenary span. In the vicinity of the vents drip beads may be provided to aid channelling of drips away from contact with the strength member and tubular member. Anti wetting agents and/or low friction coating inside the tubular member aids the egress of water. Drip beads or other formations may also be used to discourage entry of water, either directly or by running along the strength member, into the tubular member at its open ends. Additional strain resistance may be provided by including at least one auxiliary strength member in the wall of the tubular member 7. Such an auxiliary strength member is shown referenced 12 in Figure 3. Preferably the auxiliary strength member is made of Kevlar and extruded in to a plastics tubular member, and also provides resistance to temperature induced strain by virtue of its negative coefficient of thermal expansion. An auxiliary strength member may also be provided in the embodiment shown in Figure 2. The auxiliary strength member may continue across the slackening of the carried member.

It will be realised that the degree of slackness in the carried line between its attachment points to adjacent spans of the strength member needs to be sufficient to take up any elongation in the strength member due to environmental loading and/or any sliding of the tubular member to an asymmetric position on the span. For convenience in installation the carried member 6 may be provided in lengths and the lengths connected by coupling with tube connectors 13 (Figure 1). Where a "blown fibre" installation technique is used to install the transmission line in the carried member 6, it is important for the tube connectors to form a well sealed joint to the members, such that leakage of the gas used for blowing is avoided. Of course for short lengths some leakage can generally be tolerated.

If the tubular member 7 and carried member 6 passageways are formed integrally, such as by a plastics extrusion, separation, termination and relative shortening of the lengths of tubular member may be performed at the point of ^' installation.

The tubular member 7 may be fixed relative to the strength member at one end, or some intermediate location in order to control the direction or prevent unrestricted relative longitudinal sliding.

The sprung catenary of the second aspect of the present invention will now be described.

Figure 4 shows a preferred embodiment of the second aspect of the invention in which the strength members are attached to poles supporting the drop cable system via an elastic linkage, provided in this example by a helical

spring 33. Conveniently the elastic linkage is attached to the pole via ^' a ring mounting 34 to which an elastic linkage of the next span or catenary length is also attached. Preferably each catenary length of strength member is provided with an elastic linkage at each end. With this arrangement when the drop cable is subjected to additional loading the elastic member extends and, as will be shown later, thereby enables reduction in the strain experienced in the cable. The duct 6 for the transmission line must be continuous, and so where the elastic linkage is attached to the strength member at point 53 the duct separated from the strength member (now constituted by the elastic linkage) and continues separately from the elastic linkage for a short distance until it rejoins the strength member after the elastic section. In the embodiment shown the elastic linkage at the end of the next adjacent catenary length is also bypassed in a continuous loop before the duct rejoins the strength member. An auxiliary strength member may be provided on the duct to aid in its support between the two attachment points 53 of the elastic link to the strength member. The loop of unsupported duct is provided with a degree of slackness that is at least equal to the maximum extension that the elastic member, or members, that it bridges will undergo. The invention has been illustrated by the provision of elastic linkages between the strength members and the poles: this enables provision of two elastic linkages for each catenary length with minimum inconvenience since the strength members in any event have to be interrupted for secure connection to the poles. However, a more general principal of the invention is to provide an elastic linkage in the strength member, and for the carried line or lines to be separated from the strength member for at least the length of the elastic linkage and provided with a slackening over that length

sufficient to accommodate the maximum expansion of the elastic linkage. Such an elastic linkage or linkages could be provided at any location in each catenary length.

In any external suspended drop cable system there are initial loading and tension factors which are determined by the drop cable weight and the selected installation tension, and superimposed on this there are changes in loading due to factors such as ice and wind. it is established that the relationship in a catenary between the catenary drop (the maximum sag) D, the distance L between poles, the distributed load W per metre run on the drop cable and the tension T in the drop cable can be expressed as:

D = L ² W/8T (1)

from which it can be seen that the drop increases with pole separation and load and decreases with tension. The principal of the present invention is to eliminate or reduce changes in the tension T by allowing an increase in the catenary drop D in order to compensate for the additional loading which would affect W in the above equation.

While it is preferred to use the previously described drop cable together with the sprung catenary system, it is possible to use the sprung catenary system with a 'solid' drop cable of the type shown in Figure 5. In such a drop cable there is no freedom for relative movement between the strength member 3 and the surrounding plastics material. As before, the duct 6 is intended for the installation of transmission lines by means of a 'blown fibre' technique subsequent to installation of the drop

cable. Consequently the details given above with reference to the duct 6 of the drop cables of Figures 1, 2 and 3, apply equally to the drop cable of Figure 5.

The effectiveness of a resilient link in the strength member is now demonstrated numerically using the simple drop cable as shown in Figure 5 in an arrangement as shown in Figure 4. In the event that the drop cable is changed to a different design or the installation tension or span length is changed, then the numerical values will change and it may be necessary to make the corresponding changes in the available extension in the elastic linkages.

For the purposes of calculating the maximum load on the cable it is assumed that there is a 5 mm coating of ice over the surface of the cable and that this ice-clad cable is subjected to wind loading of 80km/hr. It is further assumed that the entire load is borne by the strength member and that the relationship of Toung's Modulus = stress/strain holds for the tensile steel strength member.

In the drop cable of Figure 5 the steel strength member has a cross sectional area of 1.7671 mm ² .The total weight of the cable including an installed fibre package is 0.364 Newtons per metre run and 5 mm of radial ice adds a weight of 1.98 Newtons per meter run to give a total ice clad weight of 2.344 Newtons per metre run. Using the factors and formulae for wind loading from constrado, Publication 1/75 (1975), 'Wind forces on unclad tubular structures' the ice clad cable presents an effective size of 0.015m and an 80km/hr wind load provides a load of 5.438 Newtons per metre run.

Thus the total maximum load on the drop cable is given by

V(ice clad weight + wincf load ) =

_-T(2.344 ² + 5.438 ² ) = 5.92 Newtons per metre run

For the purpose of the example a maximum distributed load of this value, 5.92 Newtons per metre run, is now assumed.

In order to ascertain the required properties of the elastic linkage it is necessary to find the required extension to increase the catenary drop sufficiently to keep the tension and hence the strain within acceptable limits.

Upon installation i.e. under cable load only (no wind or ice) a catenary drop of 0.7 metres is an acceptable standard. Using this value in the above equation (1) with the cable weight of 0.364 Newtons per metre run for a span length of 68 metres provides:

which gives an installation tension T= 300.56 Newtons. Using an iterative computer program it can be demonstrated that in order to support a distributed load of 5.92 Newtons per metre run, which is the maximum ice and wind load assumed above, a tension of 1350 Newtons is required. Thus the ice and wind load provides an increase in load of 1050 Newtons.

In the absence of any springs, using the relationship Youngs Modulus = stress/strain for the increase in tension in the strength member, using a value of 160 x 10 Newtons per square mm for Young's Modulus for the tensile steel, and a cross sectional area of 1.7671 square mm for the strength member gives:

strain = load/( rea x Young's Modulus) .

strain = 1050/(1.7671 x 160 x 10 ³ ) = 3.7137 x 10~ ³ .

Thus the additional strain is 0.37% which is far in excess

of that permissible for an optical fibre. Only the additional strain due to the ice and wind loading has been considered as it has been assumed that the optical fibre has been installed after suspension of the drop cable and is therefore not subject to the drop cable installation tension of 300 Newtons.

If we take a maximum acceptable strain limit of 0.25% (which is in fact too high for optical fibres but serves to illustrate the point) then the maximum catenary length that is acceptable can be calculated.

The catenary length of the unloaded, installed cable is calculated first since again it is only changes from that length that effect a subsequently installed fibre.

Catenary length = + ( ^{2 3} )/24 α?

installed catenary length =

68 + (0.344 ² x 68 ³ )/(24 x 300 ² ) = 68.0172 metres

A 0.25% elongation gives

68.0172 x 1.0025 = 68.1873 metres

Thus to support a 5.92 Newton per metre run distributed load with only 0.25% strain increase the following is known:

initial installation tension — 300 Newtons distance between poles = 68 metres distributed weight (under maximum ice/wind loading) = 5.92 Newtons per metre run permissible catenary length (calculated above) = 68.1873 metres

The additional tension in a cable extended to its maximum permissible strain (0.25%) can be found using again the relationship Youngs Modulus - stress/strain for the increase in strain and substituting Tension = stress x area gives the relationship.

Tension = Youngs Modulus x strain x area and using the values given earlier this gives

Tension = 160 x 10 ³ x .0025 x 1.7671 = 706.84 Newtons

In other words a 0.25% strain limit only enables a maximum tension in the cable of 1006.84 Newtons (i.e. the installation tension of 300 Newtons plus the increase of 706.84 Newtons calculated above).

In order to reduce the tension from the previously calculated maximum tension of 1350 Newtons to the permissible tension of 1006.84 Newtons (so as not to exceed the 0.25% strain) the catenary length has to increase. This increase in length can not be provided by the cable itself (as this would increase the strain) but is provided by the springs.

The catenary length required to sufficiently reduce the tension can be obtained from the relationship:

catenary length = L + 2 L3

24 T ²

where L = distance between poles W = weight per metre run T = tension

and using the established values this gives

catenary length = 68 + 5.922 _x 68 ³ = 68.4529

24 x 1006.84 ²

Thus the required catenary length in order to yield a maximum tension of 1006.84 Newtons for a 5.92 Newtons per metre run load is 68.4529 metres.

The maximum length of the cable for 0.25% strain (which will support 1006.84 Newtons) is 68.1873 metres.

Therefore the springs (or other flexible portion) must provide an extension of the additional catenary length required, 68.4529 - 68.1873 = .2656 metres over a tension charge of 706.84 Newtons. If springs are provided at each end of each span this yields a required rate of 5.31 N/mm for each spring.

It is of course possible to provide springs that would take up the installation strain in the event that the fibre was not subsequently installed, or for a different maximum strain. If the maximum strain is about half that allowed above, i.e. 0.125% for example, then the spring extension rate would need to be approximately doubled.

The embodiment described utilises a mechanical spring, but the elasticity may be provided by other means such as an elastic polymeric material i.e. in the form of an entropy spring rather than an energy spring.

In Figure 2- it will be observed that the spring!3 is connected to the attachment points via a stopper member 36. The stopper^δ comprises a small diameter (for example 1 or 2 cm) helix with a comparatively long pitch length so that the turns are extended and open. The end of the drop cable strength member 1 from the drop cable is wound around the open turns of the helical stopper so that, under tension,

the strength member 1 pulls tightly against the turns of the stopper and is secured therein. This type of securement of a strength member in a helical stopper is well known in existing catenary systems. In order to aid gripping the stopper surface may be coated with a high friction material such as carborundum power or a PVC moulding. A progressive or distributed gripping action may be provided by having a varying diameter helix with the turns tapering from a larger diameter at the end where the strength member 1 is introduced to a lesser diameter. The helical stopper, in order to function to grip the drop cable strength member 1, must be comparatively rigid with respect to the strength member.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the stopper is formed integrally with an elastic member (although separate,connected stopper and elastic members are possible) . It is possible for the same diameter of wire (for example standard 10 gauge) to form the rigid stopper section by virtue of the small diameter turns and then be formed into substantially larger turns to provide the elastic linkage. It will be realised that, within the general context of the expression 'strength member' the stopper and elastic linkage will comprise or constitute the strength member by virtue of their attachment to or continuation from the drop cable strength member.

A further advantage of incorporating an elastic linkage, and one of general applicability, is that upon initial installation the spring should extend to an initial length corresponding to the desired installation tension (assuming installation is carried out without significant environmental loading) and is effectively a built in tension gauge. This is particularly relevant where elastic linkages are used to reduce loading since the calculation of the required spring rate assumes a given installation tension,

and if the installation tension differs then the correct degree of tension relief may not be provided. However the use of an elastic linkage purely as a tension gauge for use in installing other catenaries where tension relief is not necessary may also be useful.