CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED MATTERS

[0001] This patent application claims benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/365,017, filed May 19, 2022, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Industrial inkjet printers are used to apply materials to large substrates to form devices of all kinds. The substrates can be rigid or flexible, thick or thin, and can be made of an array of materials. The most common types of substrates used in this way are substrates made of various types of glass, which are processed to make electronic displays such as televisions and displays for smart phones.

[0003] Typically, one substrate is processed at a time in one printer. Production would be faster if two substrates could be processed concurrently in one printer.

SUMMARY

[0004] Embodiments described herein provide an inkjet printer, comprising a substrate support; a print support extending across the substrate support and supporting a printhead assembly for dispensing material onto a substrate supported on the substrate support; a first substrate holder on a first side of the substrate support adjacent to a first substrate location on the substrate support to move a first substrate along the substrate support; and a second substrate holder on a second side of the substrate support opposite from the first substrate holder and adjacent to a second substrate location on the substrate support to move a second substrate along the substrate support.

[0005] Other embodiments described herein provide an inkjet printer, comprising a substrate support having a gas floatation system to provide a gas cushion, the substrate support comprising a processing zone having suction openings to control a pressure of the gas cushion in the processing zone, the suction openings being arranged in two groups that define a central gap in the processing zone; a print support extending across the substrate support at the processing zone and supporting a printhead assembly for dispensing material onto a substrate supported on the substrate support in the processing zone; a first substrate holder on a first side of the substrate support adjacent to a first substrate location on the substrate support to move a first substrate along the substrate support; and a second substrate holder on a second side of the substrate support opposite from the first substrate holder and adjacent to a second substrate location on the substrate support to move a second substrate along the substrate support.

[0006] Other embodiments described herein provide a processing system, comprising a processing section, comprising a dual-substrate inkjet printing chamber; a dualsubstrate processing chamber; and a dual-substrate transfer chamber coupling the dual-substrate inkjet printing chamber and the dual-substrate processing chamber; and a dual-substrate interface chamber coupled to the processing section to provide two substrates in side-by-side arrangement for processing in the processing section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0007] Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer according to one embodiment.

[0008] Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer according to another embodiment.

[0009] Fig. 3A is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer according to another embodiment.

[0010] Fig. 4 is a schematic plan view of a processing system according to one embodiment.

[0011] Fig. 5 is a plan view of a processing system according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Inkjet printers and printing systems are described herein that can process dualsubstrates. The printers herein can perform inkjet printing on two substrates concurrently, and the printing systems can process two substrates concurrently using the dual-substrate printers described herein along with other dual-substrate modules. One printing system described herein can accept single substrates, pair substrates for dual processing, and return single substrates after processing. Another printing system described herein can accept dual-substrates and return dual-substrates.

[0013] Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of an inkjet printer 100 according to one embodiment. The inkjet printer 100 is a dual-substrate printer. The inkjet printer 100 has a base 102 made of a dense, strong material such as granite. A substrate support 104 is supported on the base. The substrate support 104 may rest directly on the base 102, or the substrate support 104 can be supported on the base 102 by support members (not shown), which can be strong resilient members, such as rubber pads, or can be gas cushion supports.

[0014] The substrate support 104 is a gas cushion support, with openings 106 to provide a flow of gas to create a gas cushion that supports a substrate 107 above the surface of the substrate support 104. Here, two substrates 107 are disposed on the substrate support 104 for processing by the inkjet printer 100. The substrate support 104 has a first staging area 108 where the substrates 107 are placed to begin processing. The first staging area 108 has a plurality of openings 110 for flowing gas to the substrate support 104 to form a gas cushion on which to float the two substrates

107. Here, the openings 110 are distributed uniformly across the first staging area

108, including at locations where no substrate surface covers the first staging area 108. Where a maximum size of the substrates to be processed on the printer 100 is known, openings 110 can be omitted from areas of the substrate support 104 that would not support any part of a substrate. In this case, for example, the openings 110 could be omitted along the central longitudinal strip between the two substrates 107.

[0015] A print support 112 is also supported on the base 102. The print support 112 includes two stands 114, each stand 114 resting on the base 102 on opposite sides of the substrate support 104. Thus, a first stand 114 rests on the base 102 at a first side 116 of the substrate support 104 and a second stand 114 rests on the base 102 at a second side 118 of the substrate support 104, opposite from the first side 116. A printhead support 120 rests on the two stands 114 and extends across the substrate support 104 from the first side 116 to the second side 118. The stands 114 and the printhead support 120 are typically made of a structurally strong material, which can be a dense material like the material of the base 102.

[0016] Two printhead assemblies 122 are coupled to the printhead support 120. The printhead assemblies 122 are movably coupled to the printhead support 120 to move along the printhead support 120 in a lateral direction. Each printhead assembly 122 has a printhead unit 124 coupled to a carriage 126. The carriage 126 is coupled to the printhead support 120 to provide movement of the printhead assembly 122 along the printhead support 120. Each carriage 126 includes a linear actuator (not shown) to accomplish movement of the printhead assembly 122. The carriage 126 can have an air bearing support to provide substantially frictionless movement of the printhead assembly 122 along the printhead support 120. Each printhead 124 can be coupled to the respective carriage 126 by a lifter that can position the printhead 124 at a desired elevation with respect to the substrate support 104.

[0017] A utility tray 128 is coupled to the printhead support 120 along a side thereof. The utility tray 128 is positioned to avoid interrupting movement of the carriages 126 along the printhead support 120. The utility tray 128 supports various wires, cables, conduits, and other utility members that provide materials and/or power to the printhead assemblies 122. Here, each printhead assembly 122 is coupled to a utility bundle 130 that is supported by the utility tray 128. Each utility bundle 130 couples a respective printhead assembly 122 to a supply unit 132. There are two supply units 132, a first supply unit 132 located at the first side 116 of the substrate support 104 and a second supply unit 132 located at the second side 118 of the substrate support 104. The supply units 132 are not supported by the base 102 here, but one or more of the supply units 132 could be supported by the base 102. The supply units 132 manage supply of materials to the printhead assemblies 122. Instead of two supply units 132, one for each printhead unit 124, a single supply unit 132 could be used, with appropriate piping and valving, to supply materials to both printhead units 124.

[0018] Along each side of the substrate support 104 is a substrate holder 134. A first substrate holder 134 is disposed along the first side 116 of the substrate support 104 and a second substrate holder 134 is disposed along the second side 118 of the substrate support 104. Each substrate holder 134 has a contact member 136 coupled to a holder support 138 that extends along the side of the substrate support 104 in the longitudinal direction of the substrate support 104. The contact member 136 of each substrate holder 134 is movably supported by a respective holder support 138 so the contact member 136 can move along the holder support 138 beside the substrate support 104. The contact member 136 of each substrate holder 134 is configured to engage with one of the substrates 107 at an edge thereof to move and position the substrate 107 for processing. Each contact member 136 has a contact surface (not shown) that extends under the respective substrate 107 and engages with the substrate 107 using vacuum. When securely attached to the substrate 107, the contact member 136 can move along the holder support 134 to position the substrate 107 with respect to a printhead assembly 122 for processing.

[0019] The substrate support 104 has a second staging area 139 at the opposite end of the substrate support 104 from the first staging area 108. Like the first staging area 108, the second staging area 139 has a plurality of openings 110 for providing gas to form a gas cushion. As with the first staging area 108, openings 110 can be omitted in areas of the second staging area 139 that would not support a substrate, such as the central longitudinal strip.

[0020] Between the first and second staging areas 108 and 139, the substrate support 104 has a processing area 140 in a central region of the substrate support 104. The processing area 140, in this case, extends from the first side 116 to the second side 118 of the substrate support 104, but the processing area 140 could have a width that is less than the width, from the first side 108 to the second side 118, of the substrate support 104. The processing area 140 has a plurality of openings 110 for providing gas to form a gas cushion to support the substrates 107. The processing area 140 also has a plurality of gas removal openings 142 for removing gas of the gas cushion. Flowing gas to the openings 110 and removing gas through the gas removal openings 142 provides control over the pressure of the gas cushion, and therefore over the height the substrate floats above the substrate support 104 in the processing area 140.

[0021]The substrates 107 are generally moved together to avoid or minimize inertia and momentum moments that would reduce the accuracy of printing or would need to be dampened or settled before printing can begin. Thus, the substrates 107 are moved from the first staging area 108 to the processing area 140 together by operation of the substrate holders 134. While the substrates 107 are positioned with a portion of each substrate 107 at the processing area 140 of the substrate support 104, a gap between the substrates exposes a portion of the substrate support 104 during processing. During processing, microscopic droplets of print material are ejected from print nozzles of the two printhead units 124 toward the respective substrates 107. While processing, suction is applied to the gas removal openings 142, and any gas removal openings 142 not covered by a substrate would create a gas flow from above one or both substrates 107 into the exposed gas removal openings 142. Such gas flows can disrupt the trajectory of print material ejected from the nozzles of the printhead units 124 toward the substrates 107, diminishing print accuracy. Additionally, print material drawn into the gas removal openings can foul the openings, disrupting the gas cushion apparatus and potentially disrupting control of the gas cushion during processing. To avoid such circumstances, the gas removal openings are omitted in portions of the processing area 140 exposed and not covered by any substrate. The gas flow openings 110 can also be omitted in the exposed area, but allowing gas to flow through gas flow openings 110 in the gap between the substrates 107 can aid in thermal control of the substrate support 104 and of the substrates 107. [0022] It should be noted that the gas removal openings 142 can, in some cases, be used not as gas removal openings, but as gas flow openings to provide gas flow to the gas cushion, such that all openings in the surface of the substrate support 104 are positive pressure gas flow openings.

[0023] The substrates 107 are generally positioned on the first staging area 108 of the substrate support 104 by a substrate handler (not shown) simultaneously, concurrently, sequentially, or partially sequentially. The substrate handler generally positions the substrate over the first staging area 108 and lowers the substrates 107 until the substrates 107 float off the substrate handler. The substrate handler then withdraws leaving the substrates 107 floating on the gas cushion of the first staging area 108. The substrates 107 are positioned for engagement with the substrate holders 134 by a positioning mechanism. In this case, the positioning mechanism includes a plurality of bankers 144, two bankers 144 for each substrate 107. The bankers 144 are located at the end of the first staging area 108 of the substrate support 104 and along the sides of the substrate support 104. The bankers 144 are actuated here to extend when positioning the substrates 107 and then to retract after the substrates 107 are engaged with the substrate holders 134. The bankers 144 generally retract away from and below the substrate support 104 to avoid interrupting movement of the substrate holders 134 along the sides of the substrate support 104. The bankers 144, in this case, are located near where the corners of the substrates 107 would be when the substrates 107 are placed on the first staging area 108. The bankers 144 are shaped, in this case, like corner features to capture the corners of the substrates 107, but in other cases the bankers 144 could have two curved or flat bumper contacts for each corner.

[0024] The two sets of bankers 144 are distributed in a left area and a right area of the first staging area 108. Thus, two bankers 144 are located at the end of the substrate support 104 adjacent to the first staging area 108 near the central longitudinal axis of the substrate support 104 and one banker 144 is located along each side 116, 118, of the substrate support 104 near the processing area 140. When a pair of substrates 107 is to be placed at the first staging area 108, the bankers are extended above the surface of the substrate support 104 and moved slightly away from the substrate placement area of the first staging area 108 to provide clearance for the substrate handler to place the substrates 107. When the substrate handler approaches and lowers the substrates 107 to the gas cushion, the bankers 144 are moved toward the substrates 107 to capture the substrates 107 and substantially immobilize the substrates 107. The substrate holders 134 are then moved to a home position, substantially as shown in Fig. 1 , and vacuum is activated to engage the contact members 136 with the substrates 107. After the contact members 136 engage with the substrates 107 to hold the substrates 107 securely, the bankers 144 are moved away from the substrates 107 and retracted to an inactive position. At that time, the substrates are in position for measurement and print planning.

[0025] Imaging devices 146 are movably coupled to the printhead support 120. The imaging devices are generally used to image features on the substrates 107 to calibrate a print plan to the substrates 107 where they are actually placed on the substrate support 104. Because features to be printed on such substrates can be a few microns in size, slight inaccuracies in substrate placement or orientation, or of features previously created on the substrates, can affect printing accuracy. The imaging devices 146 are generally coupled to the printhead support 120 by a bearing system, for example a rail, or rails, mounted on a bottom side of the printhead support 120, and actuated by linear actuators to move along the printhead support 120 to desired locations. The imaging devices 146 are deployed in locations to enable imaging all areas of a substrate 107 while also facilitating movement of the printhead assemblies 122 as necessary to process the substrates. Thus, in this case, one imaging device 146 is located at each end of the printhead support 120 and one imaging device 146 is located between the two printhead assemblies 122. The imaging devices 146 generally move during print planning to image features on the substrates 107. Exact substrate position and orientation is ascertained using images of substrate features, and a print plan for each substrate is adjusted, as necessary, to correct for any substrate position, rotation, or distortion errors resolved from the imaged features. Following imaging, the imaging devices 146 located adjacent to one of the stands 114 can be moved to a position as close as possible to the closest stand 114 to avoid interrupting other processing. Imaging devices 146 between the two printhead assemblies 122 can be moved during processing to provide uninterrupted access for the printhead assemblies 122.

[0026] The printhead assemblies 122 are generally moved in the same direction at the same time to avoid generating unwanted vibration of components of the inkjet printer 100. A controller 150 is operatively coupled to all adjustable components of the inkjet printer 100 to control all operations including substrate intake and engagement, substrate positioning, imaging and print planning, printhead assembly positioning, gas support, and print material deposition. The controller 150 is configured to track position of at least the substrates 107 (using position indicators coupled to the contact members 136, not shown), the printhead assemblies 122, and the imaging devices 146, and is further configured to move any imaging devices 146 either occupying a location to which a printhead assembly 122, or occupying a position between the current location of a printhead assembly 122 and a location to which the printhead assembly 122 needs to be moved. Thus, if the printhead assemblies 122 need to be moved in the +x direction, and an imaging device 146 is currently at a location that would interfere with movement of one or more of the printhead assemblies 122, the imaging device 146 can be moved in the +x direction along with the printhead assemblies 122, and likewise if the printhead assemblies 122 need to be moved in the -x direction.

[0027] A printhead management station 148 is provided for each printhead assembly 122. Each printhead management station 148 may be supported on the base 102, as shown here, or may be supported from any support structures that may, for example, couple the substrate support 104 to the base 102. Each printhead management station 148 is located between a stand 114 and the corresponding holder support 138 so the nearest printhead assembly 122 can move to a position near the stand 114 to engage with the printhead management station 148. Each printhead management station 148 includes tools for managing a printhead and/or printhead assembly. The tools may include cleaning tools, calibration tools, diagnostic tools, and maintenance tools. Each printhead management station 148 may be actuated along a linear track in a direction perpendicular, or at least transverse, to a direction of motion of the printhead assemblies 122 to provide positional engagement of all the tools of the printhead management station 148 with the printhead 124. [0028] As noted above, the printhead assemblies 122 are generally moved in the same direction at the same time. Likewise, the substrates 107 are generally moved in the same direction at the same time to minimize the effects of unbalanced inertial reactions on the stability of the inkjet printer 100. The substrates 107 are processed here in portrait orientation to minimize rotational inertial moments arising from movement of the substrates 107.

[0029] Print material is generally provided to each printhead assembly 122 in a quantity sufficient to perform a print job notwithstanding operation of the other printhead assembly 122. Here, each printhead assembly 122 has a dedicated supply unit 132 to supply print material, gases, other fluids, and power to the printhead assembly 122. Each printhead assembly 122 has local print material supply components that are provisioned from supply components in the supply unit 132, which may also have operator resupply facilities such as bulk loading stations.

[0030] In operation, two substrates 107 are disposed at the first staging area 108. Before the substrate are disengaged from the substrate handlers, the bankers 144 are deployed to limit substrate drift after the substrate handlers are withdrawn. The substrate handlers then disengage from the substrates 107, allowing the substrate 107 to engage with the substrate support 104, for example by floating on the gas cushion. The substrate handlers withdraw, and the bankers 144 are moved into contact with the substrates 107. The contact members 136 then move to a home position, if necessary, and engage with the substrates 107 at the edges thereof. The substrates 107 are then ready to be moved along the substrate support 104 for processing.

[0031] The substrates 107 are scanned for imaging by the imaging devices 146. Features are detected on each substrate 107, and any positioning, alignment, or distortion errors are detected. The print plan for each substrate is adjusted accordingly and printer control data is generated to execute the print plan. If necessary, the printhead assemblies 122 are engaged with the printhead management stations 148 to prepare and/or calibrate the inkjet printer 100 to process the substrates 107. The substrates 107 are then moved to provide printing access for the printhead assemblies 122. The printhead assemblies 122 are also moved, in concert with the substrates 107, to execute the print plan. The substrates 107 may be moved in only one direction during execution, or the substrates 107 may be moved back and forth, but the substrates 107, as much as possible, are only moved in the same direction at the same time. The printhead assemblies 122 are moved back and forth, as much as possible in the same direction at the same time. Any imaging devices 146 potentially interfering with movement of the printhead assemblies 122 are also moved.

[0032] After execution of the print plan, the substrates 107 are moved to one of the first and the second staging areas 108 and 139 to be retrieved by substrate handlers. The substrate handlers enter between the substrates 107 and the substrate support 104. The substrate handlers move upward to engage the substrate 107 and lift the substrates 107 off the gas cushion. As the substrate handlers engage with the substrate 107, the contact members 136 release the substrate 107 to the custody of the substrate handlers, which then withdraw carrying the substrates 107.

[0033] Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer 200 according to another embodiment. In this version, there is only one printhead assembly to deposit print material on two substrates. The inkjet printer 200 has one printhead assembly 202 coupled to the print support 112. The printhead assembly 202 has a printhead 204 that is larger than either of the printheads 124 to provide capacity for depositing print material on two substrates in a reasonable amount of time. The printhead assembly 202 includes a carriage 207, appropriately sized for the larger printhead 204, which couples the printhead 204 to the print support 112. The carriage 207 may be any type of suitable carriage, for example a gas bearing carriage. Here, there is only one utility bundle 208 and one supply unit 210, all appropriately scaled for the larger size of the printhead assembly 202. The utility bundle 208 is sized to provide reach for the printhead assembly 202 across the entire print support 112 from one stand 114 to the opposite stand 114. There is also only one printhead management station 148, located as in Fig. 1 between a stand 114 and the nearest holder support 138, although a redundant printhead management station 148 could be located between each stand 114 and the nearby holder support 138 on each side of the substrate support.

[0034] The imaging devices 146 are coupled to the print support 112, as described above in connection with Fig. 1 , and are distributed here to either side of the printhead assembly 202. In this case, there are two imaging devices 146 on each side of the printhead assembly 202. Any number of imaging devices 146 can be used, and the imaging devices 146 can be configured to couple to the print support 112 in any suitable manner. For example, while here the imaging devices 146 are disposed on supports that extend laterally away from the print support 112 toward the first staging area 108, some imaging devices 146 could be disposed on supports that extend laterally away from the print support 112 toward the second staging area 139. For such imaging devices 146, the print support 112 would effectively be between the imaging devices 146 and the printhead 204. Combinations of such imaging devices can also be used.

[0035] The inkjet printer 200 can provide advantages over the inkjet printer 100. With only one printhead assembly, there are fewer moving parts to generate particles that can contaminate substrates. The single printhead assembly also needs only one printhead management station, although a redundant printhead management station could be provided in some cases for operational continuity. The single printhead assembly is larger in the inkjet printer 200 than either printhead assembly of the inkjet printer 100, requiring larger movement equipment such as gas supports. The single printhead assembly also uses one utility bundle to supply the printhead with all the print material needed to perform a print job. Thus, the utility bundle and supply unit must have capacity to move print material to the printhead assembly in volumes required to accomplish the print plan. In the inkjet printer 100 of Fig. 1 , the two supply units and two utility bundles can each have lower capacity that the supply unit and utility bundle of Fig. 2. With a single printhead assembly, the opportunities for disruptive uncoordinated movement of two printhead assemblies are eliminated.

[0036] The inkjet printer 200 has a partition 206 in the gap between the substrates 107. The partition 206 is, in this case, a plate sized to fill the gap between the substrates 107 and disposed on the substrate support 104 at a location that will fill the gap between the substrates 107 without impeding processing. The partition 206 is an optional feature for preventing intrusion or deposition of print material into or onto the substrate support 104 in the gap between the substrates. The partition 206 can prevent buildup of print material on the substrate support 104 that might require periodic cleaning. The partition 206 can be replaced at intervals to maintain the substrate support surface. The partition 206 can be made of the same material as the substrate support surface to preserve uniform thermal conditions in the processing area 140. Alternately, the partition 206 can be made of a material that resists collecting print material on the surface thereof. In some cases, the partition 206 can be provided with an electrically chargable or biasable surface to which a voltage can be applied to repel droplets of print material.

[0037] Fig. 3A is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer 300 according to another embodiment. In this version, the substrate support has two unconnected substrate support surfaces 304A and 304B, so there are essentially two substrate supports across which a single print support 112 extends. Each substrate support surface 304 is sized to accommodate one substrate and to support moving one substrate from a staging area to a processing area. As in the other embodiments described herein, each substrate support surface 304 has a first staging area 306 and a second staging area 308, with a processing area 310 between the first and second staging areas 306 and 308. Each substrate support surface 304 has a longitudinal axis that extends in the direction substrates are transported from the first staging area 306 to the processing area 310, and to the second staging area 308.

[0038] The two unconnected substrate support surfaces 304A and 304B may be two totally separate substrate supports, each with its own gas flow apparatus, or the two unconnected substrate support surfaces 304A and 304B may be part of one substrate support so the two surfaces 304A and 304B share gas flow apparatus. In this case, gas flow piping 312 below the substrate support surfaces 304A and 304B is shown schematically to illustrate a single substrate support 304 with two unconnected support surfaces 304A and 304B. Such gas flow piping distributes gas to the two unconnected support surfaces 304A and 304B using a single distribution system. Flow controls (not shown) can be used to adjust flow rates to the two surfaces 304A and 304B independently.

[0039] In this case, the single printhead assembly 202 is used to print on both substrates. Alternately, the two printhead assemblies 122 could be used.

[0040] Fig. 3B is a schematic plan view of a dual-substrate inkjet printer 350 according to another embodiment. The inkjet printer 350 is equipped to process two substrates in landscape orientation. Each of the substrate support surfaces 304A and 304B has two substrate holders 352, one on each side of each substrate support surface 304A and 304B. The two opposite substrate holders 352 of one support surface can engage with opposite sides of a substrate in landscape orientation, and can be configured to move in tandem under control of a controller configured to observe a position tolerance of the two substrate holders of one support surface. For the inkjet printer 350, the substrate holders 352 are a third substrate holder and a fourth substrate holder. Movement of the substrates in landscape orientation by applying a substantially equal force to two opposite sides of the substrate substantially reduces vibrations that can arise from inertial moments of the substrates. While the inkjet printer 350 is more stable than other versions, especially when working with substrates in landscape orientation, minimum vibration and unwanted movement is still obtained when the two substrates are moved the same direction at the same time.

[0041] Each of the substrate holders 352 can be equipped with an internal pressure sensor, disposed within the gas flow pathway that couples the substrate engagement surface of each substrate holder to the vacuum or suction source, to sense a change in pressure in the gas flow pathway to indicate when the substrate engagement surface of the substrate holder 352 has successfully engaged with the substrate. A controller (not shown) can be coupled to the internal pressure sensors of the substrate holders 352 and configured to start processing of the substrate, and moving the substrate, only after both substrate holders 352 for one substrate support surface 304A or B have engaged with the substrate. In this way, premature movement of a substrate prior to engagement of both substrate holders 352, can be prevented. It should be noted that other sensors can also be used to sense engagement with the substrate. For example, a direct sensor, which can be a capacitive sensor, piezoelectric sensor, ultrasonic sensor, or optical distance or interference sensor, can be disposed in the substrate engagement surface of the substrate holders 352, to directly sense contact of the substrate with the substrate engagement surface. In such cases, the direct sensor alone can be used to detect substrate engagement, or the direct sensor can be used with a flow sensor, or other sensor, to indicate that the vacuum or suction source is operating to apply suction to the substrate engagement surface. Such sensor systems can also be used to detect and ensure full disengagement of the substrate holders 352 during substrate retrieval by a substrate handler.

[0042] Fig. 4 is a schematic plan view of a processing system 400, according to one embodiment. The processing system 400 is an inkjet printing system that uses dualsubstrate inkjet printers. This version has two dual-substrate inkjet printing chambers 402, each of which is coupled to a transfer chamber 404. Also coupled to the transfer chamber 404 are two processing chambers 406 for processing substrates after deposition of material in the dual-substrate inkjet printing chambers 402. The processing chambers 406 can each be thermal processing chambers or radiation processing chambers.

[0043] The transfer chamber 404 uses a dual-substrate robot 408 to accomplish transfer of substrates into and out of the transfer chamber 404 and between the printing chambers 402 and the processing chambers 406. The robot 408 has two blades 410 configured to move in tandem. The two blades 410 are coupled to a rotation component 412, for example a turntable, which in turn is coupled to a linear motion component 414, here represented as a track system. In a case where tracks are used, the rotation component 412 can be coupled to the tracks by one or more carriages. The robot 408 rotates to position the blades 410 to interact with the printing chambers 402, the processing chambers 406, or other chambers coupled to the transfer chamber 404, to be described further below.

[0044] In this case, the printing chambers 402 and the processing chambers 406 are coupled to the transfer chamber 404 along a long side of the transfer chamber 404, each printing chamber 402 is positioned opposite a processing chamber 406, and the two printing chamber 402 are on opposite sides of the transfer chamber 404. This configuration speeds overall processing by allowing the robot 408 to transfer substrates from, for example, a printing chamber 402 to the processing chamber 406 directly opposite without having to move linearly. The robot 408 merely retracts the blades 410 from the printing chamber 402, rotates 180 degrees, and extends the blades 410 into the processing chamber 406 immediately opposite to accomplish the substrate transfer. Avoiding linear movement during such a transfer also reduces the opportunity for vibration arising from unbalanced linear movements of the substrates. The printing chambers 402, in this case, are, include, or house portrait-mode printers like the printers 100, 200, and 300.

[0045] Each printing chamber 402 has an enclosure 403 that encloses the printer to provide a controlled processing environment in which the printer operates. Each processing chamber 406 also has an enclosure 407 in which the processing apparatus, for example radiation or thermal processing apparatus, operates. The transfer chamber 404 also has an enclosure 405 in which the robot 408 operates. The enclosures 403, 405, and 407 are in direct contact, and access between the printing chambers 402, transfer chamber 404, and processing chambers 406 are provided by doors, gates, windows, or other movable or removable barriers (not shown) that provide openings through the enclosures of the various chambers to move substrates between the chambers 402, 404, and 406.

[0046] The printing chambers 402, transfer chamber 404, and processing chambers 406 form a processing section 409 of the processing system 400. An input section 413 is coupled to a first end 415 of the transfer chamber 404. An output section 416 is coupled to a second end 418 of the transfer chamber 404 opposite from the first end 415. The transfer chamber 404 is represented here as a rectangular shape, but any convenient form can be used.

[0047] The input section 413 comprises an input load-lock chamber 420 configured to accept one substrate. A substrate loader chamber 422 is coupled to the input loadlock chamber 420, and has a substrate loader 424 configured with two blades 426 to handle one or two substrates. A dual-substrate interface chamber 428 is coupled between the substrate loader chamber 422 and the transfer chamber 404. The dualsubstrate interface chamber 428 has two substrate locations to provide two substrates for handling by the robot 408 of the transfer chamber 404. The dual-substrate interface chamber 428 can have one substrate support that can accommodate two substrates, or the dual-substrate interface chamber 428 can have two substrate supports. One or more dual-substrate buffer chambers 430 may be coupled to the substrate loader chamber 422 to provide idle time if necesssary for overall throughput optimization. Here, the interface chamber 428 is disposed opposite the input load-lock chamber 420 for a linear overall configuration, but other configurations can be used. With the exception of the input load-lock chamber 420, all the chambers of the input section 413 are dual-substrate chambers. The input load-lock chamber 420 may be configured to rotate a substrate from landscape to portrait orientation, for example by rotating the substrate support of the input load-lock chamber 420, in the event that substrates are delivered to the processing system 400 in landscape orientation.

[0048] A substrate is placed in the input load-lock chamber 420, using any convenient means, for processing in the system 400. If necessary, the substrate is rotated to portrait orientation by the input load-lock chamber 420 for processing. The input loadlock chamber 420 is configured with a size to allow the two blades 426 of the substrate loader 424 to advance into the input load-lock chamber 420. The two blades 426 are advanced into the input load-lock chamber 420 to retrieve the single substrate, and then retracted to bring the substrate into the substrate loader chamber 422.

[0049] The substrate can then be deposited into a buffer chamber 430, if such chamber is used, or directly into the interface chamber 428. The interface chamber 428 can be configured for independent placement and retrieval of one substrate at a time, or only for tandem placement and retrieval. Where only tandem placement and retrieval is used, a buffer chamber 430 is provided to pair substrates for transfer to the interface chamber 428. The interface chamber 428 stages substrates to be retrieved by the robot 408 of the transfer chamber 404.

[0050] The substrate loader 424 is rotated to present the substrate to the interface chamber 428 or to a buffer chamber 430, and the blades 426 are advanced into the selected chamber. At least one of the interface chamber 428 and a buffer chamber 430 is configured to accept and stage two substrates side-by-side independently. Each of the interface chamber 428 and the buffer chamber 430, or two buffer chambers 430, have substrate supports configured with substrate lifters to provide hand-off access between the substrate support and the substrate loader 424. Where the substrate supports are configured for independent placement and retrieval of two substrates positioned side-by-side, the substrate lifters are configured with linear throw to provide access for the two blades 426 of the substrate loader 424 to enter the chamber without disturbing a substrate resting on one of the substrate supports in the chamber. In other words, where one substrate lifter in a chamber is deployed for substrate placement or retrieval, the substrate lifter has an extension length that allows the two blades 426 to enter the chamber, and to move vertically to place or retrieve a substrate without disturbing another substrate in the chamber.

[0051] The buffer chambers 430 can be configured to prepare two substrates for processing, for example by bringing the two substrates to a target temperature. Each buffer chamber, so configured, may have one or more substrate sensors deployed with each substrate support to detect the presence of a substrate on the substrate support. Such sensors can be used to delay energizing any thermal control features until two substrates are loaded into the chamber to ensure uniform thermal history of the two substrates. These sensors can be ultrasonic, optical, or capacitve sensors, or where the substrates come into direct contact with a solid substrate support surface, piezoelectric sensors. [0052] When two substrates are staged in the interface chamber 428, the robot 408 can retrieve both substrates and begin processing the substrates. After processing, the robot 408 can retrieve two substrates from any of the printing chambers 402 or the processing chambers 406 and rotate to place the substrates in the output section 416 of the processing system 400.

[0053] The output section 416 comprises a singulation chamber 432 coupled to the transfer chamber 404, a substrate unloader chamber 434 coupled to the singluation chamber 432, and an output load-lock chamber 436 coupled to the substrate unloader chamber 434. Note that the singulation chamber 432 is used where substrates must be output from the processing system 400 one at a time. If substrates are to be output from the processing system 400 in tandem, the singulation chamber 432 can be a dual-substrate load-lock chamber and the substrate unloader chamber 434 and output load-lock chamber 436 can be omitted.

[0054] It should be noted that any of the buffer chambers 430, the input load-lock chamber 420, and the output load-lock chamber 436 can have indexing capability. For example, any or all of those chambers can use a substrate support with multiple substrate locations that are horizontally or vertically distributed. A vertical indexer has multiple slots or bays arranged in a vertical frame that can be vertically actuated to provide access for an end-effector to place and retrieve substrates in a selected bay. Each bay can have a substrate support with a rack structure that can interleave with the structure of the end-effector for substrate touch-down and lift-off both of the substrate support and the end-effector. A horizontal indexer can be a carousel-type indexer that rotates to provide access for an end-effector.

[0055] The arrangement of chambers shown in Fig. 4 is an example of how such chambers could be arranged in a processing system. The same general layout of the processing system 400 could be achieved with somewhat different configuration. For example, the interfaces between some chambers can be angled to meet footprint constraints. Where, for example, the printing chambers 402 need to be angled with respect to the transfer chamber 404 to meet spacing requirements, the robot 408 can be configured to interact with the printing chamber 402 at an angle. The same is true for the processing chambers 406. In some cases, the transfer chamber 404 may have a polygonal shape that is not rectangular to accommodate angled interfaces with processing chambers. For example, where n interfaces are needed for a processing system (here, for example, 6 interfaces are needed), the transfer chamber can be configured as an n-sided polygon. In such cases, the robot of the transfer chamber can be configured to reach the chambers interfaced to the transfer chamber by simple mechanical extension, or the robot can be coupled to a circular track to travel around the transfer chamber in a circular motion. In such cases, the rotational component of the robot may be coupled to the circular track, or it may be possible to omit the rotational component.

[0056] Fig. 5 is a plan view of a processing system 500, according to another embodiment. The processing system 500 differs from the process system 400 in the number of chambers used and in the input-output format used. The processing system 500 has an input-output section 502 coupled to a processing section 504. The input/out section 502 comprises an input load-lock chamber 506 and an output loadlock chamber 508 coupled to a substrate I/O chamber 510. The processing system 500 is configured for dual-substrate processing, so the input load-lock chamber 506, the output load-lock chamber 508, and the substrate I/O chamber 510 are all dualsubstrate chambers for handling two substrates side-by-side. The substrate I/O chamber 510 has a dual-substrate robot 512 with two blades 514 coupled to a rotation component 516, which in turn is coupled to linear motion component 518, in this case a track system. The robot 512 is housed in an enclosure 513, in this case, which is in direct contact with the input and output load-lock chambers 506 and 508.

[0057] The input-output section 502 also has a dual-substrate interface chamber 520 configured with a rotating dual-substrate support 522. The dual-substrate support 522 can have a single substrate support surface sized to receive and hold two substrates side-by-side, or the dual-substrate support 522 can have two separate substrate support surfaces. The dual-substrate support 522 is configured to rotate so two substrates disposed on the support 522 can be presented to the processing section 504 in a desired orientation. For example, if the processing section 504 processes substrates in portrait orientation, and the substrates are delivered to the input-output section 502 in landscape orientation, the interface chamber 520 can rotate the substrates to portrait orientation for processing, and then rotate the substrates back to landscape orientation for output.

[0058] The processing section 504 here uses one printing chamber 524 and one processing chamber 526 for processing substrates after and/or before printing. The printing chamber 524 and the processing chamber 526 are coupled to a transfer chamber 528, which is also coupled to the interface chamber 520 to couple the inputoutput section 502 and the processing section 504 together. Each of the printing chamber 524 and the processing chamber 526 is configured for dual-substrate processing, so the printing chamber 524 has any of the printers 100-350 disposed within an enclosure 530 that provides a controlled processing environment for the printer. Because the input-output section 502 is flexible as to substrate orientation, the printing chamber 524 can be configured to process substrates in portrait or landscape orientation. The processing chamber 526 may be configured to process substrates in the same orientation as the printing chamber 524, or if helpful, the processing chamber 526 can be configured to process substrates in an orientation different from that of the printing chamber 524, and the substrate interface chamber 520 can be used to change the orientation of the substrates.

[0059] The processing chamber 526 has an enclosure 532, and the transfer chamber 528 has an enclosure 534 so that an environment internal to each of the enclosures 530, 532, and 534 can be controlled, and can be the same or different. The enclosures 530 and 532 are in direct contact with the enclosure 534, and a door, window, or other suitable barrier that can be opened and closed, provides access between the enclosures 532 and 534 and between the enclosures 530 and 534. Here, the processing chamber 526 and the printing chamber 524 are positioned on opposite sides of the transfer chamber 528, but in other embodiments, the printing chamber 524 and the processing chamber 526 could be positioned on adjacent sides of the transfer chamber 528. It should be noted that a transfer chamber having a larger number of interfaces could also be used to provide more processing and/or handling capability.

[0060] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of one or more inventions, other embodiments of such inventions not specifically described in the present disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, which is determined by the claims that follow.